Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bushveld complex

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bushveld complex'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bushveld complex"

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Trumbull, R. B., L. D. Ashwal, S. J. Webb, and I. V. Veksler. "Drilling through the largest magma chamber on Earth: Bushveld Igneous Complex Drilling Project (BICDP)." Scientific Drilling 19 (May 29, 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-19-33-2015.

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Abstract. A scientific drilling project in the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa has been proposed to contribute to the following scientific topics of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP): large igneous provinces and mantle plumes, natural resources, volcanic systems and thermal regimes, and deep life. An interdisciplinary team of researchers from eight countries met in Johannesburg to exchange ideas about the scientific objectives and a drilling strategy to achieve them. The workshop identified drilling targets in each of the three main lobes of the Bushveld Complex, which will integrate existing drill cores with new boreholes to establish permanently curated and accessible reference profiles of the Bushveld Complex. Coordinated studies of this material will address fundamental questions related to the origin and evolution of parental Bushveld magma(s), the magma chamber processes that caused layering and ore formation, and the role of crust vs. mantle in the genesis of Bushveld granites and felsic volcanic units. Other objectives are to study geophysical and geodynamic aspects of the Bushveld intrusion, including crustal stresses and thermal gradient, and to determine the nature of deep groundwater systems and the biology of subsurface microbial communities.
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Von Gruenewaldt, Gerhard, Martin R. Sharpe, and Christopher J. Hatton. "The Bushveld Complex; introduction and review." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.803.

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Jones, M. Q. W. "Heat flow in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for upper mantle structure." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.351.

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Abstract Geothermal measurements in South Africa since 1939 have resulted in a good coverage of heat flow observations. The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, in the central part of South Africa, is the best-studied tectonic domain, with nearly 150 heat flow measurements. The greatest density of heat flow sites is in the Witwatersrand Basin goldfields, where geothermal data are essential for determining refrigeration requirements of deep (up to 4 km) gold mines; the average heat flow is 51 ± 6mWm-2. The Bushveld Complex north of the Witwatersrand Basin is an extensive 2.06 Ga ultramafic-felsic intrusive complex that hosts the world’s largest reserves of platinum. The deepest platinum mines reach ~2 km and the need for thermal information for mine refrigeration engineering has led to the generation of a substantial geothermal database. Nearly 1000 thermal conductivity measurements have been made on rocks constituting the Bushveld Complex, and borehole temperature measurements have been made throughout the Complex. The temperature at maximum rock-breaking depth (~2.5 km) is 70°C, approximately 30°C higher than the temperature at equivalent depth in the Witwatersrand Basin; the thermal gradient in the Bushveld Complex is approximately double that in the Witwatersrand Basin. The main reason for this is the low thermal conductivity of rocks overlying platinum mines. The Bushveld data also resulted in 31 new estimates for the heat flux through the Earth’s crust. The overall average value for the Bushveld, 47 ± 7 mW m-2, is the same, to within statistical error, as the Witwatersrand Basin average. The heat flow for platinum mining areas (45 mW m-2) and the heat flux into the floor of the Witwatersrand Basin (43 mW m-2) are typical of Archaean cratons world-wide. The temperature structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere calculated from the Witwatersrand geothermal data is essentially the same as that derived from thermobarometric studies of Cretaceous kimberlite xenoliths. Both lines of evidence lead to an estimated heat flux of ~17 mW m-2 for the mantle below the Kaapvaal Craton. The estimated thermal thickness of the Kaapvaal lithosphere (235 km) is similar to that defined on the basis of seismic tomography and magnetotelluric studies. The lithosphere below the Bushveld Complex is not significantly hotter than that below the Witwatersrand Basin. This favours a chemical origin rather than a thermal origin for the upper mantle anomaly below the Bushveld Complex that has been identified by seismic tomography studies and magnetotelluric soundings.
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Latypov, R., S. Chistyakova, J. van der Merwe, and J. Westraat. "A note on the erosive nature of potholes in the Bushveld Complex." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0042.

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Abstract We describe an impressive ~55 m high outcrop from the Pilanesberg Platinum Mine open pit, located in the North-Western Bushveld Complex. The outcrop exposes the complete two-dimensional structure of three Merensky Unit potholes that cut several metres down into the underlying footwall anorthosites. The transgressive field relationships are interpreted to have resulted from thermochemical erosion of the footwall rocks by new pulses of magma replenishing the chamber and resulting in incremental growth of the Bushveld Complex.
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Ivanic, Timothy J., Oliver Nebel, John Brett, and Ruth E. Murdie. "The Windimurra Igneous Complex: an Archean Bushveld?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 453, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 313–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp453.1.

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Cawthorn, R. G., and N. McKenna. "The extension of the western limb, Bushveld Complex (South Africa), at Cullinan Diamond Mine." Mineralogical Magazine 70, no. 3 (June 2006): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461067030328.

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AbstractMafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex at the southeastern end of the western limb, intersected in bore core from the Cullinan Diamond Mine, are described. A 260 m thick ultramafic body of orthopyroxene and chromite cumulate rocks, with mg# – 100*Mg/(Mg+Fe) – values from 77 to 84 and 0.25 to 0.5% Cr2O3 in the pyroxene, is considered to have affinity to the Critical Zone. Such an interpretation considerably extends the eastern limit of Critical Zone rocks of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The whole-rock composition of the lower, chilled basal contact of this body has 10% MgO and 500 ppm Cr, and is comparable to magmas considered parental to the Bushveld Complex. Due to intrusion of a younger sill, the upper contact is not preserved in the bore core. The cumulate rocks have higher interstitial component, inferred from incompatible trace element abundances (Zr, Ti and K), than normal Critical Zone rocks, interpreted to be a result of more rapid cooling due to proximity to the basal contact. The near-constancy of mg# in the pyroxene in the entire succession suggests that large volumes of magma flowed through this conduit, with only the liquidus phases of orthopyroxene and chromite being precipitated.Five generations of sills, intruded into the underlying metasedimentary rocks, are identified. The oldest is tholeiitic, and was metamorphosed prior to the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. The second equates to the magma proposed as being parental to the Bushveld Complex (2060 Ma). The third represents the products of differentiation of that magma. The fourth is syenitic, and related to the Pienaars River Alkaline Complex (1430–1300 Ma). The fifth is tholeiitic (1150 Ma), and cuts the Cullinan kimberlite.
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Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.
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Jones, MQW. "Thermophysical properties of rocks from the Bushveld Complex." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 115, no. 2 (2015): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2015/v115n2a10.

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Cawthorn, R. Grant, and T. S. McCarthy. "Incompatible trace element behavior in the Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 80, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 1016–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.4.1016.

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Maier, W. D., and B. Teigler. "A facies model for the western Bushveld Complex." Economic Geology 90, no. 8 (December 1, 1995): 2343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2343.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bushveld complex"

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Everitt, Simon James. "Evolution of the UG2 unit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa : mineral composition and petrological evidence." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001573.

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Several disequilibrium textures are found to occur within the hanging wall and footwall of the UG2 chromitite layer of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. These textures include plagioclase chadacrysts found included within orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene as well as the orthopyroxenes exhibiting round crystal boundaries that appear to be resorbed. Textures found within the UG2 stratigraphy such as linear boundaries and 120° triple junctions at interfaces of adjacent plagioclase or pyroxene grains also suggest that recrystallization has taken place. The presence of both disequilibrium textures and recrystallization textures would suggest that a complex emplacement history has occurred. Ideally, this would be expected to be manifested by minerals of the same type but which are texturally distinct showing different composition. However this has been found not to be the case; minerals that suggest disequilibrium textures show similar compositions to the minerals which appear to have formed in equilibrium. This is also the same for recrystallized crystals which show the same compositions as crystals that have not been recrystallized. For example tabular clinopyroxene, which has a compositional range of En 44.6 to En 50.5, is indistinguishable from clinopyroxene occuring as discontinuous rims, En 44.3-48.2, and as intergranular necking connecting primocrysts of orthopyroxene ( En 44.3-50.4). Similarly, plagioclase occurring as inclusions with An 66.3-76.0 is indistinguishable from plagioclase occurring as zoned or recrystallized interstitial grains ( An 69.0- An 77.4). Compositional variation has however, been found to be controlled to an extent by stratigraphy in that minerals show different compositions within one layer to the same minerals within another layer, consistent with an evolving magma composition. It is concluded therefore that while composition is not texturally controlled it is to an extent stratigraphy controlled and that the evidence collected within the study supports two models for the formation of chromite within the Bushveld complex. The evidence is consistent with a combination of the magma mixing model and magma injection model to account for the textures and compositional variations found within the study. The evidence may also show support for models involving late modification of minerals by magmatic fluids but not as prominently as for the models mentioned above
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Curl, Edward Alexander 1972. "Parental magmas of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Monash University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9080.

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Gwatinetsa, Demand. "Distribution of iron-titanium oxides in the vanadiferous main magnetite seam of the upper zone : Northern limb, Bushveld complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013281.

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The main magnetite seam of the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (SACS, 1980) on the Bushveld Complex is known to host the world‘s largest vanadium bearing titaniferous iron ores. The vanadiferous titanomagnetites, contain vanadium in sufficient concentrations (1.2 - 2.2 per cent V₂O₅) to be considered as resources and vanadium has been mined historically by a number of companies among them Anglo-American, Highveld Steel and Vanadium and VanMag Resources as well as currently by Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium Limited of South Africa. The titanomagnetites contain iron ore in the form of magnetite and titanium with concentrations averaging 50-75 per cent FeO and 12-21 per cent TiO₂. The titaniferous iron ores have been historically dismissed as a source of iron and titanium, due to the known difficulties of using iron ore with high titania content in blast furnaces. The economic potential for the extractability of the titaniferous magnetites lies in the capacity of the ores to be separated into iron rich and titanium rich concentrates usually through, crushing, grinding and magnetic separation. The separatability of iron oxides and titanium oxides, is dependent on the nature in which the titanium oxide occurs, with granular ilmenite being the most favourable since it can be separated from magnetite via magnetic separation. Titanium that occurs as finely exsolved lamellae or as iron-titanium oxides with low titania content such as ulvospinel render the potential recoverability of titanium poor. The Upper Zone vanadiferous titanomagnetites contain titanium in various forms varying from discrete granular ilmenite to finely exsolved lamellae as well as occurring as part of the minerals ulvospinel (Fe₂TiO₄) and titanomagnetite (a solid solution series between ulvospinel and magnetite) . Discrete ilmenite constitutes between 3-5 per cent by volume of the massive titanomagnetite ores, and between 5-10 per cent by volume of the magnetite-plagioclase cumulates with more than 50 per cent opaque oxide minerals. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mineralogical setting and distribution of the iron and titanium oxides within the magnetitite layers from top to bottom as well as spatially along a strike length of 2 000m to determine the potential for the titanium to be extracted from the titanomagnetite ores. The titanomagnetites of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex with particular reference to the Northern Limb where this research was conducted contains titanium oxides as discrete ilmenite grains but in low concentrations whose potential for separate economic extraction will be challenging. The highest concentration of titanium in the magnetite ores is not contained in the granular ilmenite, but rather in ulvospinel and titanomagnetite as illustrated by the marked higher concentration of TiO₂ in the massive ores which contain less granular ilmenite in comparison to the disseminated ores which contain 3 to 8 percentage points higher granular ilmenite than the massive ores. On the scale of the main magnetite seam, the TiO₂ content increases with increasing stratigraphic height from being completely absent in the footwall anorthosite. The V₂2O₅ content also increases with stratigraphic height except for in one of the 3 boreholes where it drops with increasing height. The decrease or increase patterns are repeated in every seam. The titanomagnetites of the main magnetite seam display a variety of textures from coarse granular magnetite and ilmenite, to trellis ilmenite lamellae, intergranular ilmenite and magnesian spinels and fine exsolution lamellae of ulvospinel and ferro-magnesian spinels parallel to the magnetite cleavage. The bottom contact of the main magnetite seam is very sharp and there is no titanium or vanadium in the footwall barely 10cm below the contact. Chromium is present in the bottom of the 4 layers that constitute the main magnetite seam and it upwards decreases rapidly. In boreholes P21 and P55, there are slight reversals in the TiO₂ and V₂O₅ content towards the top of the magnetite seams.
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Lovegrove, Daniel Paul. "Rates and mechanisms of metamorphic processes derived from thermal aureole studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249305.

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Sargeant, Fiona. "The seismic stratigraphy of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250322.

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Twala, Mthokozisi Nkosingiphile. "Use of multispectral remote sensing data to map magnetite bodies in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa : a case study of Roossenekal, Limpopo." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75756.

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Mineral detection and geological mapping through conventional ground survey methods based on field observation and other geological techniques are tedious, time-consuming and expensive. Hence, the use of remote sensing in mineral detection and lithological mapping has become a generally accepted augmentative tool in exploration. With the advent of multispectral sensors (e.g. ASTER, Landsat and PlanetScope) having suitable wavelength coverage and bands in the Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) and Thermal Infrared (TIR) regions, multispectral sensors, along with common and advanced algorithms, have become efficient tools for routine lithological discrimination and mineral potential mapping. It is with this paradigm in mind that this project sought to evaluate and discuss the detection and mapping of magnetite on the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex, using specialized common traditional and machine learning algorithms. Given the wide distribution of magnetite, its economic importance, and its potential as an indicator of many important geological processes, the delineation of magnetite is warranted. Before this study, few studies had looked at the detection and exploration of magnetite using remote sensing, although remote sensing tools have been regularly applied to diverse aspects of geosciences. Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance to Means, Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine classification algorithms were assessed for their respective ability to detect and map magnetite using the PlanetScope Analytic Ortho Tiles in ENVI, QGIS, and Python. For each classification algorithm, a thematic landcover map was attained and an error matrix, depicting the user's and producer's accuracies, as well as kappa statistics, was derived, which was used as a comparative measure of the accuracy of the four classification algorithms. The Maximum Likelihood Classifier significantly outperformed the other techniques, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 84.58% and an overall kappa value of 0.79. Magnetite was accurately discriminated from the other thematic landcover classes with a user’s accuracy of 76.41% and a producer’s accuracy of 88.66%. Despite the Maximum Likelihood classification algorithm illustrating better class categorization, a large proportion of the mining activity pixels were erroneously classified as magnetite. However, this observation was not merely limited to the Maximum Likelihood classification algorithm, but all image classifications algorithms. The overall results of this study illustrated that remote sensing techniques are effective instruments for geological mapping and mineral investigation, especially in iron oxide mineralization in the Eastern Limb of Bushveld Complex.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Geology
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Koegelenberg, Corne. "Experimental evidence for sulphide magma percolation and evolution : relevant to the chromite bearing reefs of the Bushveld Complex." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20043.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pt mineralization within the Bushveld Complex is strikingly focused on the chromitite reefs, despite these horizons being associated with low volumes of base metal sulphide relative to Pt grade. Partitioning of Pt (Dsil/sulp) from silicate magma into immiscible sulphide liquid appears unable to explain Pt concentrations in chromitite horizons, due to the mismatch that exists between very large R factor required and the relevant silicate rock volume. Consequently, in this experimental study we attempt to gain better insight into possible Pt grade enhancement processes that may occur with the Bushveld Complex (BC) sulphide magma. We investigate the wetting properties of sulphide melt relevant to chromite and silicate minerals, as this is a key parameter controlling sulphide liquid percolation through the cumulate pile. Additionally, we have investigated how fractionation of the sulphide liquid from mono-sulphide-solid-solution (Mss) crystals formed within the overlying melanorite might affect sulphide composition and Pt grades within the evolved sulphide melt. Two sets of experiments were conducted: Firstly, at 1 atm to investigate the phase relations between 900OC and 1150OC, within Pt-bearing sulphide magma relevant to the BC; Secondly, at 4 kbar, between 900OC to 1050OC, which investigated the downwards percolation of sulphide magma through several layers of silicate (melanorite) and chromitite. In addition, 1atm experiments were conducted within a chromite dominated chromite-sulphide mixture to test if interaction with chromite affects the sulphide system by ether adding or removing Fe2+. Primary observations are as follows: We found sulphide liquid to be extremely mobile, the median dihedral angles between sulphide melt and the minerals of chromitite and silicate layers are 11O and 33O respectively. This is far below the percolation threshold of 60O for natural geological systems. In silicate layers sulphide liquid forms vertical melt networks promoting percolation. In contrast, the extremely effective wetting of sulphide liquid in chromitites restricts sulphide percolation. Inter-granular capillary forces increase melt retention, thus chromitites serve as a reservoir for sulphide melt. Sulphide liquid preferentially leaches Fe2+ from chromite, increasing the Fe concentration of the sulphide liquid. The reacted chromite rims are enriched in spinel end-member. This addition of Fe2+ to the sulphide magma prompts crystallization Fe-rich Mss, decreasing the S-content of sulphide melt. This lowers Pt solubility and leads to the formation of Pt alloys within the chromitite layer. Eventually, Cu-rich sulphide melt escapes through the bottom of the chromitite layer. These observations appear directly applicable to the mineralized chromitite reefs of the Bushveld complex. We propose that sulphide magma, potentially injected from the mantle with new silicate magma injections, percolated through the silicate cumulate overlying the chromitite and crystallized a significant volume of Fe-Mss. Chromitite layers functioned as traps for percolating, evolved, Cu-, Ni- and Pt-rich sulphide liquids. This is supported by the common phenomenon that chromitites contain higher percentages of Ni, Cu and Pt relative to hanging wall silicate layers. When in contact with chromite, sulphide melt is forced to crystallize Mss as it leaches Fe2+ from the chromite, thereby further lowering the S-content of the melt. This results in precipitation, as Pt alloys, of a large proportion of the Pt dissolved in the sulphide melt. In combination, these processes explain why chromitite reefs in the Bushveld Complex have Pt/S ratios are up to an order of magnitude higher that adjacent melanorite layers.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pt mineralisasie in die Bosveld Kompleks is kenmerkend gefokus op die chromatiet riwwe, alhoewel die riwwe geassosieer is met lae volumes basismetaal sulfiedes relatief tot Pt graad. Verdeling van Pt (Dsil/sulp) vanaf silikaat magma in onmengbare sulfiedvloeistof is klaarblyklik onvoldoende om Pt konsentrasies in chromatiet lae te verduidelik, a.g.v. die wanverhouding wat bestaan tussen ‘n baie groot R-faktor wat benodig word en die relatiewe silikaat rots volumes. Gevolglik, in die eksperimentele studie probeer ons beter insig kry oor moontlike Pt graad verhogingsprosesse wat plaasvind in die BK sulfied magma. Ons ondersoek die benattingseienskappe van sulfied vloeistof relevant tot chromiet- en silikaat minerale, omdat dit die sleutel maatstaf is vir die beheer van sulfied vloeistof deursypeling deur die kumulaat opeenhoping. Addisioneel het ons ook ondersoek hoe die fraksionering van sulfied vloeistof vanaf MSS kristalle, gevorm binne die hangende melanoriet muur, moontlik die sulfied samestelling en Pt graad binne ontwikkelde sulfied smelt kan beïnvloed. Twee stelle van eksperimente is gedoen: Eerstens, by 1 atm om ondersoek in te stel oor fase verwantskappe tussen 900OC en 1150OC, binne ‘n Pt-verrykte sulfied magma samestelling relevant tot die BK; Tweedens, by 4 kbar, tussen 900OC tot 1050OC, wat die afwaartse deursypeling van sulfied magma deur veelvuldige lae van silikaat minerale en chromatiet. Addisionele 1 atm eksperimente is gedoen binne ‘n chromiet gedomineerde chromiet-sulfied mengsel, om te toets of interaksie met chromiet die sulfied sisteem affekteer deur Fe2+ te verwyder of by te dra. Primêre observasies is soos volg: Ons het bevind sulfiedsmelt is uiters mobiel, die mediaan dihedrale hoek tussen sulfiedsmelt en minerale van chromiet en silikaat lae is 11O en 33O onderskydelik. Dit is ver onder die deursypelings drumpel van 60O vir natuurlike geologiese stelsels. In silikaatlae vorm die sulfiedsmelt vertikale netwerke wat deursypeling bevorder. Inteendeel, uiters effektiewe benatting van sulfiedsmelt binne chromatiete vertraag sulfied deusypeling. Tussen kristal kapilêre kragte verhoog smelt retensie, dus dien chromatiete as ‘n opgaarmedium vir sulfiedsmelt. S oorversadigte sulfied vloeistof loogsif Fe2+ vanuit chromiet en veroorsaak ‘n verhoging in Fe-konsentraie. Die gereageerde chromiet buiterante is daarvolgens verryk in Cr-spinêl eind-ledemaat. Die addisionele byvoeging van Fe2+ aan sulfied magma veroorsaak die kristalisasie van Fe-ryke Mss en verlaag dus die S-konsentrasie van die sulfied smelt. Dit verlaag Pt oplosbaarheid en lei tot die formasie van Py allooie binne-in chromatiete. Ten einde, ontsnap Cu-ryke sulfied smelt deur die onderkant van die chromatiet lae. Die observasies is direk van toepassing op die gemineraliseerde chromatiet riwwe van die Bosveld Kompleks. Ons stel voor dat sulfied magma, potensiaal ingespuit vanuit die mantel saam nuwe inspuitings van silikaat magma, deur die hangende silikaat kumulaat bo chromatiet lae deurgesypel het en ‘n betekenisvolle volume Fe-Mss gekristalliseer het. Chromatiet lae het gefunksioneer as lokvalle vir afwaartsbewegende, ontwikkelde, Cu-, Ni-, en Pt-ryke sulfied vloeistowwe. Dit word ondersteun deur die algemene verskynsel dat chromatiete hoër persentasies van Ni, Cu en Pt relatief teenoor die hangende muur silikaat lae het. Wanneer sulfied smelt in kontak is met chromiet, word dit geforseer om Mss te kristalliseer soos Fe2+ geloogsif word, waarvolgens die smelt se S konsentrasie verder verlaag word. Dit veroorsaak die presipitasie, as Pt allooie, van groot proporsies opgeloste Pt vanuit sulfied smelt. Deur die prosesse te kombineer, kan dit moontlik verduidelik word hoekom chromatiet riwwe in die Bosveld Kompleks Pt/S verhoudings veel hoër is as aanrakende melanoriet lae.
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Venter, Andrew Derick. "Air quality assessment of the industrialized western Bushveld Igneous Complex / Andrew Derick Venter." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8530.

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South Africa has the largest economy in Africa, with significant mining and metallurgical activities. A large fraction of the mineral assets is concentrated in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), with the western limb being the most exploited. Although the western BIC is considered to be an air pollution hotspot, inadequate air quality data currently exists for this area. To partially address this knowledge gap, a comprehensive air quality monitoring station was operated for more than two years at Marikana in the western BIC. Basic meteorological parameters, precipitation, Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), trace gas concentrations (SO2, NO, NOx, O3, and CO), physical aerosol parameters (particle number and air ion size distributions, as well as aerosol light absorption) and total PM10 mass concentration were measured. Compared with South African and European ambient air quality standards, SO2, NO2 and CO concentrations were generally below the air quality standards, with average concentrations for the sampling period of 3.8ppb (9.9μg/m³), 8.5ppb (15.9μg/m³) and 230ppb (270μg/m³), respectively. The major source of SO2 was identified as high-stack industry emissions, while household combustion was identified as the predominant source of NO2 and CO. In contrast, O3 exceeded the eight-hour moving average standard (61ppb / 120μg/m³) 322 times per year. The main contributing factor was identified to be the influx of regional air masses, with high O3 precursor concentrations. PM10 exceeded the current South African 24-hour standard (120μg/m³) on average 6.6 times per year, the future 2015 standard (75μg/m³) 42.3 times per year and the European standard (50μg/m³) 120.2 times per year. The PM10 average concentration for the sampling period was 44μg/m³, which exceeded the current European and future (2015) South African annual average standard (40μg/m³), emphasising the PM pollution problem in the western BIC. The main source of PM10 was identified as household combustion.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Manyeruke, Tawanda Darlington. "Compositional and lithological variation of the Platreef on the farm Nonnenwerth, northern lobe of the Bushveld Complex implications for the origin of platinum-group elements (PGE) mineralization /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01192009-164657/.

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Botha, Pieter W. S. K. "The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Rooikoppies iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite body, Karee Mine, Bushveld Complex, South Africa [electronic resource] /." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01272009-172307/.

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Books on the topic "Bushveld complex"

1

Eales, Hugh V. The Bushveld Complex: An introduction to the geology and setting of the Bushveld Complex. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience, 2014.

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A first introduction to the geology of the Bushveld Complex and those aspects of South African geology that relate to it. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience, 1999.

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Hartzer, F. J. Geology of the Transvaal Inliers in the Bushveld Complex. Pretoria:, 2000.

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Cameron, Gregory Hugh *. A geochemical investigation into the origin of the upper critical zone of the eastern Bushveld complex, South Africa. 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bushveld complex"

1

Cawthorn, R. Grant. "The Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In Springer Geology, 517–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9652-1_12.

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de Beer, J. H., R. Meyer, and P. J. Hattingh. "Geoelectrical and palaeomagnetic studies on the Bushveld complex." In Proterozic Lithospheric Evolution, 191–205. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gd017p0191.

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Scoon, Roger N. "Skaergaard Intrusion, Greenland and Eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In The Geotraveller, 353–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54693-9_17.

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Cawthorn, R. Grant, and Kelly L. Poulton. "Evidence for Fluid in the Footwall Beneath Potholes in the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex." In Geo-Platinum 87, 343–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1353-0_35.

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Viljoen, Fanus, Mike Knoper, Hariharan Rajesh, Derek Rose, and Tiaan Greeff. "Application of a Field Emission Mineral Liberation Analyser to the in Situ Study of Platinum-Group Element Mineralisation in the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In Proceedings of the 10th International Congress for Applied Mineralogy (ICAM), 757–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27682-8_91.

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Eales, H. V., and R. G. Cawthorn. "The Bushveld Complex." In Developments in Petrology, 181–229. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2894(96)80008-x.

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VanTongeren, Jill A. "Mixing and Unmixing in the Bushveld Complex Magma Chamber." In Processes and Ore Deposits of Ultramafic-Mafic Magmas through Space and Time, 113–38. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811159-8.00005-6.

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Kinnaird, Judith A., and Iain McDonald. "The Northern Limb of the Bushveld Complex: A New Economic Frontier." In Metals, Minerals, and Society. Society of Economic Geologists (SEG), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/sp.21.08.

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Lee, C. A. "A Review of Mineralization in the Bushveld Complex and some other Layered Intrusions." In Developments in Petrology, 103–45. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-2894(96)80006-6.

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Von Gruenewaldt, G., and R. E. Harmer. "Chapter 5 Tectonic Setting of Proterozoic Layered Intrusions with Special Reference to the Bushveld Complex." In Proterozoic Crustal Evolution, 181–213. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2635(08)70119-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bushveld complex"

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Latypov, Rais, and Willem Kruger. "SOLIDIFICATION FRONTS IN MASSIVE MAGNETITITES OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-331713.

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Coomber, S. "Gravity Inversions & FTG Analysis in the Western Bushveld Complex." In 10th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.146.6.3.

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Letts, S., T. H. Torsvik, S. J. Webb, and L. D. Ashwal. "Palaeomagnetism of Mafic Dykes from the Eastern Bushveld Complex (South Africa)." In 8th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.144.18.

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Webb, S. J., L. D. Ashwal, T. K. Nguuri, and R. G. Cawthorn. "Geophysical constraints on the shape and emplacement of the Bushveld Complex." In 8th SAGA Biennial Technical Meeting and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.144.21.

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O.K.T. Babayeju, Mr, Prof W.J. Botha, and Prof S.A. de Waal. "Geophysical Investigation of the Marble Hall Fragment of the Bushveld Complex." In 6th SAGA Biennial Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.221.060.

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Sepato, O. "Wavelet Analysis of Density Data from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131064.

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Webb*, Susan J., Lewis D. Ashwal, Robert Trumbull, and Ilya Veksler. "ICDP Deep drilling and geophysical exploration of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-1673.1.

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Steiner-Leach, Travis Lewis, Maureen Feineman, Sarah Penniston-Dorland, Nivea Magalhaes, James Farquhar, Grant Bybee, and Josh Rinehart. "MULTIPLE SULFUR ISOTOPES IN GRANITE-HOSTED SULFIDES FROM THE BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306382.

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Compton-Jones, Charlie, Hannah Hughes, Iain McDonald, Grant Bybee, Judith Kinnaird, and Jens Andersen. "Radiogenic Isotope and Precious Metal Compositions of Orangeite Dykes Intersecting the Bushveld Complex." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.465.

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Letts, S. A., T. Torsvik, L. Aswal, and S. Webb. "New Palaeomagnetic Data from the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex." In 68th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2006. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201402012.

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