Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Burning'
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Reed, Diane J. "Burning Spring." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin989426993.
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Bearden, Sam. "The burning house." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23772.
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Tavakoli, Omid. "A Burning Silence." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1556307287955672.
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Hemmert, Andrew James. "Engine Burning Through." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2107.
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Newton, Joseph Iliadis Christian. "Hydrogen burning of 17oxygen." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2928.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2010.Title from electronic title page (viewed Jun. 23, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics and Astronomy." Discipline: Physics and Astronomy; Department/School: Physics and Astronomy. On t.p., 17 is superscripted.
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Åkemark, Elisabet. "Music in Butterfly Burning." Thesis, Växjö universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-8356.
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This thesis discusses the role of music and musical sounds in Butterfly Burning by Yvonne Vera. It analyses the way that Vera has used music interlinked with the action of the novel. This thesis analyses a few areas where music is represented and is important such as: music as an element of healing/forgiveness; music as an element of hope; music as an element of despair; music as an element of working life and the absence of music. This thesis also briefly discusses who the narrator of the novel is and Vera’s writing technique that incorporates images with hypothetical sounds. The conclusion shows that music and musical sounds are important to the novel. It also shows that the music in Butterfly Burning can be compared to the music in a film. Vera has managed to combine the story of the novel and the description of music so that it becomes one inseparable unit.
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Irshad, Aysha. "Gasification burning of biomass." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18965/.
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Biomass combustion for heat applications uses two stage combustion with a gasification first stage followed by oxidation of the gases in a second stage combustion, where most of the heat release occurs. These type of combustion system are gasification or log boilers. However, there has been little study of the optimisation of the gasification stage for biomass applications and this was the objective of this research. The cone calorimeter was used in its controlled atmosphere configuration. A 180oC gas sample line was used to sample the raw gases from the rich burning gasification zone and transfer them via a heated pump and filter to the heated Gasmet FTIR, which was calibrated for 60 species. Hydrogen was computed from the CO measurements. The test facility was also operated on nitrogen in order to measure the composition of the gases evolved under heating with no combustion. were H2O, CO2, CO, formic acid, xylene, trimethylbenzene, acetic acid, formaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, furfural, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and propanol were the major gases with other hydrocarbons. The energy in the devolatilised gases from the heated biomass in nitrogen was determined from the gas composition and flow rate and a very high conversion of energy from solid biomass into gaseous products was demonstration for a range of biomass. The Chemical Equilibrium and Applications (CEA) software was used to predict the adiabatic equilibrium gas composition as a function of equivalence ratio for the range of biomass compositions. The predicted optimum equivalence ratios for the maximum yield of CO was in good agreement with the experimental measurements. The experimental optimum equivalence ratio for pine was 2.7. The total energy in the gases from the gasification zone showed a thermal efficiency of 80%. Major components were H2O, CO2, CO with hydrocarbons benzene, acetylene, ethylene and naphthalene.
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Lacy, Philip Alan Physical Environmental & Mathematical Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Burning Under Young Eucalypts." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Physical, Environmental & Mathematical Sciences, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43663.
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Fuels management in eucalyptus plantations is essential to minimise the impact of wildfire. Prescribed burning has the potential to reduce the fuel hazard in plantations, but is not routinely conducted due to concerns relating to tree damage. Through a series of experimental burns, the issues of tree damage are addressed and minimum tree sizes are recommended that are capable of withstanding the effects of low to moderate intensity fires. Data was collected between 2005 and 2007 over six sites, two species, and three age classes. Tree response results came from multiple measurements of over 1700 individual trees. The fuel characteristics commonly found in sub-tropical eucalypt plantations from age four to eleven are described and quantified. These fuel characteristics are related to fire behaviour and new fire behaviour models, specific to young eucalypt plantations, are presented. The fuel characteristics that most influence fire behaviour in young eucalypt plantations are fuel load, fuel height, and fuel moisture content. These characteristics can be used to predict the rate of spread of a plantation fire under benign wind conditions. A novel technique for assessing the extent of stem damage in eucalypts is developed and described. This technique enables immediate assessment of stem damage following fire; previous assessment techniques recommend waiting a considerable period of time (up to 2 years) until dead bark dropped off and fire scars were evident. This new assessment technique is likely to be suitable for post-fire assessment of any eucalypt species and will provide forest managers with the capability of deciding whether to leave a stand to ???grow-on??? or commence recovery operations. Minimum stem sizes recommended to ensure no long-term damage are between 5 ??? 8 cm DBH (diameter at breast height, i.e. 1.3m above ground level) for Eucalyptus dunnii (Dunn???s white gum) and 5 ??? 13 cm DBH for Corymbia spp. (spotted gum) depending on the quantity of fuel around the stem. Stem sizes vary between species because of the variation in bark thickness between species. This thesis provides all the necessary information to conduct prescribed burning operations in young eucalypt plantations.
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Saeed, Khizer. "Laminar burning velocity measurements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270733.
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Marshall, Stephen P. "Measuring laminar burning velocities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:81ea0ed8-3abd-4192-86ef-67bd5581c325.
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The laminar burning velocity of a fuel is the rate of normal propagation of a 1D flame front relative to the movement of the unburned gas. This is a fundamental property of a fuel that affects many aspects of its combustion behaviour. Experimental values are required to validate kinetic simulations, and also to provide input for models of flashback, minimum ignition energy and turbulent combustion. Burning velocity affects burn duration and consequently power output in spark ignition engines. Burning velocities are affected by pressure, temperature, equivalence ratio, residuals, additives, and stretch rates. The constant volume vessel has been used as it is considered both the most versatile and accurate method of measuring laminar burning velocities. An existing combustion vessel and oven were refurbished and new systems built for fuel injection, ignition, experiment control, data acquisition and high speed schlieren photography. An existing multi-zone model was used to allow calculation of burning velocity from pressure and schlieren data, allowing the user to select data uncorrupted by heat transfer or cellularity. A twelve term correlation for burning velocity was validated using methane modelling data. The chosen data from all the experiments was then fitted to the correlation. Methane, n-butane, n-heptane, iso-octane, toluene, ethylbenzene and ethanol were tested over a wide range of initial pressures (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 barA), temperatures (289-450 K) and equivalence ratios (0.7-1.4). For liquid fuels, tests with real residuals at mole fractions of up to 0.3 were also conducted. Stoichiometric mixture tests were performed at two initial temperatures (380 and 450 K) and the same four initial pressures. For mixtures of iso-octane and ethylbenzene, percentage volumes of 12.5, 25, 50 and 75% iso-octane were tested. It was found that the the percentage of iso-octane affected burning velocity non-linearly. For iso-octane/ethanol, a single 50:50% mixture was tested.
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Sharuga, Constance R., Debra Dotson, and Tabitha Price. "Treating Burning Mouth Syndrome." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2529.
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Fievre, Michele Jessica. "Burning swing : a Haitian childhood." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3318.
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Burning Swing: A Haitian Childhood is a memoir that describes a sometimes difficult and sometimes pleasurable journey through the narrator's childhood and teenage years in Port-au-Prince. This work aims at capturing the tone of a very young person caught up in her own adolescent world-with all the innocence and evil, cruelties and fears-as she witnesses social chaos. Influenced thematically by Mary Karr 's Cherry, which describes the author's troubled relationship with her mother and her desire to leave the town where she was raised, Burning Swing focuses on M.J.'s relationship with her bipolar father and her o fevered need to escape a place where violence and bloodshed are commonplace. As she attempts to leave, the narrator discovers an acute interest in writing, which helps her gain a better understanding of her father and leads to an attempt at reconciliation.
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Vaughan, Kelly. "Investigations in explosive hydrogen burning." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533448.
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Palmér, Hanna, and Emma Hult. "Behandling vid Burning Mouth Syndrome." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-31849.
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Lonsdale, Christopher Sean, and n/a. "Burning out or burning desire? : investigating athlete burnout and engagement in elite New Zealand athletes." University of Otago. School of Physical Education, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070220.144258.
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This thesis examined the utility of Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2002) as a framework for understanding athlete burnout and its hypothesized opposite - athlete engagement. Athlete burnout was defined as "a psychological syndrome of emotional/physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation" (Raedeke, 1997, p.398). Athlete engagement was defined as a persistent, positive, cognitive-affective experience in sport that is characterized by vigour, dedication, and confidence. Based on the predictions of Vallerand�s (1997; Vallerand & Losier, 1999) motivational model, it was hypothesized that elite New Zealand athletes with higher perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness (i.e., basic psychological needs) would also report more self-determined motives to participate in sport and that individuals with higher self-determined motivation would experience lower athlete burnout and higher athlete engagement. Before testing these hypotheses four preliminary studies were necessary. First, because of the nomadic lifestyles of many elite athletes, it was decided that an online survey delivered via the Internet would be the most appropriate and effective method for collecting data to test the central hypotheses. However, a literature search revealed that no studies in sport psychology had compared online and traditional paper and pencil survey methods and therefore a preliminary study was needed to investigate potential survey format effects. Results of measurement invariance and latent mean structures analyses indicated that there were no differences on the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire for randomly assigned online (n=117) and paper and pencil (n=97) groups. Second, recent research (e.g., Martens & Webber, 2002; Riemer, Fink, & Fitzgerald, 2002) has indicated that the only published measure of behavioural regulations (i.e., motives) in sport (Pelletier, Fortier, Vallerand, Tuson, & Blais, 1995) has psychometric problems. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a reliable and valid measure of behavioural regulations in sport. Following rigorous scale development procedures that included expert review and pilot testing, results from two studies (n=382 and n=343) supported the reliability and validity of this new measure - the Behavioural Regulations in Sport Questionnaire.
Third, while researchers in organizational and educational psychology have examined engagement experiences, no research has investigated athlete engagement. Results of a qualitative inquiry with elite New Zealand athletes (n=15) indicated that vigour, dedication, and confidence were core athlete engagement dimensions. Fourth, items for a quantitative athlete engagement questionnaire were created using operational definitions from the qualitative study and then reviewed by athlete burnout and positive psychology experts. Analysis of data from two samples (n=382 and n=343) supported the reliability and validity of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire. Results from the final study (n=343) investigating the relationships amongst basic needs, behavioural regulations, burnout, and engagement generally supported the main hypotheses of the thesis. Indeed, athletes with higher perceptions of autonomy and competence reported more self-determined regulations; however, relatedness was not a significant predictor. Athletes� levels of self-determined motivation accounted for substantial portions of variance in athlete burnout symptoms: emotional/physical exhaustion (R�=.13), sport devaluation (R�=.43) and reduced accomplishment (R�=.42). Behavioural regulations were also strong predictors of athlete engagement, accounting for 49% of the variance in vigour, 42% of the variance in dedication, and 30% of the variance in confidence. Implications of these results for researchers and practitioners are discussed. Directions for research concerning SDT, athlete burnout, and athlete engagement are also highlighted.
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Ardha, Vishwanath Reddy. "Laminar burning velocities of gas mixtures." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Miller, Marta. "Psychological factors maintaining burning mouth syndrome /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19541.pdf.
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Borg, Erika. "Catharsis in Yvonne Vera's Butterfly Burning." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-482.
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Clupper, Wendy Ann. "The performance culture of burning man." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7405.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Theatre. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Akkerman, V'yacheslav. "Turbulent burning, flame acceleration, explosion triggering." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Physics, Umeå Univ, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1050.
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Kolden, Crystal A. "Climate impacts on escaped prescribed fire occurrence in California and Nevada /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/1430445.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005."May 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-105). Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.
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Jimenez, Jorge Rodrigo. "Aerosol characterization for agricultural field burning smoke." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2006/j_jimenez_091406.pdf.
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David, Jiri. "Emissions from a gas-burning pulse combustor." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1993. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10176/.
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The pulse combustor has a number of attractive features for heating applications. These include simplicity of construction, compactness for a given heat input rate, enhanced exhaust gas heat transfer and most importantly low CO and NOx emissions. With more stringent air quality and emissions standards soon to be in force in many countries, the latter has received much attention among the producers of gas appliances. This study investigates the performance of and emissions from a Helrnholtz-type pulse combustor with varying parameters such as gas input rate, tailpipe length, combustion chamber volume and composition I)f the natural gas being used as a fuel. The experimental work was primarily focused on the measurements of O2, CO2, CO and NOx concentrations in the pulse combustor exhaust gas; such data are difficult to find in the general literature. Measurements of the aspirated combustion air flow rate and operating frequency were also made. Initially some modifications to the natural-gas-fired pulse burner of 5kW output constructed by A. Suthenthiran were made and new gas sampling ports and probes were designed and constructed. An orifice plate flow meter and air-box were also designed and constructed in an attempt to measure the pulsating air flow of the combustor. It was found, however, that the combustor would not operate with the air-box fitted. The air/fuel ratios of the combustor were therefore calculated from the measured exhaust gas analysis by means of a specially written computer program. Much attention was also given to the selection of reliable gas analysis equipment and as a result five different gas analyzers were tested. It was found that the investigated pulse combustor was capable of operation only under fuel-lean conditions since the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio was never reached. Percentage excess air levels when using the mains gas (NGA) as a fuel were typically found in the range of 5 - 40 % The variation of carbon monoxide exhaust levels with gas flow rate displayed, in most cases, a characteristic 'U' shaped curve gently sloping down and reaching minimum CO concentration (typically below 300 ppm), before rising steeply as stoichiometry was approached. It was also found that in the lower and middle operating range CO levels were notably reduced with increase in combustion chamber volume and slightly reduced with increase in tailpipe length. Furthermore, the CO/C02 ratio did not exceed the maximum permissible limit of 0.02 set by appliance safety standards for any of the conducted trials. Test results for all investigated variables indicated that production of nitrogen oxides was strongly temperature dependent; a finding which is consistent with the literature. In addition, NOx emissions were observed to rise with increase in gas flow rate, tailpipe length and combustion chamber volume respectively. With measured NOx levels below 60 ppm our results agree with the values reported elsewhere. Furthermore, oxides of nitrogen monitored in this study consisted mainly of thermal NO formed by the Zeldovich mechanism. The pulse combustor was operated on family 2H test gases ie. NGA (mains), NGB, NGC (high in Hz) and NGD (high in N2 ) in order to evaluate the effect of changes in fuel composition on its performance. A conventional method based on the modified Harris & Lovelace diagram was used to define an acceptable area within which all family 2H gases would be interchangeable. Propane was found not to be interchangeable with the reference gas NGA.
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Bunkute, Birute. "Burning Velocities of Coal-derived Syngas Mixtures." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3135.
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Summary
Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) systems, which utilize coal,
petroleum coke, heavy oil, biomass and waste materials as a feedstock,
continue to enter the power generation market. The gasification products
from gasifiers using these feedstocks are mixtures of hydrogen, carbon
monoxide and inerts like nitrogen, carbon dioxide and water. These
mixtures are then used as a fuel in low-emission power generation
applications. Unlike natural gas or methane, which has been widely used
and researched for many years, these mixtures have not been widely
investigated. Thus the aim of this study is to provide data on the
combustion properties of syngas mixtures, mainly focusing on laminar
burning velocities and critical strain rates to extinction. These combustion
properties data are essential for gas turbine combustor modelling using
turbulent burning velocity closure models.
The establishment of such a database in this study mainly relies on
numerical computations. Therefore, the experimental campaign was
limited to investigation of several CO/H2/N2 fuel mixtures fuel mixtures at
different equivalence ratios and operating conditions. The laminar burning
velocity values, obtained from the experimental campaign were used
mainly for validation of the chemical kinetics model and reaction
mechanism.
The principal outcome from this study is that at ambient conditions and
reactant preheat temperatures up to 400K experimental laminar burning
velocity values compare well with numerical predictions. The laminar
burning velocity tests at high pressure presented a number of
complications due to the formation of cellular flames and the flow in theburner tube entering the transitional laminar to turbulent regime. As a
result the numerical model could not be fully validated experimentally for
high pressure conditions.
A comprehensive combustion properties database has been created using
numerical simulations, based on comprehensive descriptions of the
chemical kinetics and extensions using neural networks.
CFD simulations of reacting flows in a practical combustor geometry
demonstrated the importance of obtaining accurate laminar burning
velocities and critical strain rates to extinction data.
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Cantrell, James Grady. "Sulfur gas release during black liquor burning." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11155.
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Rindzevičius, Vytautas. "Short-term effects of controlled conservation burning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234965.
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In this study, the immediate and short term (three months) effects of conservation burning have been investigated in coniferous forests in southeastern Sweden. Five tree species were investigated Picea abies (Norway spruce), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine), Populus tremula (aspen), Betula pendula (silver birch) and Betula pubescens (downy birch), as well as ground vegetation of mosses, dwarf shrubs and ground lichens. Burning increased the proportion of live deciduous tree shoots from 51 % to 81 % and the live tree shoot size distribution of four tree species was significantly changed by fire. Fire affected the tree species differently. Three months after burning deciduous tree species exhibited strong sprouting, while P. sylvestris had established many seedlings, significantly increasing its share of the tree stand. P. abies lacked any visible positive response to burning and its number of live shoots decreased by 83 %. Mineral soil was exposed on only the moss vegetation and covered just 4 % of the studied plot area. The initial vegetation response to fire was negative, but significant dwarf shrub recovery was detected three months after burning.
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Benson, R. A. C. "Starting up coal-burning, fluidised-bed boilers." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375523.
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Davis, Aika Yano. "Predicting behaviors and effects of biomass burning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54843.
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Wildfires and prescribed burns are important sources of air pollutants and can significantly affect air quality at urban locations across large regions. Air quality forecasts generated with Eulerian numerical models can provide valuable information to environmental regulators and land managers about the potential impacts of fires. However, the ability of these models to simulate concentrated fire-related smoke plumes is limited since they lack fire specific physics and chemistry. A sub-grid plume model was coupled with a chemical transport model to address this issue. The modeling framework centered on a fire plume transport model, Daysmoke, and the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ) is used to simulate several fire episodes. The studied episodes were used to understand uncertainty in fire emissions and its effect on plume transport modeling and to verify the coupled system’s performance. The system was also used to simulate prescribed burning scenarios with five varying parameters: age of fuel bed, season, acreage, ignition type, and time of the day. Key findings relating to burn efficiency and emission reduction on future prescribed burnings will be discussed.
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Lindstrom, David James. "Two Ways of Burning a Cotton Field." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3671.
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TWO WAYS OF BURNING A COTTON FIELD is an ethnographic memoir concerning the narrator’s experiences as a Peace Corps volunteer in Paraguay, South America. The plot is structured around a moral crisis in his rural Paraguayan village. The narrator’s neighbor, a man in his late twenties, threatened to kill his partner and her two children. The Paraguayan police were made aware of the situation but did nothing. Peace Corps management also instructed the narrator to do nothing.
In TWO WAYS OF BURNING A COTTON FIELD, this moral crisis is explored within the contexts of post-colonial power structures, including economic and ecologic geographies, intersections of community and government, and the colonial-indigenous language continuum of Paraguay (Spanish-Guaraní). Further, these neighbors’ localized trauma is located within historical, colonial trauma. Of particular concern is the role that languages – English, Spanish, and Guaraní – play in constructing power, worldview, and relationships within the village.
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Rowan, Chad E. "The ecological need for prescribed fire in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park, U.S.A." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3869.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 21 p. : col. ill., col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 20-21).
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Ruttenberg, Eric C. "Burning characteristics of individual aluminum/aluminum oxide particles." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA315461.
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Sarefield, Daniel Christopher. "Burning knowledge : studies of bookburning in ancient Rome /." Download pdf, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092663236.
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Lotery, H. E. "An epidemiological study of women with vulval burning." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403246.
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Leggett, Michael Graham College of Fine Art & Design UNSW. "Burning the Interface : artists' interactive multimedia 1992 - 1998." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. College of Fine Art & Design, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/19334.
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The thesis describes the development during the 1990s of visual artists' utilisation of computer-based interactive multimedia and the production internationally, with a focus on Australian artists, of artworks on the CD-ROM media format. Earlier parts of the author's research led to the exhibition, 'Burning the Interface < International Artists' CD-ROM>', which he co-curated, opening at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, in 1996, before touring to Perth, Brisbane, Melbourne and Adelaide. The thesis surveys the range of practice by artists working with digital media and the opportunities for exhibition in the public spaces of museums, galleries and the street, and advances scenarios for correcting the laxity of response by the exhibiting institutions to the vigour with which Australian artists represented their work and ideas at this time in national and international forums. Four published artists' work on CDROM are analysed in detail, and a concluding chapter about 'interactive multimedia' and its usefulness as an art medium to the artist introduces the studio practice component of this MFA submission. This takes the form of a prototype 'experimental' version of an interactive multimedia work on CD-ROM, ('Strangers on the Land') a copy of which is contained in a pocket at the rear of the bound version.
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Haghpanah, Kochesfahani Saied. "Particulate formation during black liquor char bed burning." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0004/NQ41196.pdf.
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Puzeras, Eduardas. "Evolutionary effects in helium core burning star atmospheres." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20111102_110919-19082.
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Modern observations provide evidences that the ‘standard’ stellar evolution model is incomplete and should take into account ‘extra’-mixing processes. This dissertation is dedicated to an observational study of the Galactic red clump as well as to investigations of evolutionary effects in atmospheres of low-mass helium-core burning stars and evaluation of theoretical models of extra-mixing processes in interiors of stars. For this purpose, the high-resolution spectra of 62 Galactic red clump stars and 9 evolved stars of the old open cluster NGC 7789 have been analysed and the main atmospheric parameters and chemical compositions were determined. The investigation confirmed the hypothesis that clump stars of the Galaxy are relatively young objects, reflecting mainly the near–solar metallicities developed in the local disk during the last few billion years of its history. Mixing induced carbon and nitrogen abundance modifications in the Galactic clump stars were investigated. The clump stars can be divided into distinct evolutionary groups using the 12C/13C criterion. The carbon isotope ratios of the Galactic clump stars are consistent with the Cool Bottom Processing (CBP) extra-mixing model; the Thermohaline extra-mixing model needs to be complemented in order to agree with observational data. The carbon isotope ratios in the NGC 7789 stars indicate a larger extra–mixing than it is foreseen by theoretical models.Šiuolaikiniai astronominiai stebėjimai leidžia įtarti, kad „standartinis“ žvaigždžių evoliucijos modelis yra nepilnas ir turi būti patikslintas, įvedant „papildomą“ maišymąsi. Disertacija yra skirta Galaktikos raudonosios sankaupos žvaigždžių cheminės sudėties tyrimui ir maišymosi procesų sukeltų cheminės sudėties pokyčių mažos masės žvaigždžių atmosferose tyrimui bei papildomo maišymosi teorinių modelių įvertinimui. Tam tikslui buvo gauti ir ištirti 62-jų Galaktikos raudonosios sankaupos žvaigždžių ir 9 padrikojo spiečiaus NGC 7789 žvaigždžių didelės skiriamosios gebos spektrai, nustatyti žvaigždžių pagrindiniai parametrai ir cheminė sudėtis. Tyrimas patvirtino hipotezę, kad Galaktikos sankaupos žvaigždės yra santykinai jauni Saulės metalingumo objektai, susiformavę per pastaruosius keletą milijardų metų. Tirtose žvaigždėse buvo įvertintos maišymosi procesų pasekmėje pasikeitusių anglies ir azoto gausų vertės. Pademonstruota, kad sankaupos žvaigždės gali būti išskirtos į skirtingas evoliucines grupes pagal 12C/13C kriterijų. Nustatyta, kad anglies izotopų santykių vertes Galaktikos sankaupos žvaigždžių atmosferose gerai aprašo šaltojo žemutinių sluoksnių papildomo maišymosi modelis, tuo tarpu termohalinio papildomo maišymosi modelis turi būti papildytas, kad sutaptų su visais stebėjimų rezultatais. Nustatyta, kad anglies izotopų santykiai spiečiaus žvaigždėse yra labiau paveikti maišymosi procesų nei numato dabartiniai teoriniai žvaigždžių evoliucijos modeliai.
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Mandilas, Charalampos. "Laminar and turbulent burning characteristics of hydrocarbon fuels." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493291.
Full textAbstract:
The object of this study was to investigate the laminar burning characteristics of a large number of hydrocarbon fuels and mixtures in an idealised combustion vessel environment and relate them to their molecular structure and consequent thermochemical and chemical kinetics properties. The observed laminar behaviour was compared to that under idealised turbulent conditions in the Leeds University Mkll combustion vessel and LUP0E-2D research engine.
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Allchin, Elizabeth Ann. "Vegetation dynamics following management burning of lowland heathland." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284333.
Full textAbstract:
Management of the southern lowland heaths is usually for conservation, and aims to create structural diversity, prevent succession to scrub and maintain the low nutrient status of the system. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of burning, fire temperature and intensity on seed banks, nutrients, vegetative regeneration and seedling demography. In the first experiment (1994), vegetation fuel loads were manipulated in stands representing two different growth phases of vegetation (mature and degenerate) at two sites (Arne in Dorset and Aylesbeare in Devon) to test the hypothesis that frre temperature and intensity depend chiefly on fuel load rather than other factors associated with the pre-burn age of the stand. There were two burning treatments of low and high fuel loads. Fire temperatures were measured with temperature-sensitive paints on tiles ('pyrometers'). Intensity (the heat released per unit area) was highly correlated with fuel load. Fire temperatures were higher in the high fuel load treatments than in the low fuel load treatments at all stands except the Aylesbeare degenerate stand. where temperatures were low in both treatments. In the second experiment (1995). paraffin was added to treatment plots at the mature stand at Aylesbeare in an attempt to produce higher temperatures. but this aim was not achieved. Thermocouples and pyrometers were used to measure temperatures and indicated that these fires were hotter than the fires at the same stand in the first experiment. There was no effect of burning or of temperature on the size of the seed banks in the soil and litter in the frrst experiment. The litter seed bank of Erica tetralix was depleted by a similar quantity in both treatments in the second experiment. There was no effect of burning on the nutrients (P. Ca. K) in the humic soil in either of the experiments. The concentration of nutrients was higher in the ash than in the litter of control plots after burning (except at the Aylesbeare degenerate stand). There were significant but inconsistent effects of temperature on the quantities of nutrients. Vegetative regeneration after burning depended chiefly on the pre-bum age of the stand and possibly on grazing. but fire temperature had no effect. There was rapid resprouting at both the mature stands, but regeneration at the degenerate stands was sparse. Calluna rapidly regained dominance at the Arne mature stand but was relatively less abundant at the Aylesbeare mature stand after burning than it was before. Agrostis curtisii. Ulex gallii and Erica tetralix were co-dominant in the regrowth at this stand. However. there was a decline in the relative abundances of U. gallii and A. curtisii by the third growing season after burning. At the mature stands. seedlings affected by resprouting vegetation were sheltered from microclimatic extremes and experienced higher survivorship than seedlings in areas of bare ground. However. seedling density under resprouts decreased over time as continued growth of resprouts prevented seedling germination and establishment. Seedling populations on bare ground at both types of stand oscillated widely, and there was a rapid turnover. Although bare ground persisted at the degenerate stands, there was no invasion of non-heathland species. A canopy of ericaceous species should eventually develop via gradual accumulation of seedling density and vegetative spread from the few stem bases that were able to resprout. The range of temperatures generated by the fuel loads tested did not have significant effects on regeneration from seed or from stem bases. However. the removal of vegetation by burning had a large impact on vegetation dynamics by enabling seedling emergence and resprouting from stem bases. The balance between regcneration from seed and from stcm bases depended on the pre-bum age of the stand.
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Yamashita, H., N. Hayashi, M. Ozeki, and K. Yamamoto. "Burning velocity and OH concentration in premixed combustion." Elsevier, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20032.
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Nkounga, Francois Joseph. "Flag-burning in the USA - freedom of expression ?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39741.
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This study is focused on whether flag-burning in the USA is protected by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution or not? The background of the study is the 1984 Dallas flag-burning. The theoretical framework consists of the Liberty theory with Freedom of Expression and the Harm Principle as main concepts. Methodologically, a theory-consuming case study has been used with a qualitative approach to understand the trials of Johnson versus Texas. The purpose is to gain better understanding of the 1984 Dallas flag-burning. The main findings of the thesis show that despite the government’s pressure and the public opinion, the U.S. Supreme Court followed the Law in lieu of feelings by arguing that flag-burning is protected by the First Amendment. Furthermore, this thesis also reveals the ambiguity of Freedom of Expression. On the one hand, its only limit is actually the harm that it can cause to others and on the other hand Freedom of Expression would be useless if it has no ability to cause harm. A debate of Freedom of Expression may arise when individuals consider that harm has been done to them and need recognition for this harm with evidence of existence of the violence and its amplitude.The main questions may be what are the legitimate and the illegitimate harms.
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Heap, Jennifer Anne. "Studies of toxic fume emissions from burning textiles." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358765.
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Kiger, James Robert 1976. "Theoretical studies of nuclear burning on white dwarfs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10162.
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Yang, Bo. "Laminar burning velocity of liquefied petroleum gas mixtures." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35958.
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This thesis reports experimental and theoretical studies of the laminar burning velocity of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) measured using the constant volume bomb method. The test rig designed at Loughborough University was a rigid and spherical chamber with central ignition. The LPG gas used in this study is a mixture of propane and n-butane with volume percentage of n-butane ranging from 0 to 100. The laminar burning velocities of the LPG/air mixtures have been determined over a range of equivalence ratios (0.7 to 1.4), unburnt gas pressures and temperatures (0.5 to 37 bar and 293 to 530 K respectively). With the measured pressure/time history in the constant volume combustion chamber, a new combustion model, which was developed based on a commonly used two-zone combustion model, was used to determine the laminar burning velocity. To obtain a more accurate value of the laminar burning velocity, the assumptions in the two-zone combustion model were analysed, and two effects were considered in the new combustion model, i.e. the effect of flame thickness and the effect of temperature gradient in the burnt gas zone.
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O'Connor, Daniel. "Burning the foxes : the dialectics of Ted Hughes." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/8393/.
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This thesis examines the dialectics at the heart of Ted Hughes’s work. There is no single dialectic that forms a master-narrative, but they are all nonetheless structured around Hughes’s idea of man as divorced from his ‘true nature’. This divorce establishes oppositional ideas such as intellect against instinct, man against nature, man against woman and language against truth. I argue that Hughes critiques these oppositional tendencies throughout his career, either by taking sides or trying to find a synthesis between ostensibly oppositional stances. One of these dialectics, intellect against instinct, poses a direct challenge to the act of literary criticism in the form of the foundational myth of Hughes’s poetic career. This is his dream of the ‘burnt fox’, where the fox leaves a bloody paw print on his undergraduate essay as a warning to the damaging effect that such ‘rational’ thinking has on the creative spirit. Part of my purpose in this thesis is to show that, on the contrary, the mode of thinking that Hughes dismisses (including what he calls the ‘tyrant’s whisper’ – Continental Theory) is not only conducive to reading his work, but parallels the kind of thinking that takes place in his poems. As such, the work of Jacques Lacan plays an important role in this thesis in regards to the structuring Hughes’s delineation of the split subject in relation to language and the other. This thesis is not a Lacanian reading of Hughes per se, but finds congruities in their work as a means of addressing Hughes’s poems. Accordingly, Followers of Lacan such as Slavoj Žižek, Eric Santner and Teresa Brennan prove similarly useful in this regard, as each offers ways of thinking that are correlative to Hughes. The chapters of this thesis follow the progression of Hughes’s career. Chapter One investigates his early interest in how man’s relationship with nature can be represented in language through animal symbolism. Chapter Two examines Crow (1970/1) at length, arguing that the collection is the crux of Hughes’s work in that it contemplates almost all of the dialectics that emerge from his understanding of man as divorced from his ‘true nature’. The third chapter follows his poetry of mourning and melancholia during the early to mid 1970s, as Hughes goes from abandoning English altogether in his experiments with Orghast (1971) to creating a vision of the Goddess in the mystical sequences of Gaudete (1977) and Cave Birds (1978). This is followed in Chapter Four by a discussion of how Hughes resolves some of his dialectical thinking by returning to animal and landscape poetry in Remains of Elmet (1978), Moortown (1979) and River (1983). Chapter Five takes advantage of his appointment as Poet Laureate in 1984 and publication of his parable of Englishness, Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being (1992), to take a slight diversion and address his dialectic of nationhood. Finally, Chapter Six examines how Hughes’s final collection, Birthday Letters, relates back to his poetry of mourning and melancholia (looking at Crow in particular) and ultimately to the central concern of this thesis: Hughes’s dialectical idea of the ‘true self’.
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Jolleys, Matthew. "A global analysis of biomass burning organic aerosol." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-global-analysis-of-biomass-burning-organic-aerosol(6dbebe3d-fb4a-4d68-b6c7-83c32ae3fa52).html.
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Organic aerosols represent one of the main sources of uncertainty affecting attempts to quantify anthropogenic climate change. The diverse physical and chemical properties of organic aerosols and the varied pathways involved in their formation and aging form the basis of this uncertainty, preventing extensive and accurate representation within regional and global scale models. This inability to constrain the radiative forcings produced by organic aerosols within the atmosphere consequently acts as a limitation to the wider objective of providing reliable projections of future climate. Biomass burning constitutes one of the main anthropogenic contributions to the global atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) burden, particularly in tropical regions where the potential for perturbations to the climate system is also enhanced due to higher average levels of solar irradiance. Emissions from biomass burning have been the subject of an intense research focus in recent years, involving a combination of field campaigns and laboratory studies. These experiments have aimed to improve the limited understanding of the processes involved in the evolution of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) and contribute towards the development of more robust parameterisations for climate and chemical transport models. The main objective of this thesis was to use datasets acquired from several different global regions to perform a broad analysis of the BBOA fraction, with the extensive temporal and spatial scales provided by such measurements enabling investigation of a number of key uncertainties, including regional variability in emissions and the role of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in aging smoke plumes. Measurements of BBOA mass concentration obtained using Aerodyne Research Inc. Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) were used to calculate characteristic ΔOA/ΔCO ratios for different environments, accounting for the effects of dilution and contrasting fire sizes to give a proportional representation of OA production. High levels of variability in average ΔOA/ΔCO were observed both between and within different regions. The scale of this variability consistently exceeded any differences between plumes of different ages, while a widespread absence of any sustained increase in ΔOA/ΔCO with aging indicates that SOA formation does not provide a net increase in OA mass. Despite this lack of OA enhancement, increasing proportions of oxygenated OA components in aged plumes highlight the chemical transformations occurring during the evolution of BBOA, and the additional influence of OA loss through evaporation or deposition. Potential drivers of variability in ΔOA/ΔCO at source, such as changes in fuel types and combustion conditions, were investigated for controlled fires carried out within a combustion chamber. These laboratory experiments revealed a number of complex relationships between BB emissions and source conditions. Although ΔOA/ΔCO was shown to be influenced by both fuel properties and transitions between flaming and smouldering combustion phases, the extent of these effects was limited, while variability between fires exceeded levels observed for ambient measurements. These findings emphasise the complexity of the BBOA lifecycle and the need to address the extensive uncertainties associated with its various constituent processes, in order to improve understanding of eventual climate impacts from biomass burning.
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Taylor, Simon Crispin. "Burning velocity and the influence of flame stretch." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2099/.
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A new technique is presented for determining burning velocities and stretch effects in laminar flames, and applied to a range of fuel/air mixtures. The speeds of expanding spherical flames, measured by high-speed schlieren cine-photography, are shown to vary with flame radius. A simple phenomenological model has been developed to analyse the data and obtain the one-dimensional flame speed by extrapolation to infinite radius. The validity of the simple model has been tested by using it to analyse the results of detailed simulations of expanding spherical flames. The true one-dimensional flame speeds in this case are known from planar flame modelling using the same kinetic scheme. The simple model predicted flame speeds within 2% of the true values for hydrogen/air mixtures over most of the stoichiometric range. This demonstrates that the extrapolation procedure is sound and will produce reliable results when applied to experimental data. Since the flame speeds derived from experiments are one-dimensional values, multiplying them by the density ratio gives one-dimensional burning velocities (s,'). Maximum burning velocities of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane and ethylene mixtures with air were 2.85 ms-', 0.37 ms-', 0.41 ms-', 0.39 ms-' and 0.66 ms-' respectively. These are considerably smaller than most burner-derived values. The discrepancies can be explained by flow divergence and stretch effects perturbing burner measurements. The rate at which the measured flame speed approaches its limiting value depends on flame thickness and flame stretch. By subtracting the flame thickness term, the influence of flame stretch, expressed as the Markstein length, can be derived. Again values are given across the whole stoichiometric range of all fuels listed above, and form the most complete set of Markstein lengths reported to date. The Markstein lengths are negative in lean hydrogen and methane and in rich ethane and propane mixtures: this means that stretch increases the burning rate. They are positive in all other mixtures, showing that stretch decreases the burning rate. The results are in line with predictions based on Lewis number considerations. An alternative method of deriving one-dimensional burning velocities and Markstein lengths has been investigated. Burning velocities were measured at different stretch rates in flames in stagnation-point flow. Particle tracking was used to derive burning velocities referred to the hot side of the flame from the upstream values. The two burning velocities extrapolated to different one-dimensional values, both of which differed slightly from the expanding flame results. The suggested reason is that the upstream velocity gradient is not an accurate measure of the stretch experienced by the flame. Markstein lengths were consistent with those from the expanding flame method but the uncertainties were much larger. The method in its present form is therefore useful qualitatively but not quantitatively.
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Reynolds, Michael Clair 1971. "Effects of burning on birds in mesquite-grassland." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291513.
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I investigated the effects of winter prescribed burning on relative abundance and species richness of birds in mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)-grassland at the Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge, Texas, from June 1995 to August 1996. Relative abundance (P=0.246) and species richness (P=0.622) of breeding birds were not different, but mourning doves (Zendaida macroura) (P=0.058) and great-tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) (P=0.084) increased, and black-bellied whistling ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis) (P=0.040) declined in burned treatments. Relative abundance of wintering birds was greater (P=0.002) in burned treatments, but species richness was not different (P=0.602). Mourning doves (P < 0.001) and savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) (P=0.001) increased, but grasshopper sparrows (Ammondramus savannarum) (P=0.009), Le Conte's sparrows (Ammondramus leconteii) (P=0.001), and sedge wrens (Cistothorus platensis) (P=0.001) declined in burned treatments in winter.
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Delmedico, Anthony Andrew. "Eros Burning| Men in the Middle of Divorce." Thesis, Pacifica Graduate Institute, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13425072.
Full textAbstract:
This research explores what happens to some men when, despite the best of intentions and heroic efforts on all sides, a marriage ends in divorce. Using a blend of alchemical hermeneutics and hermeneutic phenomenology, this qualitative study explores the lived experience of 5 heterosexual men who suffered psychologically in divorce. Divorce was examined from Freudian, Jungian, and archetypal perspectives using the depth psychological lenses of alchemy, mythology, and fairy tale. A hybrid method of qualitative analysis was created that incorporated the use of psychodrama to analyze the data. From the results of this study, the journey through divorce for suffering men can be seen as being comprised of 3 stages: a Coming Storm, a Tempest, and an Aftermath. The intrapsychic destruction experienced by many men in divorce was also viewed as an attempt at an undoing of the hieros gamos, or sacred marriage. From the results of this investigation, it is further postulated that such a divorce may be a psychological impossibility. The author’s experience as a divorced man informs his observations and conclusions.
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Wardoyo, Arinto Yudi. "Biomass burning : particle emissions, characteristics, and airborne measurements." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16492/1/Arinto_Wardoyo_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Biomass burning started to attract attention since the last decade because of its impacts on the atmosphere and the environmental air quality, as well as significant potential effects on human health and global climate change. Knowledge of particle emission characteristics from biomass burning is crucially important for the quantitative assessment of the potential impacts. This thesis presents the results of study aimed towards comprehensive characterization of particle emissions from biomass burning. The study was conducted both under controlled laboratory conditions, to quantify the particle size distribution and emission factors by taking into account various factors which may affect the particle characteristics, and in the field, to investigate biomass burning processes in the real life situations and to examine vertical profile of particles in the atmosphere.
To simulate different environmental conditions, a new technique has been developed for investigating particle emissions from biomass burning in the laboratory. As biomass burning may occur in a field at various wind speeds and burning rates, the technique was designed to allow adjustment of the flow rates of the air introduced into the chamber, in order to control burning under different conditions. In addition, the technique design has enabled alteration of the high particle concentrations, allowing conducting measurements with the instrumentations that had the upper concentration limits exciding the concentrations characteristic to the biomass burning.
The technique was applied to characterize particle emissions from burning of several tree species common to Australian forests. The aerosol particles were characterized in terms of size distribution and emission factors, such as PM2.5 particle mass emission factor and particle number emission factor, under various burning conditions. The characteristics of particles over a range of burning phases (e.g., ignition, flaming, and smoldering) were also investigated. The results showed that particle characteristics depend on the type of tree, part of tree, and the burning rate.
In particular, fast burning of the wood samples produced particles with the CMD of 60 nm during the ignition phase and 30 nm for the rest of the burning process. Slow burning of the wood samples produced large particles with the CMD of 120 nm, 60 nm and 40 nm for the ignition, flaming and smoldering phases, respectively. The CMD of particles emitted by burning the leaves and branches was found to be 50 nm for the flaming phase and 30 nm for the smoldering phase, under fast burning conditions. Under slow burning conditions, the CMD of particles was found to be between 100 to 200 nm for the ignition and flaming phase, and 50 nm for the smoldering phase.
For fast burning, the average particle number emission factors were between 3.3 to 5.7 x 1015 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 6.9 x 1015 particles/kg for leaves and branches. The PM2.5 emission factors were between 140 to 210 mg/kg for wood and 450 to 4700 mg/kg for leaves and branches. For slow burning conditions, the average particle number emission factors were between 2.8 to 44.8 x 1013 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 9.3 x 1013 particles/kg for leaves and branches, and the PM2.5 emissions factors were between 120 to 480 mg/kg for wood and 3300 to 4900 mg/kg for leaves and branches.
The field measurements were conducted to investigate particle emissions from biomass burning in the Northern Territory of Australia over dry seasons. The results of field studies revealed that diameters of particles in ambient air emissions were within the size range observed during laboratory investigations. The laboratory measurements found that the particles released during the controlled burning were of a diameter between 30 and 210 nm, depending on the burning conditions. Under fast burning conditions, smaller particles were produced with a diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm, whilst larger particles, with a diameter between 60 nm and 210 nm, were produced during slow burning. The airborne field measurements of biomass particles found that most of the particles measured under the boundary layer had a CMD of (83 ± 13) nm during the early dry season (EDS), and (127 ± 6) nm during the late dry season (LDS). The characteristics of ambient particles were found to be significantly different at the EDS and the LDS due to several factors including moisture content of vegetation, location of fires related to the flight paths, intensity of fires, and burned areas. Specifically, the investigations of the vertical profiles of particles in the atmosphere have revealed significant differences in the particle properties during early dry season and late dry season. The characteristics of particle size distribution played a significant role in these differences.
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Wardoyo, Arinto Yudi. "Biomass burning : particle emissions, characteristics, and airborne measurements." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16492/.
Full textAbstract:
Biomass burning started to attract attention since the last decade because of its impacts on the atmosphere and the environmental air quality, as well as significant potential effects on human health and global climate change. Knowledge of particle emission characteristics from biomass burning is crucially important for the quantitative assessment of the potential impacts. This thesis presents the results of study aimed towards comprehensive characterization of particle emissions from biomass burning. The study was conducted both under controlled laboratory conditions, to quantify the particle size distribution and emission factors by taking into account various factors which may affect the particle characteristics, and in the field, to investigate biomass burning processes in the real life situations and to examine vertical profile of particles in the atmosphere. To simulate different environmental conditions, a new technique has been developed for investigating particle emissions from biomass burning in the laboratory. As biomass burning may occur in a field at various wind speeds and burning rates, the technique was designed to allow adjustment of the flow rates of the air introduced into the chamber, in order to control burning under different conditions. In addition, the technique design has enabled alteration of the high particle concentrations, allowing conducting measurements with the instrumentations that had the upper concentration limits exciding the concentrations characteristic to the biomass burning. The technique was applied to characterize particle emissions from burning of several tree species common to Australian forests. The aerosol particles were characterized in terms of size distribution and emission factors, such as PM2.5 particle mass emission factor and particle number emission factor, under various burning conditions. The characteristics of particles over a range of burning phases (e.g., ignition, flaming, and smoldering) were also investigated. The results showed that particle characteristics depend on the type of tree, part of tree, and the burning rate. In particular, fast burning of the wood samples produced particles with the CMD of 60 nm during the ignition phase and 30 nm for the rest of the burning process. Slow burning of the wood samples produced large particles with the CMD of 120 nm, 60 nm and 40 nm for the ignition, flaming and smoldering phases, respectively. The CMD of particles emitted by burning the leaves and branches was found to be 50 nm for the flaming phase and 30 nm for the smoldering phase, under fast burning conditions. Under slow burning conditions, the CMD of particles was found to be between 100 to 200 nm for the ignition and flaming phase, and 50 nm for the smoldering phase. For fast burning, the average particle number emission factors were between 3.3 to 5.7 x 1015 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 6.9 x 1015 particles/kg for leaves and branches. The PM2.5 emission factors were between 140 to 210 mg/kg for wood and 450 to 4700 mg/kg for leaves and branches. For slow burning conditions, the average particle number emission factors were between 2.8 to 44.8 x 1013 particles/kg for wood and 0.5 to 9.3 x 1013 particles/kg for leaves and branches, and the PM2.5 emissions factors were between 120 to 480 mg/kg for wood and 3300 to 4900 mg/kg for leaves and branches. The field measurements were conducted to investigate particle emissions from biomass burning in the Northern Territory of Australia over dry seasons. The results of field studies revealed that diameters of particles in ambient air emissions were within the size range observed during laboratory investigations. The laboratory measurements found that the particles released during the controlled burning were of a diameter between 30 and 210 nm, depending on the burning conditions. Under fast burning conditions, smaller particles were produced with a diameter in the range of 30 to 60 nm, whilst larger particles, with a diameter between 60 nm and 210 nm, were produced during slow burning. The airborne field measurements of biomass particles found that most of the particles measured under the boundary layer had a CMD of (83 ± 13) nm during the early dry season (EDS), and (127 ± 6) nm during the late dry season (LDS). The characteristics of ambient particles were found to be significantly different at the EDS and the LDS due to several factors including moisture content of vegetation, location of fires related to the flight paths, intensity of fires, and burned areas. Specifically, the investigations of the vertical profiles of particles in the atmosphere have revealed significant differences in the particle properties during early dry season and late dry season. The characteristics of particle size distribution played a significant role in these differences.