Academic literature on the topic 'Burning velocity'

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Journal articles on the topic "Burning velocity"

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KIDO, Hiroyuki, Masaya NAKAHARA, and Kenshiro NAKASHIMA. "Turbulent Burning Velocity and Local Burning Velocity Characteristics of Lean Hydrogen Mixtures." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 71, no. 701 (2005): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.71.275.

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KIDO, HIROYUKI, and SHUWEI HUANG. "A Discussion of Premixed Turbulent Burning Velocity Models Based on Burning Velocity Diagrams1." Combustion Science and Technology 96, no. 4-6 (January 1994): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209408935364.

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NAKAHARA, Masaya, and Hiroyuki KIDO. "5008 Influence of Local Burning Velocity on Turbulent Burning Velocity of Hydrogen Mixtures." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2006.3 (2006): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2006.3.0_359.

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NAKAHARA, Masaya, Hiroyuki KIDO, Koichi HIRATA, and Shintaro YOSHIMITSU. "B131 A Modeling of Turbulent Burning Velocity for Hydrogen Mixtures based on Local Burning Velocity." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2005 (2005): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2005.61.

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Eickhoff, Heinrich. "Analysis of the turbulent burning velocity." Combustion and Flame 129, no. 4 (June 2002): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(02)00338-3.

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Wu, Xueshun, Peng Wang, Zhennan Zhu, Yunshou Qian, Wenbin Yu, and Zhiqiang Han. "The Equivalent Effect of Initial Condition Coupling on the Laminar Burning Velocity of Natural Gas Diluted by CO2." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040809.

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Initial temperature has a promoting effect on laminar burning velocity, while initial pressure and dilution rate have an inhibitory effect on laminar burning velocity. Equal laminar burning velocities can be obtained by initial condition coupling with different temperatures, pressures and dilution rates. This paper analysed the equivalent distribution pattern of laminar burning velocity and the variation pattern of an equal weight curve using the coupling effect of the initial pressure (0.1–0.3 MPa), initial temperature (323–423 K) and dilution rate (0–16%). The results show that, as the initial temperature increases, the initial pressure decreases and the dilution rate decreases, the rate of change in laminar burning velocity increases. The equivalent effect of initial condition coupling can obtain equal laminar burning velocity with an dilution rate increase (or decrease) of 2% and an initial temperature increase (or decrease) of 29 K. Moreover, the increase in equivalence ratio leads to the rate of change in laminar burning velocity first increasing and then decreasing, while the increases in dilution rate and initial pressure make the rate of change in laminar burning velocity gradually decrease and the increase in initial temperature makes the rate of change in laminar burning velocity gradually increase. The area of the region, where the initial temperature influence weight is larger, gradually decreases as the dilution rate increases, and the rate of decrease gradually decreases.
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NAKAHARA, Masaya, and Hiroyuki KIDO. "A Study on Modeling of Turbulent Burning Velocity Based on Local Burning Velocity for Hydrogen Mixtures." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 74, no. 746 (2008): 2229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.74.2229.

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Suarta, I. Made, I. N. G. Wardana, Nurkholis Hamidi, and Widya Wijayanti. "The Role of Hydrogen Bonding on Laminar Burning Velocity of Hydrous and Anhydrous Ethanol Fuel with Small Addition of n-Heptane." Journal of Combustion 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9093428.

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The molecular structure of mixed hydrous and anhydrous ethanol with up to 10% v n-heptane had been studied. The burning velocity was examined in a cylindrical explosion combustion chamber. The result showed that the burning velocity of hydrous ethanol is higher than anhydrous ethanol and n-heptane at stoichiometric, rich, and very rich mixtures. The burning velocity of hydrous ethanol with n-heptane drops drastically compared to the burning velocity of anhydrous ethanol with n-heptane. It is caused by two reasons. Firstly, there was a composition change of azeotropic hydrous ethanol molecules within the mixture of fuel. Secondly, at the same volume the number of ethanol molecules in hydrous ethanol was less than in anhydrous ethanol at the same composition of the n-heptane in the mixture. At the mixture of anhydrous ethanol with n-heptane, the burning velocity decreases proportionally to the addition of the n-heptane composition. The burning velocity is between the velocities of anhydrous ethanol and n-heptane. It shows that the burning velocity of anhydrous ethanol mixed with n-heptane is only influenced by the mixture composition.
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Кантарбаева, А., and К. М. Моисеева. "ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ПЛАМЕНИ В УГЛЕ-ПРОПАНО-ВОЗДУШНОЙ ГАЗОВЗВЕСИ." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Matematika i mekhanika, no. 74 (2021): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988621/74/10.

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The mathematical model of combustion for a reactive gas suspension of coal dust in a propane-air mixture is developed. The parametric study of the problem is carried out. The observed burning velocity of the propane-air mixture with an admixture of coal particles is determined. Dependences of the observed burning velocity of the propane-air gas suspension on the equivalence ratio and on the radius of the particles are obtained. It is shown that, the observed burning velocity decreases with an increase in the radius of the particles. On the contrary, with an increase in the radius of the particle, the observed burning velocity increases for high-propane mixtures. Moreover, in the case of high-propane mixtures, the observed burning velocity of the gas suspension can be increased by reducing the mass of the particles. The observed burning velocity for a propane-air mixture with particles is significantly less than that for a mixture without particles.
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Kido, Hiroyuki, Masaya Nakahara, Kenshiro Nakashima, and Jun Hashimoto. "Influence of local flame displacement velocity on turbulent burning velocity." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29, no. 2 (January 2002): 1855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1540-7489(02)80225-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Burning velocity"

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Saeed, Khizer. "Laminar burning velocity measurements." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270733.

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Yamashita, H., N. Hayashi, M. Ozeki, and K. Yamamoto. "Burning velocity and OH concentration in premixed combustion." Elsevier, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20032.

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Yang, Bo. "Laminar burning velocity of liquefied petroleum gas mixtures." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/35958.

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This thesis reports experimental and theoretical studies of the laminar burning velocity of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) measured using the constant volume bomb method. The test rig designed at Loughborough University was a rigid and spherical chamber with central ignition. The LPG gas used in this study is a mixture of propane and n-butane with volume percentage of n-butane ranging from 0 to 100. The laminar burning velocities of the LPG/air mixtures have been determined over a range of equivalence ratios (0.7 to 1.4), unburnt gas pressures and temperatures (0.5 to 37 bar and 293 to 530 K respectively). With the measured pressure/time history in the constant volume combustion chamber, a new combustion model, which was developed based on a commonly used two-zone combustion model, was used to determine the laminar burning velocity. To obtain a more accurate value of the laminar burning velocity, the assumptions in the two-zone combustion model were analysed, and two effects were considered in the new combustion model, i.e. the effect of flame thickness and the effect of temperature gradient in the burnt gas zone.
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Taylor, Simon Crispin. "Burning velocity and the influence of flame stretch." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2099/.

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A new technique is presented for determining burning velocities and stretch effects in laminar flames, and applied to a range of fuel/air mixtures. The speeds of expanding spherical flames, measured by high-speed schlieren cine-photography, are shown to vary with flame radius. A simple phenomenological model has been developed to analyse the data and obtain the one-dimensional flame speed by extrapolation to infinite radius. The validity of the simple model has been tested by using it to analyse the results of detailed simulations of expanding spherical flames. The true one-dimensional flame speeds in this case are known from planar flame modelling using the same kinetic scheme. The simple model predicted flame speeds within 2% of the true values for hydrogen/air mixtures over most of the stoichiometric range. This demonstrates that the extrapolation procedure is sound and will produce reliable results when applied to experimental data. Since the flame speeds derived from experiments are one-dimensional values, multiplying them by the density ratio gives one-dimensional burning velocities (s,'). Maximum burning velocities of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane and ethylene mixtures with air were 2.85 ms-', 0.37 ms-', 0.41 ms-', 0.39 ms-' and 0.66 ms-' respectively. These are considerably smaller than most burner-derived values. The discrepancies can be explained by flow divergence and stretch effects perturbing burner measurements. The rate at which the measured flame speed approaches its limiting value depends on flame thickness and flame stretch. By subtracting the flame thickness term, the influence of flame stretch, expressed as the Markstein length, can be derived. Again values are given across the whole stoichiometric range of all fuels listed above, and form the most complete set of Markstein lengths reported to date. The Markstein lengths are negative in lean hydrogen and methane and in rich ethane and propane mixtures: this means that stretch increases the burning rate. They are positive in all other mixtures, showing that stretch decreases the burning rate. The results are in line with predictions based on Lewis number considerations. An alternative method of deriving one-dimensional burning velocities and Markstein lengths has been investigated. Burning velocities were measured at different stretch rates in flames in stagnation-point flow. Particle tracking was used to derive burning velocities referred to the hot side of the flame from the upstream values. The two burning velocities extrapolated to different one-dimensional values, both of which differed slightly from the expanding flame results. The suggested reason is that the upstream velocity gradient is not an accurate measure of the stretch experienced by the flame. Markstein lengths were consistent with those from the expanding flame method but the uncertainties were much larger. The method in its present form is therefore useful qualitatively but not quantitatively.
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Vaccaro, Danilo. "Experimental determination of burning velocity in metal dust explosions." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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The modeling of metal dust explosion phenomenon is important in order to safeguard industries from potential accidents. A key parameter of these models is the burning velocity, which represents the consumption rate of the reactants by the flame front, during the combustion process. This work is focused on the experimental determination of aluminium burning velocity, through an alternative method, called "Direct method". The study of the methods used and the results obtained is preceded by a general analysis on dust explosion phenomenon, flame propagation phenomenon, characteristics of the metals combustion process and standard methods for determining the burning velocity. The “Direct method” requires a flame propagating through a tube recorded by high-speed cameras. Thus, the flame propagation test is carried out inside a vertical prototype made of glass. The study considers two optical technique: the direct visualization of the light emitted by the flame and the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. These techniques were used simultaneously and allow the determination of two velocities: the flame propagation velocity and the flow velocity of the unburnt mixture. Since the burning velocity is defined by these two quantities, its direct determination is done by substracting the flow velocity of the fresh mixture from the flame propagation velocity. The results obtained by this direct determination, are approximated by a linear curve and different non-linear curves, which show a fluctuating behaviour of burning velocity. Furthermore, the burning velocity is strongly affected by turbulence. Turbulence intensity can be evaluated from PIV technique data. A comparison between burning velocity and turbulence intensity highlighted that both have a similar trend.
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Kolbe, Massimiliano. "Laminar burning velocity measurements of stabilized aluminum dust flames." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ64068.pdf.

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Ohnishi, Masahiro, Shinji Isii, and Kazuhiro Yamamoto. "Local flame structure and turbulent burning velocity by joint PLIF imaging." Elsevier, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20034.

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Savarianandam, Vivek Ross. "Burning velocity of premixed turbulent flames in the weakly wrinkled regime." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1867.

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Turbulent burning velocities have been measured for methane/air and ethylene/air planar flames stabilised in a wide-angled conical diffuser where the flow is decelerated axially. Novel instrumentation, involving a rotating drum device, has been developed to measure the instantaneous flame height, by utilising the UV emission from the excited OH radical in the flame. Six horizontal slits in the drum allow the UV radiation from the flame to fall periodically on the photodiode. Secondary flow in a high-speed wall jet is used to generate a uniform primary flow across the diffuser. The cold flow parameters are measured at different axial and radial positions inside the diffuser using a hot wire anemometer. The effect of imposed acoustic velocity oscillations on the turbulent burning velocity is also investigated. Speakers are placed upstream to force the oscillations. The instantaneous flame lift-off height, with and without external forcing, is measured using the rotating drum. A high-speed camera is also used to capture the flame images, with and without external forcing. For the non-excited condition, the turbulent burning velocity is assumed equal to the mean cold flow velocity at the height corresponding to the average flame lift-off measured using the drum. This measured turbulent burning velocity do not agree with correlations from the literature for u'/Sl <1. In this regime flames are affected by gas expansion and the growth of the Darrieus-Landau instability. For the excited condition, the flame lift-height at each phase angle in a cycle is tracked using the rotating drum. The ensemble averaged flame lift-off height shows sinusoidal movement similar to the imposed acoustic velocity, but lags the acoustic velocity by a certain phase, which depends upon the excitation frequency. The mean turbulent burning velocities are suppressed but the magnitude of the transfer function is non-zero at low Strouhal number and changes sharply at high Strouhal number.
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Lucianelli, Dario. "Numerical and experimental analysys of the laminar burning velocity of hydrocarbons mixtures." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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This thesis work has the aim to investigate on burning velocities of premixed laminar flames. Laminar burning velocity is a fundamental parameter describing how a flat flame propagates into quiescent unburned mixtures ahead of the flame at a specific pressure and temperature. Various gaseous hydrocarbon mixtures have been examined: methane (with amounts of ethylene, propylene and hydrogen), ethylene, propylene and propane (with amounts of hydrogen). In all the cases atmospheric air has been considered as oxidizing agent. All the premixed flames are at the temperature of 298 K and atmospheric pressure; the laminar burning velocity has been reported as a function of the equivalence ratio. Deriving the compositions of the fuel mixtures from the various equivalence ratios, a numerical method has been used first; the software Cantera, through a chosen kinetic model (LLNL) and a compilation program (Python), has given the trends of the velocities for all the mixtures. After this phase, an experimental campaign has been programmed. Using the heat flux method, all the necessary experimental data have been obtained. The experimental data have been elaborated and compared with other experimental data from literature, numerical data and, for some fuel mixtures, data derived from mixing rules. Through this analysis it has been possible to evaluate the detailed kinetic model used before and the validity of the studied mixing rules.
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Clarke, Andrew. "Measurement of laminar burning velocity of air/fuel/diluent mixtures in zero gravity." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259780.

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Book chapters on the topic "Burning velocity"

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Datema, Jessica, and Manya Steinkoler. "Burning." In Movement, Velocity, and Rhythm from a Psychoanalytic Perspective, 121–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003194033-9.

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Abhishek, Ashok Patil, and G. N. Kumar. "Recent Developments in Finding Laminar Burning Velocity by Heat Flux Method: A Review." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 763–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6416-7_71.

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Bhattacharya, Atmadeep, and Amitava Datta. "Laminar Burning Velocity of Biomass-Derived Fuels and Its Significance in Combustion Devices." In Sustainable Energy Technology and Policies, 359–78. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8393-8_16.

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Khan, A. R., M. R. Ravi, and Anjan Ray. "Effect of Natural Gas Blend Enrichment with Hydrogen on Laminar Burning Velocity and Flame Stability." In Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion, 135–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5667-8_6.

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Varghese, Robin John, Harshal Kolekar, Swetha Lakshmy Hariharan, and Sudarshan Kumar. "Review of Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane–Air Mixtures at High Pressure and Temperature Conditions." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 663–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_52.

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Varghese, Robin John, and Sudarshan Kumar. "Laminar Burning Velocity Measurements at Elevated Pressure and Temperatures and the Challenges in Kinetic Scheme Optimization." In Green Energy and Technology, 291–307. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2648-7_13.

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Singh, Anup, Vikas Jangir, Anjan Ray, and M. R. Ravi. "Determination of Stretch-Corrected Laminar Burning Velocity and Selection of Accurate Analytical Model for Burned Gas Mass Fraction Using Constant Volume Method." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 841–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_64.

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"burning velocity." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 178. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_23838.

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Cracknell, R., B. Head, S. Remmert, Y. Wu, A. Prakash, and M. Luebbers. "Laminar burning velocity as a fuel characteristic: Impact on vehicle performance." In Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Fuel Economy and Emissions, 149–56. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781782421849.4.149.

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Sahila, Adel, Hanane Boutchiche, Domingos Xavier Viegas, Luis Reis, and Nouredine Zekri. "A comparative study of the combustion dynamics and flame properties of dead forest fuels." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1553–58. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_236.

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The combustion properties of several dead Mediterranean forest fuels were investigated experimentally. Samples of straw, eucalyptus, shrubs, and Pinus Pinaster with the same load were placed in cylindrical containers of the same size and were ignited from the perimeter of the container's bottom. A pitot tube and a thermocouple are placed one meter above the fuel surface to measure the airflow induced by the flame and the flame temperature. The main combustion parameters (mass-loss rate, flame height and temperature, and the induced air velocity) seem to evolve according to the same trend regardless of the fuel type. They increase rapidly in the growth phase of the flame then they decrease over a relatively long period characterizing the decay phase. In the crossover period between these two burning phases, the flame is fully developed with a maximum height and burning rate. The time required for the burning rate to attain its maximum value seems to vary only slightly with the fuel type. The maximum flame height and burning rate are found to be the largest for shrubs and the lowest for straw. The flame temperature and airflow are found to depend on the position in the flame with maximum values near the continuous zone of the flame.
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Conference papers on the topic "Burning velocity"

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Kido, Hiroyuki, Masaya Nakahara, Kenshiro Nakashima, and Jun-Hyo Kim. "Turbulent Burning Velocity of Lean Hydrogen Mixtures." In 2003 JSAE/SAE International Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1773.

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Ibarreta, Alfonso, Chih-Jen Sung, Taro Hirasawa, and Hai Wang. "Burning Velocity Measurements of Sooting Premixed Flames." In 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-953.

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Dam, Bidhan, Vishwanath Ardha, and Ahsan Choudhuri. "Laminar Flame Velocity of Syngas Fuels." In ASME 2010 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2010-27294.

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The paper presents the experimental measurements of the laminar burning velocity of H2-CO mixtures. Hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are the two primary constituents of syngas fuels. Three burner systems (nozzle, tubular, and flat flame) are used to quantify the effects of burner exit velocity profiles on the determination of laminar flame propagation velocity. The effects to N2 and CO2 diluents have been investigated as well, and it is observed that the effects of N2 and CO2 on the mixture burning velocity are significantly different. Finally, the burning velocity data of various syngas compositions (brown, bituminous, lignite and coke) are presented.
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Stone, Richard. "Laminar Burning Velocity Measurements over Wide RangingTemperatures and Pressures." In The 6th World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer. Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/csp21.lx.001.

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Matveev, S. S., D. V. Idrisov, and A. S. Semenikhin. "LAMINAR BURNING VELOCITY OF INDIVIDUAL HYDROCARBONS AND KEROSENE SURROGATES." In 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NONEQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES, PLASMA, COMBUSTION, AND ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/nepcap9a-25.

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Surrogate fuel blends are often used in laboratory experiments and in combustion modeling to reproduce important characteristics of real transportation fuels. Fuel surrogates usually consist of a few class-representative hydrocarbons such as normal and branched alkanes, aromatics, and cycloalkanes. The complexity of a particular blend depends on the number of combustion properties (targets) taken into account. Most often, binary [1] and ternary blends were suggested as kerosene surrogates; yet, in some cases, a single species, n-decane [2], was used to make comparison with kerosene combustion characteristics such as burning velocity and, for example, to determine the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, complex 4-6 component surrogates.
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Máxima de Souza, Kesiany, Cristiane Aparecida Martins, and Rene Gonçalves. "Numerical Modeling the Laminar Burning Velocity of Gasoline Surrogates." In 25th International Congress of Mechanical Engineering. ABCM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobem2019.cob2019-0976.

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Yokomori, Takeshi, Zheng Chen, and Yiguang Ju. "Studies on the Flame Curvature Effect on Burning Velocity." In 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-161.

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Kim, Gihun, Bader Almansour, Anthony C. Terracciano, Suhyeon Park, and Subith Vasu. "Laminar burning velocity measurements in methyl ester/air mixtures." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-0456.

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Long, E. J., and G. K. Hargrave. "The affect of flow rotation on local burning velocity." In Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium On Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2009.turbulheatmasstransf.1680.

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D., Bradley, Lawes M., and Mansour M.S. "Turbulent Burning Velocity and the Deflagration to Detonation Transition." In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_02-04.

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Reports on the topic "Burning velocity"

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Kitagawa, Toshiaki. The Effects of Pressure on Turbulent Burning Velocity and Quenching, and Markstein Number of Premixed Flame. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0515.

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Linteris, Gregory T., and John L. Pagliaro. Burning Velocity Measurements and Simulations for Understanding the Performance of Fire Suppressants in Aircraft - Letter Report Prepared for Meggitt. National Institute of Standards and Technology, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1904.

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