Journal articles: 'Burkholderia pseudomallei'

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Duangurai, Taksaon, Nitaya Indrawattana, and Pornpan Pumirat. "Burkholderia pseudomalleiAdaptation for Survival in Stressful Conditions." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 27, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3039106.

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Burkholderia pseudomalleiis a Gram-negative bacterium that causes melioidosis, which can be fatal in humans. Melioidosis is prevalent in the tropical regions of Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Ecological data have shown that this bacterium can survive as a free-living organism in environmental niches, such as soil and water, as well as a parasite living in host organisms, such as ameba, plants, fungi, and animals. This review provides an overview of the survival and adaptation ofB. pseudomalleito stressful conditions induced by hostile environmental factors, such as salinity, oxidation, and iron levels. The adaptation ofB. pseudomalleiin host cells is also reviewed. The adaptive survival mechanisms of this pathogen mainly involve modulation of gene and protein expression, which could cause alterations in the bacteria’s cell membrane, metabolism, and virulence. Understanding the adaptations of this organism to environmental factors provides important insights into the survival and pathogenesis ofB. pseudomallei, which may lead to the development of novel strategies for the control, prevention, and treatment of melioidosis in the future.

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Williams, Natasha L., Jodie L. Morris, Catherine M. Rush, and Natkunam Ketheesan. "Migration of Dendritic Cells Facilitates Systemic Dissemination of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 10 (July 28, 2014): 4233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01880-14.

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ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent for melioidosis, is an important cause of community-acquired sepsis in northern Australia and northeast Thailand. Due to the rapid dissemination of disease in acute melioidosis, we hypothesized that dendritic cells (DC) could act as a vehicle for dissemination ofB. pseudomallei. Therefore, this study investigated the effect ofB. pseudomalleiinfection on DC migration capacity and whether migration of DC enabled transportation ofB. pseudomalleifrom the site of infection.B. pseudomalleistimulated significantly increased migration of bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC), bothin vitroandin vivo, compared to uninfected BMDC. Furthermore, migration of BMDC enabled significantly increasedin vitrotrafficking ofB. pseudomalleiandin vivodissemination ofB. pseudomalleito secondary lymphoid organs and lungs of C57BL/6 mice. DC within the footpad infection site of C57BL/6 mice also internalizedB. pseudomalleiand facilitated dissemination. Although DC have previously been shown to kill intracellularB. pseudomalleiin vitro, the findings of this study demonstrate thatB. pseudomallei-infected DC facilitate the systemic spread of this pathogen.

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Inglis, Timothy J. J., Dorothee R. Hahne, Adam J. Merritt, and Michael W. Clarke. "Volatile-Sulfur-Compound Profile Distinguishes Burkholderia pseudomallei from Burkholderia thailandensis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 3 (January 7, 2015): 1009–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.03644-14.

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Solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GCMS) was used to show that dimethyl sulfide produced byBurkholderia pseudomalleiis responsible for its unusual truffle-like smell and distinguishes the species fromBurkholderia thailandensis. SPME-GCMS can be safely used to detect dimethyl sulfide produced by agar-grownB. pseudomallei.

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Martin de Frémont, Grégoire, Marie Gominet, Aurore Bousquet, Alban Gervaise, Dinaherisoa Andriamanantena, and Cécile Ficko. "Burkholderia pseudomallei." AIDS 33, no. 8 (July 2019): 1403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0000000000002205.

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BRETT, P. J., D. DESHAZER, and D. E. WOODS. "Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei-like strains." Epidemiology and Infection 118, no. 2 (April 1997): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026889600739x.

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Previous reports in the literature suggest that Burkholderia pseudomallei strains can be differentiated on the basis of animal virulence. Twenty environmentally and clinically derived isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei were examined for the production of exoenzymes, morphological and biochemical phenotypes and virulence for Syrian golden hamsters. The partial sequence of the 16S ribosomal RNA [rRNA] genes from a number of these strains was also determined. Based upon these observations, it is suggested that highly virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei strains are true Burkholderia pseudomallei strains. The DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of the true Burkholderia pseudomallei strains were identical to the published sequences for Burkholderia pseudomallei while differences were revealed between the published sequences and those of the lowly virulent strains. Thus, these latter strains have been designated as Burkholderia pseudomallei-like organisms since they demonstrate significant differences in exoenzyme production, hamster virulence and 16S rRNA gene sequences.

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Rao, P. Sugandhi, Reetika Dhawan, and P. G. Shivananda. "Burkholderia Pseudomallei Infections." Tropical Doctor 32, no. 3 (July 2002): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947550203200321.

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Dance, D. A. B. "Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections." Clinical Infectious Diseases 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/313577.

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Chen, K. J., M. H. Sun, C. H. Hou, C. C. Sun, and T. L. Chen. "Burkholderia pseudomallei Endophthalmitis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 45, no. 12 (October 3, 2007): 4073–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01467-07.

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Wang, Guanbo, Paulina Zarodkiewicz, and Miguel A. Valvano. "Current Advances in Burkholderia Vaccines Development." Cells 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122671.

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The genus Burkholderia includes a wide range of Gram-negative bacterial species some of which are pathogenic to humans and other vertebrates. The most pathogenic species are Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, and the members of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc). B. mallei and B. pseudomallei, the cause of glanders and melioidosis, respectively, are considered potential bioweapons. The Bcc comprises a subset of Burkholderia species associated with respiratory infections in people with chronic granulomatous disease and cystic fibrosis. Antimicrobial treatment of Burkholderia infections is difficult due to the intrinsic multidrug antibiotic resistance of these bacteria; prophylactic vaccines provide an attractive alternative to counteract these infections. Although commercial vaccines against Burkholderia infections are still unavailable, substantial progress has been made over recent years in the development of vaccines against B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. This review critically discusses the current advances in vaccine development against B. mallei, B. pseudomallei, and the Bcc.

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Novem, Vidhya, Guanghou Shui, Dongling Wang, Anne K. Bendt, Siew Hoon Sim, Yichun Liu, Tuck Weng Thong, et al. "Structural and Biological Diversity of Lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 10 (August 19, 2009): 1420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00472-08.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis, is a facultative intracellular pathogen. As B. pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium, its outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which have been shown to have low-level immunological activities in vitro. In this study, the biological activities of B. pseudomallei LPS were compared to those of Burkholderia thailandensis LPS, and it was found that both murine and human macrophages produced levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-10 in response to B. pseudomallei LPS that were lower than those in response to B. thailandensis LPS in vitro. In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the low-level immunological activities of B. pseudomallei LPS, its lipid A moiety was characterized using mass spectrometry. The major lipid A species identified in B. pseudomallei consists of a biphosphorylated disaccharide backbone, which is modified with 4-amino-4-deoxy-arabinose (Ara4N) at both phosphates and penta-acylated with fatty acids (FA) C14:0(3-OH), C16:0(3-OH), and either C14:0 or C14:0(2-OH). In contrast, the major lipid A species identified in B. thailandensis was a mixture of tetra- and penta-acylated structures with differing amounts of Ara4N and FA C14:0(3-OH). Lipid A species acylated with FA C14:0(2-OH) were unique to B. pseudomallei and not found in B. thailandensis. Our data thus indicate that B. pseudomallei synthesizes lipid A species with long-chain FA C14:0(2-OH) and Ara4N-modified phosphate groups, allowing it to evade innate immune recognition.

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Baker, Anthony, Donald Tahani, Christopher Gardiner, Keith L. Bristow, Andrew R. Greenhill, and Jeffrey Warner. "Groundwater Seeps Facilitate Exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 20 (August 26, 2011): 7243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05048-11.

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ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomalleiis a saprophytic bacterium which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a common cause of fatal bacterial pneumonia and sepsis in the tropics. The incidence of melioidosis is clustered spatially and temporally and is heavily linked to rainfall and extreme weather events. Clinical case clustering has recently been reported in Townsville, Australia, and has implicated Castle Hill, a granite monolith in the city center, as a potential reservoir of infection. Topsoil and water from seasonal groundwater seeps were collected around the base of Castle Hill and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the type III secretion system genes for the presence ofB. pseudomallei. The organism was identified in 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5 to 80.4) of soil samples (n= 40) and 92.5% (95% CI, 83.9 to 100) of seasonal groundwater samples (n= 40). Further sampling of water collected from roads and gutters in nearby residential areas after an intense rainfall event found that 88.2% (95% CI, 72.9 to 100) of samples (n= 16) contained viableB. pseudomalleiat concentrations up to 113 CFU/ml. Comparison of isolates using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated clinical matches and close associations between environmental isolates and isolates derived from clinical samples from patients in Townsville. This study demonstrated that waterborneB. pseudomalleifrom groundwater seeps around Castle Hill may facilitate exposure toB. pseudomalleiand contribute to the clinical clustering at this site. Access to this type of information will advise the development and implementation of public health measures to reduce the incidence of melioidosis.

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Paauw, Armand, Holger C. Scholz, Roos H. Mars-Groenendijk, Lennard J. M. Dekker, Theo M. Luider, and Hans C. van Leeuwen. "Expression of virulence and antimicrobial related proteins in Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e0011006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011006.

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Background Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei are both potential biological threat agents. Melioidosis caused by B. pseudomallei is endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, while glanders caused by B. mallei infections are rare. Here we studied the proteomes of different B. mallei and B. pseudomallei isolates to determine species specific characteristics. Methods The expressed proteins of 5 B. mallei and 6 B. pseudomallei strains were characterized using liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Subsequently, expression of potential resistance and virulence related characteristics were analyzed and compared. Results Proteome analysis can be used for the identification of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. Both species were identified based on >60 discriminative peptides. Expression of proteins potentially involved in antimicrobial resistance, AmrAB–OprA, BpeAB–OprB, BpeEF–OprC, PenA as well as several other efflux pump related proteins and putative β-lactamases was demonstrated. Despite, the fact that efflux pump BpeAB–OprB was expressed in all isolates, no clear correlation with an antimicrobial phenotype and the efflux-pump could be established. Also consistent with the phenotypes, no amino acid mutations in PenA known to result in β-lactam resistance could be identified. In all studied isolates, the expression of virulence (related) factors Capsule-1 and T2SS was demonstrated. The expression of T6SS-1 was demonstrated in all 6 B. pseudomallei isolates and in 2 of the 5 B. mallei isolates. In all, except one B. pseudomallei isolate, poly-beta-1,6 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine export porin (Pga), important for biofilm formation, was detected, which were absent in the proteomes of B. mallei. Siderophores, iron binding proteins, malleobactin and malleilactone are possibly expressed in both species under standard laboratory growth conditions. Expression of multiple proteins from both the malleobactin and malleilactone polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters was demonstrated in both species. All B. pseudomallei expressed at least seven of the nine proteins of the bactobolin synthase cluster (bactobolin, is a ribosome targeting antibiotic), while only in one B. mallei isolate expression of two proteins of this synthase cluster was identified. Conclusions Analyzing the expressed proteomes revealed differences between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei but also between isolates from the same species. Proteome analysis can be used not only to identify B. mallei and B. pseudomallei but also to characterize the presence of important factors that putatively contribute to the pathogenesis of B. mallei and B. pseudomallei.

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Moore, Richard A., Shauna Reckseidler-Zenteno, Heenam Kim, William Nierman, Yan Yu, Apichai Tuanyok, Jonathan Warawa, David DeShazer, and Donald E. Woods. "Contribution of Gene Loss to the Pathogenic Evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 7 (July 2004): 4172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.7.4172-4187.2004.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis. Burkholderia thailandensis is a closely related species that can readily utilize l-arabinose as a sole carbon source, whereas B. pseudomallei cannot. We used Tn5-OT182 mutagenesis to isolate an arabinose-negative mutant of B. thailandensis. Sequence analysis of regions flanking the transposon insertion revealed the presence of an arabinose assimilation operon consisting of nine genes. Analysis of the B. pseudomallei chromosome showed a deletion of the operon from this organism. This deletion was detected in all B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei strains investigated. We cloned the B. thailandensis E264 arabinose assimilation operon and introduced the entire operon into the chromosome of B. pseudomallei 406e via homologous recombination. The resultant strain, B. pseudomallei SZ5028, was able to utilize l-arabinose as a sole carbon source. Strain SZ5028 had a significantly higher 50% lethal dose for Syrian hamsters compared to the parent strain 406e. Microarray analysis revealed that a number of genes in a type III secretion system were down-regulated in strain SZ5028 when cells were grown in l-arabinose, suggesting a regulatory role for l-arabinose or a metabolite of l-arabinose. These results suggest that the ability to metabolize l-arabinose reduces the virulence of B. pseudomallei and that the genes encoding arabinose assimilation may be considered antivirulence genes. The increase in virulence associated with the loss of these genes may have provided a selective advantage for B. pseudomallei as these organisms adapted to survival in animal hosts.

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Janesomboon, Sujintana, Veerachat Muangsombut, Varintip Srinon, Chatruthai Meethai, Chayada S. Tharinjaroen, Premjit Amornchai, Patoo Withatanung, et al. "Detection and differentiation of Burkholderia species with pathogenic potential in environmental soil samples." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): e0245175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245175.

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The Burkholderia pseudomallei phylogenetic cluster includes B. pseudomallei, B. mallei, B. thailandensis, B. oklahomensis, B. humptydooensis and B. singularis. Regarded as the only pathogenic members of this group, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei cause the diseases melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Additionally, variant strains of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis exist that include the geographically restricted B. pseudomallei that express a B. mallei-like BimA protein (BPBM), and B. thailandensis that express a B. pseudomallei-like capsular polysaccharide (BTCV). To establish a PCR-based assay for the detection of pathogenic Burkholderia species or their variants, five PCR primers were designed to amplify species-specific sequences within the bimA (Burkholderia intracellular motility A) gene. Our multiplex PCR assay could distinguish pathogenic B. pseudomallei and BPBM from the non-pathogenic B. thailandensis and the BTCV strains. A second singleplex PCR successfully discriminated the BTCV from B. thailandensis. Apart from B. humptydooensis, specificity testing against other Burkholderia spp., as well as other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria produced a negative result. The detection limit of the multiplex PCR in soil samples artificially spiked with known quantities of B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis were 5 and 6 CFU/g soil, respectively. Furthermore, comparison between standard bacterial culture and the multiplex PCR to detect B. pseudomallei from 34 soil samples, collected from an endemic area of melioidosis, showed high sensitivity and specificity. This robust, sensitive, and specific PCR assay will be a useful tool for epidemiological study of B. pseudomallei and closely related members with pathogenic potential in soil.

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Wiersinga, Willem J., and Tom van der Poll. "Immunity to Burkholderia pseudomallei." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 22, no. 2 (April 2009): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qco.0b013e328322e727.

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Steinmetz, Ivo, Manfred Nimtz, Victor Wray, Susanne Häußler, Antje Reganzerowski, and Birgit Brenneke. "Exopolysaccharides of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Acta Tropica 74, no. 2-3 (February 2000): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00072-8.

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Thamlikitkul, Visanu, and Suwanna Trakulsomboon. "In Vitro Activity of Tigecycline against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 4 (April 2006): 1555–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1555-1557.2006.

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ABSTRACT Investigation of the in vitro activity of tigecycline against Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis revealed that the inhibition zone diameters of tigecycline against all isolates were ≥20 mm and that the MIC50 values were 0.5 and 1 μg/ml and the MIC90 values were 2 and 1.5 μg/ml for B. pseudomallei and B. thailandensis, respectively.

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Merritt, Adam, Timothy J. J. Inglis, Glenys Chidlow, and Gerry Harnett. "PCR-based identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 48, no. 5 (October 2006): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652006000500001.

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DNA amplification techniques are being used increasingly in clinical laboratories to confirm the identity of medically important bacteria. A PCR-based identification method has been in use in our centre for 10 years for Burkholderia pseudomallei and was used to confirm the identity of bacteria isolated from cases of melioidosis in Ceará since 2003. This particular method has been used as a reference standard for less discriminatory methods. In this study we evaluated three PCR-based methods of B. pseudomallei identification and used DNA sequencing to resolve discrepancies between PCR-based results and phenotypic identification methods. The established semi-nested PCR protocol for B. pseudomallei 16-23s spacer region produced a consistent negative result for one of our 100 test isolates (BCC #99), but correctly identified all 71 other B. pseudomallei isolates tested. Anomalous sequence variation was detected at the inner, reverse primer binding site for this method. PCR methods were developed for detection of two other B. pseudomallei bacterial metabolic genes. The conventional lpxO PCR protocol had a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 1.00, while a real-time lpxO protocol performed even better with sensitivity and specificity of 1.00, and 1.00. This method identified all B. pseudomallei isolates including the PCR-negative discrepant isolate. The phaC PCR protocol detected the gene in all B. pseudomallei and all but three B. cepacia isolates, making this method unsuitable for PCR-based identification of B. pseudomallei. This experience with PCR-based B. pseudomallei identification methods indicates that single PCR targets should be used with caution for identification of these bacteria, and need to be interpreted alongside phenotypic and alternative molecular methods such as gene sequencing.

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MA, G., D. ZHENG, Q. CAI, and Z. YUAN. "Prevalence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Guangxi, China." Epidemiology and Infection 138, no. 1 (June 19, 2009): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809990264.

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SUMMARYMelioidosis, an infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is now recognized as an important public health problem in Southeast Asia and tropical northern Australia. Although B. pseudomallei has been detected in various water and soil samples in southeast China, the enviromental distribution of B. pseudomallei in China is unclear. In the winter months of 2007, 154 and 130 soil and water samples, respectively, were collected from several locations in Guangxi, China. The samples were screened for B. pseudomallei by bacterial culture and identification and confirmed by PCR for species-specific 16S rDNA and flagellin genes. B. pseudomallei was detected in 8·4% of the soil samples but in none of the water samples. All positive samples were confined to a single low-lying region from rice paddy fields. Counts of B. pseudomallei ranged from 23 to 521 c.f.u./g soil. This is the first geographical distribution survey of B. pseudomallei in soil in Guangxi, China, and the data are of importance for further evaluating the impact of this pathogen on melioidosis in this region.

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Sarkar-Tyson, M., J. E. Thwaite, S. V. Harding, S. J. Smither, P. C. F. Oyston, T. P. Atkins, and R. W. Titball. "Polysaccharides and virulence of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Journal of Medical Microbiology 56, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.47043-0.

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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, an infectious disease of humans and animals. Gene clusters which encode capsular polysaccharide (type I O-PS) and LPS (type II O-PS), both of which play roles in virulence, have previously been identified. Here, the identification of two further putative clusters, type III O-PS and type IV O-PS, is reported. Mice challenged with type III O-PS or type IV O-PS mutants showed increased mean times to death (7.8 and 11.6 days) compared to those challenged with wild-type B. pseudomallei (3 days). To investigate the possible roles of polysaccharides in protection, mice were immunized with killed cells of wild-type B. pseudomallei or killed cells of B. pseudomallei with mutations in the O antigen, capsular polysaccharide, type III O-PS or type IV O-PS gene clusters. Immunization with all polysaccharide mutant strains resulted in delayed time to death compared to the naïve controls, following challenge with wild-type B. pseudomallei strain K96243. However, immunization with killed polysaccharide mutant strains conferred different degrees of protection, demonstrating the immunological importance of the polysaccharide clusters on the surface of B. pseudomallei.

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Willcocks, Samuel J., Carmen Denman, Felipe Cia, Elizabeth McCarthy, Jon Cuccui, and Brendan W. Wren. "Virulence of the emerging pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, depends upon the O-linked oligosaccharyltransferase, PglL." Future Microbiology 15, no. 4 (March 2020): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2019-0165.

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Aim: We sought to characterize the contribution of the O-OTase, PglL, to virulence in two Burkholderia spp. by comparing isogenic mutants in Burkholderia pseudomallei with the related species, Burkholderia thailandensis. Materials & methods: We utilized an array of in vitro assays in addition to Galleria mellonella and murine in vivo models to assess virulence of the mutant and wild-type strains in each Burkholderia species. Results: We found that pglL contributes to biofilm and twitching motility in both species. PglL uniquely affected morphology; cell invasion; intracellular motility; plaque formation and intergenus competition in B. pseudomallei. This mutant was attenuated in the murine model, and extended survival in a vaccine-challenge experiment. Conclusion: Our data support a broad role for pglL in bacterial fitness and virulence, particularly in B. pseudomallei.

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Kenny, D. J., P. Russell, D. Rogers, S. M. Eley, and R. W. Titball. "In Vitro Susceptibilities of Burkholderia mallei in Comparison to Those of Other PathogenicBurkholderia spp." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 2773–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.43.11.2773.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates ofBurkholderia mallei to 16 antibiotics were assessed and compared with the susceptibilities of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia cepacia. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of B. mallei resembled that ofB. pseudomallei more closely than that of B. cepacia, which corresponds to their similarities in terms of biochemistry, antigenicity, and pathogenicity. Ceftazidime, imipenem, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin were active against both B. mallei and B. pseudomallei. Gentamicin was active against B. mallei but not against B. pseudomallei. Antibiotics clinically proven to be effective in the treatment of melioidosis may therefore be effective for treating glanders.

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Stevens, Joanne M., Ricky L. Ulrich, Lowrie A. Taylor, Michael W. Wood, David DeShazer, Mark P. Stevens, and Edouard E. Galyov. "Actin-Binding Proteins from Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia thailandensis Can Functionally Compensate for the Actin-Based Motility Defect of a Burkholderia pseudomallei bimA Mutant." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 22 (November 15, 2005): 7857–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.22.7857-7862.2005.

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ABSTRACT Recently we identified a bacterial factor (BimA) required for actin-based motility of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Here we report that Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia thailandensis are capable of actin-based motility in J774.2 cells and that BimA homologs of these bacteria can restore the actin-based motility defect of a B. pseudomallei bimA mutant. While the BimA homologs differ in their amino-terminal sequence, they interact directly with actin in vitro and vary in their ability to bind Arp3.

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Gilling, Damian H., Vicki Ann Luna, and Cori Pflugradt. "The Identification and Differentiation between Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei Using One Gene Pyrosequencing." International Scholarly Research Notices 2014 (October 2, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/109583.

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The etiologic agents for melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei respectively, are genetically similar making identification and differentiation from other Burkholderia species and each other challenging. We used pyrosequencing to determine the presence or absence of an insertion sequence IS407A within the flagellin P (fliP) gene and to exploit the difference in orientation of this gene in the two species. Oligonucleotide primers were designed to selectively target the IS407A-fliP interface in B. mallei and the fliP gene specifically at the insertion point in B. pseudomallei. We then examined DNA from ten B. mallei, ten B. pseudomallei, 14 B. cepacia, eight other Burkholderia spp., and 17 other bacteria. Resultant pyrograms encompassed the target sequence that contained either the fliP gene with the IS407A interruption or the fully intact fliP gene with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. These pyrosequencing assays based upon a single gene enable investigators to reliably identify the two species. The information obtained by these assays provides more knowledge of the genomic reduction that created the new species B. mallei from B. pseudomallei and may point to new targets that can be exploited in the future.

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Dhason, Therese, Thyagarajan Ravinder, Usha Krishnan, Pavithra Ammanarasimman, Lavanya Kamalasekaran, and Amutha Chellaiah. "A case of melioidosis with hemoptysis: Strategies to isolate and identify Burkholderia pseudomallei." Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 13, no. 2 (2023): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jmid.2023.v13.i2.6.

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Background: Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei with diverse clinical manifestations. Mortality is due to septic shock and pneumonia. Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative rod with bipolar staining. Culture is the gold standard diagnostic test. Gram stain, biochemical reactions, and Poymyxin resistance aid in the identification of the organism. Case Description: A 52-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus was hospitalized for a chronic cough. A sputum sample was collected for Culture and Acidfast staining. Burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated and the patient was prescribed appropriate antibiotic. On the 15th day of admission, patient expired following a bout of hemoptysis despite antibiotic therapy. Conclusion: Culture is the gold standard diagnostic method in melioidosis. Burholderia pseudomallei can be easily differentiated from other organisms by Gram stain, methylene blue stain, and screening for polymyxin sensitivity. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic therapy are warranted in melioidosis.

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Keith, Karen E., Petra C. Oyston, Ben Crossett, Neil F. Fairweather, Richard W. Titball, Timothy R. Walsh, and Katherine A. Brown. "Functional Characterization of OXA-57, a Class D β-Lactamase from Burkholderia pseudomallei." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 4 (April 2005): 1639–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.4.1639-1641.2005.

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ABSTRACT Class D β-lactamase OXA-57 was identified in a range of isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis. Comparative kinetic analyses of wild-type and mutant forms of B. pseudomallei OXA-57 are reported. Implications of these data for β-lactam resistance and the proposed role of Ser-104 in β-lactam hydrolysis are discussed.

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Scott, A. E., S. M. Twine, K. M. Fulton, R. W. Titball, A. E. Essex-Lopresti, T. P. Atkins, and J. L. Prior. "Flagellar Glycosylation in Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis." Journal of Bacteriology 193, no. 14 (May 20, 2011): 3577–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01385-10.

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Holguin Barrera, Mónica Liseth. "The conductive gel for hospital use as a culture medium for the genus Burkholderia." Journal of Lung, Pulmonary & Respiratory Research 10, no. 3 (August 21, 2023): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2023.10.00304.

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The Burkholderia genus is a group of gram-negative bacteria that inhabit soil, water, plant and animal tissues; within this genus are B. pseudomallei, B. cepacia, and B. contaminants, which can cause multiple infections. The objective is to describe a prospective series and study whether the use of hospital gel contributed to the development of infection in patients. Methods: Descriptive and prospective study of the series with positive cultures for the genus Burkholderia from 2019 to 2023 in a hospital in Colombia. Results: 27 cases with isolation of Burkholderia, 74.07% Burkholderia cepacea and 25.93% Burkholderia pseudomallei, 68.85% male and 31.15% female, 78.57% from urban areas and 21 43% rural, 62.96% had a history of chronic diseases. The mean hours of culture positivity was 40.64 hours (SD ± 23.19), 14.81% presented pneumonia, 7.40% soft tissue infections, 55.55% sepsis and 22.24 % others, the mean hospital stay was 7.92 days, 100% underwent diagnostic procedures using hospital gel, B. Cepacea and B. pseudomallei growth was obtained in the gel and identification by molecular tests reported Burkholderia contaminants, the mortality of this study was 22.22%. Conclusion: The random culture carried out on the gel in different areas of the hospital obtained growth of Burkholderia, for which procedures and possible solutions are reconsidered to avoid the growth of this germ in this medium and the diagnostic strengthening in the laboratory. 81% presented pneumonia, 7.40% soft tissue infections, 55.55% sepsis and 22.24% others, the mean hospital stay was 7.92 days, 100% underwent diagnostic procedures with the use of gel hospital, B. Cepacea and B. pseudomallei growth was obtained in the gel and the identification by molecular tests reported Burkholderia contaminants, the mortality of this study was 22.22%.

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Nieves, Wildaliz, Hailey Petersen, Barbara M. Judy, Carla A. Blumentritt, Kasi Russell-Lodrigue, Chad J. Roy, Alfredo G. Torres, and Lisa A. Morici. "A Burkholderia pseudomallei Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine Provides Protection against Lethal Sepsis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 5 (March 26, 2014): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00119-14.

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ABSTRACTThe environmental Gram-negative encapsulated bacillusBurkholderia pseudomalleiis the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in areas of Southeast Asia and northern Australia in which the disease is endemic.B. pseudomalleiis also classified as a tier I select agent due to the high level of lethality of the bacterium and its innate resistance to antibiotics, as well as the lack of an effective vaccine. Gram-negative bacteria, includingB. pseudomallei, secrete outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are enriched with multiple protein, lipid, and polysaccharide antigens. Previously, we demonstrated that immunization with multivalentB. pseudomallei-derived OMVs protects highly susceptible BALB/c mice against an otherwise lethal aerosol challenge. In this work, we evaluated the protective efficacy of OMV immunization against intraperitoneal challenge with a heterologous strain because systemic infection with phenotypically diverse environmentalB. pseudomalleistrains poses another hazard and a challenge to vaccine development. We demonstrated thatB. pseudomalleiOMVs derived from strain 1026b afforded significant protection against septicemic infection withB. pseudomalleistrain K96243. OMV immunization induced robust OMV-, lipopolysaccharide-, and capsular polysaccharide-specific serum IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3) and IgM antibody responses. OMV-immune serum promoted bacterial killingin vitro, and passive transfer ofB. pseudomalleiOMV immune sera protected naive mice against a subsequent challenge. These results indicate that OMV immunization provides antibody-mediated protection against acute, rapidly lethal sepsis in mice.B. pseudomallei-derived OMVs may represent an efficacious multivalent vaccine strategy against melioidosis.

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Bauernfeind, Adolf, Carsten Roller, Detlef Meyer, Renate Jungwirth, and Ines Schneider. "Molecular Procedure for Rapid Detection ofBurkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 9 (1998): 2737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.9.2737-2741.1998.

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A PCR procedure for the discrimination of Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei was developed. It is based on the nucleotide difference T 2143 C (T versus C at position 2143) between B. mallei and B. pseudomallei detected in the 23S rDNA sequences. In comparison with conventional methods the procedure allows more rapid identification at reduced risk for infection of laboratory personnel.

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Shubnikova, E. V., L. K. Merinova, T. V. Senina, E. V. Korol, and O. A. Merinova. "BIOFILMS OF PATHOGENIC BURKHOLDERIA AND THEIR ROLE IN RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2018-1-101-111.

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The review contains the current knowledge on the main issues of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei biofilm formation. The role ofknown structural elements of Burkholderia cells (flagella, type IV pili, LPS), as well as autotransporter adhesin proteins in the attachment of bacteria to surfaces, the formation of microcolonies and biofilm is described. The review also includes information of genetic regulatory mechanisms (QS-systems, RpoE-sigma factor, c-di-GMP, two-component signal transduction system), differentially expressed genes related to the formation of B. pseudomallei biofilm, role ofbiofilms in the virulence and resistance to antibiotics of pathogenic Burkholderia and their significance for the chronic processes and recurrent course of melioidosis and glanders.

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Wu, Bin, Xinxin Tong, Haoyan He, Yinmei Yang, Huling Chen, Xiao Yang, and Banglao Xu. "Misidentification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, China." Emerging Infectious Diseases 27, no. 3 (March 2021): 964–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2703.191769.

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Jones, A. L., T. J. Beveridge, and D. E. Woods. "Intracellular survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Infection and immunity 64, no. 3 (1996): 782–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.64.3.782-790.1996.

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Vorachit, M., P. Chongtrakool, S. Arkomsean, and S. Boonsong. "Antimicrobial resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei." Acta Tropica 74, no. 2-3 (February 2000): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00063-7.

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Pitt, Tyrone L., Suwanna Trakulsomboon, and David A. B. Dance. "Molecular phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Acta Tropica 74, no. 2-3 (February 2000): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00068-6.

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Ramli, N. S. K., and J. Vadivelu. "Biofilm Formation of Burkholderia pseudomallei." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 12 (December 2008): e228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.567.

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Reckseidler-Zenteno, Shauna L., Duber-Frey Viteri, Richard Moore, Erica Wong, Apichai Tuanyok, and Donald E. Woods. "Characterization of the type III capsular polysaccharide produced by Burkholderia pseudomallei." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.022202-0.

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Burkholderia pseudomallei has been shown to produce more than one capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Analysis of the B. pseudomallei genome has revealed that the organism contains four CPS operons (I–IV). One of these operons (CPS III) was selected for further study. Comparative sequencing analysis revealed that the genes encoding CPS III are present in B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis but not in Burkholderia mallei. In this study, CPS III was not found to contribute to the virulence of B. pseudomallei. Strains containing mutations in CPS III had the same LD50 value as the wild-type when tested in an animal infection model. Production of CPS III was shown to be induced in water but inhibited in 30 % normal human serum using a lux reporter fusion assay. Microarray analysis of capsule gene expression in infected hamsters revealed that the genes encoding CPS III were not significantly expressed in vivo compared with the genes encoding the previously characterized mannoheptose capsule (CPS I), which is an important virulence factor in B. pseudomallei. Glycosyl-composition analysis by combined GC/MS indicated that the CPS III genes are involved in the synthesis of a capsule composed of galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose.

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Scott, Andrew E., Mary N. Burtnick, Margaret G. M. Stokes, Adam O. Whelan, E. Diane Williamson, Timothy P. Atkins, Joann L. Prior, and Paul J. Brett. "Burkholderia pseudomallei Capsular Polysaccharide Conjugates Provide Protection against Acute Melioidosis." Infection and Immunity 82, no. 8 (May 27, 2014): 3206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01847-14.

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ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is a CDC tier 1 select agent that causes severe disease in both humans and animals. Diagnosis and treatment of melioidosis can be challenging, and in the absence of optimal chemotherapeutic intervention, acute disease is frequently fatal. Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease for which there are currently no licensed vaccines. Due to the potential malicious use ofB. pseudomalleias well as its impact on public health in regions where the disease is endemic, there is significant interest in developing vaccines for immunization against this disease. In the present study, type A O-polysaccharide (OPS) andmanno-heptose capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigens were isolated from nonpathogenic, select-agent-excluded strains ofB. pseudomalleiand covalently linked to carrier proteins. By using these conjugates (OPS2B1 and CPS2B1, respectively), it was shown that although high-titer IgG responses against the OPS or CPS component of the glycoconjugates could be raised in BALB/c mice, only those animals immunized with CPS2B1 were protected against intraperitoneal challenge withB. pseudomallei. Extending upon these studies, it was also demonstrated that when the mice were immunized with a combination of CPS2B1 and recombinantB. pseudomalleiLolC, rather than with CPS2B1 or LolC individually, they exhibited higher survival rates when challenged with a lethal dose ofB. pseudomallei. Collectively, these results suggest that CPS-based glycoconjugates are promising candidates for the development of subunit vaccines for immunization against melioidosis.

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Vetchinin, S. S., P. C. Kopylov, N. V. Kiseleva, A. M. Baranov, E. V. Baranova, E. V. Galkina, A. I. Borzilov, and I. Y. Kalachev. "Production of Monoclonal Antibodies against Outer Membrane Proteins of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Strain C-141." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 4(98) (August 20, 2008): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2008-4(98)-54-57.

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Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were produced against two B. pseudomallei high-purified membrane proteins with Mr 29 kDa (p29) and 45 kDa (p45). Monoclonal antibodies from culture supernatant fluids of 4F2 and 1G11 clones showed specific interaction with protein moiety of p29 both Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei in ELISA and Western blotting. However, MAb of 3G4 clone were bound to the LPS-protein structures of these microbial cells. Analysis of interaction of Mabs from 4F2 and 1G11 clones with antigens of different lysates of pathogenic cells confirmed high specificity of these antibodies to p29 membrane protein of B. pseudomallei and B. mallei.

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Choi, Kyoung-Hee, Takehiko Mima, Yveth Casart, Drew Rholl, Ayush Kumar, Ifor R. Beacham, and Herbert P. Schweizer. "Genetic Tools for Select-Agent-Compliant Manipulation of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 4 (December 21, 2007): 1064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02430-07.

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ABSTRACT Because of Burkholderia pseudomallei's classification as a select agent in the United States, genetic manipulation of this bacterium is strictly regulated. Only a few antibiotic selection markers, including gentamicin, kanamycin, and zeocin, are currently approved for use with this bacterium, but wild-type strains are highly resistant to these antibiotics. To facilitate routine genetic manipulations of wild-type strains, several new tools were developed. A temperature-sensitive pRO1600 broad-host-range replicon was isolated and used to construct curable plasmids where the Flp and Cre recombinase genes are expressed from the rhamnose-regulated Escherichia coli PBAD promoter and kanamycin (nptI) and zeocin (ble) selection markers from the constitutive Burkholderia thailandensis ribosomal P S12 or synthetic bacterial P EM7 promoter. Flp and Cre site-specific recombination systems allow in vivo excision and recycling of nptII and ble selection markers contained on FRT or loxP cassettes. Finally, expression of Tn7 site-specific transposase from the constitutive P1 integron promoter allowed development of an efficient site-specific chromosomal integration system for B. pseudomallei. In conjunction with a natural transformation method, the utility of these new tools was demonstrated by isolating an unmarked Δ(amrRAB-oprA) efflux pump mutant. Exploiting natural transformation, chromosomal DNA fragments carrying this mutation marked with zeocin resistance were transferred between the genomes of two different B. pseudomallei strains. Lastly, the deletion mutation was complemented by a chromosomally integrated mini-Tn7 element carrying the amrAB-oprA operon. The new tools allow routine select-agent-compliant genetic manipulations of B. pseudomallei and other Burkholderia species.

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Peacock, S. J., G. Chieng, A. C. Cheng, D. A. B. Dance, P. Amornchai, G. Wongsuvan, N. Teerawattanasook, W. Chierakul, N. P. J. Day, and V. Wuthiekanun. "Comparison of Ashdown's Medium, Burkholderia cepacia Medium, and Burkholderia pseudomallei Selective Agar for Clinical Isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 5359–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.43.10.5359-5361.2005.

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McLaughlin, Heather P., Christopher A. Gulvik, and David Sue. "In silico analyses of penicillin binding proteins in Burkholderia pseudomallei uncovers SNPs with utility for phylogeography, species differentiation, and sequence typing." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): e0009882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009882.

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Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis. Sequence typing this pathogen can reveal geographical origin and uncover epidemiological associations. Here, we describe B. pseudomallei genes encoding putative penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) and investigate their utility for determining phylogeography and differentiating closely related species. We performed in silico analysis to characterize 10 PBP homologs in B. pseudomallei 1026b. As PBP active site mutations can confer β-lactam resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, PBP sequences in two resistant B. pseudomallei strains were examined for similar alterations. Sequence alignments revealed single amino acid polymorphisms (SAAPs) unique to the multidrug resistant strain Bp1651 in the transpeptidase domains of two PBPs, but not directly within the active sites. Using BLASTn analyses of complete assembled genomes in the NCBI database, we determined genes encoding PBPs were conserved among B. pseudomallei (n = 101) and Burkholderia mallei (n = 26) strains. Within these genes, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) useful for predicting geographic origin of B. pseudomallei were uncovered. SNPs unique to B. mallei were also identified. Based on 11 SNPs identified in two genes encoding predicted PBP-3s, a dual-locus sequence typing (DLST) scheme was developed. The robustness of this typing scheme was assessed using 1,523 RefSeq genomes from B. pseudomallei (n = 1,442) and B. mallei (n = 81) strains, resulting in 32 sequence types (STs). Compared to multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), the DLST scheme demonstrated less resolution to support the continental separation of Australian B. pseudomallei strains. However, several STs were unique to strains originating from a specific country or region. The phylogeography of Western Hemisphere B. pseudomallei strains was more highly resolved by DLST compared to internal transcribed spacer (ITS) typing, and all B. mallei strains formed a single ST. Conserved genes encoding PBPs in B. pseudomallei are useful for strain typing, can enhance predictions of geographic origin, and differentiate strains of closely related Burkholderia species.

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Farook, Saika, Md Shariful Alam Jilani, Alpona Akhter, and J. Ashraful Haq. "Melioidosis by aminoglycoside susceptible Burkholderia pseudomallei: First case in Bangladesh." IMC Journal of Medical Science 14, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v14i2.52830.

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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis. It is a gram-negative bacillus present in environment and intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics including aminoglycosides. However, recently aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei has been isolated from melioidosis cases and reported from some countries of the world. But, such aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei has never been detected in Bangladesh either from melioidosis cases or from environment. All the B. pseudomallei isolated so far in Bangladesh were resistant to gentamicin and other aminoglycosides. Here, we describe a disseminated case of melioidosis caused by aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei in a 55 years old Bengali male patient. This is the first case of melioidosis due to aminoglycoside susceptible B. pseudomallei in Bangladesh. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2020; 14(2): 55-59

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Cruz, Gerardo López, Armando Rubén Coronado Garcia, Alejandra Vianey López Días, Jesús Rodríguez Garcia, Ulises Reyes Gomez, Yracema Martinez Hernandez, Norma Elvira Rosas Paz, and Katy Lizeth Reyes Hernández. "Fatal melioidosis in an oaxacan child." International Clinical Pathology Journal 7, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2019.07.00193.

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Introduction: Melioidosis is a tropical disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. It mainly affects adults with risk factors for the disease. The data are limited to the pediatric population. Case report: 6-year-old male patient. Current condition: It is sudden on set with a fever of 39°C and 40°C, with no predominance of time, accompanied by right parietal headache. For cerebrospinal fluid results, compatible with meningeal tuberculosis, treatment for tuberculosis is initiated. With positive cerebrospinal fluid culture to Burkholderia pseudomallei, treatment for tuberculosis are suspended and Meropenem and Trimethoprim with Sulfamethoxazole are given. The patient dies the day after the specific treatment is started. Postmortem infection is confirmed by Burkholderia Pseudomallei, with a cerebrospinal culture and blood culture. Discussion: It is worth highlighting the importance of improving awareness and recognition of Melioidosis.

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Ulrich, Ricky L., David DeShazer, Ernst E. Brueggemann, Harry B. Hines, Petra C. Oyston, and Jeffrey A. Jeddeloh. "Role of quorum sensing in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei." Journal of Medical Microbiology 53, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 1053–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45661-0.

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Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of human and animal melioidosis. The role of quorum sensing (QS) in the in vivo pathogenicity of B. pseudomallei via inhalational exposure of BALB/c mice and intraperitoneal challenge of Syrian hamsters has not been reported. This investigation demonstrates that B. pseudomallei encodes a minimum of three luxI and five luxR homologues that are involved in animal pathogenicity. Mass spectrometry analysis of culture supernatants revealed that wild-type B. pseudomallei and the luxI mutants synthesized numerous signalling molecules, including N-octanoyl-homoserine lactone, N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone, N-(3-hydroxyoctanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, N-(3-hydroxydecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and N-(3-oxotetradecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, which was further confirmed by heterologous expression of the B. pseudomallei luxI alleles in Escherichia coli. Mutagenesis of the B. pseudomallei QS system increased the time to death and reduced organ colonization of aerosolized BALB/c mice. Further, intraperitoneal challenge of Syrian hamsters with the B. pseudomallei QS mutants resulted in a significant increase in the LD50. Using semi-quantitative plate assays, preliminary analysis suggests that QS does not affect lipase, protease and phospholipase C biosynthesis/secretion in B. pseudomallei. The findings of the investigation demonstrate that B. pseudomallei encodes multiple luxIR genes, and disruption of the QS alleles reduces animal pathogenicity, but does not affect exoproduct secretion.

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Inglis, Timothy J. J., Terry Robertson, Donald E. Woods, Nichole Dutton, and Barbara J. Chang. "Flagellum-Mediated Adhesion by Burkholderia pseudomallei Precedes Invasion of Acanthamoeba astronyxis." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 4 (April 2003): 2280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.4.2280-2282.2003.

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ABSTRACT In this study we investigated the role of the bacterial flagellum in Burkholderia pseudomallei entry to Acanthamoeba astronyxis trophozoites. B. pseudomallei cells were tethered to the external amoebic surface via their flagella. MM35, the flagellum-lacking fliC knockout derivative of B. pseudomallei NCTC 1026b did not demonstrate flagellum-mediated endocytosis in timed coculture, confirming that an intact flagellar apparatus assists B. pseudomallei entry into A. astronyxis.

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Win, Tun Tun, Khine Khine Su, Aye Min Than, Zaw Min Htut, Khin Phyu Pyar, Elizabeth A. Ashley, David A. B. Dance, and Kyaw Myo Tun. "Presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the ‘Granary of Myanmar’." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010008.

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Melioidosis is a frequently fatal infectious disease caused by the Gram negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei. Although it was originally discovered in Myanmar, the disease disappeared from sight for many decades. This study focuses on detection of B. pseudomallei in soil in selected sampling sites in an attempt to start to fill the gaps in the current status of our knowledge of the geographical distribution of B. pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. This cross-sectional study consists of 400 soil samples from 10 selected study townships from two major paddy growing regions. Bacterial isolation was done using a simplified method for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from soil. In this study, only 1% (4/400) of soil samples were found to be positive; two of four were found at 90 cm depth and another two positive samples were found at 30 cm and 60 cm. This survey has confirmed the presence of environmental B. pseudomallei in Myanmar indicating that the conditions are in place for melioidosis acquisition.

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Hamad, Mohamad A., Chad R. Austin, Amanda L. Stewart, Mike Higgins, Andrés Vázquez-Torres, and Martin I. Voskuil. "Adaptation and Antibiotic Tolerance of Anaerobic Burkholderia pseudomallei." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 7 (May 2, 2011): 3313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00953-10.

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ABSTRACTThe Gram-negative bacteriumBurkholderia pseudomalleiis the etiological agent of melioidosis and is remarkably resistant to most classes of antibacterials. Even after months of treatment with antibacterials that are relatively effectivein vitro, there is a high rate of treatment failure, indicating that this pathogen alters its patterns of antibacterial susceptibility in response to cues encountered in the host. The pathology of melioidosis indicates thatB. pseudomalleiencounters host microenvironments that limit aerobic respiration, including the lack of oxygen found in abscesses and in the presence of nitric oxide produced by macrophages. We investigated whetherB. pseudomalleicould survive in a nonreplicating, oxygen-deprived state and determined if this physiological state was tolerant of conventional antibacterials.B. pseudomalleisurvived initial anaerobiosis, especially under moderately acidic conditions similar to those found in abscesses. Microarray expression profiling indicated a major shift in the physiological state of hypoxicB. pseudomallei, including induction of a variety of typical anaerobic-environment-responsive genes and genes that appear specific to anaerobicB. pseudomallei. Interestingly, anaerobicB. pseudomalleiwas unaffected by antibacterials typically used in therapy. However, it was exquisitely sensitive to drugs used against anaerobic pathogens. After several weeks of anaerobic culture, a significant loss of viability was observed. However, a stable subpopulation that maintained complete viability for at least 1 year was established. Thus, during the course of human infection, if a minor subpopulation of bacteria inhabited an oxygen-restricted environment, it might be indifferent to traditional therapy but susceptible to antibiotics frequently used to treat anaerobic infections.

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Norris, Michael H., Yun Kang, Bruce Wilcox, and Tung T. Hoang. "Stable, Site-Specific Fluorescent Tagging Constructs Optimized for Burkholderia Species." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 22 (September 17, 2010): 7635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01188-10.

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ABSTRACT Several vectors that facilitate stable fluorescent labeling of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis were constructed. These vectors combined the effectiveness of the mini-Tn7 site-specific transposition system with fluorescent proteins optimized for Burkholderia spp., enabling bacterial tracking during cellular infection.

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Reckseidler, Shauna L., David DeShazer, Pamela A. Sokol, and Donald E. Woods. "Detection of Bacterial Virulence Genes by Subtractive Hybridization: Identification of Capsular Polysaccharide ofBurkholderia pseudomallei as a Major Virulence Determinant." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.1.34-44.2001.

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ABSTRACT Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiologic agent of melioidosis, is responsible for a broad spectrum of illnesses in humans and animals particularly in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, where it is endemic. Burkholderia thailandensisis a nonpathogenic environmental organism closely related to B. pseudomallei. Subtractive hybridization was carried out between these two species to identify genes encoding virulence determinants in B. pseudomallei. Screening of the subtraction library revealed A-T-rich DNA sequences unique toB. pseudomallei, suggesting they may have been acquired by horizontal transfer. One of the subtraction clones, pDD1015, encoded a protein with homology to a glycosyltransferase fromPseudomonas aeruginosa. This gene was insertionally inactivated in wild-type B. pseudomallei to create SR1015. It was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoelectron microscopy that the inactivated gene was involved in the production of a major surface polysaccharide. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) for wild-type B. pseudomallei is <10 CFU; the LD50 for SR1015 was determined to be 3.5 × 105 CFU, similar to that of B. thailandensis (6.8 × 105CFU). DNA sequencing of the region flanking the glycosyltransferase gene revealed open reading frames similar to capsular polysaccharide genes in Haemophilus influenzae,Escherichia coli, and Neisseria meningitidis. In addition, DNA from Burkholderia mallei andBurkholderia stabilis hybridized to a glycosyltransferase fragment probe, and a capsular structure was identified on the surface of B. stabilis via immunoelectron microscopy. Thus, the combination of PCR-based subtractive hybridization, insertional inactivation, and animal virulence studies has facilitated the identification of an important virulence determinant in B. pseudomallei.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Burkholderia pseudomallei'

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