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1
Khan, Gulzar, Albrecht Hegge, and Birgit Gemeinholzer. "Development and Testing of the A1 Volumetric Air Sampler, an Automatic Pollen Trap Suitable for Long-Term Monitoring of eDNA Pollen Diversity." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176512.
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Airborne pollen surveys provide information on various aspects of biodiversity and human health monitoring. Such surveys are typically conducted using the Burkard Multi-Vial Cyclone Sampler, but have to be technically optimized for eDNA barcoding. We here developed and tested a new airborne pollen trap, especially suitable for autonomous eDNA-metabarcoding analyses, called the A1 volumetric air sampler. The trap can sample pollen in 24 different tubes with flexible intervals, allowing it to operate independently in the field for a certain amount of time. We compared the efficiency of the new A1 volumetric air sampler with another automated volumetric spore trap, the Burkard Multi-Vial Cyclone Sampler, which features shorter and fewer sampling intervals to evaluate the comparability of ambient pollen concentrations. In a sterile laboratory environment, we compared trap performances between the automated volumetric air samplers by using pure dry pollen of three species—Fagus sylvatica, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays—which differ both by exine ornamentation and pollen size. The traps had a standard suction flow rate of 16.5 L/min, and we counted the inhaled pollen microscopically after a predefined time interval. Our results showed that though we put three different pollen types in the same container, both the traps inhaled all the pollens in a statistically significant manner irrespective of their size. We found that, on average, both traps inhaled equal an number of pollens for each species. We did not detect any cross-contamination between tubes. We concluded that the A1 volumetric air sampler has the potential to be used for longer and more flexible sampling intervals in the wild, suitable for autonomous monitoring of eDNA pollen diversity.
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Shafi, A., M. V. Jaspers, H. J. Ridgway, and E. E. Jones. "Splash dispersal of Botryosphaeriaceae species in Marlborough vineyards." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5859.
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Botryosphaeriaceae species cause dieback and canker in many woody hosts including grapevines with infection occurring when conidia are released during rainfall and splash borne to pruning and trimming wounds This study monitored dispersal of naturally released conidia of Botryosphaeriaceae species in three Marlborough vineyards with a Burkard spore trap and rain water traps Microscopic examination of the Burkard tape and trapped rain water confirmed the presence of Neofusicoccum and Diplodia spp Species were identified on tape and in rainwater with single stranded conformational polymorphism as N luteum N parvum/Nribis N australe D mutila and D seriata To determine conidium dispersal distances sporulating shoot lesions of N parvum isolate B2141 for which an isolate specific marker was developed were placed in one Marlborough vineyard before forecast rainfall periods The rainwater traps were set up around the sporulating lesions at 05 to 20 m in the direction of the prevailing wind and 05 to 5 m in three other directions After 2 days rain Neofusicoccum sp conidia were identified in the collected rainwater by microscope and with the isolate specific PCRRFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) for N parvum B2141 This isolate dispersed up to 10 m in the wind direction and up to 1 m in the other three directions
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Ghosh, N., B. Patten, G. Lewellen, C. Saadeh, and M. Gaylor. "Aeroallergen survey of the Texas panhandle using a burkard volumetric spore trap." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 111, no. 2 (February 2003): S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6749(03)80246-4.
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Myszkowska, Dorota, Barbara Bilo, Danuta Stępalska, and Jerzy Wołek. "The importance of the stationary and individual pollen monitoring for the diagnostic of pollen allergy." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.039.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate pollen seasons of selected taxa with particular reference to allergic taxa such as birch (<i>Betula</i> sp.), grasses (Poaceae), mugwort (<i>Artemisia</i> sp.) in Cracow in 2003 and 2004 (project number 3 PO5D 034 24 funded by the State Committee for Scientific Research). Pollen concentrations obtained using the stationary Burkard trap and personal Partrap FA 52 were compared. The volumetric method was used in the study. Average daily concentrations (pollen grains × m<sup>-3</sup>) were obtained by counting pollen grains every hour along 4 longitudinal transects and applying an appropriate conversion factor. Duration of the pollen season was determined using the 95% method. Variations in annual totals of pollen grains (birch and mugwort), in start dates (especially for grasses) and in the season duration (birch and grasses) were found. The comparison of pollen concentrations obtained using the stationary and personal traps at the same place showed non statistically significant correlation for all the studied taxa and statistically significant correlations for birch, mugwort and grasses (Spearman rank correlation). However, the statistically significant differences between the concentrations obtained using Burkard and Partrap carried by patients (Wilcoxon's test) were noted. Very low concentrations of pollen grains measured indoor (work, flats) and the influence of the local plants growing in separate place (courtyard of the Allergology Department) on the pollen concentration were found.
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Levetin, Estelle, Christine A. Rogers, and Stephen A. Hall. "Comparison of pollen sampling with a Burkard Spore Trap and a Tauber Trap in a warm temperate climate." Grana 39, no. 6 (January 2000): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173130052504333.
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Frenz, David A. "Comparing pollen and spore counts collected with the Rotorod Sampler and Burkard spore trap." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 83, no. 5 (November 1999): 341–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62828-1.
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Bhat, M. Mari, and A. H. Rajasab. "Efficiency of Vertical Cylinder Spore Trap and Seven Day Volumetric Burkard Spore Trap in Monitoring Airborne Pollen and Fungal Spores." Grana 28, no. 2 (June 1989): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173138909429966.
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Kennedy, R., and A. J. Wakeham. "New methods for detecting and enumerating fungal spores of plant pathogens." Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (January 1, 2002): S38—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10317-pps.
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Information on the presence or absence of airborne spores or other particles would be useful in an increasing number of areas including agriculture. Traditional methods used for detecting and enumerating of airborne spores of fungal plant pathogens are time consuming and require specialist knowledge. Some spore types (e.g. ascospores) are difficult to differentiate using these methods. To facilitate this, new methods, which can be used to accurately differentiate fungal spore types, are required. A Burkard 7-day volumetric spore trap used in combination with an immunofluorescence test has been developed to detect and quantify field-trapped ascosporic inoculum of Mycosphaerella brassicicola (the ringspot pathogen of brassicas). This test has also been found useful in the validation of more rapid user-friendly immunoassay based trapping procedures. A microtiter immunospore trapping device, which uses a suction system to directly trap air-particulates by impaction into microtiter wells, has been used successfully for the rapid detection and quantification of ascosporic inoculum of M. brassicicola. The system shows potential for the rapid field-detection of airborne ascosporic inoculum of the ringspot pathogen.
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GHOSH, N. "Study on the fungal aeroallergen concentration in the Texas Panhandle using a Burkard Volumetric Spore Trap*1." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 113, no. 2 (February 2004): S91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.313.
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Billones-Baaijens, Regina, José Ramón Úrbez-Torres, Meifang Liu, Matthew Ayres, Mark Sosnowski, and Sandra Savocchia. "Molecular Methods to Detect and Quantify Botryosphaeriaceae Inocula Associated With Grapevine Dieback in Australia." Plant Disease 102, no. 8 (August 2018): 1489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-17-1854-re.
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Botryosphaeria dieback, caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae, is an important grapevine trunk disease in Australia. Inocula produced by the pathogens are primarily dispersed by rain splash and wind and infect pruning wounds leading to cankers, dieback, and eventually death of vines. The objective of this study was to develop molecular tools to detect and quantify Botryosphaeriaceae inocula from the environment. These tools are essential for investigating spore dispersal patterns of Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens in Australian vineyards. DNA extraction protocols were evaluated and one modified protocol was found suitable for extracting Botryosphaeriaceae DNA from artificially and naturally inoculated Burkard volumetric spore sampler tapes. Multispecies primers and a hydrolysis probe for quantitative PCR (qPCR) were further developed to detect and quantify Botryosphaeriaceae inocula from environmental samples. Specificity tests showed that the multispecies primers were able to amplify the DNA of 10 Botryosphaeriaceae species (58 isolates) found in Australia while none of the 27 nontarget fungal species (90 isolates) tested were amplified. The qPCR assay was suitable for amplifying purified DNA, synthetic DNA fragments (gBlocks), and mixed DNA from spore trap tapes. The qPCR method developed in this study was shown to be rapid and sensitive in detecting Botryosphaeriaceae inocula from the environment using spore traps.
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Calderón Llosa, Oscar Manuel, Silvia Antonieta Uriarte Obando, and Gregorio Pedro Tejada Monroy. "SENSIBILIZACIÓN Y EXPOSICIÓN A PÓLENES Y ESPORAS DE HONGOS ALERGÉNICOS AEROTRANSPORTADOS EN CIUDADES DEL SUR DE PERÚ." Ciencia & Desarrollo, no. 19 (April 29, 2019): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33326/26176033.2015.19.470.
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Introducción y objetivos: Es muy importante el conocimiento de las fluctuaciones estacionales y anuales sobre los pólenes y esporas de hongos alergénicos aerotransportados en cualquier área geográfica. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar los aeroalérgenos más importantes en la atmósfera de la ciudad urbana de Tacna a los cuales la población está expuesta y desarrollar un estudio alergológico para establecer perfiles de sensibilización en las ciudades de Tacna y Arequipa. Material y métodos: El conteo polínico y fúngico se realizó de acuerdo a la técnica estandarizada con un equipo Burkard spore trap for 7 days (Burkard manufacturing ®, Herst, United Kingdom) y el procedimiento de análisis recomendado por el comité de aerobiología de la Sociedad Española de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica. El estudio alergológico consistió en anamnesis y pruebas cutáneas con extractos (ALK-abello®, Madrid-España). Resultados: Los 3 tipos de esporas de hongos más relevantes que se encontraron durante el periodo de muestreo en orden de abundancia fueron: Cladosporium herbarum (47,22%), Alternaria alternata (33%). Nigrospora spp (19,8%). También encontramos 4 taxones polínicos: Oleacea (94,1%), Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae (3%), Poaceae (2,08%), Myrtaceoe (Eucalipto)(0,77%). Perfil de sensibilización al polen de Olea europea, en muestras aleatorias en las ciudades de Tacna (40%) y Arequipa (36%) y a Alternaria alternata (4%) y (8%) respectivamente. Conclusiones: Éste es el primer estudio realizado en Perú sobre sensibilización y concentraciones de granos de polen y esporas de hongos medidos por método volumétrico. Sugerimos ampliar estudios e implementar estaciones de aerobiología que provean mayor información y sirvan como guía para una mejor prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento para la población de la zona sur de Perú con enfermedades alérgicas.
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Demır, Cemile Canşı, Hülya Özler, and Ayşe Kaplan. "Effects of meteorological factors on pollen flora in the atmosphere of Sinop (Turkey)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 50, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v50i1.52682.
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This study was conducted for determining the plant taxa of the pollen grain in the atmosphere of the city center of Sinop (Turkey) and investigating the effects of meteorological factors on pollen concentration, by analyzing daily, weekly and monthly changes in the atmosphere. The types and amounts of pollen grain in the atmosphere were determined using Burkard trap. On the basis of the average of 2 years (2016 - 2017), the dominant trees taxa in the atmosphere were Cupressaceae/Taxaceae (32.67%), Pinaceae (15.51%), Morus sp. (5.50%), Quercus sp. (2.76%), Alnus sp. (2.24%), Corylus sp. (1.48%), Carpinus sp. (1.43%), Juglans sp. (1.43%), Fraxinus sp. (1.33%), Olea europaea (1.05%) and Poaceae (Grass) (5.29%), whereas the dominant weed taxa were Urticaceae (11.16%), Ambrosia sp. (4.31%), Amaranthaceae (3.21%), and Mercurialis sp. (2.05%). Temperature and wind speed had a positive effect on the increased amount of pollen, whereas precipitation had a negative effect on it. On the basis of the data obtained, a pollen calendar was prepared for the area.
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Ščevková, Jana, Janka Lafférsová, Jozef Dušička, and Mária Tropeková. "Variability in the Betula pollen concentrations in the atmosphere of six urban areas in Slovakia in 2018." Alergoprofil 16, no. 2 (June 25, 2020): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.ap.162250620.
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Betula pollen is one of the most important aeroallergens during the spring months in the central European countries. In 2018, pollen monitoring was conducted in six urban areas (Bratislava, Banská Bystrica, Košice, Nitra, Trnava, and Žilina) in Slovakia. Investigations were carried out using a volumetric Hirst-type pollen trap (Burkard). Betula pollen season timing was determined by the 90% method when the start and end of the season were defined as the date when 5% and 95%, respectively of the total pollen sum was reached. The pollen season start date was recorded earliest in Bratislava (April 8th) and latest in Banská Bystrica (April 12th). The highest both seasonal total pollen concentration (7,390 P/m3) and birch pollen allergen risk were found in Banská Bystrica. The shortest pollen season was recorded in Žilina (13 days) and the longest in Košice (25 days). Peak daily pollen concentrations ranged between 1,567 P/m3 in Žilina and 202 P/m3 in Košice.
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Lob, S., M. V. Jaspers, H. J. Ridgway, and E. E. Jones. "Leptosphaeria maculans/L biglobosa disease progression in oilseed rape and timing of ascospore release under New Zealand conditions." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5548.
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Leptosphaeria maculans/L biglobosa disease progression in oilseed rape and the timing of ascospore release from crop debris were studied in field experiments in 2011 and 2012 A similar pattern of disease progression was observed in both years with the first leaf lesions characteristic of L maculans observed 115 weeks after sowing and stem lesions after 25 weeks Leaf lesions characteristic of L biglobosa were observed after 175 weeks Leptosphaeria maculans was isolated from nonsymptomatic petioles and stems after 165 and 22 weeks respectively indicating endophytic growth of the pathogen from leaf lesions Vaselinecoated slides did not trap ascospores in 2011 but in 2012 both Rotorod and Burkard spore samplers trapped ascospores from 29 May to 21 September Nested PCR with ITS and speciesspecific primers detected both L maculans and L biglobosa ascospores with L maculans being more frequently detected Peak ascospore numbers were detected in August and associated with periods of high rainfall
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Malkiewicz, Małgorzata. "Mugwort (Artemisia L.), nettle (Urtica L.) and plantain (Plantago L.) pollen in the atmosphere of Wrocław in the years 2002-2004." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.036.
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The paper includes the results of pollen season analysis of the selected plants (mugwort, nettle, plantain) regarded as the most allergenic in Wrocław in 2002-2004. The studies were carried out using volumetric method (Burkard trap). The results show strong variation in pollen seasons. The average duration of the pollen season of <i>Artemisia</i> was 82 days. The highest pollen concentration of mugwort was recorded in 2004 (156 grains × m<sup>-3</sup>). The start of nettle pollen seasons varied in studied period on average by 24 days, on average, but its end was almost the same. The pollen season of <i>Urtica</i> was the earliest in 2004. It started on 5<sup>th</sup> May and lasted 136 days. The annual pollen total of <i>Plantago</i> was relatively low, on average 0.2-0.4% in annual pollen totals.
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Dąbrowska-Zapart, Katarzyna. "The influence of meteorological factors on the hazel (Corylus L.) pollen concentration in Sosnowiec in the years 1997-2007." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 2 (2012): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.032.
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An analysis of hazel pollen seasons in Sosnowiec was presented on the basis of data from the years 1997-2007. The research was conducted by means of the volumetric method using a Burkard-type spore trap. The duration of pollen seasons was determined by means of the 98% method. The research demonstrated statistically significant correlations between the average, maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity as well as the number of days with sub-zero temperature and the beginning of the hazel pollen season. It was demonstrated that the duration of the pollen season depended on air relative humidity, insolation and precipitation during the season and the annual sum depended on the weather conditions of the year preceding pollen production and also the weather conditions two years earlier. Significant correlations were also found between weather conditions and the daily concentration of pollen grains. The daily concentration decreased when relative humidity was high and increased with high insolation and air temperature.
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Frenz, David A. "The effect of windspeed on pollen and spore counts collected with the Rotorod Sampler and Burkard spore trap." Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 85, no. 5 (November 2000): 392–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62553-7.
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Kennedy, R., A. J. Wakeham, K. G. Byrne, U. M. Meyer, and F. M. Dewey. "A New Method To Monitor Airborne Inoculum of the Fungal Plant Pathogens Mycosphaerella brassicicola andBotrytis cinerea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 2996–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.7.2996-3003.2000.
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ABSTRACT We describe a new microtiter immunospore trapping device (MTIST device) that uses a suction system to directly trap air particulates by impaction in microtiter wells. This device can be used for rapid detection and immunoquantification of ascospores ofMycosphaerella brassicicola and conidia of Botrytis cinerea by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) under controlled environmental conditions. For ascospores ofM. brassicicola correlation coefficients (r 2) of 0.943 and 0.9514 were observed for the number of MTIST device-impacted ascospores per microtiter well and the absorbance values determined by ELISA, respectively. These values were not affected when a mixed fungal spore population was used. There was a relationship between the number of MTIST device-trapped ascospores of M. brassicicola per liter of air sampled and the amount of disease expressed on exposed plants ofBrassica oleracea (Brussels sprouts). Similarly, when the MTIST device was used to trap conidia of B. cinerea, a correlation coefficient of 0.8797 was obtained for the absorbance values generated by the ELISA and the observed number of conidia per microtiter well. The relative collection efficiency of the MTIST device in controlled plant growth chambers with limited airflow was 1.7 times greater than the relative collection efficiency of a Burkard 7-day volumetric spore trap for collection of M. brassicicola ascospores. The MTIST device can be used to rapidly differentiate, determine, and accurately quantify target organisms in a microflora. The MTIST device is a portable, robust, inexpensive system that can be used to perform multiple tests in a single sampling period, and it should be useful for monitoring airborne particulates and microorganisms in a range of environments.
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Dąbrowska-Zapart, Katarzyna. "Types of hazel (Corylus spp.) and alder (Alnus spp.) pollen seasons in Sosnowiec 1997 - 2007 (Poland)." Acta Agrobotanica 63, no. 2 (2012): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.035.
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This paper investigates pollen seasons for <i>Corylus</i> spp. and Alnus spp. for the years 1997-2007 in Sosnowiec, southern Poland. The research was conducted by means of the volumetric method using a Burkard-type spore trap. The duration of pollen seasons was determined by means of the 98% method. The aim of this study was to distinguish the types of the course of hazel and alder pollen seasons using cluster analysis, including non-hierarchical clustering of multi-feature objects - k-means clustering. The pollen seasons were divided into five types because of considerable variations from one year to another. For both taxons one dominant type was found, which was characterized by a very long period of compact pollen release with low values of the pollen count and by the occurrence of several maximums divided by periods of a lower pollen count. This work contains only a preliminary analysis on the types of pollen seasons because of relatively short data set. Future research on a larger series of measurements should be proved.
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Malkiewicz, Małgorzata, and Kamilla Klaczak. "Analysis of the grass (Poaceae L.) pollen seasons in Wrocław, 2003-2010." Acta Agrobotanica 64, no. 4 (2012): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2011.046.
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The aim of the study was to analyse the grass pollen season dynamics in Wrocław in 2003-2010. The studies were carried out using volumetric method (Burkard trap). Special attentions was paid to differences in pollen season duration and patterns. The pollen season started on average on the 130th day of the year (±10 days) and ended on the 240<sup>th</sup> (±11 days). Peak of pollen seasons occurred between 156<sup>th</sup> and 185<sup>th</sup> day of the year. The mean of SPI value was 2805 (±380). On average, 18 days (±4 days) with a grass pollen concentration of more than 50 grains × m<sup>-3</sup>, and 2 days (±1 day) with concentration of more than 120 grains × m<sup>-3</sup> were recorded during the seasons analysed. Three types of pollen seasons were distinguished on the basis of cluster analysis (the non-hierarchical method of multifeature clustering - the k-means method).
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Novoselova, Larisa Viktorovna, and Nataliya Minaeva. "Pollen monitoring in Perm Krai (Russia) – experience of 6 years." Acta Agrobotanica 68, no. 4 (2015): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.042.
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Medical observations show that the level of pollinosis increased by 34.6% in central Russia in 2005–2012. This paper presents the results of 6-year pollen monitoring carried out with a Hirst-type pollen trap (Burkard Manufacturing Co. Ltd) between 2010 and 2015 in Perm Krai (Russia). Usually, sensitization of allergic people occurs in three periods: (i) spring due to the pollen of <em>Betula</em>, (ii) early summer due to Poaceae pollen, and (iii) late summer as a result of <em>Artemisia</em> pollen. <em>Betula</em> pollen, which is dominant (26.9–65.2% of total pollen counts), is recorded in large numbers in the period of flowering and occasionally during the entire period of pollination. Among herbaceous plants, the pollen of Poaceae, Urticaceae and <em>Artemisia</em> dominates in airborne pollen. The concentration of allergenic pollen grains in the air of Perm Krai is lower than in other European geographical regions.
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Adie, Bruce, Helen Grogan, Simon Archer, and Peter Mills. "Temporal and Spatial Dispersal of Cladobotryum Conidia in the Controlled Environment of a Mushroom Growing Room." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 11 (September 15, 2006): 7212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01369-06.
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ABSTRACT Cladobotryum spp. are responsible for cobweb disease of mushrooms. In two commercial and one experimental mushroom-growing room, Cladobotryum conidia were released into the air in direct response to physical disturbance of disease colonies during either crop watering or treatment by covering with salt to 10 mm. Conidia were detected using a Burkard spore trap or agar-based trap plates. A maximum concentration of ∼25,000 conidia m−3 was recorded in a small (75-m3) experimental growing room in the hour following the salting of 16 cobweb patches (0.55 m2). Concentrations of 100 and 40 conidia m−3 were recorded in the two larger commercial growing rooms in the hour following the salting of 18 and 11 patches of cobweb (diameter, approximately 50 to 200 mm), respectively. In controlled experiments, disturbed conidia were dispersed rapidly throughout a small growing room, with 91 to 97% of conidia settling out within 15 min. Eighty-five percent of conidia settled out within a 0.5-m radius when air-conditioning fans were switched off, consistent with airborne spore dispersal. Alternative methods for treating diseased areas to minimize conidial release and distribution were investigated and included covering disease colonies with damp paper tissue prior to salt application (tissue salting) and holding a dust extractor above disease colonies during salt application. Both methods resulted in no detectable airborne conidia, but the tissue paper salting technique was more convenient. Prevention of airborne conidial release and distribution is essential to avoid mushroom spotting symptoms, secondary colonies, and early crop termination.
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Malkiewicz, Małgorzata, Krystyna Piotrowska-Weryszko, Małgorzata Puc, Dariusz Jurkiewicz, Grzegorz Siergiejko, Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zapart, Ewa Kalinowska, and Agnieszka Lipiec. "Alder pollen season in selected cities of Poland in 2020." Alergoprofil 16, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.ap.162250420.
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This paper presents the course of alder pollination season in Poland in 2020. The measurements were performed in Bydgoszcz, Bialystok, Lublin, Olsztyn, Opole, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Warsaw, Wroclaw and Zielona Gora. Volumetric method with the use of Volumetric Spore Trap (Burkard, Lanzoni) was implemented. Pollen season was defined as the period in which 95% of the annual total catch occurred. The alder pollen season in 2020 started about 10–30 days earlier compared to 2017–2019. The pollen season started first in Szczecin, Opole and Zielona Gora (in the second half of January). In the other cities alder pollen season started in first half of February. The highest daily pollen count was recorded in Lublin (1211 P/m3). In other cities the maximum concentrations ranged from 160 P/m3 in Sosnowiec to 465 P/m3 in Piotrkow Trybunalski. The highest alder pollen concentrations were detected in the first decade of March (March 1st–3rd). Only in Zielona Gora, Wroclaw, Opole and Sosnowiec the maximum concentration was recorded in the third decade of February. The annual pollen sum of Alnus in 2020 was even 5–10 times lower than in years 2019.
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Dung, Jeremiah K. S., Stephen C. Alderman, Navneet Kaur, Darrin L. Walenta, Kenneth E. Frost, and Philip B. Hamm. "Identification of Environmental Factors Related to Claviceps purpurea Ascospore Production in Perennial Ryegrass Seed Fields and Development of Predictive Models." Plant Disease 101, no. 6 (June 2017): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-16-0609-re.
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Claviceps purpurea, the causal agent of ergot of perennial ryegrass seed crops, overwinters as sclerotia in the soil and releases airborne ascospores in the spring that infect flower ovaries and replace seed with sclerotia. Burkard spore traps were used to quantify the dispersal phenology and concentration of ascospores in perennial ryegrass seed fields in the Columbia Basin of Oregon. Weather factors were measured concurrently with spore trapping. Nonparametric regression, box-and-whisker plots, and univariate analysis were used to visualize and identify trends between ascospore concentrations and weather variables. Most ascospores (75.4%) were trapped when minimum soil temperatures were between 16.2 and 20.4°C. Over 67% of the total ascospores trapped were observed when minimum air temperatures were between 6.8 and 12.4°C and 64% of ascospores were trapped when daily mean dew point was between 3.7 and 8.2°C. Environmental favorability index (EFI) models were developed and validated based on their ability to predict ascospore occurrence. The EFI models were able to predict ascospore occurrence with an accuracy of 71.7 to 87.5% depending on the year. The models were up to 79.8% accurate when validated using three years of historical spore trap data not used in the EFI model development. Ninety-four percent of ascospores were trapped when cumulative air degree days, using lower and upper thresholds of 10 and 25°C, respectively, were between 230 and 403. These results suggest that weather parameters can be used to model C. purpurea ascospore occurrence and potentially improve the timing and efficacy of fungicide applications by identifying when plant protection is most needed.
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O’Rourke, Mary Kay, and Stephen L. Buchmann. "Pollen Yield from Olive Tree cvs. Manzanillo and Swan Hill in Closed Urban Environments." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 6 (November 1986): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.6.980.
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Abstract Airborne pollen concentrations (grains/m3) within and near trees of 2 cultivars of Olea europaea L. were studied during the 30-day pollination period at 2 urban sites in Tucson, Ariz. ‘Manzanillo’, the dominant horticultural cultivar, was compared to the fruitless ‘Swan Hill’. Air sampling using a Burkard trap was undertaken from 2 Apr. until 1 May 1985; during this period, 95% of the 1985 Olea pollen was airborne. Peak atmospheric Olea pollen concentrations at both sites occurred on 14 Apr. 1985. Pollen concentrations around the ‘Manzanillo’ site ranged from 7 grains/m3 to 6196 grains/m3 per day. At the ‘Swan Hill’ site, daily totals were an order of magnitude less, from 5 to 309 grains/m3 per day. Hourly pollen concentrations for the ‘Manzanillo’ site on the peak day varied from 1000 to 18,133 grains/m3 per hr. Hourly values at the ‘Swan Hill’ site on the peak day varied from 7 to 896 grains/m3 per hr. Both sites exhibited rapidly increasing pollen concentrations at sunrise with a sharp increase for the ‘Manzanillo’ site between 1100 to 1300 hr. Both cultivars produced about 85,000 pollen grains per anther. An unknown anatomical or physiological factor in ‘Swan Hill’ inhibits stomial rupture, resulting in 85% inhibition of anther dehiscence and pollen-shedding.
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Malkiewicz, Małgorzata, and Kamilla Klaczak. "Pollen concentrations of some plants in the air over Olszanica (Bieszczady Niskie Mountains) and Wrocław in the 2008 season." Acta Agrobotanica 63, no. 2 (2012): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2010.037.
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This paper presents the results of an analysis of pollen season patterns for taxa which show the strongest allergenic activity (alder, birch, grasses, and mugwort) in 2008 in the air over Wrocław and Olszanica. The study was carried out using the volumetric method (Burkard trap). The results show variation in pollen seasons between the analyzed localities. An attempt was made to find out in which of the sites in question - the urban site or the rural one - there was a greater risk of allergens of the selected plants. The results of the present study show that the alder, birch and grass pollen seasons in 2008 started and ended earlier in Wrocław, and maximum pollen concentrations were definitely lower. But the mugwort pollen season started earlier and ended much later in Olszanica, while maximum pollen concentration of this taxon was more than twice lower than in Wrocław. In 2008 in the investigated localities, the highest pollen concentrations of the plants in question occurred in the following months: alder in February, birch in April, grasses in June, while mugwort in August. In 2008 alder and birch pollen allergen risk was comparable in the investigated urban and rural environment. However, grass and mugwort pollen allergens posed a significantly greater threat in the rural environment than in Wrocław.
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Minaeva, N. V., L. V. Novoselova, K. V. Plakhina, and D. M. Shiryaeva. "Pollen sensitization and aero-palynological monitoring for determination of significant allergens in early spring pollinosis." Russian Journal of Allergy 12, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja442.
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Background. To estimate dynamics of registered pollinosis prevalence among children in Perm region, to compare regional aeropalynological data and features of sensitization to early spring trees pollen. Methods. Analysis of registered allergic rhinitis morbidity (2005-2012) has been done; a structure of spring pollinosis sensitization was investigated in 592 skin tests protocols, that were held using water-salt extracts of allergens. The pollen monitoring during the period 2010-2014 was conducted in Perm using the Burkard volumetric trap. Results. General allergic rhinitis morbidity got a 34,6% rise during eight years of observation. Spring trees pollen sensitization was identified in 49,8% of patients. Birch pollen often caused sensitization and amounted to 62±8,7% of seasonal spectrum. Seasonal spectrum of alder pollen was 3,9±3%, but increased a number of days with seasonal high pollen concentration (p=0,02, p=0,05). Alder pollen caused sensitization as often as birch. Most part of positive skin tests with other spring trees is a result of allergic cross-reactivity with birch. Conclusion. The relevance of the pollinosis problem is connected with increasing of its prevalence. Evaluation of sensitization is not coordinated with an aeropalynological data. The problem needs such approaches as observation of clinical symptoms in the acute season pallination or application of modern molecular diagnostics of allergy to identify cross-reactivity.
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Prasannath, Galea, and Akinsanmi. "Air Temperature an Influential Climatic Factor for Growth and Reproduction of Dry Flower Pathogens of Macadamia." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036033.
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In order to assess the influence of climatic factors on abundance of conidia of dry flower pathogens, Pestalotiopsis macadamiae and Neopestalotiopsis macadamiae, a Burkard spore trap was used to determine daily aerial conidia concentration at Alstonville (28.852° S, 153.456° E), New South Wales, Australia. Weather data including minimum and maximum air temperatures, rainfall, wind speed and relative humidity were obtained from an automated weather station at the same location. The effect of each, and the combined climatic parameters on conidia abundance was analysed using the GLM procedure for the all-subset regression link functions. A model containing weekly maximum temperature and weekly rainfall produced the best significant effect on conidia abundance (R2 = 72.7%, P = 0.003) compared with the model containing daily data of both climatic parameters (R2 = 35.4%, P = 0.000). In vitro assays were established to examine the effect of different temperatures (12, 19, 22, 25, 29, 33, 37 and 41 °C) on growth and reproduction of the pathogens. The results showed that maximal mycelial growth, conidia production and germination occurred at 25 °C and declined significantly (P < 0.05) at cooler and warmer temperatures. Temperatures above 40 °C were lethal for growth and functioning of the pathogens. The results confirmed that air temperature significantly influenced growth and reproduction of both dry flower pathogens. These findings will underpin development of a disease prediction model for dry flower in macadamia.
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Reyes-Gonzalez, B., G. Mora-Aguilera, S. Osada, D. Tèliz, and U. Diaz. "002 Epidemiology of Postbloom Fuit Drop in Sweet Orange cv. Valencia in Mexico." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 388A—388. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.388a.
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The temporal progress of postbloom fruit drop was characterized in North Veracruz, Mexico, in two commercial orchards with low and high management technology. A total of 200 flowers per orchard were assessed for disease incidence every 2 days during the flowering season. Colletotrichum isolates, putatively similar to C. acutatum, were obtained from diseased flowers and inoculated to Citrus sinensis and Citrus latifolia completing the Koch's postulates. The average Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) (625 vs. 688 days, %) and final disease incidence (Yf) (68% vs. 67%) were statistically similar (P = 0.05) to both orchards. Epidemic rates were in the range of 0.05 to 0.16 units, with the highest variability in the high technology orchard. The total epidemic duration was 15 and 18 days for the high and low technology orchards, respectively. The highest absolute increase of disease occurred at 13 days after the beginning of flowering during the full bloom stage. The absolute increase of disease was not correlated (P = 0.05) with nonlagged values of relative humidity (%), maximum temperature (°C) and the number of Colletotrichum spores captured on a Burkard like trap. However, 5-day lagged values of spore numbers were apparently correlated with the highest absolute increase of disease. Similarly, 3- to 5-day lagged values of number of days with at least 85% relative humidity was needed to explain the main spore peaks.
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Samek, Michal, Petr Novotný, Roman Modlinger, Martin Fulín, František Beran, Amit Roy, and Vítězslava Pešková. "Impact of Rhabdocline pseudotsugae and Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii on the Selection of Suitable Provenances of Douglas Fir in Central Europe." Forests 10, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030204.
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Two diseases, Rhabdocline needle cast caused by Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Sydow, and Swiss needle cast caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (Rohde) Petr., recently became a severe threat to Central European Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands. Both pathogens infect assimilative organs causing needle chloritization and drop off. Pervasive infection by these pathogens has been recorded at the Hůrky provenance trial (Písek, South Bohemia, Czech Republic), established in 1971 as part of a series of experiments by International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO). The intensity and duration of needle cast sporulation were monitored using a Burkard spore trap, and the health status of 24 Douglas fir provenances from the original areal of distribution (British Columbia, Washington, Oregon) was evaluated under this trial. While comparing provenances, the following characteristics were surveyed: trunk volume, defoliation rate, and the difference in tree diameter between measurements in 2011 and 2016. A statistical evaluation was performed using the regression model and a decision tree. The highest sporulation rates on needles for both needle casts were observed from April to July. The Washington provenances 1069 North Bend, 1075 Enumclaw, and 1089 Cathlamet can be recommended for plantation, considering the provenances’ satisfactory productivity and low extent of damage from needle casts, while the provenances such as 1104 Brookings, 1028 Merritt (due to high mortality) and 1010 Barrière, 1021 D’Arcy, and 1067 Skykomish (due to high defoliation) are not suitable for plantation under Central European conditions.
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Vojnich, Viktor, Orsolya Udvardy, Dóra Kajtor-Apatini, Árpád Ferencz, Adrienn Szarvas, László Makra, and Donát Magyar. "Pollen concentration of invasive tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) on the Northern Great Plain, Hungary." Acta herbologica 31, no. 1 (2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb2201043v.
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In areas where the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) appears and multiplies, the original vegetation degrades and transforms. The invasive tree of heaven is also of great importance in urban environments, where it causes building damage, static problems and endangers utilities. Ailanthus pollen concentration was measured during the 3-year period (2016-2018) at three county capitals (Szolnok, Debrecen, Nyíregyháza) of the Northern Great Plain, Hungary (JászNagykun-Szolnok county, Hajdú-Bihar county and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county), with a 7-day Hirst-type (Burkard) pollen trap. The highest total pollen count of A. altissima was measured in all three years in Nyíregyháza (1114 pollen m-3 in 2016; 788 pollen m-3 in 2017; 635 pollen m-3 in 2018), while the lowest values were measured in Szolnok in all three years (99 pollen m-3 in 2016; 78 pollen m-3 in 2017; 93 pollen m-3 in 2018). In Debrecen, the annual total pollen concentration varied between 109-127 pollen grains m-3 in the studied period. The extent of the prevalence of A. altissima can be deduced from its pollen concentrations. For this purpose, multi-year pollen data is displayed on a map in which areas characterized by different pollen concentrations are represented by colour codes. Pollen monitoring provides information on the size of A. altissima stands and provides a basis for proposals and plans for measures to control this invasive tree species and mitigate the damage caused by it.
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Viruega, J. R., J. Moral, L. F. Roca, N. Navarro, and A. Trapero. "Spilocaea oleagina in Olive Groves of Southern Spain: Survival, Inoculum Production, and Dispersal." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1206-re.
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Olive scab caused by the mitosporic fungus Spilocaea oleagina is the most important foliar disease of olive. Limited information is available on pathogen survival and disease epidemiology; however, this information is essential for development of new control strategies. Pathogen survival and inoculum production on infected olive leaves and conidial dispersal were evaluated during 4 years in an olive orchard of the susceptible ‘Picual’ in southern Spain. Infected leaves in the tree canopy were important for pathogen survival and conidia production. The number of conidia per square centimeter of scab lesion and their viability varied greatly throughout the seasons and between years; conidial density in lesions was highest (about 1 to 5 × 105 conidia cm–2) from November to February in favorable years. Conidial density declined sharply in other periods of the year (becoming zero in summer) or in less favorable years. The pathogen did not form new conidia in scab lesions, although some pseudothecia-like structures and chlamydospores were detected on fallen leaves. Under humid conditions, the pathogen could not be detected on fallen leaves after 3 months because the leaves were colonized by saprophytic fungi. The dispersal of conidia as a function of distance from infected leaves in the tree canopy was well described by an exponential model which, together with the lack of conidia in a Burkard spore trap, showed that conidia were mainly rain-splash dispersed. Some trapped conidia were attached to olive leaf trichomes, suggesting that detached trichomes might enhance wind dispersal of conidia.
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Golińska, Barbara. "Changes in the concentration of grass pollen in the atmosphere of Poznań." Acta Agrobotanica 59, no. 1 (2012): 317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2006.033.
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The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of grass pollen during the vegetation season in the atmosphere of Poznań against the background of the content of pollen of other plants and mould fungi. Observations were conducted in 1997. Concentrations of pollen grains and spores of mould fungi in the atmosphere were assessed by the volumetric method. For this purpose, the Burkard apparatus (Seven-Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap) was set up on the roof of the 8-storey high building of the Maximum College of the Agricultural University in Poznań. The continuous, 24-hour work of the apparatus made possible to monitor concentrations of allergenic pollen throughout the experiment. The tape was glued to a microscopic glass and evaluated under the light microscope. The number of pollen grains and mould spores on individual sections (2 mm per hour) of the tape allowed determining their concentration per 1 m<sup>3</sup> of air. Microscopic evaluation was conducted every 24 hours, collecting analytical material from the trap at 10 a.m. in which pollen and spores were determined. From among many wind pollinated taksons of plants, species from the grass family - because of their long period of pollination and clinical significance - play an important role in the structure of allergenic pollen in the atmosphere of Poznań. The highest concentration of grass pollen was recorded during the period from the end of May to the end of the first decade of July. From then on, the concentration of grass pollen in the air dropped rapidly and remained on a low level, not exceeding 7.5 pollen grains calculated per 1 m<sup>3</sup> air per 24 hours. The higher concentration of grass pollen was recorded on June 29<sup>th</sup> - 360.4 grains · m<sup>-3</sup>. In terms of 24-hour period, the highest concentrations of the pollen grains in the air on a day without rain occurred between 9 and 11 a.m., whereas the lowest - at night.
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Churyukina, Ella V., and Evgeniya V. Nazarova. "Features of the fungal spectrum in the air environment in the Rostov region according to the results aeropalynologic monitoring 2019." Russian Journal of Allergy 18, no. 2 (June 26, 2021): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1415.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: In recent decades, there has been an epidemic growth of allergic diseases, in which fungi along with other allergens significantly play a role in their etiology. Spores of a number of micromycetes are present in the air. Aeropalynology environmental monitoring enables examination of the composition of airborne microorganisms, their dynamics, and role in the formation of allergic diseases. The Rostov region has climatic and geographical features that affect the qualitative and quantitative compositions of the fungal spectrum in the air environment.
AIM: This study aimed to investigate the composition and features of the fungal spectrum of the air environment in Rostov-on-Don, to assess the dynamics of the concentration of fungal spores during the monitoring period (March to October), and to make a calendar of plant pollination and fungal spore production for this region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this longitudinal, observational, single-center study, aeroallergens were detected using a volumetric Burkard trap. Identification of plant pollen and fungal spores was performed by microscopy of colored slides obtained from a sticky tape covered with a special mixture.
RESULTS: Results of aeropalynological monitoring in 2019 in the air environment of Rostov-on-Don revealed the presence of pollen taxa and fungal spores, represented by the mold fungi Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata in high increasing concentrations. Their dynamics were recorded throughout the observation period (March to October). The specific weight of fungal sensitization in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis was 11.6%.
CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies the regional features of the fungal spectrum of air allergens, and a calendar of dusting and sporulation was compiled for the city of Rostov-on-Don.
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Churyukina, Ella V., Olga P. Ukhanova, and Elena А. Goloshubova. "Aeropalynologic monitoring of air pollution in the Rostov region: the results of the 2019 season." Russian Journal of Allergy 17, no. 4 (January 29, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36691/rja1387.
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BACKGROUND: There is an increase in the proportion of patients suffering from allergic diseases caused by the plant pollen. Aeropalinologic monitoring of the air environment allows us to study the composition of aeroallergens and their role in the formation of pollen allergies. Features of the formation of aerial pollen spectra are closely related to the botanical-geographical and natural-climatic conditions of the region. The Rostov region has its own specific features, which is reflected in the qualitative and quantitative composition of pollen rain.
AIM: To study the dynamics of pollination of allergenic plants in Rostov-on-Don, identify the prevailing taxa and create a calendar of pollination of plants for this region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aeroallergens were detected by using a volumetric Burkard trap. The identification of plant pollen and fungal spores was performed by microscopy of colored slides obtained from a sticky tape covered with a special mixture.
RESULTS: In 2019, 21 taxa were registered in the air environment of Rostov-on-don (trees, meadows, haze, cereals, weeds), fungal spores were found in the air, represented by the mold fungi Cladosporium herbarum and Alternaria alternata in high growing concentrations. An increase in the vegetation period of pollination of trees (07.03.31.06), mares (02.0503.10), cereals (02.0414.09), weeds (18.0728.10) was detected According to the dynamics of pollen concentration, three periods of its growth were registered: spring-summer, summer and summer-autumn. The presence of birch pollen grains in a clinically significant concentration (36 pollen grain (PG)/m3) in this steppe region, an increase in the peak concentration of ragweed (393 PG/m3) in comparison with the same data for 1971 (265 PG/m3) was found.
CONCLUSION: Regional features of the spectrum of air allergens were identified, and a dusting calendar was compiled for Rostov-on-Don.
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Dąbrowska-Zapart, Katarzyna, and Tadeusz Niedźwiedź. "The impact of weather conditions on hazel pollen concentration in Sosnowiec (Poland) in 1997–2019." Aerobiologia 36, no. 4 (October 7, 2020): 697–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09661-9.
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AbstractThe goal of this study was to compare hazel pollen seasons in Sosnowiec in 1997–2019 and to analyse the impact of weather conditions on these seasons. The measurements were conducted using a volumetric method with a Burkard spore trap. The duration of pollen seasons was determined using the 98% method. SPI (Seasonal Pollen Index) was calculated as the sum of daily pollen concentrations in a given season. The measurements showed that high temperatures in January and February had an impact on the beginning of the hazel pollen season. They revealed that there are positive correlations with temperatures and sunshine hours long before the season, i.e. 210–180 days before. The daily hazel pollen concentration in Sosnowiec showed a positive and statistically significant correlation with air temperature, sunshine hours, and average and maximum wind speed. Negative correlation was demonstrated for snow cover depth and relative humidity of the air. Daily concentration levels depend also on the type of weather front as well as direction of air mass flow and its type. Variance analysis showed that the highest concentrations of hazel pollen grains were recorded when warm air moves from the south and south–western direction, whereas the lowest ones were noted for air moving from the east, south–east, north and north–east directions. Atmospheric precipitation, snow cover depth, and average, maximum, minimum and near-the-ground temperatures in the season also had an impact on the SPI of hazel pollen grains. High positive correlation coefficients were also observed in the case of thermal conditions, sunshine hours, relative humidity and precipitation from July to September in the year preceding a given pollen season. The duration of the hazel pollen season depends on precipitation, snow cover depth and temperature during a given season.
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Alan, Şenol, Tuğba Sarışahin, Aydan Acar Şahin, Ayşe Kaplan, İbrahim Erdoğan, and Nur Munevver Pınar. "A new method to quantify atmospheric Poaceae pollen DNA based on the trnT-F cpDNA region." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 44, no. 3 (August 3, 2018): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2018-0020.
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Abstract Background Pollen, mold spores, bacteria and viruses are the main biological substances in the atmosphere causing allergic symptoms and disease. Distinguishing pollen and spores is quite time consuming and requires a trained expert. There is a different approach to identification of these substances such as microscopic analysis. However, DNA based identification of these is becoming popular recently. Objective We evaluated the correlation between the quantity of DNA, which was amplified using trnT-F cpDNA specific primers in samples obtained from a high volume air sampler (HVAS), and concentration of Poaceae pollen collected with a Burkard trap. Materials and methods Here, we present a method for identifying and quantifying airborne Poaceae pollen using a single step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Forty daily air samples were collected by HVAS. The method was optimised using two different methods (M1 and M2) and the trnT-F cpDNA region was amplified using a Poaceae specific primer pair. The correlation between the quantity of DNA and pollen concentration was tested using R statistical programming language. Results Although a significant correlation was obtained between the M1 and M2 methods (R2=0.655, p<0.01), the M2 method was more correlated with pollen concentration. The correlation between pollen and DNA content changed due to episodes that were observed during the pollen season. DNA concentrations from the PCR data were significantly correlated with pollen concentrations determined by light microscopy (R2=0.767, p<0.01) in episode II using the M2 method and during the entire season (R2=0.469, p<0.01) using M2. Conclusions The M2 method correctly identified Poaceae pollen in mixed air samples from Zonguldak Province. The non-coding trnT-F cpDNA region was used for the first time in aerobiological samples to identify Poaceae pollen. Use of this method that does not require DNA extraction may be a crucial step for real-time pollen monitoring devices to be developed in the future. The correlation strength between pollen and amplified DNA content could be improved using a sampler that has a lower absorption rate, and a more sensitive technique, such as qPCR.
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Rodinkova, V. V. "Аеропалінологічний спектр м. Дніпропетровськ як основа профілактики сезонної алергії." Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 4, no. 1 (February 21, 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021314.
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Hay fever is important allergenic complain with number of patients rising year by year. Ukraine holds the leading positions in Europe in accordance with pollinosis morbidity. Therefore, it’s important to determine regional pollen spectrum for all five climatic and geographical zones of the country having certain variety of plants’ allergens. There are just a few cities with a constant pollen monitoring carried out in Ukraine. They are Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Odessa and Lviv. Palynological range of other Ukrainian cities remains unknown or poorly studied. Dnipropetrovsk – Ukrainian city with location in the Central part of the country in the Steppe zone – isn’t exception as well. Thus, the aim of our study was to determine the pattern of airborne pollen distribution and pollen calendar creation for the city of Dnipropetrovsk. Pollen count obtained at Vinnytsia National Pirogov Memorial Medical University (VNMU) by Aerobiology Research Group. Study was held in 2010 from the 17th of March till the 20th of October on daily basis employed volumetric methods using the Burkard trap. It stands on the roof of the Dnipropetrovsk Municipal hospital at 20 meters of a relative height above ground. The air samples were sent by currier mail on weekly basis from Dnipropetrovsk to Vinnytsia for the research term. 51 pollen types were determined during the study period. The aeropalinological research was done for the Dnipropetrovsk at first. Study was conducted in association with the European Aeroallergen Network (EAN). The EAN tools and the software package “Statistica 5.5” were used for data statistical analysis. The study showed prevalence of the airborne herbal pollen types in Dnipropetrovsk. The “weeds : trees” pollen ratio was «88 : 12». Most abundant pollen rain (59% of total annual pollen count) was produced by Ambrosia. The second position with 6% was held by Amaranthus / Chenopodiaceae pollen group and Urtica dioica pollen. Artemisia and other representatives of Asteraceae constituted of 5% each. The most abundant tree pollen rain (4% from total annual count) was produced by the Populus species. Betula pollen was the next having up 2% of annual pollen rain in Dnipropetrovsk. As can be seen, the first arboreal spring-summer pollination wave was not massive in Dnipropetrovsk. It was represented by Populus, Betula, Acer, Fraxinus, Quercus, Ulmus, Pinus, Juglans pollen spread in the end of March, whole April and the first weeks of May mostly. However, the second wave was intensively seen from the mid of July till the mid of October. Important airborne pollen producing taxa were Artemisisia, Ambrosia, Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Urtica, Plantago, Polygonaceae pollen at that time. Important airborne pollen allergens of Poaceae family (grasses) held the 7th position in the total annual pollen rain and were recorded between two pollination waves from the mid of May till the end of June mostly. The worst period for the patients was associated with the Betula, Acer and Quercus pollination from 13th of April till the mid of May and with Ambrosia and Artemisia pollination from 28th of July, till September, 30. The present airborne pollen calendar should be considered while diagnosing the hay fever symptoms in sensitive patients. It’s important to continue the pollen count and control in Dnіpropetrovsk due to constant changing of climatic and anthropogenic conditions impacting the pollen production and release.
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Álvarez-López, Sabela, María Fernández-González, Kenia Caridad Sánchez Espinosa, Rubén Amigo, and Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Rajo. "London Plane Tree Pollen and Pla A 1 Allergen Concentrations Assessment in Urban Environments." Forests 13, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122089.
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The London plane tree is frequently used in gardens, parks, and avenues in European urban areas for ornamental purposes with the aim to provide shade, and given its tolerance to atmospheric pollution. Nevertheless, unfortunately, over recent decades, bioaerosols such as Platanus pollen grains cause increasing human health problems such as allergies or respiratory tract infections. An aerobiological sampling of airborne Platanus pollen and Pla a 1 allergen was performed using two volumetric traps placed on the roof of the Science Faculty building of the city of Ourense from 2009 to 2020. A volumetric sampler Hirst–type Lanzoni VPPS 2000 (Lanzoni s.r.l. Bologna, Italy) was used for pollen sampling. Pla a 1 aeroallergen was sampled by using a Burkard Multi-Vial Cyclone Sampler (Burkard Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Hertfordshire, UK) and by means of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Data mining algorithms, C5.0 decision trees, and rule-based models were assessed to evaluate the effects of the main meteorological factors in the pollen or allergen concentrations. Plane trees bloom in late winter and spring months in the Northwestern Spain area. Regarding the trends of the parameters that define the Platanus pollen season, the allergen values fitted the concentrations of pollen in the air in most cases. In addition, it was observed that a decrease in maximum temperatures causes a descent in both pollen and allergen concentrations. However, the presence of precipitations only increases the level of allergens. When the risk of allergy symptomatology was jointly assessed for both the concentration of pollen and allergens in the study area, the number of days with moderate and high risk for pollen allergy in sensitive people increased with respect to traditional alerts considering only the pollen values.
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Úrbez-Torres, J. R., M. Battany, L. J. Bettiga, C. Gispert, G. McGourty, J. Roncoroni, R. J. Smith, P. Verdegaal, and W. D. Gubler. "Botryosphaeriaceae Species Spore-Trapping Studies in California Vineyards." Plant Disease 94, no. 6 (June 2010): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-6-0717.
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The seasonal abundance of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. spores was studied in California vineyards by using glass microscope slides covered with petroleum jelly placed on grapevine cordons and Burkard volumetric spore traps at seven and two different locations, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to determine which meteorological variables (precipitation, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed) influenced Botryosphaeriaceae spp. spore release. Among all variables, regression analysis resulted in a strong relationship between spore release and precipitation. Additionally, a positive relationship between irrigation and spore release was also observed in the Riverside County vineyard. During the study period, spore discharge of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. occurred from the first fall rain through the last spring rains, coinciding with September to April. However, based on the results obtained from the spore traps, most spores (over 60%) were trapped following rain events during the winter months of December, January, and February, which coincides with the grapevine pruning season. Botryosphaeriaceae spp. spore release was much lower in fall and early spring (22%) and very few or no spores were trapped in late spring and summer (3%). This work suggests that a delay of pruning time in California may be warranted to reduce grapevine infection because the current timing coincides with the greatest period of spore discharge.
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Dąbrowska-Zapart, Katarzyna, and Tadeusz Niedźwiedź. "Height and hourly variations in the concentration of airborne pollen grains and fungal spores in Sosnowiec (Poland)." Alergoprofil 16, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24292/01.ap.161120220.
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The aim of the work was to compare the qualitative and quantitative composition of aeroplankton in Sosnowiec (Poland) at three heights. The research was conducted on July 3rd, 4th and 5th, 2018 with the help of three Burkard spore traps: one stationary and two portable ones. The analyses were carried out at an altitude of 83 m, 15 m and at the ground level. Aerobiological data was recorded every hour and the collected pollen grains and fungal spores were determined later on. The relationships between individual meteorological conditions and different features of the alder pollen season were determined using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients. The research has shown that the greatest fluctuations in the daily pollen count occurred at the lowest measuring point, i.e. at the ground level. The largest part of the determined palynomorphs were fungal spores, the most numerous of which was Cladosporium, followed by Alternaria, Epicoccum and Botrytis. Statistical analysis showed that the highest concentrations of fungal spores and plant pollen grains were influenced by wind speed, maximum gust of wind and solar radiation.
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Alderman, Stephen C., Darrin L. Walenta, and Philip B. Hamm. "Timing of Occurrence of Claviceps purpurea Ascospores in Northeast Oregon." Plant Health Progress 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2010-1123-01-rs.
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Ergot, caused by Claviceps purpurea, is an important floral disease of grasses, characterized by sclerotium formation within the host flowers. To determine whether annual variation in ergot severity in Kentucky bluegrass is a result of ascospore density and/or timing of ascospore occurrence, Burkard 7-day volumetric spores traps were used to monitor ascospores of C. purpurea in each of two Kentucky bluegrass fields in the Grand Ronde Valley in northeastern Oregon between mid-May and late June, 2008-2010. Ascospores were typically trapped between midnight and 6:00 a.m. In 2008 and 2010, most ascospores were released prior to flowering in Kentucky bluegrass, corresponding to no observed ergot in 2008 and a low level of ergot in 2010. In 2009, ascospore release and pollination coincided, but few airborne ascospores were present, resulting in a low level of ergot. Similar ergot levels were observed in fungicide trials, suggesting that fungicides for ergot control were unnecessary. In years when there are few ascospores during flowering in Kentucky bluegrass, a reduction of up to two fungicide applications may be possible. Accepted for publication 2 November 2010. Published 23 November 2010.
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Pinkerton, J. N., K. B. Johnson, J. K. Stone, and K. L. Ivors. "Factors Affecting the Release of Ascospores of Anisogramma anomala." Phytopathology® 88, no. 2 (February 1998): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.2.122.
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Relationships between environmental factors and release of ascospores of Anisogramma anomala, the causal agent of eastern filbert blight, were examined in four European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) orchards during a 2-year period. In each orchard, Burkhard volumetric spore traps and automated weather-monitoring equipment were deployed for 12-week periods beginning at budbreak, when hazelnut becomes susceptible to infection. Ascospores of A. anomala were released when stromata on the surface of hazelnut branches were wet from rain but not from dew. Release of ascospores ceased after branch surfaces dried. The duration of free moisture on branch surfaces regulated the initiation and rate of ascospore release, but no significant effects of temperature, relative humidity, wind, or light on ascospore release were apparent. Most (>90%) ascospores were captured during precipitation events that exceeded 20 h in duration, which represented about 10% of the total precipitation events each season. Quantitative relationships between the hourly capture of A. anomala ascospores and hours since the beginning of a precipitation event were developed. With the onset of precipitation, the hourly rate of ascospore capture increased until the fifth hour of rain, remained relatively constant between the fifth and twelfth hours, and then declined gradually. During the 12-week spore-trapping periods, the likelihood and rates of ascospore release associated with precipitation were highest at budbreak and then declined through April and May until early June, when the reserve of ascospores in the perithecia was depleted. Large numbers of ascospores were captured in the volumetric spore traps, indicating that ascospores may be commonly dispersed long distances on air currents as well as locally by splash dispersal within the canopy, as reported previously. The results indicate that monitoring seasonal precipitation patterns may be useful for estimating the quantity and temporal distribution of airborne inoculum during the period that the host is susceptible to infection.
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Klimek, L., H. Riechelmann, and R. Amedee. "Eosinophil Cationic Protein in Nasal Secretions and Blood Serum in Grass-Pollen Allergic Rhinitis." American Journal of Rhinology 10, no. 5 (September 1996): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065896782159738.
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Concentration of the Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) measured in different body fluids has been demonstrated to be a good marker of eosinophilic inflammation. In allergic asthma, ECP levels in both broncho-alveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid and serum can be used to monitor disease activity. In allergic rhinitis, the value of ECP determinations in serum and nasal secretions was not directly compared, so far. In the present study, ECP levels in blood serum (Se) and nasal secretions (NS) of grass pollen allergic and healthy individuals under pollen exposure were analyzed. Forty-three grass-pollen allergic subjects and 19 healthy volunteers were included. Grass-pollen counts were measured using Burkhard traps and a symptom scoring performed. In the allergic subjects, the mean ECP concentration in nasal secretions was 789 ± 515 ng/mL compared with 12.1 ± 7.4 ng/mL in serum; in the healthy volunteers it was 29.6 ± 15.4 ng/mL in NS compared to 9.4 ± 6.9 ng/mL in Se. ECP concentration in NS was significantly higher in allergic than in healthy subjects (P < 0.001) and in both significantly higher than in Se (P < 0.01). ECP concentration in Se did not differ significantly in patients and healthy volunteers (P > 0.05). In the allergic subjects, ECP concentration in NS but not in Se was closely correlated to symptom score and pollen exposure. We conclude that ECP levels in NS are a better marker of eosinophilic inflammation in allergic rhinitis than ECP serum levels.
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Stensvand, Arne, Terje Amundsen, Lars Semb, David M. Gadoury, and Robert C. Seem. "Discharge and Dissemination of Ascospores by Venturia inaequalis During Dew." Plant Disease 82, no. 7 (July 1998): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.761.
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Abundant airborne ascospores of the apple scab pathogen (Venturia inaequalis) have never before been observed during periods of dew. We studied ascospore release in V. inaequalis in two orchards in southeastern Norway using Burkard 7-day volumetric spore traps. At Ås in 1990, 1992, and 1997, and at Svelvik in 1992, a total of 14.8, 1.4, 0.27, and 26.9%, respectively, of the season's total spore release was trapped during periods of dew. Dew followed by spore release was observed 22 days at the two locations. During one night with dew at Ås in 1990 and two nights with dew at Svelvik in 1992, approximately 13 and 20%, respectively, of the season's total spore numbers were observed. High numbers of spores were trapped prior to sunrise, and on an average, 48.4% of the spores were trapped prior to 0400 in the morning. Episodes in which more than 1% of the season's inoculum was released during dew occurred around bloom of apple, which is the peak period for ascospore discharge, and followed more than 2 days of fair weather (clear, warm days and cool, humid nights). The ordinary suppression of ascospore release in V. inaequalis during darkness has been overcome in previous studies under laboratory conditions when protracted periods favorable for ascospore maturity occur without opportunity for ascospore discharge. This is the first confirmed report of relatively large (>10% of the season's total inoculum) numbers of airborne ascospores in orchards during dew. The sequential occurrence of specific weather conditions, for example (i) fair-weather days, (ii) cool nights with abundant dew formation, (iii) significant release and dispersal of airborne ascospores, and (iv) poor drying conditions or additional hours of leaf wetness due to fog or rain, would be required for dew-released ascospores to constitute a threat of infection. Absent the foregoing, release during dew is more likely to deplete the ascospore supply with no consequent increase in the overall risk of disease.
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Deforge, Bernard. "Walter Burkert, Homo Necans. Rites sacrificiels et mythes de la Grèce ancienne, trad. de l’allemand par H. Feydy ; Philippe Descola, Par-delà nature et culture ; Salvador Juan, Critique de la raison évolu." Kentron, no. 21 (December 31, 2005): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/kentron.1809.
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Bello Rodriguez, Julian Camilo, Douglas S. Higgins, Monique Sakalidis, Lina Quesada-Ocampo, Frank N. Martin, and Mary K. Hausbeck. "Clade-specific monitoring of airborne Pseudoperonospora spp. sporangia using mitochondrial DNA markers for disease management of cucurbit downy mildew." Phytopathology®, May 18, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-21-0500-r.
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Management of cucurbit downy mildew (CDM) caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, relies on an intensive fungicide program. In Michigan, CDM occurs annually due to an influx of airborne sporangia; timely alerts of airborne inoculum can assist growers in assessing the need to initiate fungicide sprays. This research aimed to improve the specific detection of airborne P. cubensis sporangia by adapting qPCR-based assays to distinguish among P. cubensis clade I and II and P. humuli in spore trap samples from commercial production sites and research plots. We also evaluated the suitability of impaction spore traps in comparison to Burkard traps for detection of airborne sporangia. A multiplex qPCR assay improved the specificity of P. cubensis clade II detection accelerating the assessment of field spore trap samples. After two years of monitoring, P. cubensis clade II DNA was detected in spore trap samples before CDM symptoms were first observed in cucumber fields (July and August), while P. cubensis clade I DNA was not detected in air samples before or after the disease onset. In some commercial cucumber fields, P. humuli DNA was detected throughout the growing season. The Burkard spore trap appeared to be better suited for recovery of sporangia at low concentrations than the impaction spore trap. This improved methodology for the monitoring of airborne Pseudoperonospora spp. sporangia could be used as part of a CDM risk advisory system to time fungicide applications that protect cucurbit crops in Michigan.
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Bello Rodriguez, Julian Camilo, Monique L. Sakalidis, Perla David, and Mary Hausbeck. "Detection of airborne sporangia of Pseudoperonospora cubensis and P. humuli in Michigan using Burkard spore traps coupled to qPCR." Plant Disease, November 11, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-20-1534-re.
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Cucurbit downy mildew (CDM), caused by the oomycete pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is a devastating foliar disease on cucumber resulting in reduced yields. In 2004, the pathogen re-emerged in the U.S., infecting historically resistant cucumber cultivars and requiring the adoption of an intensive fungicide program. The pathogen cannot overwinter in Michigan fields but due to an influx of airborne sporangia cucurbit downy mildew occurs annually. In Michigan, spore traps are used to monitor the presence of airborne P. cubensis sporangia in cucumber growing regions to guide the initiation of a fungicide program. However, Pseudoperonospora humuli sporangia, the causal agent of downy mildew on hop, are morphologically indistinguishable from P. cubensis sporangia. This morphological similarity reduces the ability to accurately detect P. cubensis from spore trap samples when examined with the aid of light microscopy. To improve P. cubensis detection, we adapted a qPCR-based assay to allow the differentiation between P. cubensis and P. humuli on Burkard spore trap samples collected in the field. Specifically, we evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of P. cubensis detection on Burkard spore trap tapes using a morphological based and qPCR-based identification assay and determined whether sporangia of P. cubensis and P. humuli on Burkard samples could be distinguished using qPCR. We found that the qPCR assay was able to detect a single sporangium of each species on spore trap samples collected in the field with Cq values below 35.5. The qPCR assay also allowed the detection of P. cubensis and P. humuli in samples containing sporangia from both species. However, the number of sporangia quantified using light microscopy explained only 54% and 10% of the variation in the Cq values of P. cubensis and P. humuli, respectively, suggesting a limited capacity of the qPCR assay for the absolute quantification of sporangia in field samples. After two years of monitoring using Burkard spore traps coupled with the qPCR in cucumber fields, P. humuli sporangia were detected more frequently than P. cubensis early in the growing season (May and June). P. cubensis sporangia were detected approximately 5 -10 days before cucurbit downy mildew symptoms were first observed in cucumber fields during both years. This research describes an improved sporangial detection system that is key for the monitoring and management of P. cubensis in Michigan.
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Holb, I. J., Rózsa A., and Abonyi F. "Ascospore dispersal of Venturia inaequalis and subsequent development of scab symptoms in a Hungarian organic apple orchard." International Journal of Horticultural Science 20, no. 1-2 (April 22, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/20/1-2/1114.
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In this study, we aimed to study ascospore dispersal of Venturia inaequalis and subsequent disease development in an organic apple orchard (Eperjeske) in 2012 and 2013 on apple cultiva ’Mutsu). Burkard spore trap in March and April were used to monitior ascospore concentration and number of scab symptoms were assesed 20 May in both years. Three peaks were detected in ascospore dispersal in the period of examination which was clearly related to the Mills infection periods. On the basis of the incubation period’s length in April (15–18 days), the appearance of first symptoms had direct connection with the peak of the ascospore discharge. The largest number of symptoms were observed on those parts of the orchards where where the inoculum sources were accumulated.
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Boakes, Lucy C., Ian R. Patmore, Chiara E. P. Bancone, and Neil L. Rose. "High temporal resolution records of outdoor and indoor airborne microplastics." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, January 4, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24935-0.
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Abstract There is increasing concern regarding airborne microplastics, but to date, studies have typically used coarse interval sampling (a day or longer) to generate deposition and concentration estimates. In this proof-of-concept study, we used a Burkard volumetric spore trap (intake 10 L min−1; recording airborne particulates onto an adhesive-coated tape moving at 2 mm hr−1) to assess whether this approach has potential to record airborne microplastics at an hourly resolution, thereby providing detailed diurnal patterns. Simultaneous sampling at outdoor and indoor locations at rural and urban sites showed clear daily and weekly patterns in microplastic concentrations which may be related to people and vehicle movement. Indoor residential concentrations of suspected microplastics were the highest (reaching hourly concentrations of 40–50 m−3), whilst rural outdoor concentrations were very low (typically 1–2 m−3 h−1). Whilst the approach shows great potential for high resolution data generation, further development is required for spectroscopic analysis and hence chemical confirmation of visual microplastic identification.