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1
Seungmi, Lee, and Maksim Stoyakin. "Funerary and Social Aspects of Koguryo Pottery." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 5 (2019): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-5-87-98.
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Purpose. Previous studies on Koguryo ceramics covered some general information on the archaeological objects found or specific related issues. Our research focuses on the ceramics found only in burials as we aimed at describing typological and technological features of the burial ceramics. The territorial and chronological comparative analysis of the vessels which has been conducted shows the features of each period and region in Koguryo and reveals the development of social background in this state. Results. The burial ceramics analyzed consists of 183 vessels which are divided into 22 types. According to the concentration of burials with ceramics, we identified 4 big areas along major river basins, which are administratively related to modern Liaoning and Jilin provinces of China, North and South Korea. Analysis of the spatial factor of burial ceramics shows that the largest variety of types was found in the Yalu River region, with the next Pyongyang area. This was due to the central location of these territories in Koguryo, which used to be the capital of the state for several centuries. By contrast, there are only few types and samples of funerary ceramics found in the Hun River and Imjin River basin. Most likely, it is due to the fact that they were provinces or suburbs with a political and economic system that was not considered safe yet. Our research shows territorial preferences in using certain types of burial pottery, which was classified according to its characteristics and features. Conclusion. Koguryo’s burial ceramics is divided into storage vessels and cooking vessels, and together they symbolically generalize the concept of “food.” We concluded that the concept of food in the Otherworld was important for the ancient Korean population. We also confirmed that after the 4th AD ceramic replicas of household items and glazed ceramics began to be buried in Koguryo tombs. It was closely related to the introduction of a new burial type in Koguryo.
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Moonakal, Nadeem Ahmed, and Matthew Ryan Sparks. "The Politics of Islamic Death Rituals in the COVID-19 Era." Anthropology of the Middle East 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ame.2022.170102.
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Throughout the Islamic world, the era of COVID-19 has witnessed controversial changes to highly ritualised traditional Islamic funeral rites. To combat the pandemic in Egypt, the government and Al-Azhar implemented restrictions surrounding group prayer and burial which many Egyptians viewed as impinging on their religious duties as well as on their ability to mourn. Utilising participant observation, interviews, and deductive research, this article explores the social and anthropological ramifications involved in the modification of traditional Islamic burial rituals in the era of COVID-19 and the negotiations involved amongst different actors, looking specifically at cases in Egypt.
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Mozas-Calvache, Antonio Tomás, José Luis Pérez-García, and José Miguel Gómez-López. "Geometrical study of Middle Kingdom funerary complexes in Qubbet el-Hawa (Aswan, Egypt) based on 3D models." Virtual Archaeology Review 14, no. 28 (November 3, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2023.18418.
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Highlights: A new methodology is presented to develop geometrical analysis of burial structures based on 3D models. The methodology has been applied to three contiguous burial structures (hypogea), allowing the researchers to analyse some constructive aspects such as dimensions, proportions, orientations, flatness and inclinations. Results have demonstrated the advanced skills achieved by ancient Egyptians in construction techniques. Abstract: This study describes the methodology developed and the main results obtained when analysing the geometrical behavior of three adjacent burial structures located in southern Egypt. The rock-cut tombs are composed of complex geometries such as halls, corridors, chambers and vertical shafts. Among other determining aspects, this complexity greatly conditioned the data acquisition and processing work. In this context, the main objective of this study was to develop a new methodology for obtaining geomatic products that support a complete geometrical analysis of the tombs. The researchers have used photogrammetric and laser scanning surveys to obtain accurate 3D models on a common reference system. The procedure used included obtaining several secondary products, such as several geometries (planes and cylinders) fitted from point clouds or plans and sections obtained from the 3D models. The geometric analysis has included several aspects: dimensions, proportions, orientations, wall flatness, inclinations, etc., and it is based on these products. The results obtained suggest and confirm several hypotheses about the constructive aspects of these hypogea based on a large amount of data, including the determination of a proportional canon used by the ancient Egyptians to plan and perform the excavation works of each funerary structure. The application of this methodology has demonstrated that this type of analysis is viable to unveil some important aspects of these structures and the constructive procedures carried out almost four millennia ago.
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Sherkova, T. "Traditions and Innovations in Funeral Rites for the Social Elite in Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/69/42.
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Elite necropolises are the most important sources for studying the process of the formation of early states. In Ancient Egypt, this process took place over a long period of development of the sedentary culture Naqada, which developed in the 4th millennium BC, from its early phases to the final stages, when the political unification of Egypt took shape. Analysis of the burial architecture of elite burials from Hierakonpolis and Abydos, iconography, motifs and images depicted on ritual objects from tombs of the Late Dynastic and Early Dynastic times continue the scenes of hunting and battles characteristic of the earlier phases of the Naqada culture. However, their style is changing. The motives associated with the king as the protector of society, a successful warrior responsible for the stability and prosperity of Egypt come to the fore. Traditions and innovations, being oppositions, nevertheless work in an integral field, a kind of cultural and historical unity. And in terms of the socio-cultural development of Egypt, the elite necropolises of the Predynastic and Early dynastic periods provide extremely important and objective information about the formation of the first state in Egypt.
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Park, Ju-Young. "A Review of the Gangshang and Loushang : Korean Bronze Age Burial Aspects and its Implications for Social Differentiation Studies." Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 38 (June 30, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20292/jcich.2022.38.1.
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Looking back on Gangshang (崗上) and Loushang (樓上), it was recognized that the social difference character that had been developed had been accepted without any major opposition or new repercussions. However, since this is an issue in studies of all tombs, including stone mound tombs, it is decided that there should be an opportunity for improvement.
In the process, social differentiation studies state that the conformity of burial aspects to ‘the contexts of a death’ could be a problem. Thus, this study introduced and analyzed the burial styles of stone mound tombs in the Lianan area. In addition, this research clarified the issue of the sacrificial burial, which was raised in a debate over social formation in the North Korean academic community, as well as the refutation of the theory of the sacrificial burial in the South Korean academic community and views on the status of the buried people.
Next, this study highlighted that it would be required to investigate numerous options, to highlight the current studies of Korean bronze age social differentiation's conflicting condition, and to seek answers. Rather than assuming the tombs as the cemetery for communities of kinship or generation, a new concept of stone mound tombs in Gangshang and Loushang was developed due to the incompatibility between the circumstances of death and the burial aspects.
Gangshang and Loushang were brought up and reexamined because there are comprehensive morphological variations-the scale, structure, and refinement of the tomb, labor force investment, and buried relics-funeral practices, and information form the human remains . Hopefully, better alternatives can be presented through a lot of discussions, going back to the situations of burials.
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El Sayad, Samar, and Ahmed Diab. "Bank Employee Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices: Evidence from Egypt." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031862.
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This study examined bank employee perceptions regarding corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices in Egypt as a developing country. In particular, it explored bank employee perceptions towards the CSR aspects on which banks should focus. It also investigated whether factors such as bank type (i.e., public or private), employee age, experience, job position, and number of CSR training programs undertaken can affect this perception. Data were gathered through a questionnaire distributed to both public and private bank employees. The final sample consisted of 127 employees. SPSS was used to analyse the data. We found that bank employees placed different importance on the CSR aspects on which banks should focus. In particular, they prioritized employment and workplace-related aspects such as operational efficiency, financial literacy, equal employment opportunities, and workplace safety. In contrast, they placed less emphasis on environment-related aspects such as greenhouse gas emission and energy consumption. We also found that bank type, age, employee experience, job position, and number of CSR training programs undertaken could affect the perceptions of bank employees regarding the CSR aspects on which banks should focus. While there is a growing stream of research on CSR, prior research lacks CSR practices in developing markets, especially in the banking sector. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to look at the importance and priorities of CSR aspects in Egypt—one of the fastest-growing economies in the developing world. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers and regulators in Egypt such as the Central Bank of Egypt and the Egyptian Banking Institute are advised to request banks to pay more attention to environmental-related aspects of CSR to keep pace with Egypt 2030 vision and develop an action plan that helps increase bank employee awareness regarding the importance of CSR practices and engage employees further in developing their banks’ sustainability strategy.
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Warburg, Gabriel R. "Some Social and Economic Aspects of Turco-Egyptian Rule in the Sudan." Belleten 53, no. 207-208 (August 1, 1989): 769–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.1989.769.
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Between 1821 and 1885 most of the area constituting the present Sudan came under Turko-Egyptian rule. The annexation of the Sudan to Egypt was undertaken in 1820-1 by Muhammad 'Ali, the Ottoman Wali of Egypt, and was completed under his grandson, the Khedive Isma'il, who extended this rule to the Great Lakes in the south and to Bahr al-Ghazal and Darfur in the west. In the history of the Sudan, this period became known as the (first) Turkiyya. The term Turkiyya is not really arbitrary since Egypt was itself an Ottoman province, ruled by an Ottoman (Albanian) dynasty. Moreover, most of the high officials and army officers serving in the Sudan were of Ottoman rather than Egyptian origin.
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Ward, Cheryl. "Boat-building and its social context in early Egypt: interpretations from the First Dynasty boat-grave cemetery at Abydos." Antiquity 80, no. 307 (March 1, 2006): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00093303.
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The boat-grave cemetery at Abydos has provided the world's oldest sewn planked hulls, and vivid evidence for the way early Egyptian wooden boats were built. As well as sailing on the Nile, they were designed to be dismantled for carriage over land to the Red Sea. By the mid-fourth millennium BC the ship was a major technical force in the Egyptian political economy as well as an iconic force in ceremonial burial.
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Hwang, Chul-Joo. "Burial Customs and Social Aspects of the Neolithic Period in Far East Asia Adjacent to the East Sea." KOREA NEOLITHIC RESEARCH SOCIETY 43 (June 30, 2022): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35186/jkns.2022.43.1.
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Tombs, the resting places of the dead, are significant sites that reflect the wealth, power, religious beliefs, ideas, and events of the people related to life and death at the time. From this perspective, this study examined Neolithic burial remains in the Maritime Territory(Primorsky Kray), Sanjiang Plain (Lake Xingkai; Khanka), and the east coast area of the Korean Peninsula, and then inferred social aspects for each site and region.
First, it is estimated that in the remains of Maritime Territory and the Lake Xingkai basin, an afterlife worldview that was more faithful to human or group norms than nature was established, whereas, in the Korean Peninsula, a notion that valued nature, especially the sea, was formed. In addition, the burial remains generally fulfilled functions such as marking territory, creating a sanctuary, and maintaining the unity and identity of the community, but it is considered that in the northeastern region, they were focused on remembrance and worship for ancestors, whereas in the Korean peninsula, an emphasis was put on worship for or praying for good luck to the living base (the sea). It is likely that each group had evolved a similar but different aspect depending on the situation and adaptation process they were in.
Next, in the society at that time, it seems that roles were divided between men and women or between members, and a group or community was led by a person or people who had the upper hand in a specific ability or blood relationship, in a relatively equal structure without a hierarchy.
Finally, the burial remains from the early phase to the first phase in the Neolithic period in Far East Asia adjacent to the East Sea are judged to be the outcome of the acceptance and change of the burial customs of the previous period according to the circumstances of each group, with the establishment of the tradition of Northeast Asian flat-bottomed pottery with pressed patterns and raised patterns.
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Blin, Arnaud. "Mortuary Practices as Evidence of Social Organization in the Neolithic Hypogea of the Paris Basin." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 4 (2015): 580–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957115y.0000000005.
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One hundred and sixty hypogea have been discovered in the Paris Basin, concentrated in the south-west part of the Marne department. Radiocarbon dates and archaeological artefacts indicate their construction and use were a phenomenon limited to the Late Neolithic 2, currently estimated as 3350–3000 cal BC. Re-examination of the human skeletal remains, notably those from Les Mournouards II, enables us to improve our understanding of the practices involved in these collective burials, particularly aspects of individual selection and distribution. Age, sex, and social status determined the burial location between and within the artificial caves. Burial positions characterized two groups of hypogea. However, in both groups, most female individuals were buried along the left wall of the monuments, on the same side as the collective grave goods and carved female figures sometimes discovered in the anterooms. The nature and distribution of personal material reflect the existence of particular statuses for some individuals. The burial principles reveal a relative conservatism guaranteeing distinction between individuals of different lifetime statuses. Several competing strategies sought to preserve, in death, this social order. The mortuary practices, then, reflect a codified social organization for a Paris Basin group of the later fourth millennium BC and a burial practice that was less ‘collective’ than might have been imagined.
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Wiradnyana, Ketut. "Wadah dan Tanda Kubur, Sebuah Simbol dalam Tradisi Megalitik Masyarakat Nias Selatan." Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 12, no. 24 (January 7, 2018): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/bas.v12i24.217.
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AbstractIn relation to death, the burial is one of the procession of the human life cycle for every culture. Therefore, the procession of death have a very important role with the special treatment of the deceased. In relation to social life, the various aspects raised is a sign of the importance of the procession meant. To understand the various social aspects can be observed presumably conceived through the symbols on coffin and grave mark.
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Jamilah, Lila, I. Wayan Srijaya, and Rochtri Agung Bawono. "Sistem Penguburan di Situs Doro Mpana, Dompu, Nusa Tenggara Barat." Humanis 26, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2022.v26.i01.p12.
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In the Neolithic Period, megalithic cultures emerged that worshiped ancestral spirits, because they were considered to provide welfare and protection to the living. One of the community's activities is the burial of corpses which produces different forms of megalithic buildings. One of the cultural products of the Megalithic tradition is the Doro Mpana site. The excavation findings from 2018 to 2019 were in the form of pottery fragments, ceramic fragments, Dimpa stones, stone artifacts, fragmentary skeletons (skulls, bones and human teeth), and metal objects. The purpose of this study is to understand the burial system and the aspects behind it using religious theory and social stratification theory. Data collection methods consist of observation, interview, literature study, and documentation techniques. Typological, Contextual, Comparative, and Ethnoarcheological analysis methods are also used. The results of this study can reveal the burial system at the Doro Mpana site, namely secondary burial and primary burial carried out in a sitting/folded posture with an orientation (original home of forefather) and a supine position with an orientation (celestial orientation) and accompanied by grave provisions.
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Eldomiaty, Tarek, Ahmad Soliman, Ahmed Fikri, and Marwa Anis. "The financial aspects of the Corporate Responsibility Index in Egypt." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 284–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-06-2014-0118.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the financial aspects of high vs low-ranked firms in the Corporate Responsibility Index in Egypt, and to construct a Z-score model to discriminate between high- and low-ranked firms in the Corporate Responsibility Index. Design/methodology/approach – This study empirically examines a comprehensive list of financial ratios for 24 firms listed in EGX30 for four fiscal years, 2007-2010. The authors calculate 90 financial ratios to provide better insights and evaluation of the firms’ financial performance. The ordinary least square regression method and discriminant analysis are utilized to explain differences between the low- and high-ranked firms regarding their corporate social governance index. Findings – The results show that corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are positively related to the firms’ financial performance in terms of sales turnover and customer loyalty. This suggests that in the long run, the market mechanism should be able to provide additional resources to those companies that are better at maximizing a widely defined bottom line of their social governance. The results also show that highly ranked firms are characterized financially by: strong bargaining power with suppliers; financing growth in fixed assets using debt mainly. Originality/value – The study contributes to the literature in terms of providing practical insights on the financial strategies that help support effective CG and CSR in Egypt. In addition, this study offers a unique quantitative attempt to measure and examine the benefits of incorporation of socioeconomics into business practices.
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Myshkin, Vladimir Nikolaevich. "The barrow 21 of the burial ground Filippovka I: items of horse equipment and date of the complex." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201873221.
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This article deals with equestrian ammunition items found near the burial mound of the 21 Filipovka I burial ground in the Orenburg region in order to establish the time of construction of this burial mound. The burial mound Filippovka I was a necropolis of the social elite of nomads who inhabited the steppes of the Southern Urals in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The richness of the funerary inventory and the complexity of the ritual actions performed during the erection of the burial mounds make it possible to study many aspects of the history and culture of these tribes. This determines the importance of a comprehensive study of the materials of this burial ground. Equipping a horse includes four bronze objects: two bridle plaques, check-piece and headband decoration bridle were found around the barrow 21 Filippovka I burial ground. Some of these items have close analogies among the details of equine ammunition from the Scythian monuments of the Black Sea North Littoral, dated by import items. The analogies that exist among the Scythian antiquities allow us to date the burial mound of the burial ground of Filippovka I during the time of the 4th century BC. The presence of such things as a headband in the form of a griffin head and a bridle plaque in the form of a wolf's head fixes the existence of the cultural interaction of nomads who left the burial ground of Filippovka I with the western Scythian world of the Northern Black Sea Coast
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Sherkova, T. "Ancient Egypt Focuses on “Cultural Memory”." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/56/49.
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The existence of culture is impossible without memory as a supra-individual intellectual and communicative system in synchronous and diachronic dimensions. From semiotics in pre-written (as in unwritten) cultures, all facts, phenomena, events, objects, etc., are natural and cultural texts, as they contain information encrypted in image-symbolic language, which explains the mythological consciousness of the cultures of antiquity. In this context, this article examines the forms of keeping in the collective memory of the basic spiritual values of the culture. The basis of myth-religious ideas was the idea of returning to the origins, of the great-time creation of the world. This sacred time was repeated in rituals, cementing the identity of the population of ancient Egyptian culture through centuries and millennia. The main channels of cultural memory keeping were temples and texts and rituals. The king responsible for the prosperity of society played a key role. The cult of the ruling and deceased king had a cosmogony basis. The notions of the cyclical movement of time, the victory of order over chaos were reflected at all levels and spheres of society. The central model of an orderly world with a dedicated core was a model for social structure, temple buildings, burial complexes of elite necropolises, rites, compositions on ritual objects. Cultural memory kept ancient symbols, placing them in the contexts of subsequent eras, as a reminder of the ancient, eternal foundations of culture.
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Schreiber, Finn. "Social and chronological aspects of the Late Bronze age burial site of Kokcha 3 (Uzbekistan)." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 44 (August 2022): 103508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103508.
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Seregin, N. N., and N. F. Stepanova. "Early Medieval Single Burial with Horse Equipment from Northern Altai." Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0642-0649.
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The article presents the publication and diverse interpretation of materials from the excavations of grave 24 of the Gorny-10 necropolis. This site located in the Krasnogorsk District of the Altai Territory was investigated in 2000-2003. Currently, it may be considered as a basic complex for the study ofvarious aspects of the history of population of southwestern Siberia of the early Medieval Ages. The published complex is a single burial of an adult male with a fairly representative set of items, including weapons, jewelry and costume elements, as well as horse equipment. The analysis of the finds and their comparison with known materials from the sites of Northern and Central Asia made it possible to date the burial to the 7th century AD. The revealed set of items testifies to the rather high lifetime status of the deceased person. It was found that a similar situation is generally characteristic of single burials in the region of the Great Migration period and the beginning of the early Middle Ages, some of which reflected the peculiarities of the material culture of the social elite. There are grounds for asserting that elements of horse equipment, and not only rare toreutics (bridle decorations), but also standard functional items, were social markers of various levels in the ritual practice of the population of the forest-steppe Altai of the period under consideration. Further systematic analysis of materials from already known sites as well as expanding the available data through excavations will allow for a more detailed consideration of various aspects of the social history of population of the southwestern Siberia.
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Bolnick, Deborah A., and David Glenn Smith. "Migration and Social Structure among the Hopewell: Evidence from Ancient DNA." American Antiquity 72, no. 4 (October 2007): 627–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25470437.
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For more than a century, archaeologists have studied the cultural and skeletal remains of the prehistoric Native Americans known as the “Hopewell Moundbuilders.” While many aspects of the Hopewell phenomenon are now well understood, questions still remain about the genetic makeup, burial practices, and social structure of Hopewell communities. To help answer these questions, we extracted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the skeletal remains of 39 individuals buried at the Pete Klunk Mound Group in Illinois. The pattern of mtDNA variation at this site suggests that matrilineal relationships did not strongly influence burial practices. Because different forms of mortuary activity were not associated with distinct genetic lineages, this study provides no evidence of a maternally inherited or ascribed status system in this society. The genetic data collected here also help clarify another aspect of Illinois Hopewell social structure by suggesting a matrilocal system of post-marital residence. Finally, when these data were considered in conjunction with mtDNA data previously collected from the Hopewell Mound Group in Ohio (Mills 2003), they demonstrated that migration and gene flow did accompany the cultural exchange between Hopewell communities in the Illinois and Ohio Valleys.
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Chen, Zui. "A Comparative Study on the Burial Customs and Related Social Phenomena of the Xiaoheyan Culture and Surrounding Culture." KOREA NEOLITHIC RESEARCH SOCIETY 43 (June 30, 2022): 87–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.35186/jkns.2022.43.87.
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The Xiaoheyan Culture, the Xueshan Phase I Culture and the Nanbaoligaotu Type, as three adjacently distributed Neolithic archaeological cultures, share similar ages and pottery characteristics, with excavated relics focusing on tombs. Based on the collation of the burial materials, this paper makes a transverse comparison of the burial customs and related social phenomena between the Xiaoheyan Culture and the two surrounding cultures. Through comparison, we find that the commonness between the Xiaoheyan Culture and the Nanbaoligaotu Type tombs is reflected in the abstract spiritual connotation, while the commonness between the Xiaoheyan Culture and the Xueshan Phase I Culture is mainly reflected in the material existence of the appearance seen in archaeological excavation. The commonness in these two aspects is related to the worship concept tradition and spiritual and cultural strength of the special way of fishing and hunting, the interactive dissemination of culture and the movement and migration of people.
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Chen, Zui. "A Comparative Study on the Burial Customs and Related Social Phenomena of the Xiaoheyan Culture and Surrounding Culture." KOREA NEOLITHIC RESEARCH SOCIETY 43 (June 30, 2022): 143–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35186/jkns.2022.43.143.
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The Xiaoheyan Culture, the Xueshan Phase I Culture and the Nanbaoligaotu Type, as three adjacently distributed Neolithic archaeological cultures, share similar ages and pottery characteristics, with excavated relics focusing on tombs. Based on the collation of the burial materials, this paper makes a transverse comparison of the burial customs and related social phenomena between the Xiaoheyan Culture and the two surrounding cultures. Through comparison, we find that the commonness between the Xiaoheyan Culture and the Nanbaoligaotu Type tombs is reflected in the abstract spiritual connotation, while the commonness between the Xiaoheyan Culture and the Xueshan Phase I Culture is mainly reflected in the material existence of the appearance seen in archaeological excavation. The commonness in these two aspects is related to the worship concept tradition and spiritual and cultural strength of the special way of fishing and hunting, the interactive dissemination of culture and the movement and migration of people.
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Lloyd-Smith, Lindsay. "The West Mouth Neolithic Cemetery, Niah Cave, Sarawak." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (October 8, 2013): 105–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.5.
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Excavations between 1954 and 1967 in the West Mouth, Niah Cave (Sarawak) uncovered the largest Neolithic cemetery in South-east Asia with over 150 burials. Subsequent work at the site in the 1970s and most recently by the Niah Caves Project (2000–2004) brought the total to 170, comprising 89 primary burials and 79 secondary burials, and two ‘multiple’ burials. The size of cemetery and the scale of the archaeological data are unprecedented in South-east Asian Neolithic archaeology and offer a unique opportunity to investigate the cemetery's origins, development, and history in detail. Analysis of the demographic structure of discrete spatial burial groups within the cemetery and their short term burial sequences are combined to interpret the history of changing burial practice in terms of different social/settlement groups using the cave as a communal place of burial. A new suite of radiocarbon dates are used to date the West Mouth Neolithic cemetery to between 1500 and 200bc. Six phases of burial are defined and the associated transitions of ritual practices are discussed. In particular, a transition from primary to secondary burial occurred aroundc.1000bc, which subsequently intensified into the practice of cremation. This process was likely associated/fuelled by an intensification of economic activity to support more elaborate secondary burial funerals. Two further cycles of primary and secondary burial followed, before the main cemetery ceasedc.200bc. A Post-Neolithic phase of possibly 14 burials (five primary flexed burials and nine secondary burials) is proposed to follow, which while continuing aspects of Neolithic mortuary behaviour, is considered on isotopic data to represent a group of hunter-gatherers living in a closed-canopy environment
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Bazaraitė, Eglė, and Teresa Heitor. "Comparative Study of Christian and Pagan Burial Constructions." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2013.51.
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This paper draws a chronological timeline comparing burial customs and construction traditions in the cradle of Christian religion, and pagan traditions on the Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, precisely Lithuania, since the early ages of Christianity (1c. A.D.) until nowadays. This paper searches for reasons that could have effected cultural transformations, a shifting relation between inhumation and incineration in European culture. In the Ancient Roman culture, people used to cremate their dead before Christianity set in. Baltic pagans at the time were burying their dead in stone circles, and started incineration only during the Middle Ages. Then Christianity was a powerful institution indoctrinating European daily culture. Meanwhile, in the territory of Lithuania pagan culture was erased only in the 15th century, i.e. about 600 years ago, leaving evident vestiges on traditions and customs of nowadays. These revelations of pagan culture are usually mistaken as Christian or Catholic. The paper focuses on architectural and urban aspects of burial architecture, taking into account social and historical conditions.
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Shaw, Brent D. "Seasons of Death: Aspects of Mortality in Imperial Rome." Journal of Roman Studies 86 (November 1996): 100–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/300425.
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Within the last decade significant advances have been made towards a better understanding of the fundamental demographic regimes that characterized the Mediterranean world of Graeco-Roman Antiquity. Coincident with this improvement in our knowledge has come a renewed interest in the rituals and cultural practices associated with death and burial in the societies that were part of the Roman Empire. These divergent interests are reflected in two distinct approaches to the analysis of death in Roman society. The cultural method, which finds significance in reading the quality of a given death and burial, has tended to concentrate on eliciting connections between the archaeological remains of burial, the ritualistic celebration of death, and the social values of the living. The other approach to the phenomenon of death is more directly concerned with the crude biological facts of life and death: the historical demography of human mortality that has emphasized the analysis of quantitative data. In almost any consideration of death, however, the two approaches are pragmatically inseparable. This interdependence of the evaluative and quantitative aspects of death is apparent from the fact that it was a dramatic shift in cultural values that produced the consciousness and the recording of the temporal ‘quantity’ that made the writing of this study possible. What I propose to do is to track the seasonal variations of mortality in Roman society. Pronounced seasonal fluctuations in the demographics of any given human population are one of the most fundamental and enduring aspects of its characteristic profile. This applies not only to crudely biological processes such as birth and death, but also to practices, like marriage, that are apparently culturally driven. These annual oscillations rarely alter very much over the long term; they are one of the ‘deep structures’ that identify the main environmental and cultural factors that form a given population. As such, they mirror the interplay between the bare biological forces and the human decisions that give any population its peculiar shape. The delineation of a central diagnostic feature of a given population, in this case that of a vanished population of one and a half millennia ago, is something that will enable us better to understand its basic demographic structure.
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Barak, On. "Archives and/as battlefields: Political aspects of historiographic revision." Memory Studies 12, no. 3 (June 2019): 266–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750698019836188.
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For a short window of time between the deposition of Hosni Mubarak and the resumption of authoritarianism, Egyptian archives have become turbulent arenas in the struggle for governmental transparency and for democratic politics. This essay examines how attempting to access historical records pertaining to the Arab-Israeli 1973 war—arguably the most significant event reinforcing the reign of the Free Officers and their acolytes and a moment that encapsulates for many Egyptians “history” in a broader sense—became an important frontier in this struggle. After the war, various arenas in Egypt became lieus of war commemoration: not milieus that allowed a meaningful and agentive engagement with history, but sites that affixed a rigid, impoverished, and impoverishing understanding thereof. In postbellum Egypt, and much more so after 2011, contention revolved around transforming such sites into more open-ended environments.
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Harrington, Sue, Stuart Brookes, Sarah Semple, and Andrew Millard. "Theatres of Closure: Process and Performance in Inhumation Burial Rites in Early Medieval Britain." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 3 (June 4, 2020): 389–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774320000050.
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Inhumation burials are recorded in Britain and Europe during excavations in a standardized way, especially graves of early medieval date. Just a limited number of attributes are usually foregrounded and these mainly concern skeletal identification, the grave plan and, when a burial is furnished, a list of objects, particularly metalwork, as well as occasional reference to burial structures, if present. In this paper, we argue that concealed within these recorded details are attributes that often receive little attention, but which can provide evidence for community investment in the individual funerary rite. These include grave orientation, grave morphology, the body position and the empty spaces in the grave, as well as categories of material culture. We argue here that these factors enable us to define communal burial profiles and can facilitate the identification of group perceptions and actions in dealing with death. By capitalizing on these additional aspects of funerary ritual, archaeologists can move away from a general dependency on well-furnished burials as the main stepping-off point for discussion of social and cultural issues. This has particular relevance for regions where unfurnished burial rites are the norm and where furnished rites do not rely on a wealth of metalwork.
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Stilt, Kristen A. "Constitutional Innovation and Animal Protection in Egypt." Law & Social Inquiry 43, no. 04 (2018): 1364–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12312.
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This article examines constitutional innovation through the case study of the emergence of animal protection in Egypt's 2014 Constitution. Egypt's provision, which is a state obligation to provide al-rifq bi-l-hayawan (kindness to animals), was adopted in Article 45 as part of the country's second constitution following the 2011 revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Three aspects proved crucial to the adoption of the provision: a decision by animal protection activists to influence the constitutional process; the ability of citizens to convey their ideas to the constitutional drafters, albeit in a limited way; and, most importantly, the use of frame bridging. The activists and then the constitutional drafters presented the new cause of constitutional animal protection in terms of well-established areas of social, and constitutional, concern in the country, including Islamic law, women's rights, human rights, and the protection of the environment.
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Seda, Amr, and Mamdouh Ismail. "Challenges facing social entrepreneurship." Review of Economics and Political Science 5, no. 2 (October 18, 2019): 162–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/reps-03-2019-0036.
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Purpose Although there are over 55,000 social enterprises operating in Egypt, the social entrepreneurship field is still failing to create the desired social change. This paper aims to explore the challenges faced by the field with a special focus on government related challenges as well as offer a set of recommendations to the Egyptian government to enhance the field. Design/methodology/approach The research was carried out in two phases; reviewing the literature around the topic through a secondary research followed by an empirical research interviewing four social enterprises, the ministry of social solidarity and experts in the field of social entrepreneurship. Findings The paper arrived to several challenges and they were organized into three main themes: challenges related to policy-making and other legal aspects; challenges related to institutional and operational support; and challenges related to social, educational and cultural awareness of the field and its ecosystem. The paper also came up with a set of nine recommendations directed to the Egyptian Government. Originality/value The originality and value of this research is that it offers first hand viewpoints of the challenges facing the field of social entrepreneurship in Egypt as well as offer practical recommendations to the Egyptian Government to overcome them.
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Karimah Ismail, Napisah, and Wan Kamal Mujani. "FRENCH OCCUPATION OF EGYPT (1798-1801): A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON EXTERNAL FACTORS AND INTERNAL CRISES OF EGYPT." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15864.
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Egypts internal turmoil causing political instability, economic decline and social ruin were among the factors behind foreign power entrance into Egypt. Oppression and government inefficiency as well as decline in several aspects of life gave a true depiction of the ongoing society and administrative system in Egypt. Nevertheless, external factors also played a role in causing Egypt being colonised by foreign power. This article intends to relook into French occupation of Egypt which occurred in 1798 until 1801 by analysing the external factors and internal crises which enticed the arrival of the occupying power. Based on the method of content analysis, observations were made onto primary and secondary sources. Analysed information were classified and reviewed from political, economic and social perspectives. External factors revealed that the occupation by France had links with world superpowers at that time, in particular Britain and the Ottomans in the aspect of political rivalry. Meanwhile, from the aspect of economy, the desire for control of resources and trade route competition were the main agenda behind the conquest of Egypt. From the social aspect, France was seen to yearn for avenging her defeat in the Crusades and freeing Jerusalem from Muslim rule and spreading the civilisation achieved by the West to eastern countries.
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Miniaci, Gianluca. "Multiple Burials in Ancient Societies: Theory and Methods from Egyptian Archaeology." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 29, no. 2 (December 6, 2018): 287–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431800046x.
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The paper aims at providing theoretical models and data interpretation applied to multiple burials. Challenging the current fuzzy definition of multiple burials in ancient societies, the paper proposes a more accurate classification of multiple burials, with particular reference to ancient Egypt funerary culture, based on two main parameters, which may have influenced the association of bodies: p1) architecture; p2) time span, and three flexible sub-parameters that may be used to customize different scenarios, on occasion: sp1) number of deceased; sp2) age of deceased; sp3) nature of death/deposition. The body has been often considered the real ontological centre of the burial itself with all of the other countable objects intended as radiating projections supporting the body-nucleus. The practice of multiple burials disrupts such a perception as it juxtaposes horizontal, multidirectional perspectives: the role of a new body entering among older bodies and objects, and of the multiple bodies and objects themselves. The study of multiple burials, if correctly framed, can lead to insights into different religious, social, and economic reasons behind the mortuary programmes within a society. For instance, sequential multiple burials reinforce the transformation of dead bodies into part of the burial equipment itself, reducing the centrality of the body and disrupting the narrative tied to individual biographies, increasing an ‘artefactual’ perception.
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AlSadaty, Aliaa. "Historic Houses as Pillars of Memory: Cases from Cairo, Egypt." Open House International 43, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2018-b0002.
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The relationship between collective memory and the built environment is a complex relationship. Though the concept of memory is fragile, the maintenance and continuation of urban memory are essential to maintain groups' identities and to support the sense of place and place attachment between community members and the architectural settings they use and/or reside in. Preserving the physical aspects of buildings, spaces and settings that are linked with memory, is important to preserve the memory, however, the mere preservation does not guarantee the continuation of memory. The maintenance and continuation of memory is a process that depends on several factors, where the preservation of the physical aspects is only one among several. This paper aims at a better understanding of the intricate relationship between collective memory and the built environment, focusing on the processes of formation, stimulation and consolidation of memory. The paper sheds the lights on historic houses that are embedded with significant meanings and memories to their social contexts. It claims that historic houses can easily shift from ‘potential cultural memory' to ‘actual cultural memory' that could act as pillars of memory to their surrounding community, if the conservation process is done comprehensively, that is to include not only the physical and spatial aspects of memory but also to tackle the social dimensions of memory as well. The paper is organized into three sections: the first investigates the memory formation process, focusing on the social and the spatial dimension of memory, then the second investigates the possible channels to memory stimulation and consolidation, and finally, as a case study, the third section investigates the memory of two historic houses in Cairo, Egypt. The review of the works undertaken in the two houses highlights the difference and the distance between the concept of restoration and the essence of conservation. Findings yielded that, urban memory is an important aspect of cultural heritage that should to be captured and preserved for current and future generations, an aspect that is missing in local conservation approaches. Moreover, to be maintained, urban memory needs physical, social and moral props.
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Mufid, Moh. "ASPEK SOSIOLOGIS FIKIH IMAM AL-SYAFI’I." Syariah Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran 16, no. 1 (October 10, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/sy.v16i1.1428.
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Products qaul al-qadim law and qaul al-Jadid indicate a change in the product of ijtihad. This paper will address these two problems: How is the social setting ofqaulal-qadim and qaul al-Jadid birth? How is the sociological aspects of the changes of ijtihad al-Shafi'i? The results of this paper show that the social setting that surrounds al-Shafi'i both in Iraq and Egypt, does not affect ijtihad al-Shafi'i methodologically. However, the differences between the circumstances of the Iraq-Egypt potential as new in the spirit of ijtihadqaul al-Jadid by examining the old methods of ijtihad in qaulqadim.
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Sell, Ralph R. "International Affinities in Modern Egypt: Results From a Social Distance Survey of Elite Students." International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, no. 1 (February 1990): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800033183.
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The historical formation, contemporary scope, and future dynamics of national identity remain important concerns in Egyptian scholarship. While many aspects of national identity and the forces that shape it in each generation have been analyzed, a more complete understanding of the results of these often antagonistic influences suffers from the lack of descriptive information.
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Ibrahim, Putri haryati. "Integration of Muslim Cemetery and Recreational Areas: Analysis of Planning Guidelines and Social Aspects." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 5, no. 1 (December 3, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v5i1.1081.
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Recent studies suggested cemetery to be a dual function to accommodate the needs of open spaces that are gradually diminishing. In Malaysia, the Planning Guidelines for Muslim and Non-Muslim Cemetery need to be referred in developing a burial site because a cemetery is an important social infrastructure in the same way to a recreational park. The focus of this research is to analyze the identification of cemetery as an alternative space for social activities that are compatible with the sanctity of Muslim cemetery. This study attempts to reveal how Muslim cemeteries that are often considered as a dead space can be integrated as part of the city's recreational park without marginalizing the spiritual values of the space. The methodology employed comprises of (i) comparative analysis on the contents of the cemetery and recreational planning guidelines, and (ii) site observation of the selected case studies as a mean of data collection. The finding exhibits summative points extracted from both the planning guidelines and the physical elements observed that could transform and revolutionized Muslim cemeteries beyond its norm. This article concludes by providing some recommendations that will help to align the planning and design practice of Muslim cemeteries for future development.
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Oestigaard, Terje. "Cremations as Transformations: When the Dual Cultural Hypothesis was Cremated and Carried Away in Urns." European Journal of Archaeology 2, no. 3 (1999): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.1999.2.3.345.
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A cremation and subsequent burial can be analysed as a set of technological, social and ritual transformations. It consists of three parts: first, the place where the body was burnt or cremated; secondly, the intermediary period in time and space, where the cleaned bones are often transported somewhere else; this interval increases the room for manoeuvre in those aspects which are concerned with the renewal, reorganization and re-legitimization of relations between the living; and, finally, the place where the ashes or the bones were deposited or buried, which may be the same place where the body was cremated, but normally it is not. Thus the urn represents the place where the deceased died, the cremated bones are from the rite of cremation, whereas the burial of the urn and the deposition of undamaged artefacts are from the final burial site, where other rituals were performed by the descendants, relatives and others. The distribution of urns may illuminate the notion that distance has hardly been a barrier and that people from, the ‘northern margins’ have travelled all over Europe from the late Bronze Age to the Viking period. This approach attacks the dual cultural hypothesis and some elements of core–periphery models.
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Gansell, Amy Rebecca. "Identity and Adornment in the Third-millennium bc Mesopotamian ‘Royal Cemetery’ at Ur." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17, no. 1 (January 30, 2007): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774307000042.
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This article presents a study of the deposition of jewellery on bodies in the third-millennium bc Mesopotamian ‘Royal Cemetery’ at Ur. Four assemblages of adornments are identified and evaluated in relation to burial type, gender, age, privilege, and behavioural role. Aspects of the social and ritual identities of the dead are then interpreted through adornment. While the historic definition of the interred community and the precise nature of their practices are open to speculation, this study begins to clarify dynamics of group and individual identity at this site of human sacrifice.
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Ariadi, Adyanti Putri. "SISTEM PENGUBURAN PADA SITUS WARLOKA, MANGGARAI BARAT, FLORES (Burial System on Warloka Site, West Manggarai, Flores)." Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua dan Papua Barat 6, no. 1 (June 3, 2017): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/papua.v6i1.39.
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Research on Site Warloka Flores generate new unique findings, namely the three remaining skeleton in one box archaeological excavation. The findings are interesting, the children have a stock order the tomb as well as the amount is higher than the burial gift adults. Related to these findings, this article will discuss the background of burial and the factors that cause the variation stock tomb Warloka site. The study aims to describe how burial and aspects and their underlying factors that cause the variation stock tomb. Based on the method of excavation was found that the system Warloka burial site indicate the presence of life has settled and the complex structure of society, as well as the pattern keletakan regular stock tomb, indicating the presence of the people who have a regular structure. While the diversity of burial and grave type of provision due to religious factors, social status, and cultural environments.ABSTRAKPenelitian pada Situs Warloka, Flores ini menghasilkan temuan baru yang unik, yaitu tiga sisa rangka manusia dalam satu kotak galian arkeologis. Temuan yang menarik, yakni rangka anak memiliki bekal kubur yang jumlah serta nilainya lebih tinggi daripada bekal kubur orang dewasa. Terkait dengan temuan tersebut, artikel ini akan membahas masalah latar belakang cara penguburan dan faktor yang menyebabkan variasi bekal kubur di situs Warloka. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menjelaskan cara penguburan dan aspek-aspek yang melatarbelakanginya beserta factor-faktor yang menyebabkan variasi bekal kubur. Berdasarkan metode ekskavasi ditemukan bahwa sistem penguburan di Situs Warloka menunjukkan telah adanya kehidupan menetap dan struktur masyarakat yang kompleks, begitu juga dengan pola keletakan bekal kubur yang teratur, menunjukkan adanya struktur masyarakat yang sudah teratur. Sementara keragaman cara penguburan dan jenis bekal kubur disebabkan oleh faktor religi, status sosial, dan lingkungan budaya.
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Mozas-Calvache, A. T., J. L. Pérez-García, J. M. Gómez-López, J. L. Martínez de Dios, and A. Jiménez-Serrano. "3D MODELS OF THE QH31, QH32 AND QH33 TOMBS IN QUBBET EL HAWA (ASWAN, EGYPT)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 14, 2020): 1427–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1427-2020.
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Abstract. This paper describes the methodology employed to obtain 3D models of three funerary complexes (QH31, QH32 and QH33) of the Necropolis of Qubbet el Hawa (Aswan, Egypt) and the main results obtained. These rock-cut tombs are adjacent structures defined by complex geometries such as chambers, corridors and vertical shafts. The main goal of this study was to discover the spatial relationships between them and obtain a complete 3D model. In addition, some models with realistic textures of the burial chambers were demanded in order to analyse archaeological, architectural and geological aspects. The methodology was based on the use of Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Close Range Photogrammetry. In general, both techniques were developed in parallel for each tomb. Some elements presented difficulties because of their reduced dimensions, the presence of vertical falls, some objects stored in the tombs that generated occlusions of some walls, coincidence of other workers, poor illumination conditions, etc. The results included three complete 3D models obtained without texture and some parts of interest obtained with real textures. All models were merged into a global 3D model. The information extracted from this product has helped architects and archaeologists to contrast their premises about the spatial behaviour of the tombs. The results have also allowed the obtaining of the first 3D documentation of these tombs under the same reference system, allowing them to be studied completely. This information is very important for documentation purposes but also to understand the spatial behaviour of these structures and the excavation processes developed by ancient Egyptians 4000 years ago.
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Loktionov, Alexandre Alexandrovich. "May my nose and ears be cut off: Practical and “supra-practical” Aspects of Mutilation in the Egyptian New Kingdom." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 60, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 263–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341426.
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This paper investigates mutilation of the nose and ears in New Kingdom Egypt (c.1550-1070bce). The topic is first contextualised within cross-cultural mutilation research, before discussion shifts to focus more closely on Egypt. The threat of mutilation in oaths is considered, as is the possibility of mutilation not being enforced if such oaths were broken. The paper then investigates the lived experience of mutilation, encompassing both physiological and social impairments. Finally, a ‘supra-practical’ aspect is proposed, considering the esoteric connotations of mutilation, this latter understood as a set of practices including but not confined to actual physical dismemberment.
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Villing, Alexandra. "Wahibreemakhet at Saqqara." Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 145, no. 2 (November 2, 2018): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zaes-2018-0016.
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Summary The case of Wahibreemakhet, son of Alexikles and Zenodote, is the most prominent example for the high status that Greeks – as mercenaries or advisors – could attain in Egypt under the Saite pharaohs. The present article argues that his final resting place should be identified in a tomb at Saqqara that was probably discovered by agents of Giovanni Anastasi in the 1820s and that contained not only Wahibreemakhet’s elaborate stone sarcophagus (now in Leiden), canopic jars (in Stockholm) and shabtis (in various collections), but also a set of limestone tomb reliefs recording spells from the Book of the Dead that are today in the collection of the British Museum and that were once erroneously attributed to ‘Campbell’s tomb’ at Giza. Wahibreemakhet’s rich burial, dating to the decades around 600 BC, and his ranking title ‘Royal Sealer’ illustrate both his social status and his assimilation to Egyptian culture.
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Alwaraky, Mona Abdulmoniem Ahmed. "Identity through Caricature Art in Egypt." Academic Research Community publication 1, no. 1 (September 18, 2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v1i1.135.
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Can a normal individual learn more about a country’s identity through art and rather a type as simple as caricature art? How do identity and caricature art relate to one another? Exhibited art often faces similar questions. The term ‘identity’ mainly refers to a first impression formulated in relation to a nation and is often linked to a piece of land. A complete picture of a nation’s identity cannot be simply formed as involved are components, complexities, and even contradictions. No specific concept is involved or implemented in the process but rather an integrated system of data with physical, psychological, moral, and social aspects along its lines. This system and induced spirit is embodied in the interiors of a place to give a sense of continuity and distinction. In other words, identity separates the physical from the psychological. The concept of identity encompasses a set of symbolic meanings, spiritual and cultural, that is accumulated over time to give a sense of belonging to the individuals living in a certain place. As a result, a sense of loyalty and pride is passed on to the people making them aware of their social environments and cultural rights which could be expressed through caricature art to reflect their experienced identities. Caricature art is a simplified language, usually embodying a scene from public and everyday life, used by a ‘watani’ (Patriotic) individual to express his or her identity within the framework of sarcastic comedy. The identity of the Egyptian is the product of civilized movements by Egyptians through the ages.
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Florea, Eleonora, and Alina Viorela Mocanu. "The Martyr of Copte Art - From the “Chapel of the Exodus” (Philosophical-Social Aspects, Artistic Symbols)." Review of Artistic Education 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rae-2021-0027.
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Abstract In the current situation, when the majority of the planet is urged to tolerate and accept, to promote peace and respect for other people and theyr choices, and culture, our fellow men in Egypt, Coptic Christians are fighting an unprecedented struggle against oppressors who demolish their churches and try to destroy their faith. Although we are far away physically, we cannot remain indifferent to what is happening to the cultural heritage they are trying to keep alive. This article reminds us of the wonderful artistic treasures found in Coptic culture.
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Ismail, ElHassan Reda, Ghada Mohamed El-Mahdy, Ahmed Hussein Ibrahim, and Ahmed Osama Daoud. "Towards automated construction for safe disposal of materials waste in the Egyptian construction industry." E3S Web of Conferences 347 (2022): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234702010.
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The solid waste management (SWM) represents one of the most important challenges worldwide in the current period. Also, it contributes to large negative effect on the three aspects of sustainability which are environmental, social and economic sustainability. Approximately 50% of total annual global generated solid waste (SW) is from construction and demolition waste (CDW). The case of CDW in Egypt has become a major challenge, and Egypt encounters many challenges that obstacle the way for development of efficient SWM especially towards ensuring safe disposal of CDW. This paper aims to investigate: (1) the rising problem related to SW in Egypt showing its main causes; (2) CDW percentages in greater Cairo; (3) the unsafe disposal of CDW waste in Egypt through reviewing most recent research papers; and (4) automation in construction techniques that were previously implemented for better CDW management (CDWM). Findings and recommendations of CDWM improvement in Egypt from this study are expected to encourage research on automated construction technique towards ensuring safe disposal of CDW in Egypt which would be of great effect towards improving sustainability levels in the Egyptian construction sector.
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Marshall, Ronald, and Patsy Sutherland. "The Social Relations of Bereavement in the Caribbean." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 57, no. 1 (August 2008): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.57.1.b.
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The objectives of this article are to discuss the various types of behaviors associated with grief and bereavement, and to examine the relationships, consequences, and outcomes of bereavement practices among the various religious and ethnic groups in the English-speaking Caribbean Islands of Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, and Barbados. The rituals associated with death and grief differs across cultures and is greatly influenced by religious beliefs and traditions. How these rituals are played out depend on the culture of origin and level of acculturation of the various groups into mainstream society. In the Caribbean region, expressions of grief represent religious and cultural traditions that may have a significant impact on social relations, particularly in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. In the English-speaking Caribbean Islands of Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, and Barbados, mourning follows the patterns of traditional religious practices which have remained consistent over time. While families and friends may offer social support before and after burial or cremation, the social aspects of bereavement may also have implications for inter-group relations. Insights into bereavement practices and what it holds for ethnic and religious groups in contemporary Caribbean are presented.
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Makouskaya, V. A. "PROBLEMATIC ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR STUDYING CHILDREN’S GRAVE GOODS OF ANCIENT RUS (IN THE CONTEXT OF SYNCHRONOUS EUROPEAN BURIAL GROUNDS)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 38, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.01.21.
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This paper discusses topical issues and identifies areas of potential future research in the study of children’s grave goods in the Rus period. Contentious topics include the presence, or absence of grave goods in children’s burials, and their significance in the identification social status, gender, and age of the buried individual. Children’s burials from Eastern, Central, and a Western Europe are cited as examples and analogies. The paper establishes that the presence of burial goods depended on the aspects of the culture’s funeral rite, the age of the buried child and the social status of his/her family. Correlation with parental social status is viewed through the inclusion of weaponry in the grave goods assemblage, particularly for young children. The types of weaponry considered in the study includes axes, arrows, spears, javelins and battle knifes from children’s burials in Central and Eastern Europe. Axes are most the common finds in Rus children’s graves with weapons, whereas swords and protective armaments are unknown in Rus children’s burials. Comparison with neighboring Slavic territories showed that the minimum age threshold for Rus children’s burials with weapons is higher — 6 years.
Potential area of further research into the Rus children’s burials with weapons is the correlation between the age of the buried child, the type of weapons included in the burial and the geographical location of the burial. Female jewelry and household items, including temple rings and beads, are occasionally found in children’s burials with grave goods typical of male graves. Such items may be indicative of the buried person dying before reaching social adulthood. Items that may be identified as age markers among the assemblages of children’s grave goods include amulets in the shape of miniature axes, gaming dice from astragali and painted ceramic eggs with ceramic ball inside («pisanki»). These objects are predominantly found in cemeteries with high status Rus burials. The research efforts needs to be directed to the identification of marker artifacts for child burials in rural cemeteries, as well as the identification of female child burials.
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Jyrkiäinen, Senni. "Online Presentation of Gendered Selves among Young Women in Egypt." Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 9, no. 2 (2016): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18739865-00902005.
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Social media and Facebook in particular have become an important arena of social interaction and premarital romance in Egypt. In a society where dating can potentially harm the reputation of young women, a decent public image is considered valuable symbolic capital. This is especially true for brides-to-be. Many university-educated young women have found Facebook useful for impression management. It is necessary for them to mask aspects of their behavior that may be condemned as morally inappropriate and they have thus developed strategies for navigating through certain moral expectations about female sexual purity, virginity and modesty. I define the young women who edit their profiles in order to conform to the prevailing norms of decency, in Goffman’s terms, as ‘cynical performers’. As I show, the embellishment of the self is a pragmatic solution to the problem of coping with existing dating practices and conflicting norms of proper gender interaction, often understood as ‘Islamic’.
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Salem, Sara. "Gramsci in the Postcolony: Hegemony and Anticolonialism in Nasserist Egypt." Theory, Culture & Society 38, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420935178.
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This article traces Gramsci's concept of hegemony as it travels from Southern Italy to Egypt, arguing that the concept ‘stretches’, following Fanon, through an encounter with the nexus of capitalism and (post-)colonialism. I explore a reading of Gramsci's concepts in a postcolonial context, paying special attention to colonialism and anticolonialism as constitutive of the absence or presence of hegemony. Through an exploration of the Nasserist project in Egypt – the only instance of hegemony in modern Egyptian history – I show how colonialism and anticolonialism were central to the formation of Nasserist hegemony. Drawing on Edward Said, I look at two particular aspects of hegemony as a traveling theory to bring to light some theoretical entanglements that arise when Gramsci travels, in turn highlighting the continuing theoretical potential thinking through such entanglements, as well as of thinking with Gramsci in Egypt and the broader postcolonial world.
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Albo, Moshe. "Al-Azhar Sufism in Post-Revolutionary Egypt." Journal of Sufi Studies 1, no. 2 (2012): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105956-12341237.
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Abstract This article examines the intellectual Sufi voice of the late Shaykh al-Azhar, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Maḥmūd (1910–78). Maḥmūd was a devout Sufi and a major propagator of Salafi views in the Egyptian political and social spheres of the 1960s and 1970s. His ideas represented a reassertion of the importance of Islamic law as the basis for the quest for inner spiritual knowing, social activism in the cause of moral reform, and the search for mystical awareness with jurisprudential erudition. His aim was to integrate the exoteric and esoteric aspects of Islam in a way that would strengthen Islamic solidarity in post-revolutionary Egypt. His importance as the head of the religious, theological, and educational center of al-Azhar University and his employment of this post to advance Sufi ideas and beliefs in the public arena through his writings, speeches and fatwas, reveals a multifaceted religious leader who contradicted prevalent dichotomies of much popular writing on Islam and Sufism in the modern era. Maḥmūd’s spiritual belief and his understanding of Islamic jurisprudence complemented each other in a coherent intellectual theory. The combination of jurisprudential thought with a profound spiritual belief was in his eyes natural and necessary in order to promote and revive Islam in post-revolutionary Egypt. This article illuminates another important aspect of Islamic Sufism that challenges the dichotomous patterns that we use in order to interpret the convergence of alleged conflicting religious ideas. It also reveals an important aspect of Islamic Sufism that contributes to a more complex understanding of the institutionalized Islamic voice in post-revolutionary Egypt.
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Hartatik, Hartatik, and Hartatik Hartatik. "MENGHADIRKAN KEMBALI SITUS KUBUR TAJAU DI GUNUNG SELENDANG, SANGASANGA KABUPATEN KUTAI KERTANEGARA REPRESENTING JAR BURIAL SITE IN SELENDANG MOUNTAIN, SANGASANGA DISTRICT KUTAI KERTANEGARA." AMERTA 36, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/amt.v36i1.390.
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Abstract, Representing Jar Burial Site In Selendang Mountain, Sangasanga District Kutai Kertanegara. Jar burial site in Selendang Mountain is one of the unique sites because it is a secondary burial site with 52 tajau containers that cluster tightly and without stock of grave. The radio carbon dating from two bone samples from the jar it is known that this burial originated in the late 17th century (1682-1999). That is appropriate with the relative dating of the Martavan jar and ceramic plate (jar cover) from the Ming Dynasty in 16th - 17th century AD. The human identities are buried in jar known not yet, because limitations of DNA comparing data of the tribes in Kalimantan. What are the important values contained in the jar burial site in Mount Selendang and how can it be understood by the people? This research aims to explain the important value of jar burial sites in Mount Selendang and strategies to presenting the jar burial site in order to be known and understood by the people. This research is a descriptive with inductive reasoning. The primary data used are from Sangasanga jar burial research in 2010 and 2011, reviewing research recommendations and follow-up of those recommendations. The results of the research of jar burial site in Sangasanga expected to be known and provide benefits for the people, as knowledge about the burial system and social aspects of the past religion and history of community life in Sangasanga. Thus will raise an understanding the diversity of society in Sangasanga since since a long time ago until now. Keywords: Jar burial, Kutai, public archeology, museum site, important value Abstrak. Situs Kubur Tajau di Gunung Selendang Sangasanga merupakan salah satu situs yang unik karena merupakan situs penguburan sekunder dengan wadah 52 tajau yang mengelompok rapat dan tanpa bekal kubur. Hasil uji radiokarbon dari dua sampel tulang dari dalam tajau diketahui bahwa kubur ini berasal dari akhir abad ke-17 (tahun 1682 s.d. 1699). Hal tersebut sesuai dengan pertanggalan relatif dari wadah kubur jenis tajau Martavan dan piring keramik (tutup tajau) yang berasal dari masa Dinasti Ming abad 16 – 17 Massehi. Identitas manusia yang dikuburkan dalam tajau belum diketahui karena keterbatasan data pembanding DNA suku-suku di Kalimantan. Nilai penting apa yang terkandung dalam situs kubur tajau di Gunung Selendang dan bagaimana caranya supaya nilai penting itu dapat difahami oleh masyarakat? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan nilai penting situs kubur tajau di Gunung Selendang dan strategi untuk menghadirkan situs kubur tajau tersebut supaya dapat dikenal dan dimaknai oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan penalaran induktif. Data primer yang digunakan berasal dari penelitian kubur tajau Sangasanga tahun 2010 dan 2011, telaah rekomendasi penelitian dan tindak lanjut dari rekomendasi tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian situs kubur tajau Sangasanga diharapkan dapat dikenal dan memberikan manfaat bagi masyarakat,berupa pengetahuan tentang sistem penguburan dan aspek sosial religi masa lalu serta sejarah kehidupan masyarakat Sangasanga. Dengan demikian akan diperoleh pemahaman tentang keberagaman masyarakat di Sangasanga sejak jaman dahulu hingga kini. Kata kunci : Kubur tajau, Kutai, arkeologi publik, museum situs, nilai penting
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Zaki Ewiss, M. A., Fatma Abdelgawad, and Azza Elgendy. "School educational policy in Egypt: societal assessment perspective." Journal of Humanities and Applied Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhass-05-2019-004.
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Purpose Educational policy is crucial to society. Its process is related to political, economic and cultural variables. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of research in the field of applied social sciences, about how educational policies help to achieve societal objectives and welfare. This study aims to assess the concept and features of school education in Egypt during 1990-2017. Design/methodology/approach Secondary data were collected using governmental reports and educational institutional reports and assessed through specialized focus groups. Findings Results showed that, despite the multiplicity of strategies to reform the educational system, achievements and outcomes of educational processes are modest, and the developmental status of Egypt is lower than that of other countries. Studying educational outcomes indicated that school-education suffered from the predominance of quantity over quality and a serious inability to meet requirements of new knowledge era. Originality/value A novel future-oriented proposal for context, ethos and reforming aspects of educational policy will be suggested.
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Pabbajah, M. Taufiq Hidayat, and Mustaqim Pabbajah. "Orientalist Construction on the Existence of Ammiyah Arabic in Egypt in the 20th Century." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 6, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v6i2.1962.
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This study aims to explorehow the Ammiyah language came about in Egypt in the 20th century. It adopted an observational research design. To gather the data, the books and journals covering Orientalism were examined.The study details three of the findings. First, the Ammiyah language differs from the Arabic Fusha in terms of syntax, lexical and phonological characteristics. Second, Ammiyah has often been used in Egypt in familial and social communication. Third, the construction carried out by Orientalists in popularizing the Ammiyah language in order to shift the role of the Arabic Fusha as the language of state administration in Egypt through two aspects. The government orders the writing of books and newspapers in the Ammiyah language using Latin letters, and prohibits the teaching of Fusha language in the school and all activities. Although the Orientalist effort failed because of the opposition from Arab literary groups both Muslim and Christian Arabs, as well as the Al-Azhar and Majma 'Lughah Universities which protected the purity of the Arabic language, there was still a social impact on Egyptian society. The Egyptian society utilizes a number of Ammiyah languages in day-to-day contact.