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1
The social democratic state: The Swedish model and the bureaucratic problem of social reforms. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
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2
Brixiova, Zuzana. Growth slowdown in bureaucratic economic systems: An issue revisited. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, African Department and Policy Development and Review Department, 2001.
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3
Laura, Gaughran, and Weitsman Patricia A, eds. The politics of policy making in defense and foreign affairs: Conceptual models and bureaucratic politics. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1993.
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4
The politics of policy making in defense and foreign affairs: Conceptual models and bureaucratic politics. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1990.
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5
The politics of policy making in defense and foreign affairs: Conceptual models and bureaucratic politics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1987.
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6
Spencer, Barbara J. Quota licenses for imported capital equipment: Could bureaucrats ever do better than the market? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.
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7
Chung, Simone Shu-Yeng, and Mike Douglass, eds. The Hard State, Soft City of Singapore. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729505.
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With Singapore serving as the subject of exploration, The Hard State, Soft City of Singapore explores the purview of imaginative representations of the city. Alongside the physical structures and associated practices that make up our lived environment, and conceptualized space engineered into material form by bureaucrats, experts and commercial interests, a perceptual layer of space is conjured out of people’s everyday life experiences. While such imaginative projections may not be as tangible as its functional designations, they are nonetheless equally vital and palpable. The richness of its inhabitants’ memories, aspirations and meaningful interpretations challenges the reduction of Singapore as a Generic City. Taking the imaginative field as the point of departure, the forms and modes of intellectual and creative articulations of Singapore’s urban condition probe the resilience of cities and the people who reside in them, through the images they convey or evoke as a means for collective expressions of human agency in placemaking.
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Interagency Conflict and United States Intervention Policy: Toward a Bureaucratic Model of Conflict Termination. Storming Media, 1999.
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9
Rothstein, Bo. The Social Democratic State: The Swedish Model and the Bureaucratic Problem of Social Reforms (Pitt Series in Policy and Institutional Studies). University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.
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10
Bo, Rothstein. The Social Democratic State: The Swedish Model and the Bureaucratic Problem of Social Reforms (Pitt Series in Policy and Institutional Studies). University of Pittsburgh Press, 1998.
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11
Ford, Matthew. The Bureaucracy as Battlefield. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190623869.003.0006.
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If science could not be used to come to a resolution as to what weapon system ought to be adopted then selection decisions would have to be taken on other criteria. In this chapter we investigate different ways to explain bureaucratic decision-making as it relates to military innovation. In the process I point out the inadequacies of the Bureaucratic Politics Model for explaining change in the military.
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Brulé, David, and Alex Mintz. Foreign Policy Decision Making: Evolution, Models, and Methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.185.
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Choices made by individuals, small groups, or coalitions representing nation-states result in policies or strategies with international outcomes. Foreign policy decision-making, an approach to international relations, is aimed at studying such decisions. The rational choice model is widely considered to be the paradigmatic approach to the study of international relations and foreign policy. The evolution of the decision-making approach to foreign policy analysis has been punctuated by challenges to rational choice from cognitive psychology and organizational theory. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, scholars began to ponder the deterrence puzzle as they sought to find solutions to the problem of credibility. During this period, cross-disciplinary research on organizational behavior began to specify a model of decision making that contrasted with the rational model. Among these models were the bounded rationality/cybernetic model, organizational politics model, bureaucratic politics model, prospect theory, and poliheuristic theory. Despite these and other advances, the gulf between the rational choice approaches and cognitive psychological approaches appears to have stymied progress in the field of foreign policy decision-making. Scholars working within the cognitivist school should develop theories of decision making that incorporate many of the cognitive conceptual inputs in a logical and coherent framework. They should also pursue a multi-method approach to theory testing using experimental, statistical, and case study methods.
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Colaresi, Michael, and Jude C. Hays. Spatial and Temporal Interdependence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.301.
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Time and space are two dimensions that are likely to provide the paths—either singly or in tandem—by which international policy decisions are interdependent. There are several reasons to expect international relations processes to be interdependent across space, time, or both dimensions. Theoretical approaches such as rational expectations models, bureaucratic models of decision-making, and psychological explanations of international phenomena at least implicitly assume—and in many cases explicitly predict—dependence structures within data. One approach that researchers can use to test whether their international processes of interest are marked by dependence across time, space, or both time and space, is to explicitly model and interpret the hypothesized underlying dependence structures. There are two areas of spatial modeling at the research frontier: spatial models with qualitative and limited dependent variables, an co-evolution models of structure and behavior. These models have theoretical implications that are likely to be useful for international relations research. However, a gap remains between the kinds of empirical models demanded by international relations data and theory and the supply of time series and spatial econometric models that are available to those doing applied research. There is a need to develop appropriate models of temporal and spatial interdependence for qualitative and limited dependent variables, and for better models in which outcomes and structures of interdependence are jointly endogenous.
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Bainbridge, Stephen M. The Board of Directors. Edited by Jeffrey N. Gordon and Wolf-Georg Ringe. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743682.013.20.
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This chapter explores issues relating to the board of directors. Focusing on the formal model of corporate governance, it considers why corporate decisions are made through the exercise of hierarchical corporate authority instead of consensus. Specifically, it examines the survival advantage that a bureaucratic hierarchy confers on a large corporation and which of its constituencies should elect the board. It first outlines the key functions of the board of directors drawing on the unitary and dual board models. It then asks why corporations are run by boards of directors rather than by shareholders or the chief executive officer. It discusses why ownership and control are separated in the corporate form, with special emphasis on the US experience, along with the economic rationale for vesting control in a group rather than in an individual. Finally, it analyses how boards fail and looks at the reforms that have been implemented to improve their performance.
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Gormley, Bill. James Q. Wilson,. Edited by Martin Lodge, Edward C. Page, and Steven J. Balla. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646135.013.2.
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This chapter examines James Q. Wilson’sBureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why they Do it, and compares Wilson’s approach to that of neoclassical economics, paying particular attention to his denunciation of William Niskanen’s “bureaucratic imperialism” hypothesis and his rejection of “principal-agent” models which predict widespread “shirking” by bureaucrats. It discusses his argument that every bureaucracy has a distinctive culture that helps shape the behavior of individual bureaucrats. The chapter explores Wilson’s other views with regards to “capture theory,” accountability, and the ability of markets to promote efficiency and of governments to promote equity. Finally, it evaluates Wilson’s impact on other scholars, emphasizing: his bottom–up approach to studying bureaucracy, organizational culture, his typologies of policy proposals that differ in terms of benefits and costs, and of administrative agencies that differ in terms of outputs and outcomes.
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Bracke, Maud Anne. 1968. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.043.
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Around 1968 communism expanded as a global movement, especially in the developing world, while hitting a crisis of legitimation in Europe. In the Western world the late 1960s saw young people aspiring to revolutionary change that involved both individual liberation and social justice. Generational identity underpinned a revolt against authority, leading to acute political crises in France, Italy, and elsewhere. While presenting opportunities to communist parties, this revolt threatened, from Moscow’s perspective, a dangerous proliferation of ‘heterodox’ Marxist thought. In Eastern Europe rebellious populations in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia demanded greater rights of expression, causing the Soviet Union to intervene militarily in Czechoslovakia. By contrast, Maoism was able to capture the revolutionary, anti-imperialist spirit of the times. Claiming to offer an anti-bureaucratic alternative to the Soviet model, and resituating heroic agency at the heart of communist politics, Maoism appealed to Third World revolutionary leaders and radicals in the West.
17
Hilsman, Roger. Politics Of Policy Making In Defense and Foreign Affairs: Conceptual Models and Bureaucratic Politics. Prentice Hall, 1997.
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18
Hilsman, Roger. Politics Of Policy Making In Defense and Foreign Affairs: Conceptual Models and Bureaucratic Politics. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, 1997.
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19
Weder, Beatrice. Model, Myth, or Miracle: A Reassessment of the Asian Experience. Diane Pub Co, 2003.
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20
Bickford, Tyler. Inappropriate and Inarticulate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190654146.003.0006.
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This chapter examines how interactions using music devices are part of a Ȝchildishȝ expressive tradition that is engaged primarily with the bureaucratic organization of language and communication in school. Music listening, despite being wordless, is an important part of children’s intimate expressive repertoires. I propose understanding these modes of music listening through reference to two master tropes of intimate peer expression in school: inappropriateness and inarticulateness. I consider several examples where music listening practices make clear reference to the bureaucratic context of school to argue that music consumption should be understood as intimately tied up with schooling. Identifying music listening as an element of these interactional and communicative frames grounds popular music listening and consumer culture in everyday expressive practices and provides a key perspective for linking bureaucratic networks of educational institutions to the emerging public presence of children in commercial culture through the everyday activities of children in school.
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Baba, Kenshi, Masahiro Matsuura, Taiko Kudo, Shigeru Watanabe, Shun Kawakubo, Akiko Chujo, Hiroharu Tanaka, and Mitsuru Tanaka. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies of Local Governments in Japan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.597.
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The latest climate change adaptation strategies adopted by local governments in Japan are discussed. A nationwide survey demonstrates several significant findings. While some prefectures and major cities have already begun to prepare adaptation strategies, most municipalities have yet to consider such strategies. This gap must be considered when studying the climate adaptation strategies of local governments in Japan, as municipal governments are crucial to the implementation of climate adaptation strategies due to high diversity in climate impacts and geographical conditions among municipalities within each prefecture in Japan. Key challenges for local governments in preparing adaptation strategies are the lack of expert knowledge and experience in the field of climate change adaptation, and compartmentalization of government bureaus. To address these issues, an interview study of six model prefectures in the SI-CAT (Social Implementation Program on Climate Change Adaptation Technology) project by the MEXT (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) was conducted in order to understand the details of challenges raised by adaptation among local governments in Japan. The survey results reveal that local government officials lack information regarding impact projections and tools for evaluating policy options, even though some of them recognize some of the impacts of climate change on rice crop, vegetable, and fruit production. In addition, different bureaus, such as agriculture, public health, and disaster prevention, focus on different outcomes of climate change due to their different missions. As this is the inherent nature of bureaucratic organizations, a new approach for encouraging collaboration among them is needed. The fact that most of the local governments in Japan have not yet assessed the local impacts of climate change, an effort that would lay the groundwork for preparing adaptation strategies, suggests the importance of cyclical co-design that facilitates the relationship between climatic technology such as climate models and impact assessment and local governments’ needs so that the technology developments clarify the needs of local government, while those needs in turn nurture the seeds of technology.
22
Weder, Beatrice. Model, Myth or Miracle: A Reassessment of the East Asian Experience (United Nations University Press). United Nations University Press, 1999.
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23
Model, Myth, or Miracle?: Reassessing the Role of Governments in the East Asian Experience (Unu Policy Perspectives). United Nations University Press, 1999.
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24
Müller, Wolfgang C. 8. Governments and bureaucracies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the decision-making modes of governments and their capacities to govern, with particular emphasis on bureaucracies that support governments in their tasks of ruling and administrating the country. It first presents the relevant definitions before discussing different modes of government that reflect the internal balance of power: presidential government, cabinet government, prime ministerial government, and ministerial government. It then considers the autonomy of government, especially from political parties and the permanent bureaucracy, along with the political capacity of governments, the relevance of unified vs divided government, majority vs minority government, and single-party vs coalition government. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the bureaucratic capacities of government, focusing on issues such as classic bureaucracy, the politicization of bureaucracies, and New Public Management systems.
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Sundström, Göran. Introduction. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.18.
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This introduction presents four chapters that comprise a discussion of Swedish public administration. The first chapter discusses four characteristics which together form the backbone of what is often referred to as the Swedish administrative model. The second chapter is a study of Swedish administrative reform from the mid-1970s until today. The third chapter discusses Swedish public servants and the question to what extent they are to be considered traditional bureaucrats or “managers” modeled after the private sector; and the final chapter explores the way the Swedish government governs the administration and the challenges that entails, given the organizational complexity of modern states.
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Schramm, Jan-Melissa. The Crimean War and (Self-)Sacrifice in Mid-Victorian Fiction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806516.003.0003.
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Charles Dickens was among those writers who responded to the tragic losses of the Crimean War with renewed attention to the cultural significance of sacrifice. He followed the war effort with care, protesting publicly about the bureaucratic bungling that had cost British lives in Sebastopol. His novels written immediately after the cessation of the war provide us with insight into the aesthetic uses of different models of sacrifice. In Little Dorrit (1856), Dickens explores the vocation of self-sacrifice popularized by feminine service in the war; in A Tale of Two Cities (1859), Dickens depends upon the dynamics of barbaric sacrifice to achieve closure as the Christlike Sidney Carton lays down his life for his brother man on the scaffold. This chapter draws upon the work of the theologians Nancy Jay and Yvonne Sherwood to probe the contradictions inherent in Victorian imaginings of sacrifice—both Protestant and Catholic, male and female.
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Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Results-oriented versus Process-oriented Human Service Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0010.
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This chapter explains the ARC principle of being results oriented versus process oriented. The results-oriented principle requires that human service organizations evaluate performance based on how much the well-being of clients improves. The principle addresses deficits in service caused by the conflicting priority of evaluating performance with process criteria such as the number of clients served, billable service hours, or the extent to which bureaucratic procedures such as the completion of paperwork are followed. Results-oriented organizations are described in detail, including case examples from decades of organizational change efforts by the authors in human service organizations. The chapter documents the importance of results-oriented approaches and underlying implicit beliefs to help the reader understand how mindsets and mental models shared among organizational members influence results-oriented approaches and effectiveness in practice. Supporting research, including feedback and goal-setting research are highlighted.
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Goodstein, Elizabeth S. Displacements on a Pathless Terrain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.003.0010.
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Kafka’s Der Proceß exposes the irrationality generated in and through the (bureaucratic) rationalization of the law. But the text operates as a modernist spectacle, inscribing the reader into the process it describes, by which the self-creation of the social converges with the negation of the subject. It thus presents the seductive possibility of absolutizing K.’s experience—as existentialist paradigm, as apophatic revelation, and as allegory for modernity. But such modes of reading elide the distinctions between judge and victim, witness and bystander, and thereby reify and reinforce the very operations of the law that Kafka dissects. In the author’s own terms, they “belong to the court.” Walter Benjamin’s unfinished encounter with Kafka suggests a strategy of reading that better resists the insidious temptation of submission to the modernist spectacle, which construes a process at once absolute and arbitrary as the modern (subject’s) fate.
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Chen, Ling. Manipulating Globalization. Stanford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503604797.001.0001.
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The era of globalization saw China emerge as the world’s manufacturing titan. However, the “made in China” model—with its reliance on cheap labor and thin profits—has begun to wane. Beginning in the 2000s, the Chinese state shifted from attracting foreign investment to promoting technological competitiveness of domestic firms. This shift, however, caused tensions between winners and losers, leading local bureaucrats to compete for resources in government budget, funding, and tax breaks. While bureaucrats successfully built coalitions to motivate businesses to upgrade in some cities, in others, vested interests within the government deprived businesses of developmental resources and left them in a desperate race to the bottom. In Manipulating Globalization, Ling Chen argues that the roots of coalitional variation lie in the type of foreign firms with which local governments forged alliances. Cities that initially attracted large global firms with a significant share of exports were more likely to experience manipulation from vested interests down the road compared to those that attracted smaller foreign firms. The book develops the argument with in-depth interviews and tests it with quantitative data across hundreds of Chinese cities and thousands of firms. Chen advances a new theory of economic policies in authoritarian regimes and informs debates about the nature of Chinese capitalism. Her findings also shed light on state-led development and coalition formation in other emerging economies that comprise the new “globalized” generation.
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Zehmisch, Philipp. The Politics of Voice and Silence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199469864.003.0010.
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Chapter 8 aims to offer alternative ways to understand the Ranchis’ disenfranchisement by bringing hegemonic modes of explanation in dialogue with silenced subaltern perspectives. The first section examines how prevailing conditions of speech deepened the Ranchis’ exclusion from the lines of social mobility. It demonstrates that the attempts of community leaders, bureaucrats, politicians, NGO workers, and the Catholic Church to include Ranchis into welfare and development programmes largely failed because no appropriate form of communication between subalterns and these hegemonic actors was found. The second part of the chapter shows that the Ranchis’ marginalization must also be regarded as a result of their own forms of silent resistance against state interference. Referring to theories of anarchist anthropology, the author puts forward the argument that the Ranchis’ preference for self-rule has triggered their conscious evasion from interaction with the state.
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Spector, Regine A. Order at the Bazaar. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709326.001.0001.
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Over the past two decades, bazaars mushroomed in the new Central Asian states, where rule-of-law institutions are weak and corruption high. How did bazaars grow and thrive in such an inhospitable context? Order at the Bazaar answers this question through an analysis of bazaars in Kyrgyzstan. They are conceptualized as islands of order within a chaotic national context. The findings demonstrate that those at the bazaar, including traders, private land owners, and municipal officials, create order themselves in the absence of a coherent national government apparatus and bureaucratic state. Drawing on original interviews, archival sources, and participant observation, the book illuminates the changing meanings and practices of older traders at bazaars, including the ways in which they adapted Soviet and pre-Soviet institutions and organizational forms to a new market setting. In these settings, they deliberated and advocated for favorable policies and conditions, mediated disputes, channelled information, and served as role models for traders. The findings have relevance beyond the bazaars and borders of this small country; they illuminate how economic activity can operate in weak rule-of-law contexts, and more specifically how a variety of organizational forms come to constitute the order that underpins new market economies.
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Jorio, Rosa De. The Heritagization of Islamic and Secular Architecture. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040276.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses the challenges encountered by state and quasi-state organizations in transforming some of the Djenné-based sacred sites into public heritage sites. It analyzes the centrality of Sudanese architecture in colonial and postcolonial representations of Mali, including the construction of models of the Great Mosque of Djenné in the context of worldwide expositions featuring Mali's artistic and artisanal products. It highlights some of the additional challenges (and possibilities) opened up by the inscription of the towns of Djenné on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list and Djennenkés' critical perspectives on the criteria and objectives overseeing the management of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Through an analysis grounded in a postcolonial revision of Bennett's exhibitionary complex, the chapter also addresses state and quasi-state attempts to diversify the selection of the cultural patrimony to be restored. It examines the reinvention of the youth house of the Saho, which is being reconceived in bureaucratic reports and the media as an example of Mal's secular patrimony. Such transformations in state narratives of the Saho represent an effort to mitigate opposition by religious leaders—whose perspectives are shaped not merely by religious concerns but also by an array of other considerations (including economic and political ones).
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Rosenberg, Joseph Elkanah. Wastepaper Modernism. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852445.001.0001.
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At the same time that writers were becoming infatuated with new technologies like the cinema and the radio, they were also being haunted by their own pages. From Henry James’s fascination with burnt manuscripts to destroyed books in the fiction of the Blitz, from junk mail in the work of Elizabeth Bowen to bureaucratic paperwork in Vladimir Nabokov, modern fiction is littered with images of tattered and useless paper that reveal an increasingly uneasy relationship between literature and its own materials over the course of the twentieth century. Wastepaper Modernism argues that these images are vital to our understanding of modernism, disclosing an anxiety about textual matter that lurks behind the desire for radically different modes of communication. Having its roots in the late nineteenth century, but finding its fullest constellation in the wake of the high modernist experimentation with novelistic form, “wastepaper modernism” arises when fiction imagines its own processes of transmission and representation breaking down. When the descriptive capabilities of the novel exhaust themselves, the wastepaper modernists picture instead the physical decay of the book’s own primary matter. Bringing together book history and media theory with detailed close reading, Wastepaper Modernism reveals modernist literature’s dark sense of itself as a ruin in the making.
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Ferris, John. Intelligence in War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.405.
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A large literature has emerged on intelligence and war which integrates the topics and techniques of two disciplines: strategic studies and military history. The literature on intelligence and war is divided into theory and strategy; command, control, communications, and intelligence (C3I); sources; military estimates in peace; deception; conventional operations; strike; and counter-insurgency and guerilla warfare. Sun Tzu treats intelligence as central to all forms of power politics, and even defines strategy and warfare as “the way of deception.” On the other hand, C3I combines signals and data processing technology, command as thought, process and action, the training of people, and individual and bureaucratic modes of learning. Since 1914, the power of secret sources has risen dramatically in peace and war, revolutionizing the value of intelligence for operations, especially at sea. The strongest area in this study is signals intelligence. Meanwhile, the relationship of intelligence with war, and with power politics, overlaps on the matter of military estimates during peacetime. The literature on operational intelligence is strongest on World War II. However, analysts have particularly failed to differentiate the effect of intelligence on operations, from that on a key element of military power since 1914: strike warfare. In counter-insurgency, many types and levels of war and intelligence overlap, which include guerillas, conventional and strike forces, and politics in villages and capitals.
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Churchill, David. Crime Control and Everyday Life in the Victorian City. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797845.001.0001.
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This book provides the first detailed study of policing and civilian crime control in nineteenth-century England. It provides a sustained, empirically rich critique of existing accounts, which present the modern history of crime control as a process whereby the state wrested governmental power from the civilian public. According to the orthodox interpretation, the formation of new, ‘professional’ police forces in the nineteenth century is integral to the decline of an early modern, participatory, discretionary culture of self-policing, and its replacement by a modern, bureaucratic system of crime control. This book critically challenges the established view, and presents a fundamental reinterpretation of changes to crime control in the age of the new police. It breaks new ground by providing a highly detailed, empirical analysis of informal, civilian crime control—which reveals the tremendous activity which ordinary people displayed in responding to crime—alongside a rich survey of formal policing and criminal justice. With unique conceptual clarity, it seeks to reorient modern criminal justice history away from its established preoccupation with state systems of policing and punishment, and move towards a more nuanced analysis of the governance of crime. More widely, the book provides a valuable vantage point from which to rethink the role of civil society and the state in modern governance, the nature of agency and authority in Victorian England, and the historical antecedents of the pluralized modes of crime control which characterize contemporary society.
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Woods, Colleen. Freedom Incorporated. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749131.001.0001.
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This book demonstrates how anticommunist political projects were critical to the United States' expanding imperial power in the age of decolonization, and how anticommunism was essential to the growing global economy of imperial violence in the Cold War era. The book shows how, in the mid-twentieth-century Philippines, U.S. policymakers and Filipino elites promoted the islands as a model colony. In the wake of World War II, as the decolonization movement strengthened, those same political actors pivoted and, after Philippine independence in 1946, lauded the archipelago as a successful postcolonial democracy. Despite elite propaganda, from the early 1930s to late 1950s, radical movements in the Philippines highlighted U.S. hegemony over the new Republic of the Philippines and, in so doing, threatened American efforts to separate the US from sordid histories of empire, imperialism, and the colonial racial order. The book finds that in order to justify U.S. intervention in an ostensibly independent Philippine nation, anticommunist Filipinos and their American allies transformed local political struggles in the Philippines into sites of resistance against global communist revolution. By linking political struggles over local resources to a war against communism, American and Filipino anticommunists legitimized the use of violence as a means to capture and contain alternative forms of political, economic, and social organization. Placing the post-World War II history of anticommunism in the Philippines within a larger imperial framework, the book illustrates how American and Filipino intelligence agents, military officials, paramilitaries, state bureaucrats, academics, and entrepreneurs mobilized anticommunist politics to contain challenges to elite rule in the Philippines.