Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bunt (Disease of wheat)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bunt (Disease of wheat)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Bunt (Disease of wheat)"

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Al-Maaroof, E. M., S. A. Shams Allah, and M. S. Hassan. "Current status of wheat bunt disease in Iraq." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 42, Special Issue (August 1, 2012): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6231-cjgpb.

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Matanguihan, J. B., K. M. Murphy, and S. S. Jones. "Control of Common Bunt in Organic Wheat." Plant Disease 95, no. 2 (February 2011): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-10-0620.

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Common bunt, caused by the seedborne and soilborne pathogens Tilletia caries and T. laevis, has re-emerged as a major disease in organic wheat. In conventional agriculture, common bunt is routinely managed with the use of synthetic chemical seed treatments. For this reason, common bunt is a relatively unimportant disease in conventional agriculture. However, since synthetic chemical inputs are prohibited in organic agriculture, common bunt is a major threat once more in organic wheat and seed production. The challenge today is to manage the disease without the use of chemical seed treatments. This review reports on the management of common bunt under organic farming systems, mainly through host resistance and organic seed treatments. We report the history of screening wheat germplasm for bunt resistance, the search for new sources of resistance, and identification and mapping of bunt resistance genes. Since the pathogen has a gene-for-gene relationship with the host, this review also includes a summary of work on pathogen race identification and virulence patterns of field isolates. Also included are studies on the physiological and molecular basis of host resistance. Alternative seed treatments are discussed, including physical seed treatments, and microbial-based and plant-based treatments acceptable in organic systems. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the current gaps in research on the management of common bunt in organic wheat.
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Tagayev, Kuttymurat, Aleksey Morgounov, Minura Yessimbekova, and Aigul Abugalieya. "Common Bunt Resistance of Winter Wheat Genotypes Under Artificial Infection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.25776.

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Common bunt (Tilletia caries) is a seed-transmitted fungal disease in wheat. The resistant cultivars and germplasm lines of wheat will be useful for control this type of disease in organic farming. A set of 75 wheat cultivars and lines from International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (IWWIP) of Turkey were used to determine resistance to common bunt. The experiment was carried out at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and experimental material was grown in an artificially inoculated nursery during the 2016-2017 season. The productivity of wheat genotypes under artificial infection ranged from 1.13 t/ha to 7.29 t/ha. The susceptible check to common bunt, GEREK 79 had a high level of susceptibility to common bunt with 59.7% infected heads. The high mean disease incidence in the nursery was 74.4%. Sixteen genotypes were resistant to disease under artificial inoculation. Out of 75 wheat cutivars, 42 wheat genotypes (56% of all genotypes) were classified as moderate resistance to disease. Identified resistance genotypes will be useful for breeding programs for forming resistance cultivars to common bunt in Kazakhstan.
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Steffan, Philipp Matthias, Anders Borgen, Anna Maria Torp, Gunter Backes, and Søren K. Rasmussen. "Association Mapping for Common Bunt Resistance in Wheat Landraces and Cultivars." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030642.

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Common bunt is a seed borne disease of wheat whose importance is likely to increase due to the growing organic seed market, which, in addition to seed phytosanitary measures, relies on genetic resistances towards the disease. Genome wide association studies in wheat have been proven to be a useful tool in the detection of genetic polymorphisms underlying phenotypic trait variation in wheat. Here 248 wheat landraces and cultivars representing 130 years of breeding history were screened for two years in the field for their resistance reactions towards common bunt. The majority of lines exhibited high levels of susceptibility towards common bunt, while 25 accessions had less than 10% infection. Using Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers for genotyping and correcting for population stratification by using a compressed mixed linear model, we identified two significant marker trait associations (MTA) for common bunt resistance, designated QCbt.cph-2B and QCbt.cph-7A, located on wheat chromosomes 2B and 7A, respectively. This shows that genome wide association studies (GWAS) are applicable in the search for genetic polymorphisms for resistance towards less studied plant diseases such as common bunt in the context of an under representation of resistant lines.
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Bartoš, P., V. Šíp, J. Chrpová, J. Vacke, E. Stuchlíková, V. Blažková, J. Šárová, and A. Hanzalová. "Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 1 (July 30, 2012): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6107-cjgpb.

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Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance in the world and in the Czech Republic are reviewed. Attention is paid to rusts, powdery mildew, leaf blotch, glume blotch, tan spot, fusarium head blight, common and dwarf bunt, eyespot, barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat and wheat dwarf virus. Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in the cultivars registered in the Czech Republic are listed. Promising resistance genes and sources of resistance to the above mentioned diseases are reviewed. Prospects of resistance breeding including application of methods of molecular genetics and development of synthetic hexaploids are outlined.
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Mourad, Amira M. I., Alexey Morgounov, P. Stephen Baenziger, and Samar M. Esmail. "Genetic Variation in Common Bunt Resistance in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat." Plants 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010002.

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Common bunt (caused by Tilletia caries and T. Foetida) is a major wheat disease. It occurs frequently in the USA and Turkey and damages grain yield and quality. Seed treatment with fungicides is an effective method to control this disease. However, using fungicides in organic and low-income fields is forbidden, and planting resistant cultivars are preferred. Due to the highly effective use of fungicides, little effort has been put into breeding resistant genotypes. In addition, the genetic diversity for this trait is low in modern wheat germplasm. Synthetic wheat genotypes were reported as an effective source to increase the diversity in wheat germplasm. Therefore, a set of 25 synthetics that are resistant to the Turkish common bunt race were evaluated against the Nebraska common bunt race. Four genotypes were found to be very resistant to Nebraska’s common bunt race. Using differential lines, four isolines carrying genes, Bt10, Bt11, Bt12, and Btp, were found to provide resistance against both Turkish and Nebraska common bunt races. Genotypes carrying any or all of these four genes could be used as a source of resistance in both countries. No correlation was found between common bunt resistance and some agronomic traits, which suggests that common bunt resistance is an independent trait.
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Šíp, V., P. Bartoš, J. Chrpová, A. Hanzalová, L. Širlová, J. Šárová, V. Dumalasová, et al. "Theoretical Bases and Sources for Breeding Wheat for Combined Disease Resistance." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41, No. 4 (November 21, 2011): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3659-cjgpb.

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Achievements and prospects of wheat breeding for disease resistance in the world and in theCzech Republic are discussed. Attention was paid to possibilities of increasing resistance to rusts, powdery mildew, Fusarium head blight, leaf blotch, glume blotch, tan spot, common bunt and barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat. Methodical approaches adopted in national ring infection tests were outlined. New sources of resistance to the above-mentioned diseases were detected and described on the basis of three-year results of field infection tests.  
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Rathore, Tanya, Kirti Vardhan Pandey, Rohit Kumar Singh, Deepoo Singh, Shwetank Singh, Ayush Kumar, Abhishek Tiwari, Mandeep Singh, and Puskar Shukla. "Studies on Variability on Isolates of Neovossia indica Causing Karnal Bunt of Wheat and Screening of Wheat Varieties." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2024): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i23921.

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A basic meal consumed by people all over the world, wheat is traded more globally than all other crops combined. Tilletia indica is the cause of Karnal bunt, also known as "Partial bunt," which affects wheat and is one of the most significant seed-borne diseases. It has significant effects on the wheat trade because most importing nations require that there be no trace of Karnal bunt in wheat imported. To assess responses to disease, ten different genotypes of wheat were sown in matched rows. We planted K1006 and PBW343, two susceptible checks, following each genotype. An athichmist was established for a duration of thirty days, and all suggested agricultural practices were adhered to. The genotypes that demonstrated resistance to the pathogen (below 10% disease intensity) were PBW 343 and K-1006 (2 genotypes). The genotypes with a modest response were K-9107 and K-9162 (two genotypes with a score below 15%). The reactivity of the K793 and K 9006 2 genotypes was somewhat sensitive (below 40% score). The genotypes K9465 HD 2824, K0307, and C306 all showed extremely sensitive reactivity (score exceeding 40%).
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Warham, Elizabeth J. "Karnai bunt disease of wheat: A literature review." Tropical Pest Management 32, no. 3 (January 1986): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670878609371068.

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Váňová, M., P. Matušinský, and J. Benada. "Survey of incidence of bunts (Tilletia caries and Tilletia controversa) in the Czech Republic and susceptibility of winter wheat cultivars." Plant Protection Science 42, No. 1 (February 7, 2010): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2692-pps.

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Bunts (caused by <i>Tilletia caries</i> and <i>T. controversa</i>) belong to very important diseases of winter wheat because contaminated commodities (seeds, foods and feeds) affect the marketability of the crop on both domestic and export markets. They can be relatively easily controlled by chemical seed treatments. Due to the availability of effective chemical control, the reaction of wheat cultivars to bunts has so far not been an important trait for plant breeders in some areas of the world. However, if synthetic chemicals are not allowed, like in organic farming, untreated seed may quickly lead to a build-up of bunt to levels that render the crop unmarketable. The use of wheat cultivars partially or fully resistant to bunts could greatly contribute to ease the bunt problem. The reaction of winter wheat cultivars was evaluated in field tests. Seeds of winter wheat were inoculated with teliospores of <i>T. caries</i>. The reaction to <i>T. controversa</i> was studied under heavy natural infestation with spores in the soil. With <i>T. caries</i>, the heaviest infection was found in cvs Drifter and Ebi, while cvs Nela, Brea and Samanta had the lowest. The average level of infection with <i>T. controversa</i> was higher than that of <i>T. caries</i>. The cvs Niagara, Brea and Versailles had significantly lower numbers of bunt ears of <i>T. controversa</i> in 2002. The incidence of both bunts in grain samples that had not been cleaned and sorted after harvest was monitored for 4 years. A total of 1 058 samples collected from various locations in the Czech Republic were analysed for the presence of bunt spores and the species determined. The investigation demonstrated a rather widespread occurrence of bunts across the Czech Republic, with <i>T. controversa</i> being more frequent.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bunt (Disease of wheat)"

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Ottman, Michael. "Cultural Practices for Karnal Bunt Control." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/147014.

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The weather near heading is the overriding factor in disease development. Cultural practices may be partially effective in controlling Karnal bunt, but cannot eliminate the disease completely.
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Keach, James E. "Resistance to common bunt in the USDA Aegilops tauschii collection." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/j_keach_112009.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in crop science)--Washington State University, December 2009.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 12, 2010). "Department of Crop and Soil Sciences." Includes bibliographical references.
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Ottman, Michael J. "Cultural Practices for Karnal Bunt Control." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/552950.

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Originally Published: 2002; Revised
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Environmental conditions between awn emergence and the end of flowering is the overriding factor in disease development. 2 The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Cultural practices may be partially effective in controlling Karnal bunt but cannot eliminate the disease completely. Karnal bunt is most likely to be found in areas where lodging or water ponding have occurred.
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He, Chunlin. "Inheritance of resistance to common bunt, Tilletia caries and T. foetida, and identification of RAPD markers linked to bunt resistance in wheat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0018/NQ44667.pdf.

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McGinley, Susan. "Karnal Bunt Disease: Research Focuses on its Persistence in Soil." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622300.

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Zwart, Rebecca Susan. "Genetics of disease resistance in synthetic hexaploid wheat /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17369.pdf.

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Pietravalle, Stéphane. "Modelling weather/disease relationships in winter wheat diseases." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402602.

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Kock, Appelgren Petra S. "Investigating disease tolerance to Zymoseptoria tritici in wheat." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41161/.

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Disease tolerance is defined as the ability to maintain grain yield in the presence of disease and could be a potential defence mechanism to be incorporated into breeding programmes. It is an attractive goal, as disease tolerance has the potential to be a broad-spectrum, durable defence mechanism while exerting little selection pressure on pathogen populations. Relatively little is known about how disease tolerance is conferred, but most of the hypotheses suggest resource capture and resource-use traits such as large green canopy area, increased light extinction coefficient and a high source to sink balance. Disease tolerance in current wheat genotypes is generally associated with low yield potential, and for disease tolerance to be incorporated into commercial breeding it is important to determine whether this link can be disassociated. In this study, an attempt was made to identify physiological traits conferring disease tolerance to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) in winter wheat. Wheat genotypes contrasting in disease tolerance were selected for in-depth phenotyping of selected physiological traits to determine their association with disease tolerance. A number of publications have attempted to link disease tolerance to physiological traits in wheat, based on their yield loss to disease symptom relationship. However, in this study it was proposed that variation in non-symptomatic disease could influence the appearance of disease tolerance which has not previously been investigated. The ratio of in-leaf pathogen biomass to visual disease symptoms was studied in both controlled-environment experiments and in field experiments to determine whether a high in-leaf pathogen biomass was associated with disease tolerance. Two field experiments were conducted during the field seasons 2011/12 and 2013/14 at Teagasc Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland and ADAS Rosemaund, Herefordshire, UK, respectively. A field experiment was also conducted in 2012/13 at Teagasc Oak Park, but due to dry conditions and little disease presence this field experiment was excluded from nearly all experimental analyses. In each experiment, there were two fungicide treatments, non-target disease control and full disease control. In order to increase genetic variability, 38 selected lines from a L14 x Rialto doubled-haploid (DH) mapping population developed by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) were screened alongside 10 UK-adapted reference genotypes for contrasting disease tolerance in 2012. Tolerance was quantified as yield loss per unit of green lamina area index (GLAI) loss to disease. L14 is a CIMMYT spring wheat large-ear phenotype advanced line and Rialto is a UK winter wheat which has high radiation-use efficiency and stem soluble carbohydrate. The DH lines displayed an increased range of disease tolerance compared to the UK-adapted reference genotypes. Selected genotypes were subjected to in-depth phenotyping for an extended range of physiological traits in 2014 to identify traits associated with increased disease tolerance. The traits measured included pre- and post- anthesis radiation interception, light extinction coefficient at anthesis, pre- and post anthesis radiation-use efficiency and stem water soluble carbohydrate accumulation at ear emergence + 7 days. In general, there was a wide range of physiological traits displaying weak associations with disease tolerance. The main traits associated with disease tolerance were related to large and/or maintained source capacity in the presence of disease, such as increased GLAI at anthesis and increased post-anthesis light interception. There was also a general association with low grain yield in the absence of disease and decreased harvest index. Increased disease tolerance was associated with high source capacity and low sink capacity, and there was an association between a high source to sink balance, measured as increased Healthy Area Duration (HAD) per grain, and disease tolerance. The impact of genotype variation on the amount of non-symptomatic disease to visual disease expression was investigated in controlled-environment (CE) experiments. In-leaf Zymoseptoria tritici fungal biomass (pathogen load) was quantified by a Real Time qPCR assay targeting the β-tubulin gene (Accession no. AY547264) and compared to visual disease expression. In the first CE experiment, two wheat genotypes were exposed to increasing concentrations of Z. tritici inoculum. There were differences in rates of pathogen development and pathogen presence between inoculum concentrations in both visual disease symptoms and pathogen loads. In the following CE experiment, a wider range of genotypes exposed to a high inoculum level were shown to differ significantly in the relationship between visual disease symptoms and pathogen loads. In order to determine the impact of genotype variation on the visual disease symptoms to pathogen load ratio, flag leaves of genotypes screened for in-field disease tolerance in 2012 and 2014 were analysed. Large variations in the disease symptoms to pathogen load ratio were identified, which has not previously been shown in wheat experiments. An attempt was made to relate the visual symptoms – pathogen load ratio to non-lesion green area loss as a measure of a potential metabolic cost of increased pathogen pressure, but no such relationship was found. An increased pathogen load per unit visual symptoms did not account for larger yield losses than predicted for a given disease level and there was no direct relationship between symptom expression - pathogen load ratios and disease tolerance. The consistency of high/low displays of disease tolerance calculated by different disease measures was investigated using three different ways of measuring disease; HAD, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and pathogen DNA quantified by qPCR. In general, the two measures of pathogen presence (AUDPC and pathogen load) tended to quantify disease tolerance similarly, while the HAD-based tolerance contrasted. There were also differences in which traits were associated with disease tolerance for the different methods of calculating tolerance; the calculations based on AUDPC and pathogen DNA tended to associate a decreased source capacity to disease tolerance while the HAD-based tolerance indicated an association with increased source capacity. All methods, however, indicated that a low yield potential was associated with disease tolerance. In conclusion, there was a large range of disease tolerance found in the field experiments compared to previous investigations. The HAD-based disease tolerance seems to be mainly related to a large source capacity and a low sink capacity. However, the genotype ratings of high/low disease tolerance and associated physiological traits seem to vary according to the method of calculating tolerance. There were large differences in the ratio of visual symptoms-pathogen load between genotypes; even though this did not have a direct impact on disease tolerance or yield loss it could potentially be associated with increased metabolic costs.
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Soleimani, Pary Mohammad Javad. "Epidemiology of the wheat stem-base disease complex in a wheat-clover bicropping system." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339492.

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Robbins, Amber Marie. "Dwarfing genes in Spring wheat an agronomic comparison of Rht-B1, Rht-D1, and Rht8 /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/robbins/RobbinsA1209.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Bunt (Disease of wheat)"

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United States. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs. Karnal bunt emergency program manual. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Marketing and Regulatory Programs, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, 1997.

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Canada. Dept. of Agriculture. Seed Branch., ed. Bunt or the stinking smut of wheat: Part I : life history and methods of treatment : part II : a summary of investigations. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.

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Okla.) Karnal Bunt Workshop (2001 Oklahoma City. USDA-APHIS Karnal Bunt Workshop: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, October 31-November 1, 2001. [Riverdale, Md.]: USDA, APHIS, 2001.

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Podleckis, Edward Vidas. Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) introduction via wheat contaminants in conveyances: Mexican boxcars : preliminary pest risk assessment. Riverdale, Md: Biological Assessment & Taxonomic Support, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, 1995.

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S, Nagarajan, and Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Directorate of Wheat Research., eds. Pest risk analysis for shipping wheat from Karnal Bunt (Tilletia Indica) infected areas to disease free destinations. Karnal: Directorate of Wheat Research, 2001.

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Jerry, Sitton, University of Idaho. Cooperative Extension System., Oregon State University. Extension Service., Washington State University. Cooperative Extension., and United States. Dept. of Agriculture., eds. Dwarf bunt of winter wheat in the Northwest. [Moscow, Idaho]: University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System, 1995.

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Sharma, I., ed. Disease resistance in wheat. Wallingford: CABI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845938185.0000.

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Sharma, Indu. Disease resistance in wheat. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI, 2012.

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HGCA. The wheat disease management guide. London: Home-Grown Cereals Authority, 2000.

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Agricultural Development and Advisory Service., ed. Winter wheat: Managed disease control. Alnwick: Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bunt (Disease of wheat)"

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He, Xinyao, Navin C. Gahtyari, Chandan Roy, Abdelfattah A. Dababat, Gurcharn Singh Brar, and Pawan Kumar Singh. "Globally Important Non-rust Diseases of Wheat." In Wheat Improvement, 143–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_9.

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AbstractWhile the three rusts are the most predominant wheat diseases in the global scale, various other diseases dominate in different geographical regions. In this chapter, some major non-rust diseases of wheat with global and/or regional economic importance are addressed, including three spike diseases (Fusarium head blight, wheat blast, and Karnal bunt), four leaf spotting diseases (tan spot, Septoria nodorum blotch, spot blotch, and Septoria tritici blotch), and several root diseases.
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Bala, Ritu, Jaspal Kaur, and Indu Sharma. "Management of karnal bunt and loose smut diseases in wheat." In Management of Wheat and Barley Diseases, 183–229. Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017.: Apple Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315207537-6.

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Tony Fischer, R. A. "History of Wheat Breeding: A Personal View." In Wheat Improvement, 17–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_2.

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AbstractFor more than a century, breeding has delivered huge benefits as a major driver of increased wheat productivity and of stability in the face of inevitable disease threats. Thus, the real cost of this staple grain has been reduced for billions of consumers. Steady breeding progress has been seen across many important traits of wheat, currently for potential yield averaging about 0.6% p.a. This yield progress continues to rely of extensive multilocational yield testing but has, however, become more difficult, even as new breeding techniques have improved efficiency. Breeding will continue to evolve as new approaches, being proposed with increasing frequency, are tested and found useful or not. High throughput phenotyping (HTPP), applying modern crop physiology, and molecular markers and genomic selection (GS) are in this phase right now. Such new techniques, along with pre-breeding for new traits, will likely play a larger role in this future improvement of wheat. New tools will also include genetic engineering (GE), as society’s need for its benefits become more urgent. The steady privatization of breeding seems unlikely to cease in the developed world but will continue to struggle elsewhere. It would seem wise, however, that a significant portion of the world’s pre-breeding research remains in the public sector, while maintaining close and equitable contact with those delivering new varieties.
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Smulders, Marinus J. M., Luud J. W. J. Gilissen, Martina Juranić, Jan G. Schaart, and Clemens C. M. van de Wiel. "Gene Editing of Wheat to Reduce Coeliac Disease Epitopes in Gluten." In A Roadmap for Plant Genome Editing, 203–22. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46150-7_13.

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AbstractBy using gene editing technologies such as CRISPR/Cas, precise modifications can be made in the genome. CRISPR/Cas is especially valuable for targeted mutagenesis in polyploids, as it can induce mutations of multiple alleles simultaneously, to obtain regenerants that are homozygous for the desired mutation. A range of gene-edited traits have been developed in hexaploid bread wheat, including various nutrition and health-related traits, plant architecture, pest and disease resistance, tolerance to abiotic stress, and traits that enable more efficient breeding. Wheat is also known as a cause of some human diseases, particularly coeliac disease (CD), with a prevalence of 1–2% of the population. In the EU alone, at least 4.5 million people suffer from it. CD is a chronic inflammation of the small intestine, induced and maintained in genetically predisposed individuals by the consumption of gluten proteins from wheat, barley and rye. As there is no cure, patients must follow a life-long gluten-free diet. The dominant epitopes in gluten proteins that trigger the disease, have been characterized, but they cannot be removed by classical breeding without affecting baking quality, as it concerns over 100 gluten genes that occur partly as blocks of genes in the genome of wheat. Using gene editing, two studies have shown that it is possible to modify the epitopes in several alpha- and gamma-gliadins simultaneously, while deleting some of the genes completely. In some lines more than 80% of the alpha-gliadin genes were modified. These proof-of-principle studies show that it is feasible to use gene editing, along with other breeding approaches, to completely remove the CD epitopes from bread wheat. Gene-edited coeliac-safe wheat will have economic, social and environmental impact on food security, nutrition and public health, but the realisation will (partially) depend on new European legislation for plants produced by gene editing.
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Vishunavat, Karuna, Kuppusami Prabakar, and Theerthagiri Anand. "Seed Health: Testing and Management." In Seed Science and Technology, 335–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5_14.

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AbstractHealthy seeds play an important role in growing a healthy crop. Seed health testing is performed by detecting the presence or absence of insect infestation and seed-borne diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The most detrimental effect of seed-borne pathogens is the contamination of previously disease-free areas and the spread of new diseases. Sowing contaminated or infected seeds not only spreads pathogens but can also reduce yields significantly by 15–90%. Some of the major seed-borne diseases affecting yield in cereals, oilseeds, legumes, and vegetables, particularly in the warm and humid conditions prevailing in the tropical and sub-tropical regions, are blast and brown spot of rice, white tip nematode and ear-cockle in wheat, bacterial leaf blight of rice, downy mildews, smuts, head mould, seedling rots, anthracnose, halo blight, and a number of viral diseases. Hence, detection of seed-borne pathogens, such as fungi (anthracnose, bunt, smut, galls, fungal blights), bacteria (bacterial blights, fruit rots, cankers), viruses (crinkle, mottle, mosaic), and nematodes (galls and white tip), which transmit through infected seed to the main crop, is an important step in the management strategies for seed-borne diseases. Thus, seed health testing forms an essential part of seed certification, phytosanitary certification, and quarantine programmes at national and international levels. Detection of seed-borne/transmitted pathogens is also vital in ensuring the health of the basic stock used for seed production and in maintaining the plant germplasm for future research and product development. Besides the precise and reproducible testing methods, appropriate practices during seed production and post-harvest handling, including seed treatment and storage, are important components of seed health management and sustainable crop protection.
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Ayliffe, Michael, Ming Luo, Justin Faris, and Evans Lagudah. "Disease Resistance." In Wheat Improvement, 341–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90673-3_19.

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AbstractWheat plants are infected by diverse pathogens of economic significance. They include biotrophic pathogens like mildews and rusts that require living plant cells to proliferate. By contrast necrotrophic pathogens that cause diseases such as tan spot, Septoria nodurum blotch and spot blotch require dead or dying cells to acquire nutrients. Pioneering studies in the flax plant-flax rust pathosystem led to the ‘gene-for-gene’ hypothesis which posits that a resistance gene product in the host plant recognizes a corresponding pathogen gene product, resulting in disease resistance. In contrast, necrotrophic wheat pathosystems have an ‘inverse gene-for-gene’ system whereby recognition of a necrotrophic fungal product by a dominant host gene product causes disease susceptibility, and the lack of recognition of this pathogen molecule leads to resistance. More than 300 resistance/susceptibility genes have been identified genetically in wheat and of those cloned the majority encode nucleotide binding, leucine rich repeat immune receptors. Other resistance gene types are also present in wheat, in particular adult plant resistance genes. Advances in mutational genomics and the wheat pan-genome are accelerating causative disease resistance/susceptibility gene discovery. This has enabled multiple disease resistance genes to be engineered as a transgenic gene stack for developing more durable disease resistance in wheat.
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Johnson, R., and F. G. H. Lupton. "Breeding for disease resistance." In Wheat Breeding, 369–424. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3131-2_13.

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Saif, Abdulwahid, Aref Al-Shamiri, and Abdulnour Shaher. "Development of new bread wheat resistant mutants for Ug99 rust disease (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici)." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 312–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0032.

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Abstract M3 derived mutants from two bread wheat varieties, namely, 'Giza 186' and 'Saha 93', were screened for resistance to the rust Ug99 at two locations in Njoro (Kenya) and in Tihama (Yemen). At Tihama, two mutants of 'Giza 186' (G-M2-2010-1-28 and G-M2-2010-41-52) and four mutants of 'Saha 93' (S-M2-2010-16-12, S-M2-2010-21-13, S-M2-2010-22-14 and S-M2-2010-27-15) were seen to be resistant at both seedling and adult stages while their parents were resistant at seedling stage and susceptible at adult stage. In Kenya, the resistance score of the mutants was slightly different from those obtained at Tihama. The mutants G-M2-2010-1-28 and G-M2-2010-41-52 were stable in their level of resistance recorded at Tihama, but only two mutants of 'Saha 93' (S-M2-2010-16-12 and S-M2-2010-27-15) were resistant at both growth stages. S-M2-2010-22-14 and S-M2-2010-21-13 were resistant at the seedling stage while susceptible at adult stage. Further selection on these mutants for yield potential, agronomic performance and yellow rust disease resistance, as well as on selected mutants of both 'Giza 186' and 'Saha 93', at M5-M6 stages identified superior mutant lines compared with the two parents 'Saha 93' and 'Giza 186'. These included the line Erra-010-GM2w-41-52-40, which ranked first in yield (3768 kg/ha), followed by the lines Erra-010-SwM2-16-12-19, Erra-010-GM2w-1-28-18 and Erra-010-SwM2-22-14-6. Moreover, it can be concluded that Erra-010-GM2w-41-52-40 and Erra-010-SwM2-16-12-19 are highly recommended for their resistance to stem and yellow rust diseases as well as for yield potential and preference by farmers. Therefore, efforts are in progress to increase their seeds for dissemination over a wide range of farmers and wheat areas where rust diseases are an epidemic, and for registration of the lines as improved mutant varieties.
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Schuppan, Detlef, and Kristin Gisbert-Schuppan. "Celiac Disease and its Manifold Manifestations." In Wheat Syndromes, 25–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19023-1_4.

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Kohli, Man Mohan, Cinthia Cazal, and Alice Chavez. "Integrated Management of Wheat Blast Disease." In Wheat Blast, 175–94. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429470554-10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bunt (Disease of wheat)"

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Shobhit, Er Gagninder Kaur, Parshant Singh, Adib Ansari, Purvansh Dongre, and Rishav Chandel. "Hybrid Deep Learning for Wheat Bunt Disease Severity Assessment." In 2023 International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Technologies (ICACCTech). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacctech61146.2023.00122.

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Niharika, Vinay Kukreja, Rishabh Sharma, Vikrant Sharma, and Aditya Verma. "Precision Diagnosis of Wheat Bunt Disease: A Hybrid CNN-RNN Model for Multi Classification." In 2023 4th International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icosec58147.2023.10276213.

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Kukreja, Vinay, Rishabh Sharma, Vikrant Sharma, and Aditya Verma. "Crop Vigil: Automated Wheat Bunt Disease Multi-Classification with a CNN-RNN Hybrid Model and Attention Block." In 2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10306498.

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Vedika, R., M. Mithra Lakshmi, R. Sakthia, and K. Meenakshi. "Early Wheat Leaf Disease Detection Using CNN." In International Research Conference on IOT, Cloud and Data Science. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-653bh6.

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Smart farming is an innovative technology that aids in the improvement of the country's agricultural produce quality and quantity. Wheat is the most important crop in most parts of India. Wheat leaf diseases have a significant impact on production rates and farmer earnings. It poses a significant danger to food security because it affects crop productivity and degrades crop quality. Accurate and precise disease detection has posed a significant challenge, but recent advances in computer vision enabled by deep learning have paved the road for camera-assisted wheat leaf disease diagnosis. Using a CNN trained with a publicly available wheat leaf disease model, several machine learning algorithms and neuron- and layer-wise visualization methods are applied.
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Floyd E. Dowell, Theodore N. Boratynski, Ronald E. Ykema, Alan K. Dowdy, and Ph.D. "Use of Optical Sorting to Detect Karnal Bunt-Infected Wheat Kernels." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.9609.

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Soroka, L. I., S. V. Soroka, and I. Yu Petrovets. "Efficiency of herbicide “Bunt”, AS in winter wheat crops by spring application." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/09.09.2019.51.

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"Resistance to common bunt of bread wheat in the Middle Volga region of Russia." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-011.

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Dutbayev, Ye B., A. Kuresbek, A. T. Sarbaev, N. M. Kuldybayev, and N. Zh Sultanova. "The impact of genotype and common bunt intensity on winter wheat productivity in Southeastern Kazakhstan." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-58.

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Твердая головня на озимой пшенице вызывается грибами Tilletia tritici и T. laevis и может вызывать потери урожая от 30% и более. Исследования проводились в 2016–2017 гг. на 5 коммерческих сортах озимой пшеницы на площадках Казахского научно-исследовательского института земледелия и растениеводства. С помощью статистической программы R установлено, что урожай зерна от твердой головни снижался на 0,4–32,3%, а на урожайность растений оказывали влияние факторы сорта и степени их пораженности болезнью. Эти показатели коррелировали с высотой растений, нижнего колена, длиной и шириной колоса, количеством колосков, весом зерна с колоса и с растения. У четырех сортов потери урожая зерна (Жетысу, Фараби, Ажарлы и Стекловидная 24) составили от 0,2 до 3,6 %, а у сорта Наз эти показатели были в пределах 32,3 %. У сорта Наз 43,0 % растений были поражены твердой головней на 100 %, у Жетысу, Фараби, Ажарлы и Стекловидная 24 поражено до 15, 77, 85, 44 % растений соответственно, с уровнем пораженности от 10 до 20–30 %.
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Lipps, Patrick E. "Integrated Wheat Disease Management." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-488.

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Sasco, Elena. "Efectele genetice implicate în răspunsul grăului comun la filtratul de cultură Drechslera sorokiniana (SACC.) subram." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.71.

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Helminthosporiosis caused by the fungus Drechslera sorokiniana (Sacc.) causes significant crop and quality losses to Triticum aestivum L. in agroecological conditions with extreme humidity. Increasing the resistance is considered the most cost-effective and sustainable approach to disease control. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic effects involved in the inheritance of resistance, using the ge-netic model of character reproduction in descendants of wheat. Generations F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2, de-scended from the mutual crossing of the parents Basarabeanca / Moldova 30 and Moldova 30 / Moldova 3 (P1 and P2) were evaluated for the response of callus characters to the action of D. sorokiniana culture filtrate on the medium Murashige Skoog. Fungal metabolites have decreased the effects of gene actions and epistatic interactions, but also their variance. The phenomenon corresponds to the decrease of callus indices. A great importance for the heredity of the character of the surface of the callus manifested the epistatic effects of additive-dominant (ad) type. In the case of callus biomass comparable to the mean val-ues were the a actions, but also the ad and dd epistatic effects. The predominant involvement of epistatic effects indicates the need for resistance selections to helminthosporiosis in late generations of wheat.
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Reports on the topic "Bunt (Disease of wheat)"

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Friskop, Andrew, Daren Mueller, and Adam Sisson. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2018. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20220418-0.

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Friskop, Andrew, Daren Mueller, and Adam Sisson. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2021. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20220509-3.

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Friskop, Andrew, Daren Mueller, and Adam Sisson. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2018. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20220509-0.

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Friskop, Andrew, Daren Mueller, and Adam Sisson. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2019. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20220509-1.

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Friskop, Andrew, Daren Mueller, and Adam Sisson. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2020. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University. Library, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20220509-2.

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Friskop, Andrew, Adam Sisson, Kira Bowen, Travis Faske, Ron Meyer, Alyssa Koehler, Alfredo Martinez Espinoza, et al. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2022. United States: Crop Protection Network, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20230504-0.

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Friskop, Andrew, Adam Sisson, Travis Faske, Ron Meyer, Alyssa Betts, Alfredo Martinez Espinoza, Juliet Marshall, et al. Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2023. United States: Crop Protection Network, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20240711-0.

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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Breiman, Adina, Jan Dvorak, Abraham Korol, and Eduard Akhunov. Population Genomics and Association Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes in Israeli Populations of Wild Relatives of Wheat, Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops speltoides. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697121.bard.

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Wheat is the most widely grown crop on earth, together with rice it is second to maize in total global tonnage. One of the emerging threats to wheat is stripe (yellow) rust, especially in North Africa, West and Central Asia and North America. The most efficient way to control plant diseases is to introduce disease resistant genes. However, the pathogens can overcome rapidly the effectiveness of these genes when they are wildly used. Therefore, there is a constant need to find new resistance genes to replace the non-effective genes. The resistance gene pool in the cultivated wheat is depleted and there is a need to find new genes in the wild relative of wheat. Wild emmer (Triticum dicoccoides) the progenitor of the cultivated wheat can serve as valuable gene pool for breeding for disease resistance. Transferring of novel genes into elite cultivars is highly facilitated by the availability of information of their chromosomal location. Therefore, our goals in this study was to find stripe rust resistant and susceptible genotypes in Israeli T. dicoccoides population, genotype them using state of the art genotyping methods and to find association between genetic markers and stripe rust resistance. We have screened 129 accessions from our collection of wild emmer wheat for resistance to three isolates of stripe rust. About 30% of the accessions were resistant to one or more isolates, 50% susceptible, and the rest displayed intermediate response. The accessions were genotyped with Illumina'sInfinium assay which consists of 9K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. About 13% (1179) of the SNPs were polymorphic in the wild emmer population. Cluster analysis based on SNP diversity has shown that there are two main groups in the wild population. A big cluster probably belongs to the Horanum ssp. and a small cluster of the Judaicum ssp. In order to avoid population structure bias, the Judaicum spp. was removed from the association analysis. In the remaining group of genotypes, linkage disequilibrium (LD) measured along the chromosomes decayed rapidly within one centimorgan. This is the first time when such analysis is conducted on a genome wide level in wild emmer. Such a rapid decay in LD level, quite unexpected for a selfer, was not observed in cultivated wheat collection. It indicates that wild emmer populations are highly suitable for association studies yielding a better resolution than association studies in cultivated wheat or genetic mapping in bi-parental populations. Significant association was found between an SNP marker located in the distal region of chromosome arm 1BL and resistance to one of the isolates. This region is not known in the literature to bear a stripe rust resistance gene. Therefore, there may be a new stripe rust resistance gene in this locus. With the current fast increase of wheat genome sequence data, genome wide association analysis becomes a feasible task and efficient strategy for searching novel genes in wild emmer wheat. In this study, we have shown that the wild emmer gene pool is a valuable source for new stripe rust resistance genes that can protect the cultivated wheat.
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Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson, and Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.

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Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
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