Academic literature on the topic 'Bungonia'

Six species of Bungona Harker, including three species of the subgenus Centroptella Braasch & Soldán and three species of subgenus of Chopralla Waltz & McCafferty, are reported from China. Of which, three new species, Bungona (Centroptella) ovata sp. nov., Bungona (Centroptella) quadrata sp. nov. and Bungona (Chopralla) bifida sp. nov., are described based on nymphal materials. In addition, Bungona (Chopralla) liebenauae (Soldán, Braasch & Muu, 1987) that was previously known only from Vietnam is newly recorded in China. An identification key to Bungona species known from Oriental Region is presented.

AbstrakPenelitian pada akulturasi estetik bungong hias masjid Baiturrahman menggunakan metode kerangka teori sebagai pisau bedah analisis, teori akulturasi mengarah pada pemikiran Koentjaraningrat, teori estetika dan teori semiotika Charles Sanders Pierce memahami komunikasi pembuktian tanda-tanda dari sebuah kenyataan. Analisis bungong hias estetik terhadap persilangan budaya Eropa dan Timur Tengah, menelusuri dengan proses perjalanan akulturasi yang mempengaruhi masjid Baiturrahman bungong hias berdasarkan literatur komunikasi indikator ikon, indeks, dan symbol. Bentuk dan pemaknaan bungong hias berdasarkan semiotik dari hasil representasi flora, alam, kaligrafi dan arabesque. Bentuk unsur flora terdiri bungong meusingklet, bungong ban keumang, bungong meulu dan pucok rebong. Bentuk alam terdiri dari bintang bulen, rante, puta taloe, awan si oen¸dan lampu kande. Bentuk kaligrafi dan arabesque terdiri dari unsur geometris dan lafad Allah dengan bentuk seni kaligrafi. Bungong hias tersebut memiliki makna filosofis sebagai kearifan lokal dari nilai-nilai budaya dalam mengatur kehidupan sosial masyarakat Aceh dan juga mempengaruhi acuan bentuk bungong hias baik dari segi arsitektur dan penererapan terhadap objek yang tersebar di Nusantara.Kata Kunci: Akulturasi, Estetik, Bungong Hias AbstractResearch on the aesthetic acculturation of the ornamental Bungong Baiturrahman mosque uses the theoretical framework method as an analytical scalpel; acculturation theory leads to Koentjaraningrat's thoughts, aesthetic theory, and Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic theory understand communication evidence of signs from a reality. The analysis of the aesthetic ornamental bungong on the cross between European and Middle Eastern cultures traces the process of acculturation that affects the Baiturrahman bungong decorative mosque based on the communication literature of icon, index, and symbol indicators. The shape and meaning of ornamental bungong are based on a semiotic representation of flora, nature, calligraphy and arabesque. The elements of flora consist of Bungong Meusingklet, Bungong Ban Keumang, Bungong Meulu and Pucok Rebong. The natural form consists of a bulen star, rante, puta taloe, si oen¸ cloud, and kande lamp. Calligraphy and arabesque forms consist of geometric elements and the pronunciation of Allah with the art form of calligraphy. The ornamental bungong has a philosophical meaning as local wisdom of cultural values in regulating the social life of the Acehnese people and also influences the reference to the shape of the ornamental bungong both in terms of architecture and the application of objects scattered throughout the archipelago.Keywords: Acculturation; Aesthetics; Ornamental Bungong

By using an integrative approach, we describe a new species of mayfly, Bungona (Chopralla) ponticasp. n., from Turkey. The discovery of a representative of the tropical mayfly genusBungonain the Middle East is rather unexpected. The new species shows all the main morphological characters of the subgenus Chopralla, which has its closest related species occurring in southeastern Asia. Barcoding clearly indicated that the new species represents an independent lineage isolated for a very long time from other members of the complex. The claw is equipped with two rows of three or four flattened denticles. This condition is a unique feature of Bungona (Chopralla) ponticasp. n.among West Palaearctic mayfly species. Within the subgenus Chopralla, the species can be identified by the presence of a simple, not bifid right prostheca (also present only in Bungona (Chopralla) liebenauae (Soldán, Braasch & Muu, 1987)), the shape of the labial palp, and the absence of protuberances on pronotum.

The goal of this research is to determine the historical significance of the Shirathal Mustaqim text as well as the forms of decorating found inside it. A qualitative research technique with a kind of research methodology was employed in this study, which included library research, observation, documentation, primary and secondary data sources, and content analysis. The information gathered in the field was examined to determine that the themes of each design in the Shirathal Mustaqim text that had been investigated had various similarities and differences. The Shirathal Mustaqim script has a variety of flower ornaments, such as bungong pucok rebung, bungong awan-awan, bungong seuleupo, bungong meulu bruk, bungong puta taloe dua, bungong sagoe, bungong glima, bunga bertabur-tebar, kuncup bunga, and bunga ayu-ayu.

The East Aceh Regency Community, Women's and Family Empowerment Agency (BPMPKS) through the field of women's empowerment currently has 21 productive business groups of poor women that have been running since 2010 until now. The productive business groups of these poor women have various types of business products that are run such as making cookies, presto milkfish, pandanus matting, grocery business, salted fish production, making organic fertilizers and others. One of the matting groups that has grown rapidly from the production side is the bungong chirih women's business group, which until now has more than 20 members. The results of the woven mat products provided are in great demand by the community because of the reliability quality can be proven. But from the marketing side it still needs further improvement to be able to develop. The current PKM activity is to provide e-marketing-based entrepreneurship training. This is because so far the marketing of the production of woven mats still revolves around the local scale. So with the entrepreneurship training, it is expected that the marketing scale can be broader and reach the five countries. Based on the results of this training, every member of the Chirih Bungon group has been able to use marketing media on line to market the matting products.

Pandemi Covid-19 yang sedang terjadi memberikan dampak pada setiap aspek, terutama pada aspek UMKM Pisang Sale UD. Bungong Jeumpa. Sejak adanya pandemi Covid-19 permintaan terhadap pisang sale UD. Bungong Jeumpa menurun yang berdampak terhadap pendapatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dampak pandemi Covid-19 terhadap pendapatan usaha pisang sale pada UD. Bungong Jeumpa di Kecamatan Johan Pahlawan Kabupaten Aceh Barat, Aceh, Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan usaha pisang sale UD. Bungong Jeumpa mengalami penurunan pendapatan sebesar 46.22%.

Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang kajian etnobotani pada masyarakat Blang Bungong kecamatan Tangse Kabupaten Pidie-Aceh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menginventarisasi pemanfaatan tanaman obat oleh masyarakat Desa Blang Bungong di kabupaten Pidie Aceh. Tujuan khusus dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis tanaman yang digunakan, bagian yang digunakan, cara menggunakan tumbuhan, cara mendapatkan, serta penyakit yang diobati. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), yaitu proses penilaian yang berorientasi pada keterlibatan dan peran masyarakat dalam penelitian. Sampel penelitian ini adalah dukun tradisional, dan masyarakat Blang Bungong. Tumbuhan yang digunakan sebagai obat oleh masyarakat Blang Bungong sebanyak 25 spesies yang tersebar dalam 19 famili. Bagian tumbuhan yang paling sering digunakan adalah daun. Tumbuhan obat didapatkan masyarakat berasal dari tumbuham liar dan budidaya. Penyakit diobati umumnya adalah penyakit ringan seperti flu, demam dan batuk. The ethnobotanical study has been conducted in Blang Bungong community, Tangse, Pidie-Aceh. This research aimed to identify and collect the utilization of medicinal plant by people in Blang Bungong, Pidie Aceh. This research was conducted especially to evaluate the type of plant, part of the plant, how to use the plant, how to collect the plant and the diseases that were treated. The method used was the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method, the assessment process that is oriented to the involvement and role of the community in research. The sample of this study was the traditional shaman and Blang Bungong community. There were 25 species of 19 families of plants that have been used by Blang Bungong community. The part of the plant that most often used was a leaf. People collected medicinal plants from wild plants and cultivation

Abstract Aragonite is a minor secondary mineral in many limestone caves throughout the world. It has been claimed that it is the second-most common cave mineral after calcite (Hill & Forti 1997). Aragonite occurs as a secondary mineral in the vadose zone of some caves in New South Wales. Aragonite is unstable in fresh water and usually reverts to calcite, but it is actively depositing in some NSW caves. A review of current literature on the cave aragonite problem showed that chemical inhibitors to calcite deposition assist in the precipitation of calcium carbonate as aragonite instead of calcite. Chemical inhibitors work by physically blocking the positions on the calcite crystal lattice which would have otherwise allowed calcite to develop into a larger crystal. Often an inhibitor for calcite has no effect on the aragonite crystal lattice, thus aragonite may deposit where calcite deposition is inhibited. Another association with aragonite in some NSW caves appears to be high evaporation rates allowing calcite, aragonite and vaterite to deposit. Vaterite is another unstable polymorph of calcium carbonate, which reverts to aragonite and calcite over time. Vaterite, aragonite and calcite were found together in cave sediments in areas with low humidity in Wollondilly Cave, Wombeyan. Several factors were found to be associated with the deposition of aragonite instead of calcite speleothems in NSW caves. They included the presence of ferroan dolomite, calcite-inhibitors (in particular ions of magnesium, manganese, phosphate, sulfate and heavy metals), and both air movement and humidity. Aragonite deposits in several NSW caves were examined to determine whether the material is or is not aragonite. Substrates to the aragonite were examined, as was the nature of the bedrock. The work concentrated on Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave at Jenolan, Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit at Wombeyan and Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Cave) at Walli. Comparisons are made with other caves. The study sites are all located in Palaeozoic rocks within the Lachlan Fold Belt tectonic region. Two of the sites, Jenolan and Wombeyan, are close to the western edge of the Sydney Basin. The third site, Walli, is close to a warm spring. The physical, climatic, chemical and mineralogical influences on calcium carbonate deposition in the caves were investigated. Where cave maps were unavailable, they were prepared on site as part of the study. %At Jenolan Caves, Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave were examined in detail, %and other sites were compared with these. Contact Cave is located near the eastern boundary of the Late Silurian Jenolan Caves Limestone, in an area of steeply bedded and partially dolomitised limestone very close to its eastern boundary with the Jenolan volcanics. Aragonite in Contact Cave is precipitated on the ceiling as anthodites, helictites and coatings. The substrate for the aragonite is porous, altered, dolomitised limestone which is wedged apart by aragonite crystals. Aragonite deposition in Contact Cave is associated with a concentration of calcite-inhibiting ions, mainly minerals containing ions of magnesium, manganese and to a lesser extent, phosphates. Aragonite, dolomite and rhodochrosite are being actively deposited where these minerals are present. Calcite is being deposited where minerals containing magnesium ions are not present. The inhibitors appear to be mobilised by fresh water entering the cave as seepage along the steep bedding and jointing. During winter, cold dry air pooling in the lower part of the cave may concentrate minerals by evaporation and is most likely associated with the ``popcorn line'' seen in the cave. Wiburds Lake Cave is located near the western boundary of the Jenolan Caves Limestone, very close to its faulted western boundary with Ordovician cherts. Aragonite at Wiburds Lake Cave is associated with weathered pyritic dolomitised limestone, an altered, dolomitised mafic dyke in a fault shear zone, and also with bat guano minerals. Aragonite speleothems include a spathite, cavity fills, vughs, surface coatings and anthodites. Calcite occurs in small quantities at the aragonite sites. Calcite-inhibitors associated with aragonite include ions of magnesium, manganese and sulfate. Phosphate is significant in some areas. Low humidity is significant in two areas. Other sites briefly examined at Jenolan include Glass Cave, Mammoth Cave, Spider Cave and the show caves. Aragonite in Glass Cave may be associated with both weathering of dolomitised limestone (resulting in anthodites) and with bat guano (resulting in small cryptic forms). Aragonite in the show caves, and possibly in Mammoth and Spider Cave is associated with weathering of pyritic dolomitised limestone. Wombeyan Caves are developed in saccharoidal marble, metamorphosed Silurian Wombeyan Caves Limestone. Three sites were examined in detail at Wombeyan Caves: Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit (a steep sided doline with a dark zone). Sigma Cave is close to the south east boundary of the Wombeyan marble, close to its unconformable boundary with effusive hypersthene porphyry and intrusive gabbro, and contains some unmarmorised limestone. Aragonite occurs mainly in a canyon at the southern extremity of the cave and in some other sites. In Sigma Cave, aragonite deposition is mainly associated with minerals containing calcite-inhibitors, as well as some air movement in the cave. Calcite-inhibitors at Sigma Cave include ions of magnesium, manganese, sulfate and phosphate (possibly bat origin), partly from bedrock veins and partly from breakdown of minerals in sediments sourced from mafic igneous rocks. Substrates to aragonite speleothems include corroded speleothem, bedrock, ochres, mud and clastics. There is air movement at times in the canyon, it has higher levels of CO2 than other parts of the cave and humidity is high. Air movement may assist in the rapid exchange of CO2 at speleothem surfaces. Wollondilly Cave is located in the eastern part of the Wombeyan marble. At Wollondilly Cave, anthodites and helictites were seen in an inaccessible area of the cave. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were found at Jacobs Ladder and the Pantheon. Aragonite at Star Chamber is associated with huntite and hydromagnesite. In The Loft, speleothem corrosion is characteristic of bat guano deposits. Aragonite, vaterite and calcite were detected in surface coatings in this area. Air movement between the two entrances of this cave has a drying effect which may serve to concentrate minerals by evaporation in some parts of the cave. The presence of vaterite and aragonite in fluffy coatings infers that vaterite may be inverting to aragonite. Calcite-inhibitors in the sediments include ions of phosphate, sulphate, magnesium and manganese. Cave sediment includes material sourced from detrital mafic rocks. Cow Pit is located near Wollondilly Cave, and cave W43 is located near the northern boundary of the Wombeyan marble. At Cow Pit, paramorphs of calcite after aragonite occur in the walls as spheroids with minor huntite. Aragonite is a minor mineral in white wall coatings and red phosphatic sediments with minor hydromagnesite and huntite. At cave W43, aragonite was detected in the base of a coralloid speleothem. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were observed in the same speleothem. Dolomite in the bedrock may be a source of magnesium-rich minerals at cave W43. Walli Caves are developed in the massive Belubula Limestone of the Ordovician Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup (Barrajin Group). At the caves, the limestone is steeply bedded and contains chert nodules with dolomite inclusions. Gypsum and barite occur in veins in the limestone. At Walli Caves, Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Deep Cave) were examined for aragonite. Gypsum occurs both as a surface coating and as fine selenite needles on chert nodules in areas with low humidity in the caves. Aragonite at Walli caves was associated with vein minerals and coatings containing calcite-inhibitors and, in some areas, low humidity. Calcite-inhibitors include sulfate (mostly as gypsum), magnesium, manganese and barium. Other caves which contain aragonite are mentioned. Although these were not major study sites, sufficient information is available on them to make a preliminary assessment as to why they may contain aragonite. These other caves include Flying Fortress Cave and the B4-5 Extension at Bungonia near Goulburn, and Wyanbene Cave south of Braidwood. Aragonite deposition at Bungonia has some similarities with that at Jenolan in that dolomitisation of the bedrock has occurred, and the bedding or jointing is steep allowing seepage of water into the cave, with possible oxidation of pyrite. Aragonite is also associated with a mafic dyke. Wyanbene cave features some bedrock dolomitisation, and also features low grade ore bodies which include several known calcite-inhibitors. Aragonite appears to be associated with both features. Finally, brief notes are made of aragonite-like speleothems at Colong Caves (between Jenolan and Wombeyan), a cave at Jaunter (west of Jenolan) and Wellington (240\,km NW of Sydney).

Abstract Aragonite is a minor secondary mineral in many limestone caves throughout the world. It has been claimed that it is the second-most common cave mineral after calcite (Hill & Forti 1997). Aragonite occurs as a secondary mineral in the vadose zone of some caves in New South Wales. Aragonite is unstable in fresh water and usually reverts to calcite, but it is actively depositing in some NSW caves. A review of current literature on the cave aragonite problem showed that chemical inhibitors to calcite deposition assist in the precipitation of calcium carbonate as aragonite instead of calcite. Chemical inhibitors work by physically blocking the positions on the calcite crystal lattice which would have otherwise allowed calcite to develop into a larger crystal. Often an inhibitor for calcite has no effect on the aragonite crystal lattice, thus aragonite may deposit where calcite deposition is inhibited. Another association with aragonite in some NSW caves appears to be high evaporation rates allowing calcite, aragonite and vaterite to deposit. Vaterite is another unstable polymorph of calcium carbonate, which reverts to aragonite and calcite over time. Vaterite, aragonite and calcite were found together in cave sediments in areas with low humidity in Wollondilly Cave, Wombeyan. Several factors were found to be associated with the deposition of aragonite instead of calcite speleothems in NSW caves. They included the presence of ferroan dolomite, calcite-inhibitors (in particular ions of magnesium, manganese, phosphate, sulfate and heavy metals), and both air movement and humidity. Aragonite deposits in several NSW caves were examined to determine whether the material is or is not aragonite. Substrates to the aragonite were examined, as was the nature of the bedrock. The work concentrated on Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave at Jenolan, Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit at Wombeyan and Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Cave) at Walli. Comparisons are made with other caves. The study sites are all located in Palaeozoic rocks within the Lachlan Fold Belt tectonic region. Two of the sites, Jenolan and Wombeyan, are close to the western edge of the Sydney Basin. The third site, Walli, is close to a warm spring. The physical, climatic, chemical and mineralogical influences on calcium carbonate deposition in the caves were investigated. Where cave maps were unavailable, they were prepared on site as part of the study. %At Jenolan Caves, Contact Cave and Wiburds Lake Cave were examined in detail, %and other sites were compared with these. Contact Cave is located near the eastern boundary of the Late Silurian Jenolan Caves Limestone, in an area of steeply bedded and partially dolomitised limestone very close to its eastern boundary with the Jenolan volcanics. Aragonite in Contact Cave is precipitated on the ceiling as anthodites, helictites and coatings. The substrate for the aragonite is porous, altered, dolomitised limestone which is wedged apart by aragonite crystals. Aragonite deposition in Contact Cave is associated with a concentration of calcite-inhibiting ions, mainly minerals containing ions of magnesium, manganese and to a lesser extent, phosphates. Aragonite, dolomite and rhodochrosite are being actively deposited where these minerals are present. Calcite is being deposited where minerals containing magnesium ions are not present. The inhibitors appear to be mobilised by fresh water entering the cave as seepage along the steep bedding and jointing. During winter, cold dry air pooling in the lower part of the cave may concentrate minerals by evaporation and is most likely associated with the ``popcorn line'' seen in the cave. Wiburds Lake Cave is located near the western boundary of the Jenolan Caves Limestone, very close to its faulted western boundary with Ordovician cherts. Aragonite at Wiburds Lake Cave is associated with weathered pyritic dolomitised limestone, an altered, dolomitised mafic dyke in a fault shear zone, and also with bat guano minerals. Aragonite speleothems include a spathite, cavity fills, vughs, surface coatings and anthodites. Calcite occurs in small quantities at the aragonite sites. Calcite-inhibitors associated with aragonite include ions of magnesium, manganese and sulfate. Phosphate is significant in some areas. Low humidity is significant in two areas. Other sites briefly examined at Jenolan include Glass Cave, Mammoth Cave, Spider Cave and the show caves. Aragonite in Glass Cave may be associated with both weathering of dolomitised limestone (resulting in anthodites) and with bat guano (resulting in small cryptic forms). Aragonite in the show caves, and possibly in Mammoth and Spider Cave is associated with weathering of pyritic dolomitised limestone. Wombeyan Caves are developed in saccharoidal marble, metamorphosed Silurian Wombeyan Caves Limestone. Three sites were examined in detail at Wombeyan Caves: Sigma Cave, Wollondilly Cave and Cow Pit (a steep sided doline with a dark zone). Sigma Cave is close to the south east boundary of the Wombeyan marble, close to its unconformable boundary with effusive hypersthene porphyry and intrusive gabbro, and contains some unmarmorised limestone. Aragonite occurs mainly in a canyon at the southern extremity of the cave and in some other sites. In Sigma Cave, aragonite deposition is mainly associated with minerals containing calcite-inhibitors, as well as some air movement in the cave. Calcite-inhibitors at Sigma Cave include ions of magnesium, manganese, sulfate and phosphate (possibly bat origin), partly from bedrock veins and partly from breakdown of minerals in sediments sourced from mafic igneous rocks. Substrates to aragonite speleothems include corroded speleothem, bedrock, ochres, mud and clastics. There is air movement at times in the canyon, it has higher levels of CO2 than other parts of the cave and humidity is high. Air movement may assist in the rapid exchange of CO2 at speleothem surfaces. Wollondilly Cave is located in the eastern part of the Wombeyan marble. At Wollondilly Cave, anthodites and helictites were seen in an inaccessible area of the cave. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were found at Jacobs Ladder and the Pantheon. Aragonite at Star Chamber is associated with huntite and hydromagnesite. In The Loft, speleothem corrosion is characteristic of bat guano deposits. Aragonite, vaterite and calcite were detected in surface coatings in this area. Air movement between the two entrances of this cave has a drying effect which may serve to concentrate minerals by evaporation in some parts of the cave. The presence of vaterite and aragonite in fluffy coatings infers that vaterite may be inverting to aragonite. Calcite-inhibitors in the sediments include ions of phosphate, sulphate, magnesium and manganese. Cave sediment includes material sourced from detrital mafic rocks. Cow Pit is located near Wollondilly Cave, and cave W43 is located near the northern boundary of the Wombeyan marble. At Cow Pit, paramorphs of calcite after aragonite occur in the walls as spheroids with minor huntite. Aragonite is a minor mineral in white wall coatings and red phosphatic sediments with minor hydromagnesite and huntite. At cave W43, aragonite was detected in the base of a coralloid speleothem. Paramorphs of calcite after aragonite were observed in the same speleothem. Dolomite in the bedrock may be a source of magnesium-rich minerals at cave W43. Walli Caves are developed in the massive Belubula Limestone of the Ordovician Cliefden Caves Limestone Subgroup (Barrajin Group). At the caves, the limestone is steeply bedded and contains chert nodules with dolomite inclusions. Gypsum and barite occur in veins in the limestone. At Walli Caves, Piano Cave and Deep Hole (Deep Cave) were examined for aragonite. Gypsum occurs both as a surface coating and as fine selenite needles on chert nodules in areas with low humidity in the caves. Aragonite at Walli caves was associated with vein minerals and coatings containing calcite-inhibitors and, in some areas, low humidity. Calcite-inhibitors include sulfate (mostly as gypsum), magnesium, manganese and barium. Other caves which contain aragonite are mentioned. Although these were not major study sites, sufficient information is available on them to make a preliminary assessment as to why they may contain aragonite. These other caves include Flying Fortress Cave and the B4-5 Extension at Bungonia near Goulburn, and Wyanbene Cave south of Braidwood. Aragonite deposition at Bungonia has some similarities with that at Jenolan in that dolomitisation of the bedrock has occurred, and the bedding or jointing is steep allowing seepage of water into the cave, with possible oxidation of pyrite. Aragonite is also associated with a mafic dyke. Wyanbene cave features some bedrock dolomitisation, and also features low grade ore bodies which include several known calcite-inhibitors. Aragonite appears to be associated with both features. Finally, brief notes are made of aragonite-like speleothems at Colong Caves (between Jenolan and Wombeyan), a cave at Jaunter (west of Jenolan) and Wellington (240\,km NW of Sydney).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 360 p. : map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 351-360).

ABSTRACT CHRISTINE KIBUI Exploring Culturally Specific Practices that Might Exacerbate the Spread of HIV/AIDS in the Luhya Community of Western Kenya. (Under the direction of Frances McCarty, Faculty Member and Donna Smith, Research Associate) INTRODUCTION: In the year 2007, there were 22 million people aged 15 and above living with HIV, 1.9 million new HIV infections, and 1.5 million HIV related deaths in sub-Saharan Africa. In the same year, the rest of the world had an estimated 11 million people aged 15 and above living with HIV, 0.8 million new HIV infections and 0.5 million deaths related to HIV. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to explore the culturally perceived practices that may have the capacity to exacerbate the spread of HIV/AIDS among the members of the Luhya community in Western Kenya. METHODOLOGY: The Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis approach and the Health Belief Model served to inform the study. Qualitative analysis was conducted on focus group discussions and individual interviews conducted in Kanduyi, Webuye, Bungoma, Bukembe, and Misikhu towns of Bungoma districts, Western Kenya province. RESULTS: Circumcision, polygamy, concurrent relationships, funeral services and wife inheritance are some of the cultural practices that may put the members of the Luhya community at risk for HIV transmission. Poverty, low health literacy, unsafe sexual practices exacerbate HIV risk among the communities. DISCUSSION: The issue of culture cannot be overlooked when it comes to HIV prevention interventions in Bungoma district. It will be necessary for Public health workers to work with all stakeholders in the community to identify interventions that are acceptable to the community.

Pour devenir une importante destination touristique internationale et pas seulement subsaharienne, le Kenya a besoin de lieux et de produits touristiques renouvelés offerts de manière croissante par les sites mémoriels et les musées régionaux situés dans l’ensemble du pays, mis en tourisme récemment en direction des touristes domestiques. Cette nouvelle tendance permettra de décongestionner les sites et les régions touristiques phares (parcs de Masaï Mara, de Amboseli, lac Nakuru et la côte swahili), saturés dans leur fréquentation double, à la fois celle des touristes internationaux, mais aussi celle croissante, des touristes intérieurs. Grâce à l’approche multidisciplinaire (géographie du tourisme, celle du développement et celle de la culture), appuyée par les données obtenues à travers les entretiens semi-directifs, les questionnaires, les tables rondes, l’analyse documentaire et l’observation sur le terrain, notre recherche tente de démontrer comment le patrimoine matériel et immatériel des groupes ethno-culturel du Kenya occidental peut être mis en tourisme. Notre investigation traite de la région du lac Victoria et de Bungoma, principalement sur les sites d’Abasuba Rock Art Paintings, de Kit Mikayi et de Namakanda. Les populations locales autour de ces sites développent des stratégies différenciées en fonction de leur appartenance ethnique, que nous appréhendons du point de vue de la stratégie d’acteurs et des projets de développement touristiques
To become an important international tourism destination and not only in Subsaharan, Kenya needs renewed tourism places and products majorly consisting of memorial sites and regional museums spread throughout the country, recently developed for domestic tourists. This new initiative will decongest the major tourist sites and regions (reserve of Masai Mara, parks of Amboseli, lake Nakuru and Swahili coast), saturated due to double visitation (international and domestic tourists) Through a multidisciplinary approach (geography of tourism, cultural geography and geography of development), supported by data collected through semi-direct interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, field observation and analysis of existing literature, our research attempts show how the material and immaterial cultural heritage of the ethno-cultural groups of Western Kenya can be developed for tourism. Our investigation examines the regions of lake Victoria and Bungoma, particularly the sites of Abasuba Rock Art Paintings, Kit Mikayi and Namakanda. The host communities of these sites are developing strategies informed by their ethnic affiliation, that we study from the point of view of stakeholders’ strategy and development of tourism projects

Text in English with abstracts in English, Zulu and Sepedi
The objective of this qualitative case study was to determine the information needs of rural farmers in Bungoma County, Western Kenya. The study explored various literature on information needs of rural farmers and the information services available to them. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with twenty lead farmers who are hosts of Farmers’ Field Schools. The findings show that farmers in Bungoma County are mostly interested in information that helps them to generate quick incomes from their agribusinesses. They access agricultural information mostly from verbal messages passed on by extension officers and local administration leaders. The farmers confessed that the information accessed from electronic sources like local FM radios is very useful in enhancing their agricultural enterprises and therefore agricultural development partners, policy makers and stakeholders in Western Kenya should use local FM radio often to disseminate information on agricultural development. The challenges encountered by the farmers in their quest for information relates to affordability. This study contributes to social change by recommending agricultural development partners, policy makers and stakeholders in Western Kenya implement programmes for reducing the distances that farmers travel to access agricultural information and the costs they incur in applying the knowledge gained from the various information channels.
Lolu cwaningo lokuthola kabanzi ngesimo belugxile ekuqaguleni izidingo kwezolwazi nokusetshenziswa kwalo kubalimi basemakhaya endaweni yaseBungoma County, esentshonalanga Kenya. Kulolu cwaningo kuye kwabhekisiswa izincwadi nemibhalo ehlukahlukene maqondana nezidingo zolwazi zabalimi basemakhaya kanye nalezo zinsiza zolwazi abakwaziyo ukufinyelela kuzo. Ulwazi lwedatha luye lwaqoqwa ngokuthi kwenziwe izingxoxo-mibuzo nabalimi abangamashumi amabili okuyibona abavelele futhi abaye basingathe uhlelo lwabalimi olubizwa nge-Farmers’ Field Schools. Okutholakele kukhomba ukuthi intshisekelo yabalimi baseBungoma County ikakhulukazi imayelana nokuthola ulwazi oluzobasiza ekwakheni ngokushesha imali eyingeniso kumabhizinisi abo ezolimo. Kuvamise ukuthi ulwazi lwezolimo baluthole ngemibiko edluliswa ngomlomo ivela kubalimisi (extension officers) nakubaholi bezokuphatha basendaweni. Balibeke ngembaba abalimi elokuthi luwusizo kakhulu ekwesekeni amabhizinisi abo ezolimo ulwazi oluvela emithonjeni ye-elekthronikhi efana nesiteshi somsakazo we-FM sasendaweni, ngakho-ke kungaba ngcono uma labo okubanjiswene nabo (partners) kwezokuthuthukisa ezolimo, futhi nabakhi benqubomgomo kanye nalabo ababambe iqhaza entshonalanga Kenya bengasebenzisa isiteshi somsakazo we-FM sasendaweni ukusabalalisa ulwazi lokuthuthukisa ezolimo. Ukubhekana nezindleko yilona hlangothi abahlangabezana nezinselelo kulo abalimi, ekuphokopheleni kwabo ukuthola ulwazi. Lolu cwaningo luyigalelo ekuguquleni ezenhlalo yomphakathi ngokuphakamisa ukuthi labo okubanjiswene nabo ekuthuthukiseni ezolimo, abakhi benqubomgomo kanye nalabo ababambe iqhaza entshonalanga Kenya mabaqalise ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zokunciphisa amabanga amade okudinga ahanjwe ngabalimi ukuze bafinyelele kulwazi lwezolimo kanye nezindleko abangena kuzo uma sebesebenzisa lolo lwazi abaluthole ngemizila eyehlukene yolwazi.
Nepo ya nyakišišo ye ya khwalithethifi e be e le go laetša dinyakwa tša tshedimošo le ditšhomišo tša balemi ba dinagamagae go la Bungoma County, bodikela bja Kenya. Nyakišišo e nyakišišitše dingwalwa tša go fapana mabapi le dinyakwa tša balemi ba dinagamagae le ditirelo tša tshedimošo tše ba di hwetšago. Datha e kgobokeditšwe ka dipoledišano tša go dirwa thwii le balemi ba go eta pele ba masomepedi bao e lego benggae ba Dikolo tša Tlhabollo ya Balemi. Dikutullo di laetša gore balemi go la Bungoma County ba na le kgahlego gagolo go tshedimošo yeo e ba thušago go tšweletša letseno la ka pela go tšwa go dikgwebotemo tša bona. Ba hwetša tshedimošo ya temo gagolo ka melaetša ya molomo ye e fetišwago ke balemiši le baetapele ba selegae ba tshepedišo. Balemi ba dumetše gore tshedimošo ye e hwetšwago methopong ya elektroniki bjalo ka setiši sa FM sa radio ya tikologo e na le mohola matlafatšong ya dikgwebo tša bona tša temo gomme ka go realo bašomišani ba tlhabollo ya temo, bangwaladipholisi le bakgathatema ka bodikela bja Kenya ba swanela gore ba upše ba šomiše setiši sa FM sa radio go phatlalatša tshedimošo ka ga tlhabollo ya temo. Ditlhohlo tše balemi ba kopanago natšo mošomong wa bona wa tshedimošo di amana le phihlelelego. Nyakišišo ye e kgatha tema go phetogo ya leago ka go eletša bašomišani ba tlhabollo ya temo, bangwaladipholisi le bakgathatema go la borwa bja Kenya gore ba phethagatše mananeo go fokotša bokgole bjoo balemi ba bo sepelago go hwetša tshedimošo ya temo le ditshenyegelo tše ba di dirago tšhomišong ya tsebo ye e hweditšwego go tšwa dikanaleng tša go fapana tša tshedimošo.
Information Science
M.A. (Information Science)

This study investigated challenges and strategies towards teenage mother re-entry policy (TMRP) implementation in public secondary schools in Bungoma County. Objectives were to examine extent of TMRP implementation, establish challenges faced, and assess strategies towards implementation. Data collection instruments were interviews, questionnaire, and document analysis. Convenience, snowball, and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 36 parents of TMs, 49 TMs, 19 principals, and sub county director of education, respectively. The study established that extent of implementation was low (AMR=2.40), on overall challenges were high (AMR=3.20) with fear, shame, and stigma (MR=3.73) strategies (AMR=3.40) with parental involvement (MR=4.15). The study concluded that implementation was low due to lack of commitment. Recommended to MOE to conduct seminars for school administrators and parents on TMRP alongside individual and national economic development benefits associated with TM re-entry.

This study investigated challenges and strategies towards teenage mother re-entry policy (TMRP) implementation in public secondary schools in Bungoma County. Objectives were to examine extent of TMRP implementation, establish challenges faced, and assess strategies towards implementation. Data collection instruments were interviews, questionnaire, and document analysis. Convenience, snowball, and purposive sampling techniques were used to select 36 parents of TMs, 49 TMs, 19 principals, and sub county director of education, respectively. The study established that extent of implementation was low (AMR=2.40), on overall challenges were high (AMR=3.20) with fear, shame, and stigma (MR=3.73) strategies (AMR=3.40) with parental involvement (MR=4.15). The study concluded that implementation was low due to lack of commitment. Recommended to MOE to conduct seminars for school administrators and parents on TMRP alongside individual and national economic development benefits associated with TM re-entry.

The acquisition of requisite reading skills plays a crucial role in scaffolding learning and more so when children start their education. These reading skills form an important pivot around which most learning revolves. Nevertheless, studies globally indicate that majority of school-age pupils are not being taught the relevant reading skills at an appropriate age and grade hence most of them attain the age of eleven years before acquiring these skills. The integral role played by the teacher in enabling learners to acquire reading skills cannot be over-emphasized. They are, in fact, an important axis around which all educational processes revolve including the success in the acquisition of the children’s literacy skills. The purpose of this study was to find out the impact of teacher interpersonal characteristics on the acquisition of reading skills among grade three pupils in public primary schools in Bungoma County, Kenya. Vygotsky’s (1978) theory was fundamental to this study. A descriptive survey research was adopted in the study focusing on grade three pupils, their class teacher and the headteachers in Bumula Sub-County. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the study sample of 32%. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules and reading tests for grade three pupils to determine their level of reading skills. The researcher designed a pupil test to determine the levels of reading across the Grade III Learners. The study found out that teachers’ interpersonal characteristics had an impact on the acquisition of reading skills among the grade III learners. The study further established that Grade III pupils in Bungoma County have overall poor reading skills as manifested by their dismal sound recognition, comprehension, word recognition, and reading fluency. Furthermore, the study established that Grade III teachers are neither aware nor apply their interpersonal skills, but rely on their skills to help Grade III learners acquire reading skills. The study recommended that Bungoma County’s Ministry of Education should use these findings for policy implementation as a way or improving teacher interpersonal relationships, through modification of the curriculum of teacher training colleges. Keywords: Acquisition, Impact, Interpersonal characteristics, Reading skills

This study provides insights into a specific, hard-to-reach youth subpopulation—those born in agricultural areas in Western Kenya who migrate to large towns and cities—that is often missed by research and development activities. Using a mixed-methods approach, we find high variability in movement of youth between rural villages, towns, and large urban areas. Top reasons for youth migration align with existing literature, including pursuit of job opportunities and education. For youth from villages where crop farming is the primary economic activity for young adults, 77 percent responded that they are very interested in that work, in contrast to the common notion that youth are disinterested in agriculture. We also find many youth interested in settling permanently in their villages in the future. This research confirms that youth migration is dynamic, requiring that policymakers and development practitioners employ methods of engaging youth that recognize the diversity of profiles and mobility of this set of individuals.

This research report is a case study of women’s participation in community-based armed groups (CBAGs) in Kenya. It examines: the diversity of women’s motivations to participate in community-based armed groups in Kenya; women’s roles and agency within community-based armed groups, communal conflicts, as well as community security and peacebuilding structures; and gender dynamics in conflict ecosystems, including social perceptions about women’s engagement in conflict. This case study contributes to the literature on women and CBAGs by examining the variations in their engagement across a single country, based on diverse local contexts. Data collection sites for the study included 1) the capital city, Nairobi; 2) Isiolo County; 3) Marsabit County; 4) Mombasa County; and 5) Bungoma County. Together, these sites provide insight into local conflict dynamics in rural and urban areas; on country borders and on the coast; and in communities with ethnic polarization, land conflicts, criminal gangs, and histories of violent extremism and secessionist movements. The Kenyan research team employed a qualitative approach to data collection through key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and the use of secondary source data. The findings show that there is no single template for understanding women’s engagement with CBAGs; instead, women’s motivations and roles within these groups are varied and highly contextual, just as with the motivations and roles of men. This study demonstrates the utility of context-specific analyses at the sub-national level to capture the range of women’s participation in and engagement with CBAGs and their greater contributions to the local security landscape.