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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Tucker, Naomi M., Martin Hand, and Chris Clark. "The Bunger Hills: 60 years of geological and geophysical research." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000403.

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AbstractCorrelation of Rodinian and Gondwanan crustal domains relies on a thorough knowledge of those vestiges preserved today. The Bunger Hills hold a critical place in East Antarctica, recording the Mesoproterozoic assembly of Australo-Antarctica in Rodinia and the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian amalgamation of Indo- and Australo-Antarctica in Gondwana. It is situated in a region of disputed overlap between the different components of Rodinia and Gondwana, where there is little consensus on the location of sutures in this region and thus often speculative geological interpretations. The Bunger Hills therefore provide an opportunity to better understand the tectonic setting and palaeogeography during the assembly of these supercontinents. Recent work has confirmed that the Bunger Hills are one of few rare outcrops in Wilkes Land, East Antarctica that can be directly correlated with the broader Musgrave–Albany–Fraser–Wilkes Orogen (MAFWO). Whilst other constituent terranes of the MAFWO have been intensely studied, our geological knowledge of the Bunger Hills was comparatively limited until recently. In light of recent geological and geophysical developments, this contribution serves as an updated and concise standalone reference for the present state of knowledge of the Neoarchean–Cambrian evolution of the Bunger Hills region.

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2

Gore, Damian B., and Michelle R. Leishman. "Salt, sediments and weathering environments in Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 138–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000073.

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AbstractTerrestrial environments at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, vary from vegetation-rich, little-weathered rock surfaces retaining glacial polish and striations near the glacier and ice-sheet margins to salty, vegetation-poor, extensively weathered regions near to and downwind of marine bays and inlets. Weathering forms include tafoni and orientated pits, which record former wind directions. Although salts are found all over Bunger Hills, the strongly weathered area is coincident with the distribution of halite (NaCl) and thenardite (Na2SO4), both of which are derived from seawater and marine salt spray. Salts elsewhere in Bunger Hills are either subglacial calcium carbonates or rock weathering products including gypsum (CaSO4⋅2H2O) and a range of rarer minerals. These other salt minerals do not weather rocks and sediment. The distribution of halite and thenardite acts as a major control on the geomorphology, sediment geochemistry and biogeography of Bunger Hills.

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3

Leishman, Michelle R., John A. E. Gibson, and Damian B. Gore. "Spatial distribution of birds and terrestrial plants in Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000012.

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AbstractIn this paper, we synthesize recorded observations of moss, lichen and bird species in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, and assess the role of environmental controls, including sediment, salinity, moisture and geology, on species' distributions. The distribution of snow petrels (Pagodroma nivea) appears to be associated with geology; they nest by preference in crevices in bedrock outcrops around the margins of the hills or wherever jointed cliffs are found. South polar skuas (Catharacta maccormicki) are seen throughout Bunger Hills, where they nest and prey on snow petrels. Mosses and lichens were most abundant around the ice margins where fresh snow and ice meltwater are abundant. In the central area of Bunger Hills, where the highest salt concentration in sediments is found and exposure to abrasion by wind-driven mineral sand grains and ice particles is greatest, mosses and lichens are reduced in abundance and diversity. Exposure of parts of Bunger Hills from the ice sheet throughout the Last Glacial Maximum, c. 20 ka bp, means that some land and lakes could have acted as regional refugia and as a locus of recolonization of other ice-free areas.

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4

Gore, Damian B., and Sonja Berg. "Bunger Hills: the hidden Antarctic oasis." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102020000115.

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5

Augustinus, Paul C., Damian B. Gore, Michelle R. Leishman, Dan Zwartz, and Eric A. Colhoun. "Reconstruction of ice flow across the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 9, no. 3 (September 1997): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000424.

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In the Bunger Hills, mapping of glacial drift sheets and examination of striae patterns and other palaeo-ice flow direction indicators show that the largely ice-free region records the imprint of ice sheet expansion(s) during the late Cenozoic. In particular, ice moulded features and striae in southern Bunger Hills suggest formation during at least two episodes of ice sheet expansion, although whether they were formed during separate events or merely different phases of the same expansion of the ice sheet is not able to be discerned at present. The older event relates to thin ice with flow constrained by the topography, whilst the younger event relates to regional expansion of thick ice across the area. Discrimination of the order of emplacement of the cross-cutting striae patterns is possible at a number of sites. Palaeo-ice flow indicators confirm that ice sheet expansion over southern Bunger Hills was purely from the southern and eastern margins, although minor advances of the north-east flowing Edisto Glacier onto coastal areas occurred following retreat of the last extensive ice sheet phase.

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6

Colhoun, Eric A., and Donald A. Adamson. "Former glacial lakes of the Bunger Hills, Antarctica." Australian Geographer 20, no. 2 (November 1989): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049188908702984.

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7

Verkulich, Sergey R., and Achim Hiller. "Holocene deglaciation of the Bunger Hills revealed by 14C measurements on stomach oil deposits in snow petrel colonies." Antarctic Science 6, no. 3 (September 1994): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102094000593.

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Solidified stomach oil deposits in snow petrel colonies in the Antarctic proved to be suitable for 14C dating and provide important palaeobiogeographical and palaeoenvironmental information. Following earlier studies in the Untersee oasis (Central Dronning Maud Land) we present here 14C measurements on comparable deposits from the Bunger Hills (66°10′S, 101°E). The conventional 14C age of the basal layer reflects the occupation age of any particular nesting site and therefore a minimum age for the time when this area became ice-free. According to the 14C results the occupation of the southern part of the Bunger Hills by petrels started about 10000yr ago. The breeding colonies expanded continuously following local ice retreat. The most intensive phases of colonization seem to have been from 8–6 kyr BP and during the past 2 kyr.

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8

Gibson, John A. E., Damian B. Gore, and Enn Kaup. "Algae River: an extensive drainage system in the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Polar Record 38, no. 205 (April 2002): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017526.

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AbstractAn extensive terrestrial drainage system, centred on Algae Lake in southern Bunger Hills, is described. The 25-km-long Algae River is the third longest known in Antarctica after Onyx River (Wright Valley, Victoria Land) and Druzhby River (Vestfold Hills, Queen Elizabeth Land). Algae River receives meltwater from the Antarctic ice sheet, Apfel Glacier, and ephemeral and permanent snow banks in the ice-free area of the Bunger Hills. Water flows through a series of epiglacial lakes before reaching the extensive Algae Lake, which in turn has an outlet to Transkriptsii Gulf, a largely fresh-water, tidal epishelf lake connected to the ocean under the Edisto Ice Tongue and Shackleton Ice Shelf. Total flow from Algae Lake was estimated to be greater than 1 x 107 m3 a-1 from data collected in the 1986/87 summer. Some portions of the drainage system that were flowing during the 1946/47,1985/86, 1986/87, 1994/95, 1995/96, and 1998/99 summers were not flowing during the 1999/2000 summer, indicating the variable nature of discharge in the river and emphasising that parts of the drainage network may become disconnected readily.

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9

Gore, Damian B., John A. E. Gibson, and Michelle R. Leishman. "Human occupation, impacts and environmental management of Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000348.

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AbstractThe types and distributions of anthropogenic rubbish have been documented at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. The area has been the site of scientific research stations from 1958 to the present. Rubbish types include deliberately or negligently discarded items (gas cylinders, broken glass), abandoned unserviceable equipment (boats, vehicles, scientific equipment), spills (chemicals, fuel, oil) and the slow collapse of old buildings. Some rubbish remained where it was left, while other material was redistributed by strong winds. Modern expeditioner training should limit the production of new rubbish, while inadvertent wind dispersal of rubbish from old station buildings could be minimized by better management of these structures and their surrounds. Buildings and other constructed items need ongoing maintenance if they are not to break down and be distributed by wind, or they should be removed within a reasonable period.

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10

Augustinus, Paul C. "Weathering Characteristics of the Glacial Drifts, Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34, no. 1 (February 2002): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1552510.

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11

Adamson, Donald A., and Eric A. Colhoun. "Late Quaternary glaciation and deglaciation of the Bunger Hills, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 4, no. 4 (December 1992): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000658.

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The Bunger Hills were covered by the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. During deglaciation the ice sheet margin collapsed into the marine inlets and the sea entered the oasis before 7.7 ka BP. Raised beaches occur widely below 8.5 m and indicate uplift at 1.4 m ka−1 during the middle and late Holocene. After the coastal inlets were formed, the Edisto Ice Tongue and Apfels Glacier still impinged on land margins in the west of the oasis. Two sets of marginal moraines were formed; the Older Edisto Moraines after 6.2 ka BP and the Younger Edisto Moraines during the last few centuries. The margins of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and Apfels Glacier in the south have maintained their present positions since at least 5.6 ka BP and probably 10 ka BP.

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12

Augustinus, Paul C. "Weathering Characteristics of the Glacial Drifts, Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34, no. 1 (February 2002): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2002.12003470.

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13

Roberts, D., A. McMinn, and D. Zwartz. "An initial palaeosalinity history of Jaw Lake, Bunger Hills based on a diatom–salinity transfer function applied to sediment cores." Antarctic Science 12, no. 2 (June 2000): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000225.

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Two sediment cores taken from Jaw lake (Bunger Hills, East Antarctica) were analysed for diatom composition and abundance. A diatom-salinity transfer function developed for the nearby Vestfold Hills was used to determine palaeosalinity reconstructions from the assemblages preserved in each of the cores. There is a large step-wise decrease in salinity in the second core from at least c. 4000 to c. 2000 uncorrected 14C yr BP. The salinity record from the first core starts at c. 3000 uncorrected 14C yr BP and is comparable with the salinity of the second core between c. 3000 and c. 2000 uncorrected 14C yr BP. Sudden lake water dilution in both cores at c. 1900 uncorrected 14C yr BP is followed by brief increases in lake water salinity between c. 1900 and c. 500 uncorrected 14C yr BP, after which gradual dilution to present occurs. This analysis of the local environmental history of this saline lake reveals a mid–late Holocene evolution of the lake basin similar to that documented from earlier marine and freshwater lacustrine sediments in the Bunger Hills. The high coherence of the independent sediment records suggests a robust general palaeosalinity reconstruction of the lake is achieved in addition to providing evidence for the fidelity of single sediment cores as useful and adequate representation of the palaeolimnological histories of Antarctic lakes.

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14

Kaup, E., D. Haendel, and R. Vaikmäe. "Limnological features of the saline lakes of the Bunger Hills (Wilkes Land, Antarctica)." Antarctic Science 5, no. 1 (March 1993): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102093000070.

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Twelve saline lakes 5-35m above sea level in Bunger Hills (66°10'S, 101°00'E) were investigated from January to April in 1987-89. Some lakes may be relict and all were subject to wind-borne marine salts with present salinities between 3.4-79.0°/‰ and δ18O values mostly between -10 to -14%. Temperatures up to 17.7°C were measured at the bottom of Lake Polest where a sharp thermohalocline was observed during the period of open water. Mg2+ dominated over Ca2+ in all the lakes. Phosphates concentration was 3-10 μgP I-1 and total phosphorus 8-16 μgP I-1. The concentrations of nitrates and nitrites were often equal, ranging between 1-4 μgN I-1. Dissolved O2 was usually near saturation levels but peaked at more than 230% of saturation in the hypolimnion of Lake Polest as a result of temperature-enhanced photosynthesis with an assimilation rate of 23.9 mgC (mg Chl a)-1h-1. The values for chlorophyll a were 0.26-1.93 mg m-3 and for primary production 0.013-0.171 gCm-3d-1, the latter being an order of magnitude higher than in the fresh water lakes of the Bunger Hills.

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15

Sheraton, John W., Robert J. Tingey, Lance P. Black, and Robin L. Oliver. "Geology of the Bunger Hills area, Antarctica: implications for Gondwana correlations." Antarctic Science 5, no. 1 (March 1993): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102093000112.

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The Bunger Hills area of the East Antarctic Shield consists of granulite-facies felsic orthogneiss, with subordinate paragneiss and mafic granulite. The igneous precursors of granodioritic orthogneiss were emplaced 1500-1700 Ma ago, and late Archaean (2640 Ma) tonalitic orthogneiss occurs in the nearby Obruchev Hills. Peak metamorphism (M1) (at about 750-800°C and 5-6kb) occurred 1190 ±15 Ma ago (U-Pb zircon age), and was accompanied by the first of three ductile deformations (D1). Emplacement of voluminous, mainly mantle-derived plutonic rocks, ranging from gabbro, through quartz monzogabbro and quartz monzodiorite, to granite, followed between 1170 (during D3) and 1150 Ma. Intrusion of abundant dolerite dykes of four chemically distinct suites at about 1140 Ma was associated with shear zone formation, indicating at least limited uplift; all subsequent deformation was of brittle-ductile type. Alkaline mafic dykes were emplaced 500 Ma ago. Marked geochronological similarities with the Albany Mobile Belt of Western Australia suggest that high-grade metamorphism occurred during collision between the Archaean Yilgarn Craton of Australia and the East Antarctic Shield about 1200 Ma ago.

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16

Sapozhnikov, Philipp V., and Olga Yu Kalinina. "Microphytes of different types of locations from Bunger Hills (Eastern Antarctica)." Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), no. 1(19) (2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2019-1(19)-57-77.

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Oases of Antarctica are unique landscape compositions located within the continent and, at a considerable distance from the coast. These are areas of glacier-free rocks and lakes that are free from snow in the summer and are characterized by a high peculiarity of conditions for the formation of communities of living organisms. Our studies performed on a wide variety of biotopes of Bunger Hills revealed the composition and structure of algocenoses of these habitats, as well as to establish their common features and characteristic differences.

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17

Gore, D. B., E. J. Rhodes, P. C. Augustinus, M. R. Leishman, E. A. Colhoun, and J. Rees-Jones. "Bunger Hills, East Antarctica: Ice free at the Last Glacial Maximum." Geology 29, no. 12 (2001): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1103:bheaif>2.0.co;2.

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18

Berg, Sonja, Martin Melles, Damian B. Gore, Sergei Verkulich, and Zina V. Pushina. "Postglacial evolution of marine and lacustrine water bodies in Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102019000476.

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AbstractUnglaciated coastal areas in East Antarctica provide records of past ice sheet and glacier fluctuations and subsequent environmental conditions. In this paper we review lithological, geochemical, diatom and radiocarbon data from sediment records from inland and epishelf lakes in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. While some hilltops were unglaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum, till deposits in lake basins indicate infilling by glacier ice prior to the Holocene. Proglacial sedimentation occurred in lakes during the early Holocene. Around 9.6 ka bp, deposition of marine sapropel started under relatively warm climate conditions. Inland lakes were affected by high clastic input from meltwater runoff until c. 7.9 ka bp, when deposition became highly organic and biogenic proxies indicate a period of cooler conditions. Epishelf lakes experienced a decrease in water exchange with the ocean and increased freshwater input around 7.7 ± 0.2 ka bp and after 2.2 ka bp. This probably resulted from grounding line advances of the bounding glaciers, which could be either controlled by relative sea level (RSL) lowering and/or climate-driven glacier dynamics. The absence of marine sediments in the postglacial record of Algae Lake indicates that Holocene RSL probably reached a maximum at or below 10 m above present sea level.

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19

Melles, Martin, Sergey R. Verkulich, and Wolf-D. Hermichen. "Radiocarbon dating of lacustrine and marine sediments from the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 6, no. 3 (September 1994): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209400057x.

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Radiocarbon dating was carried out on the total organic carbon of 19 lacustrine and marine sediment samples from the Bunger Hills. The results indicate that radiocarbon contamination is negligible throughout two sediment sequences from a fresh water lake. In contrast, two sequences from marine basins are irregularly influenced by the Antarctic Marine Reservoir Effect, which today amounts to more than 1000 years, depending on the degree of dilution with meltwater. All dated sediments were deposited during Holocene time.

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20

Abdrakhmanov, I. A. "Physicochemical simulation of the conditions for the mafic granulite formation (Bunger Hills, East Antarctica)." Vestnik of Geosciences 2 (2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/geov.2021.2.3.

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The article presents the results of mineral thermobarometry and physico-chemical simulation of the formation of garnet-enstatite gneiss from the Mesoproterozoic metamorphic suite of the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica. As a result, the water activity, temperature and pressure of rock formation were estimated. It is shown that the peak temperature of metamorphism could reach 900 °С or more. Such temperature conditions indicate the prerequisites for the occurrence of UHT-metamorphism during the formation of the East Antarctic Shield.

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21

Doran, Peter T., R. A. Wharton, W. B. Lyons, D. J. Des Marais, and D. T. Andersen. "Sedimentology and geochemistry of a perennially ice-covered epishelf lake in Bunger Hills Oasis, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 12, no. 2 (June 2000): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000171.

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A process-oriented study was carried out in White Smoke lake, Bunger Hills, East Antarctica, a perennially ice-covered (1.8 to 2.8 m thick) epishelf (tidally-forced) lake. The lake water has a low conductivity and is relatively well mixed. Sediments are transferred from the adjacent glacier to the lake when glacier ice surrounding the sediment is sublimated at the surface and replaced by accumulating ice from below. The lake bottom at the west end of the lake is mostly rocky with a scant sediment cover. The east end contains a thick sediment profile. Grain size and δ13C increase with sediment depth, indicating a more proximal glacier in the past. Sedimentary 210Pb and 137Cs signals are exceptionally strong, probably a result of the focusing effect of the large glacial catchment area. The post-bomb and pre-bomb radiocarbon reservoirs are c. 725 14 C yr and c. 1950 14C yr, respectively. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the east end of the lake is >3 ka BP, while photographic evidence and the absence of sediment cover indicate that the west end has formed only over the last century. Our results indicate that the southern ice edge of Bunger Hills has been relatively stable with only minor fluctuations (on the scale of hundreds of metres) over the last 3000 years.

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22

Doran, Peter T., C. P. McKay, M. A. Meyer, D. T. Andersen, R. A. Wharton, and J. T. Hastings. "Climatology and implications for perennial lake ice occurrence at Bunger Hills Oasis, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 8, no. 3 (September 1996): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102096000429.

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The Bunger Hills Oasis (66°15'S; 100°45'E), a large ice-free expanse on the coast of East Antarctica, contains many lakes, only a few of which maintain an ice cover all year. To understand the environmental conditions that allow for persistent ice cover we established an automatic meteorological station on White Smoke Lake, a perennially ice-covered lake in contact with the Apfel Glacier. The data were collected from January 1992–July 1993. The mean annual solar flux during this period was 115 W m−2, the mean wind speed 4.6 m S−1, and the mean air temperature −11.2°C. Summer degree-days above freezing (71 °C-days) are similar to regions of the Antarctic (the McMurdo Dry Valleys - 78°45'S; 163°00'E) with thick perennial lake ice but the winter freezing degree days (3987 °C-Days) are much smaller and are closer to regions with seasonal ice covers (e.g. the high Arctic). The Bunger Hills Oasis seems to be in a marginal climatic region for the persistence of thick lake ice. Therefore, the extent of glacier ice contact becomes the controlling factor in maintaining an ice cover all year. We propose that this is either through the heat sink the glacier offers, and/or the positive feedback for ice growth provided by the high albedo of the adjacent glacier.

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23

GIBSON, JOHN A. E., and DALE T. ANDERSEN. "Physical structure of epishelf lakes of the southern Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 14, no. 3 (September 2002): 253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410200200010x.

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Epishelf lakes, positioned between ice-free areas and floating ice shelves or glaciers, are unusual tidal, but largely freshwater, environments found in both the Arctic and the Antarctic. The greatest concentration of these lakes is in the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica (66°S, 100°E). We present and discuss temperature and salinity profiles for five epishelf lakes from this region, most of which show unusual properties. White Smoke Lake is fresh and cold (<0.1°C) throughout; Lake Pol’anskogo has two basins, one fresh and cold, the other saline and warm; ‘Southern’ Lake is cold and saline at depth; Transkriptsii Gulf has a deep, warm saline layer; and ‘Northern’ Lake is relatively warm throughout. The structures of these lakes can be explained in terms of a simple model in which the isolated saline water evident in three of the lakes entered the basins through the connection to the marine waters during periods of reduced freshwater input. By dating these marine incursions, periods of reduced melt, presumably due to colder temperatures, can be determined.

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24

Tucker, Naomi M., Justin L. Payne, Chris Clark, Martin Hand, Richard J. M. Taylor, Andrew R. C. Kylander-Clark, and Laure Martin. "Proterozoic reworking of Archean (Yilgarn) basement in the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Precambrian Research 298 (September 2017): 16–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.05.013.

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25

Stüwe, K., and C. J. L. Wilson. "Interaction between deformation and charnockite emplacement in the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Journal of Structural Geology 12, no. 5-6 (January 1990): 767–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(90)90088-g.

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26

Gore, D. B., A. T. Revill, and D. Guille. "Petroleum hydrocarbons ten years after spillage at a helipad in Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 427–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102099000541.

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Surface and subsurface sediments from a helipad in Bunger Hills were collected ten years after accidental contamination with a small quantity (probably < 10 litres) of petroleum products. The contaminants are dominated by Jet A2 synthetic lubricating oil which exhibits no evidence of degradation or environmental mobility. In contrast, Jet A1 turbine kerosene is less abundant at the surface than at 20 cm depth. There is no evidence for biodegradation of the Jet A1 in the subsurface sample, suggesting that kerosene is environmentally mobile in the surface sediments.

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27

Gore, Damian B., and Michelle R. Leishman. "Tafoni show postglacial and modern wind azimuths that are similar at Bunger Hills." Antarctic Science 32, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201900035x.

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AbstractThe directions of strong winds are important for the distribution of marine salt spray, rock weathering, lake chemistry and the distribution of vegetation in Bunger Hills, a coastal ice-free oasis in East Antarctica. Present-day strong winds (> 10 m s−1) dominantly blow from 118 ± 21 degrees true (°T; ± 1 SD). Orientated tafoni (weathering pits) might form in bedrock surfaces by salt and ice crystallization, thermal stress and saltating sand particles, recording the orientation of a strongly directional wind field since the last deglaciation, which commenced > 30 000 years ago. The orientations of these tafoni, at 101 ± 18°T for 686 measurements at 28 sites, are indistinguishable from the direction of modern-day strong winds (> 10 m s−1), indicating that the orientation of the slope of the ice sheet has been stable throughout the last 10 000 years during the Holocene.

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28

Fitzsimons, Sean J., and Eric A. Colhoun. "Form, structure and stability of the margin of the Antarctic ice sheet, Vestfold Hills and Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 7, no. 2 (June 1995): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209500023x.

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Studies of glacier margins have suggested that form and structure can be used to infer mass balance condition and stability. This paper examines this idea by investigating the form and structure of the Antarctic ice sheet at two coastal oases in East Anarctica. Two principal forms of the margin of the ice sheet in the Vestfold and Bunger hills that are discussed are ice cliffs and gently-sloping ice margins with an inner moraine. The form of the ice margins in both areas is primarily related to the accumulation of drift snow and superimposed ice and not to mass balance condition. It is concluded that the form and structure of ice margins are ambiguous indicators of mass balance condition and stability and that a change in mass budget is probably neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for a change in the morphology of ice margins. Although we argue that the form and structure of the ice margins tells us little about stability, interpretation of the Holocene history and geomorphology of the oases suggests that the ice margins have been stable at least throughout the Holocene and that this condition of overall stability continues today.

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29

Kudinova, A. G., M. A. Petrova, A. V. Dolgikh, V. S. Soina, L. V. Lysak, and O. A. Maslova. "Taxonomic Diversity of Bacteria and Their Filterable Forms in the Soils of Eastern Antarctica (Larsemann Hills and Bunger Hills)." Microbiology 89, no. 5 (September 2020): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261720050136.

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30

Alekseev, Ivan, and Evgeny Abakumov. "Permafrost table depth in soils of Eastern Antarctica oases, King George and Ardley Islands (South Shetland Islands)." Czech Polar Reports 10, no. 1 (August 7, 2020): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2020-1-2.

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This study was aimed to investigate the electrical resistivity in soils and permafrost of various ice-free areas of Antarctica and Sub-Antarctica (from coastal Eastern Antarctica oases to Maritime Antarctica). Measurements of electrical resistivity of soil and permafrost strata were performed with a portable device LandMapper. It was found that the permafrost table depth ranged 82 to106 cm in Bunger Hills, 95 to 122 cm in Larsemann Hills, 27 to 106 in Thala Hills, and 89 to 100 cm on King George Island and Ardley Island. Presence (and thickness) of organic layer and influence of snow patches melting were found the main reasons for differentiation of permafrost table depth in the studied ice-free areas. Anthropogenic disturbance at waste disposal sites resulted in more pronounced soil profile heterogeneity and formation of scattered electrical resistivity profiles. Permafrost layer was found less homogenous in the upper part of permafrost strata compared to the lower part. An application of vertical electrical resistivity sounding (VERS) may be very useful for evaluation of active layer thickness in Antarctic environments, especially when they are facing severe anthropogenic influence due to maintaining of numerous Antarctic research stations and logistical operations

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Black, Lance P., John W. Sheraton, Robert J. Tingey, and Malcolm T. Mcculloch. "New U-Pb zircon ages from the Denman Glacier area, East Antarctica, and their significance for Gondwana reconstruction." Antarctic Science 4, no. 4 (December 1992): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209200066x.

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Two new U-Pb zircon ages from the area immediately west of Denman Glacier in Antarctica show that its geological history differs from that of the Obruchev Hills and Bunger Hills, to the east of the glacier. A crystallization age of 516.0 ± 1.5 Ma for syenite is by far the youngest primary age reported for this region, whereas tonalitic orthogneiss from Cape Charcot, the oldest known local rock, was derived by the high-grade metamorphism and deformation at 2889 ± 9 Ma of a 3003 ± 8 Ma igneous precursor. Both major populations of zircon in this rock lost Pb at 500–600 Ma. Although the Sm-Nd characteristics of the entire region resemble those of the Albany Mobile Belt of Western Australia, the Sm-Nd systematics of the felsic gneisses and plutonics are too old to allow direct correlation with the rocks of the Naturaliste Block (Western Australia), a potential key element for Gondwana reconstruction. However, the possibility exists that there is an indirect relationship between the Naturaliste Block and the region immediately west of Denman Glacier.

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Sheraton, John W., Lance P. Black, and Andrew G. Tindle. "Petrogenesis of plutonic rocks in a Proterozoic granulite-facies terrane — the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Chemical Geology 97, no. 3-4 (June 1992): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90075-g.

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Gibson, John A. E., Donna Roberts, and Bart Van de Vijver. "Salinity control of the distribution of diatoms in lakes of the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Polar Biology 29, no. 8 (February 8, 2006): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-006-0107-8.

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Sheraton, John W., Lance P. Black, Malcolm T. McCulloch, and Robin L. Oliver. "Age and origin of a compositionally varied mafic dyke swarm in the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Chemical Geology 85, no. 3-4 (July 1990): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90002-o.

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35

Karanovic, Tomislav, John A. E. Gibson, Ian Hawes, Dale T. Andersen, and Mark I. Stevens. "Diacyclops (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Continental Antarctica, including three new species." Antarctic Science 26, no. 3 (November 13, 2013): 250–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000643.

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AbstractContrary to earlier beliefs, crustaceans are present in ice-covered lakes of Antarctica. Interpretation of the significance of this has been hampered by the absence of robust identification of taxa present. We examine cyclopoid copepods from three widely separated lakes. All belong to the michaelseni group of the genus Diacyclops, which is widespread across Continental Antarctica, but do not fit into any existing species. Two new species were identified from eastern Antarctica, D. walkeri from Pineapple Lake (Vestfold Hills) and D. kaupi from Transkriptsii Gulf (Bunger Hills). Most significant was a dense population of a new epibenthic species (D. joycei) associated with microbial mats in Lake Joyce, one of the smaller McMurdo Dry Valleys lakes. This represents the first record of adult cyclopoid copepods from the ice-covered lakes of the Transantarctic Mountains. Continental Antarctica is the centre of diversity for this group of crustaceans and we argue that this is better explained by persistence through past glacial advances rather than by recent post-glacial colonization. The existence of a species endemic to Lake Joyce but apparently absent from other Dry Valleys lakes is discussed in relation to our understanding of the history of the McMurdo Dry Valleys lakes and their faunas.

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Tucker, Naomi M., and Martin Hand. "New constraints on metamorphism in the Highjump Archipelago, East Antarctica." Antarctic Science 28, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201600033x.

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AbstractThe age and conditions of metamorphism in the Highjump Archipelago, East Antarctica, are investigated using samples collected during the 1986 Australian Antarctic expedition to the Bunger Hills–Denman Glacier region. In situ U-Pb dating of monazite from three metasedimentary rocks yields ages between c. 1240–1150 Ma and a weighted mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1183±8 Ma, consistent with previous constraints on the timing of metamorphism in this region and Stage 2 of the Albany–Fraser Orogeny in south-western Australia. This age is interpreted to date the development of garnet ± sillimanite ± rutile-bearing assemblages that formed at c. 850–950°C and 6–9 kbar. Peak granulite facies metamorphism was followed by decompression, evidenced largely by the partial replacement of garnet by cordierite. These new pressure–temperature determinations suggest that the Highjump Archipelago attained slightly higher temperature and pressure conditions than previously proposed and that the rocks probably experienced a clockwise pressure–temperature evolution.

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NİZAMUTDİNOV, Timur, Mikhail ANDREEV, and Evgeny ABAKUMOV. "The role of the ornithogenic factor in soil formation on the Antarctic oasis territory Bunger Hills (East Antarctica)." EURASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE (EJSS) 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18393/ejss.962538.

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38

Абдрахманов, Ильнур Альбертович, Юрий Леонидович Гульбин, Ирина Михайловна Гембицкая, Ilnur Abdrakhmanov, Yuri Gulbin, and Irina Gembitskaya. "EVOLUTION OF MINERAL ASSEMBLAGES IN GRANULITES FROM BUNGER HILLS, EAST ANTARCTIСA AS A RESULT OF THEIR GEODYNAMIC SETTING." Proceedings of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/geo1675.

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39

Kudinova, Alina G., Andrey V. Dolgih, Nikita S. Mergelov, Ilya G. Shorkunov, Olga A. Maslova, and Mayya A. Petrova. "The Abundance and Taxonomic Diversity of Filterable Forms of Bacteria during Succession in the Soils of Antarctica (Bunger Hills)." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081728.

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Previous studies have shown that a significant part of the bacterial communities of Antarctic soils is represented by cells passing through filters with pore sizes of 0.2 µm. These results raised new research questions about the composition and diversity of the filterable forms of bacteria (FFB) in Antarctic soils and their role in the adaptation of bacteria to the extreme living conditions. To answer such questions, we analyzed the succession of bacterial communities during incubation of Antarctic soil samples from the Bunger Hills at increased humidity and positive temperatures (5 °C and 20 °C). We determined the total number of viable cells by fluorescence microscopy in all samples and assessed the taxonomic diversity of bacteria by next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene region. Our results have shown that at those checkpoints where the total number of cells reached the maximum, the FFB fraction reached its minimum, and vice versa. We did not observe significant changes in taxonomic diversity in the soil bacterial communities during succession. During our study, we found that the soil bacterial communities as a whole and the FFB fraction consist of almost the same phylogenetic groups. We suppose rapid transition of the cells of the active part of the bacterial population to small dormant forms is one of the survival strategies in extreme conditions and contributes to the stable functioning of microbial communities in Antarctic soils.

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BAYLY, I. A. E., J. A. E. GIBSON, B. WAGNER, and K. M. SWADLING. "Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of two East Antarctic freshwater calanoid copepod species: Boeckella poppei and Gladioferens antarcticus." Antarctic Science 15, no. 4 (December 2003): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102003001548.

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New populations of the two species of calanoid copepods known to inhabit freshwater lakes in East Antarctica, Boeckella poppei (Mrázek, 1901) and Gladioferens antarcticus Bayly, 1994, have recently been discovered. The morphology of the populations of B. poppei showed significant differences, notably a reduction in the armature of the male fifth leg, when compared with typical specimens from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. Gladioferens antarcticus had previously been recorded from a single lake in the Bunger Hills, but has now been recorded from three further lakes in this region. A recent review of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic zooplankton suggested that neither of these species can be considered an East Antarctic endemic, with B. poppei being listed as a recent anthropogenic introduction and G. antarcticus a ‘marine interloper’. We conclude differently: B. poppei has been present in isolated populations in East Antarctica for significant lengths of time, possibly predating the current interglacial, while G. antarcticus is a true Antarctic endemic species whose ancestors have been present in the region since before Australia separated from Antarctica.

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Vodovozov, V. Yu, G. L. Leitchenkov, M. S. Egorov, N. A. Gonzhurov, and E. V. Mikhalsky. "Paleomagnetism of the Mesoproterozoic Gabbro–Dolerite Dykes of the Bunger Hills (East Antarctica): A Key Paleomagnetic Pole and Tectonic Implications." Geotectonics 55, no. 2 (March 2021): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016852121020102.

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42

Karaevskaya, E. S., L. S. Demchenko, N. E. Demidov, E. M. Rivkina, S. A. Bulat, and D. A. Gilichinsky. "Archaeal diversity in permafrost deposits of Bunger Hills Oasis and King George Island (Antarctica) according to the 16S rRNA gene sequencing." Microbiology 83, no. 4 (July 2014): 398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0026261714040092.

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43

Tucker, Naomi M., Martin Hand, David E. Kelsey, Richard Taylor, Chris Clark, and Justin L. Payne. "A tripartite approach to unearthing the duration of high temperature conditions versus peak metamorphism: An example from the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica." Precambrian Research 314 (September 2018): 194–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.06.006.

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44

STÜWE, K., and R. POWELL. "Metamorphic evolution of the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica: evidence for substantial post-metamorphic peak compression with minimal cooling in a Proterozoic orogenic event." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 7, no. 4 (July 1989): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00608.x.

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45

De Smet, Willem H., and John A. E. Gibson. "Rhinoglena kutikovae n.sp. (Rotifera: Monogononta: Epiphanidae) from the Bunger Hills, East Antarctica: a probable relict species that survived Quaternary glaciations on the continent." Polar Biology 31, no. 5 (December 7, 2007): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0393-9.

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46

Stark, J. Camilla, Xuan-Ce Wang, Zheng-Xiang Li, Birger Rasmussen, Stephen Sheppard, Jian-Wei Zi, Christopher Clark, Martin Hand, and Wu-Xian Li. "In situ U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of a 1.13 Ga mafic dyke suite at Bunger Hills, East Antarctica: The end of the Albany-Fraser Orogeny." Precambrian Research 310 (June 2018): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.02.023.

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47

Loukaitou-Sideris, A., and G. Sansbury. "Lost Streets of Bunker Hill." California History 74, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25177534.

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Wodiczko, Krzysztof. "The Bunker Hill Monument Projection." Assemblage, no. 37 (December 1998): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171356.

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Kumarasena, Sena, Ray McCabe, Ted Zoli, and Denney Pate. "Zakim, Bunker Hill Bridge, Boston, Massachusetts." Structural Engineering International 13, no. 2 (May 2003): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686603777964775.

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Purcell, Sarah J. "Commemoration, Public Art, and the Changing Meaning of the Bunker Hill Monument." Public Historian 25, no. 2 (2003): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2003.25.2.55.

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The controversy over a 1998 public art project by Krzysztof Wodiczko at the Bunker Hill Monument dramatizes how the meanings of monuments are subject to constant renegotiation. Reaction to Wodiczko's art, which used the monument to comment on crime in Charlestown, Massachusetts, demonstrated both changes and continuities in the understandings of monuments since the Bunker Hill Monument was first designed in the 1820s. Both Wodiczko and the monument's original planners defined it as a tool capable of providing "eternal" recognition of heroism and sacrifice. Experimental projects may have great power to teach the public about the changing meaning of the past.

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