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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ullrich, K., N. Saha, and S. Lake. "Neuroretinitis following bull ant sting." Case Reports 2012, aug02 1 (August 2, 2012): bcr2012006338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2012-006338.

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2

Knight, K. "TEMPERATURE DOES NOT RESTRICT BULL ANT ACTIVITIES." Journal of Experimental Biology 214, no. 16 (July 27, 2011): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.062695.

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3

New, T. R. "Who wants a bull ant for a neighbour?" Journal of Insect Conservation 9, no. 2 (June 2005): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-005-0794-4.

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4

Gilhotra, Yuri, and Simon GA Brown. "Anaphylaxis to bull dog ant and jumper ant stings around Perth, Western Australia." Emergency Medicine Australasia 18, no. 1 (February 2006): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2006.00799.x.

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5

Reid, Samuel F., Ajay Narendra, Robert W. Taylor, and Jochen Zeil. "Foraging ecology of the night-active bull ant Myrmecia pyriformis." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 2 (2013): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13027.

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Here we report on the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia pyriformis, a species whose activity to and from the nest is mainly restricted to the dawn and dusk twilight respectively. Recent research on M. pyriformis has focussed on its visual system, the timing of activity patterns, and the navigational strategies employed by individuals while foraging. There is, however, a lack of basic ecological information about this species. The present study describes the behaviour and foraging ecology of wild populations of M. pyriformis. We find that most foragers make only one foraging journey per night, leaving the nest at dusk twilight and returning during dawn twilight. Individuals who make multiple trips typically return with prey. We provide evidence that foragers imbibe liquid food while abroad and likely share these resources via trophallaxis once within the nest. Activity during the night varies with moon illumination, and we postulate that this is due to changes in light levels, which influence navigation to and from the nest. This hypothesis is supported by observations of activity during overcast conditions. Finally, we also describe some aspects of colony founding, colony demise and the behaviour of reproductive individuals during the mating season.
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6

Brophy, J. J., and D. Nelson. "from the head of the bull ant Myrmecia gulosa (Fabr.)." Insect Biochemistry 15, no. 3 (January 1985): 363–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1790(85)90027-7.

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7

Freas, Cody A., Ajay Narendra, and Ken Cheng. "Compass cues used by a nocturnal bull ant,Myrmecia midas." Journal of Experimental Biology 220, no. 9 (February 9, 2017): 1578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.152967.

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8

Freas, Cody A., Ajay Narendra, Corentin Lemesle, and Ken Cheng. "Polarized light use in the nocturnal bull ant, Myrmecia midas." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 8 (August 2017): 170598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170598.

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Solitary foraging ants have a navigational toolkit, which includes the use of both terrestrial and celestial visual cues, allowing individuals to successfully pilot between food sources and their nest. One such celestial cue is the polarization pattern in the overhead sky. Here, we explore the use of polarized light during outbound and inbound journeys and with different home vectors in the nocturnal bull ant, Myrmecia midas . We tested foragers on both portions of the foraging trip by rotating the overhead polarization pattern by ±45°. Both outbound and inbound foragers responded to the polarized light change, but the extent to which they responded to the rotation varied. Outbound ants, both close to and further from the nest, compensated for the change in the overhead e-vector by about half of the manipulation, suggesting that outbound ants choose a compromise heading between the celestial and terrestrial compass cues. However, ants returning home compensated for the change in the e-vector by about half of the manipulation when the remaining home vector was short (1−2 m) and by more than half of the manipulation when the remaining vector was long (more than 4 m). We report these findings and discuss why weighting on polarization cues change in different contexts.
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9

Ramirez-Esquivel, Fiorella, Jochen Zeil, and Ajay Narendra. "The antennal sensory array of the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia pyriformis." Arthropod Structure & Development 43, no. 6 (November 2014): 543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2014.07.004.

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10

Mackintosh, J. A., J. E. Trimble, A. J. Beattie, D. A. Veal, M. K. Jones, and P. H. Karuso. "Antimicrobial mode of action of secretions from the metapleural gland ofMytmecia gulosa(Australian bull ant)." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-018.

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Secretions from exocrine metapleural glands of Myrmecia gulosa (Australian bull ant) exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Treatment of the yeast Candida albicans with metapleural secretion resulted in the rapid and total leakage of K+ions from cells within 10 min. Ultrastructural analysis of the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and cells and protoplasts of Candida albicans demonstrated gross damage of the cell membrane and aggregation of the cytoplasmic matrix of treated cells. Degradation of membrane-bound organelles was also observed in Candida albicans. The antimicrobially active components of metapleural secretions were nonpolar and interacted with the phospholipid bilayer, causing damage to the structural integrity of liposomes and the release of carboxyfluorescein. The data suggest that the antimicrobial agents in metapleural secretion act primarily by disrupting the structure and function of the phospholipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane.Key words: ant metapleural secretion, antimicrobial, Candida albicans, cytoplasmic membrane.
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11

ABRAHAM, LA, CJ HINKLEY, L. TATARCZUCH, and SA HOLLOWAY. "Acute renal failure following Bull Ant mass envenoma-tion in two dogs." Australian Veterinary Journal 82, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb14638.x.

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12

Freas, Cody A., and Ken Cheng. "Panorama similarity and navigational knowledge in the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia midas." Journal of Experimental Biology 222, no. 11 (May 13, 2019): jeb193201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.193201.

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13

van Wilgenburg, Ellen, Susie Dang, Amy-Louise Forti, Tessa J. Koumoundouros, Anna Ly, and Mark A. Elgar. "An absence of aggression between non-nestmates in the bull ant Myrmecia nigriceps." Naturwissenschaften 94, no. 9 (April 26, 2007): 787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-007-0255-x.

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14

Veal, D. A., Jane E. Trimble, and A. J. Beattie. "Antimicrobial properties of secretions from the metapleural glands ofMyrmecia gulosa(the Australian bull ant)." Journal of Applied Bacteriology 72, no. 3 (March 1992): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb01822.x.

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15

Narendra, Ajay, and Fiorella Ramirez-Esquivel. "Subtle changes in the landmark panorama disrupt visual navigation in a nocturnal bull ant." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (April 5, 2017): 20160068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0068.

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The ability of ants to navigate when the visual landmark information is altered has often been tested by creating large and artificial discrepancies in their visual environment. Here, we had an opportunity to slightly modify the natural visual environment around the nest of the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia pyriformis . We achieved this by felling three dead trees, two located along the typical route followed by the foragers of that particular nest and one in a direction perpendicular to their foraging direction. An image difference analysis showed that the change in the overall panorama following the removal of these trees was relatively little. We filmed the behaviour of ants close to the nest and tracked their entire paths, both before and after the trees were removed. We found that immediately after the trees were removed, ants walked slower and were less directed. Their foraging success decreased and they looked around more, including turning back to look towards the nest. We document how their behaviour changed over subsequent nights and discuss how the ants may detect and respond to a modified visual environment in the evening twilight period. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.
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16

Islam, Muzahid, Cody A. Freas, and Ken Cheng. "Effect of large visual changes on the navigation of the nocturnal bull ant, Myrmecia midas." Animal Cognition 23, no. 6 (April 8, 2020): 1071–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-020-01377-0.

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17

Billen, J. "Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Dufours and Venom Gland in the Ant Myrmecia-Gulosa (Fabr) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 3 (1990): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900305.

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The morphology and fine structure of the two major sting glands in the primitive Australian bull ant, Myrmecra gulosa, are described. The cells of the glandular epithelium of the tubiform Dufour's gland are characterised by a well developed vesicular smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous lamellar inclusions, and microvillar differentiations of the apical cell membrane. The cells of the secretory filaments of the venom gland contain a very extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi vesicles. The highly proteinaceous secretion reaches the filament lumen through the intracellular end apparatus. Passage through the convoluted gland probably accompanies the modification or production of additional secretory components, as is suggested by the ultrastructural organisation of the convoluted gland cells. The large venom gland reservoir is lined with squamous epithelial cells and a thick cuticular layer, that protects the ant from self-toxication by the powerful venom. Each sting gland opens separately through the sting, and possesses its own muscular control mechanism that allows independent discharge of secretion.
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18

Robinson, Samuel D., Alexander Mueller, Daniel Clayton, Hana Starobova, Brett R. Hamilton, Richard J. Payne, Irina Vetter, Glenn F. King, and Eivind A. B. Undheim. "A comprehensive portrait of the venom of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa, reveals a hyperdiverse hymenopteran toxin gene family." Science Advances 4, no. 9 (September 2018): eaau4640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4640.

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Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are diverse and ubiquitous, and their ability to sting is familiar to many of us. However, their venoms remain largely unstudied. We provide the first comprehensive characterization of a polypeptidic ant venom, that of the giant red bull ant, Myrmecia gulosa. We reveal a suite of novel peptides with a range of posttranslational modifications, including disulfide bond formation, dimerization, and glycosylation. One venom peptide has sequence features consistent with an epidermal growth factor fold, while the remaining peptides have features suggestive of a capacity to form amphipathic helices. We show that these peptides are derived from what appears to be a single, pharmacologically diverse, gene superfamily (aculeatoxins) that includes most venom peptides previously reported from the aculeate Hymenoptera. Two aculeatoxins purified from the venom were found to be capable of activating mammalian sensory neurons, consistent with the capacity to produce pain but via distinct mechanisms of action. Further investigation of the major venom peptide MIITX1-Mg1a revealed that it can also incapacitate arthropods, indicative of dual utility in both defense and predation. MIITX1-Mg1a accomplishes these functions by generating a leak in membrane ion conductance, which alters membrane potential and triggers neuronal depolarization. Our results provide the first insights into the evolution of the major toxin gene superfamily of the aculeate Hymenoptera and provide a new paradigm in the functional evolution of toxins from animal venoms.
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19

Vazquez, R. J., Philip G. Koehler, Roberto M. Pereira, Jack Warner, and Rudolf H. Scheffrahn. "Florida Carpenter Ants." EDIS 2015, no. 5 (August 5, 2015): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1075-2013.

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Carpenter ants are in the genus Camponotus, in which up to over 900 species have been described worldwide. They get their common name, “carpenter ant,” because some species excavate nests in wood. Carpenter ants are sometimes called bulldog ants or bull ants. However, not all species in the genus Camponotus are true carpenter ants because some nest in preformed cavities or in soil. This 5-page fact sheet was originally published as part of Pests in and around the Florida Home, and was written by R. J. Vazquez, P. G. Koehler, R. M. Pereira, J. Warner, and R. H. Scheffrahn, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, October 2013.
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20

Shamsi, Shamim, and Najmun Naher. "Mycoflora associated with two species of Liliaceae in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v22i1.46272.

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A total of nine fungi were isolated from two ornamental angiosperms, namely Hemerocallis fulva L. and Pancratium verecundum Ant. belong to Liliaceae. Three species of fungi were found to be associated with the leaf of Hemerocallis fulva. The fungi were Colletotrichum capsici, (Syd.) Bull. & Bisby, Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. Ex Fr.) and Glomerella montana (Sacc.)v Arx & E. Muller. Six species of fungi, namely Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler, Colletotrichum orbiculare (Berk & Mont.) Arex., Curvularia clavata Jain, Fusarium solani (Mort.) Sacc., Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubol and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid were found to be associated with P. verecundum. Among the fungal species Glomerella montana is new record for Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 22(1): 39-46, 2013 (January)
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21

Мирошніченко, Ілона. "„Po śmierci próżniaka nie zawyje i sobaka”: образ ледаря та трудолюба в зоофразеології (на матеріалі польської, української та російської мов)." Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne, no. 20 (September 22, 2021): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pss.2021.20.3.

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The article analyzes the zoophraseologisms to denote a lazy and a hard worker. It was found that the images of a bee, a horse (in all studied languages), a donkey (the Ukrainian language), a bull, a louse (the Russian language), and an ant (the Polish language) were used in the phraseology for a positive description of person. Laziness and idleness in phraseology personify the images of a cat (in all studied languages), a bird, a louse (Polish and Ukrainian languages), a drone (Ukrainian and Russian languages), a donkey (the Russian language), a dog, a hen (the Ukrainian language). Ambivalent connotations in phraseology have images of an ox (in all studied languages), a dog (Polish and Russian languages), a hen, a donkey (the Polish language). Negatively colored phraseologies prevail over positively ones. In most cases, the semantics of phraseology is related to the way of life of animals, which people perceive it, to a lesser extent – the plots of fairy tales, pagan traditions, culinary and hunting practices. Decoding of some phraseologies is complicated by the homonymy of animal names.
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22

Eremenko, V. I., Yu I. Gatilova, A. V. Blednova, S. Yu Steblovskaya, and G. I. Shvets. "Enzyme blood profile in lactating cows of different bulls’ genetic lines." E3S Web of Conferences 282 (2021): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128203007.

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Scientific and production experiments were carried out on lactating cows of the Simmental breed. 4 groups of cows derived from different lines of bulls Romulus, Redad, Huxle, and Honig were formed for the experiment. Each group contained 10 heads. The level of dairy productivity of experimental cows was the same and amounted to about 11 thousand kg of milk per lactation. The keeping conditions for the animals were the same. Feeding levels were consistent with their dairy productivity. Blood for the study was taken once a month prior to morning feeding. The following were determined in blood samples: total protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH). During lactation, the highest level of total protein, the activity of ALT, AAT, AP, LDH was observed at the peak of lactation, followed by their decrease by the end of lactation regardless of cows’ genetic affiliation. Relatively higher levels of total protein and ALT, AAT and LDH activity have been observed in lactating cows of the bull line Romulus relative to cows of the bull lines Redad, Huxle and Honig. There were no differences within the cows’ genetic lines in the activity of alkaline phosphatase.
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23

ALYETHODI, RAFEEQUE R., AJAYVIR SINGH SIROHI, S. KARTHIK, S. TYAGI, ANKUR SHARMA, P. PERUMAL, JAI SUNDER, and D. BHATTACHARYA. "Semen alkaline phosphatase activity reveals a lack of association with bull semen freezability." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i1.120918.

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The present study aimed to measure and comparealkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity in the bull’ssemen with varying freezability. Based on the post-thawmotility percentages, the bulls of similar age groups weregrouped into good and low freezable semen groups (Freezegroups).A total of 450 ejaculates from 21 bulls, with anaverage of 22 ejaculates per bull, were initially screened.Bulls (14) with similar initial motility and qualifyingminimum standard semen volume and sperm concentrationvalues were inducted in the final study. Consecutively twoto three ejaculates collected from each bull were processedfor alkaline phosphatase activity. Association of alkalinephosphatase activity with freezability was carried out usingan independent t-test. Correlations of alkaline phosphatasewith semen volume and sperm concentrations were assessedusing Pearson correlations. Alkaline phosphatase activityshowed an insignificant variation between freeze-groups.Further, no correlation of enzyme activity with the semenvolume and sperm concentration was observed. Besides,seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase activity assessed onconsecutive days of ejaculates showed no variation. Thepreliminary finding of this study indicates that alkalinephosphatase may not be involved in bull semen freezability.Hence, it may not be a reliable biochemical marker orindicator in bull cryopreservability studies.
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24

Thorson, Alice. "Raging Bull." Afterimage 18, no. 1 (1990): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.1990.18.1.2.

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25

Yang, Wenzhu, Maolong He, Yizhao Shen, Tao Ran, and Ousama Alzahal. "PSXII-7 Supplementing beef cattle finishing diets with ruminal protected live yeast affected fatty acid profiles in meat." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.773.

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Abstract Fatty acid (FA) composition in beef is related to beef quality and human health. It was recently reported that feeding active dried yeast (ADY) in finishing bull altered some FA of longissimus muscle. The objective was to evaluate the effects of adding ruminally protected versus non-protected ADY on FA profiles of the pars costalis diaphragmatis (PCD) muscle of beef cattle. Seventy-five Angus steers (initial BW 448 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design with five treatments: control (no additives), antibiotics (ANT, 330 mg monensin + 110 mg tylosin/d), ADY (1.5 g/d), encapsulated ADY (EDY, 3 g/d) and combination of ADY and EDY (MDY). The encapsulated ADY consisted of 1.5 g ADY and 2 g capsule. Antibiotics, ADY and EDY were top-dressed to a diet containing 10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate (DM basis). The PCD samples were collected from cattle at slaughter. Intakes (g/d) of total FA (144), saturated FA (SFA; 41), monounsaturated FA (MUFA, 16) and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA, 87) were not different among treatments. Proportion of SFA (49.0%) and MUFA (48.2%) in PCD did not differ among treatments, whereas the proportion of PUFA was greater (P < 0.05) with EDY (3.0%) and MDY (3.0%) than control (2.4%). The proportion of n-3 FA also tended (P < 0.06) to be greater with EDY (0.49%) and MDY (0.50%) than control (0.41%) and ADY (0.41%). Steers fed EDY and MDY enhanced (P < 0.05) the proportion of linoleic acid (LA n-6) and decosapentaenoic acid (DPA n-3) compared with control. These results indicated that feeding EDY and MDY increased amounts of PUFA, FA n-3, LA n-6 and DPA n-3. Inclusion of encapsulated yeasts to diet might increase the amount of bioactive yeasts reached intestines and result in better utilization of PUFA from the digesta and increase the accumulation in the intramuscular fat.
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26

Theraulaz, G. "Model of Droplet Dynamics in the Argentine Ant Linepithema Humile(Mayr)." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 63, no. 6 (November 2001): 1079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bulm.2001.0260.

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27

Brandts, W. "Two-category Model of Task Allocation with Application to Ant Societies." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 63, no. 6 (November 2001): 1125–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bulm.2001.0262.

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28

Sumpter, D. "Ants and Agents: a Process Algebra Approach to Modelling Ant Colony Behaviour." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 63, no. 5 (September 2001): 951–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bulm.2001.0252.

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29

Kamieniecki, H., J. Wójcik, R. Pilarczyk, K. Lachowicz, M. Sobczak, W. Grzesiak, and P. Błaszczyk. "Growth and carcass performance of bull calves born from Hereford, Simmental and Charolais cows sired by Charolais bulls." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1669-cjas.

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The analysis comprised purebred Charolais bull calves (CH) and crossbred bull calves born from Hereford (CH × HE) and Simmental (CH × SI) cows. Body weights and daily gains were measured in subsequent periods of the experiment and the post-slaughter evaluation was carried out. Carcass lean weight and dressing percentage were evaluated, as well as the lean content of five prime cuts. Total weight of the five prime cuts was measured and its share in the half-carcass weight was determined. The rib-eye area was also measured. The CH × SI crossbreds reached significantly higher body weights at weaning, 210-day body weights and weights at finishing, as well as significantly higher daily gains in all the periods (<I>P</I> < 0.05, <I>P</I> < 0.01) and were characterized by the heaviest carcasses and most cuts, particularly the round. The crossbreds had the highest total weight of five prime cuts and total lean weight, highest weight of the round and lean weight in the round. Other relationships were found analyzing the share of each cut in the carcass. The share of tenderloin and rump in the carcass of CH × SI was significantly lower compared to the purebred bulls (<I>P</I> < 0.01) and CH × HE (<I>P</I> < 0.05). They also had a significantly lower share of the shoulder, shank and shin, as compared to the other groups, as well as a significantly higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) share of the neck, as compared to the purebred bulls. The purebred bulls also achieved good results and had the highest share of the prime cuts and the largest mean rib-eye area.
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30

Pozovnikova, Marina, Olga Tulinova, Anna Krutikova, Olga Mitrofanova, and Natalya Dementieva. "Monitoring and significance of the recessive genetic defect AH1 of Ayrshire cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 9. (September 30, 2020): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/110/2020-cjas.

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Modern dairy farming is characterised by high selection intensity and the use of a limited number of bulls-producers. This increases the likelihood of widespread genetic defects in livestock populations. Genome-wide studies have identified DNA loci associated with the disruption of foetal embryonic development and its death, which have been called “fertility haplotypes”. The aim of this study is to analyse the occurrence of АН1 haplotype or rs475678587 in Ayrshire bulls (n = 186) used in the artificial insemination system of Russia and to evaluate the reproductive and productive qualities of their daughters. The proportion of genetic defect carrier bulls in the analysed sample cohort was 16.66%. Analysis of the proportion of carriers of unwanted haplotype depending on the place of birth of the bull for service showed that the highest frequency was observed in bulls of Canadian origin (26.66%). Based on data on 97 478 cow and heifer calvings, stillbirth and abortion rates were analysed and cow reproduction rates were based on an AH1 status for the bull-father and bull for service. We observed a significant increase (P &lt; 0.05 and P &lt; 0.001) in the incidence of stillbirths when crossing the daughters of AH1-C bulls with AH1-C bulls. There was no negative association of abortion rates and reproductive qualities with AH1 haplotype. The high incidence of AH1 haplotype among animals of Ayrshire breed requires regular screening for the carriers of this haplotype not only among bulls, but also in cows.
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31

Vignesh, S. "Hugging the Bull: Becoming-Animal in Jallikattu." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 12, no. 1 (February 2018): 126–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2018.0299.

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This paper is an ethnographic endeavour in mapping the Deleuzian concept of Becoming-Animal in a sport called Jallikattu, which involves humans and bulls. Initially, I map the legal and social discourses surrounding this sport to argue the necessity to understand the immanent patterns of molecular forces, activating the human–bull relationships, embedded in this sport. Ethnographic data collected from the domain of Jallikattu bull selection and grooming and from the players of this sport are analysed to materially ground the dynamic ontology of becoming-animal, specifically the conceptions of the pack and the anomalous. I explain how the formation of the Jallikattu assemblage, comprising both the humans and the bulls, compels us to grasp the specific encounters of selectors, groomers and players with the bull in establishing an affective relationship. The act of hugging the bull in this sport and the local conception of action-characteristics help in tracing the nodes of deterritorialisation and rhizomatic connections in the apparatus of Jallikattu. I argue that the richness of becomings embedded in this sport needs to be taken into account, amidst the quantitative surge in legal and social discourses.
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32

Suyadi, S., B. Purwantara, A. Furqon, W. A. Septian, I. Novianti, I. W. Nursita, C. D. Nugraha, R. F. Putri, H. Pratiwi, and E. Herwiyati. "Influences of bull age and season on sperm motility, sperm concentration, and ejaculate volume of Ongole Grade cattle in Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 45, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.45.4.261-267.

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Ongole Grade cattle is one of local cattle in Indonesia.This study was aimed to analyze the effect of bull age and season on semen quality of Ongole Grade cattles macroscopically (sperm motility, and sperm concentration) and microscopically (semen ejaculate volume) to support the policy and management on improvement of semen production. Data were collected from 533 ejaculates of 10 bulls aged 3, 4, and 5 yr at Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center(SNAIC). The 4-year-old bulls hadhighestsperm motiliy and semen ejaculate volume. The lowest ejaculate volume was reported in Ongole Gradecattlesaged 3 yr. Sperm motility and concentrationweresignificantly higher (P<0.01) in wet season than dry season. In conclusion, the bull age and season should be considered by Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centerwhen collecting the semen, especially on bulls aged 3 yr old and in dry season.
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Peterson, Katie, Tracy Schohr, Kasey DeAtley, and Zach D. McFarlane. "PSI-34 Factors influencing bull selection and management in extensive rangeland production systems of California." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.830.

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Abstract California’s 660,000 head of beef cattle are highly dependent on bulls used to produce offspring that can perform across the state’s diverse ecological regions. Bulls need to be functional on rugged coastal landscapes, rolling foothills, deserts and in high-elevation terrain. Few data exist that indicate factors related to selection, maintenance and longevity of bulls used in rangeland landscapes. Objectives herein, were to assess factors influencing bull purchasing, management, and culling decisions of California beef producers. Surveys were mailed to the California Cattlemen’s Association membership (n = 1,410) with ~ 12% response rate (n = 171). Data were analyzed for 56% of respondents (n = 95). Mean age and years of bull selection experience of respondents was 61 ± 1 years and 27 ± 2 years, respectively. Respondents managed cattle on a total of 694,949 ha of owned, private leased, and leased public rangelands in California and surrounding states. Cow-calf herd size was 378 ± 92 head and bull battery averaged 18 ± 3 head with average bull longevity of 5 ± 0.8 years. The average price paid for bulls in the last 2 years was $5166 ± 298, while the highest price paid in the last 5 years was $6958 ± 445. Survey responses were used to define current factors driving management after purchase and for subsequent breeding seasons. Methodology for bull turnout management (i.e. high-energy diet, pasture, supplemental hay) had no impact (P = 0.13) on average age of bulls when culled. After bull purchase, 46% of producers turned bulls out directly with females, while 49% held bulls until the following breeding season. Additionally, most producers (75%) did not manage bulls to reduce condition after purchase. Average bull longevity was moderately correlated (P = 0.01; r2 = 0.30) with average bull price a producer was willing to pay. The average age of bulls when culled was not influenced (P = 0.42) by the frequency of semen quality evaluation. Semen quality was evaluated annually by 45% of respondents, while 20% of respondents never evaluated semen quality. Respondents indicated bull age (35%) and structural soundness (29%) as the most common factors for culling bulls. This research suggests the need for additional research focused on bull selection and management to maximize producer investment in reproduction.
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Montoya-Monsalve, Giovanni, María-Jesús Sánchez-Calabuig, Javier Blanco-Murcia, Laura Elvira, Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán, and Priscila Ramos-Ibeas. "Impact of Overuse and Sexually Transmitted Infections on Seminal Parameters of Extensively Managed Bulls." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030827.

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Natural service remains the main breeding method in extensively managed beef herds. Although the bull might be the most important factor in determining herd fertility, its importance has been largely overlooked, focusing instead on female fertility. Management of the bull is critical to maximize the opportunities for cow conception. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) are infections associated with reduced conception rates. This study aimed to determine the effect of both IBR and BVD infection, and bull: cow ratio on seminal parameters in the bull and herd fertility. The presence of antibodies to IBR and BVD, seminal parameters (volume, concentration, mass, and progressive motility), and herd fertility were analyzed in 158 extensively managed bulls. Sperm concentration and mass motility, as well as herd fertility, were significantly lower in BVD-positive bulls. No significant differences were found between IBR-positive and -negative bulls in any reproductive parameter. Sperm concentration was negatively affected by BVD infection in both Charolais and Limousin bulls, whereas mass motility and herd fertility were reduced in Limousin bulls only. No differences were observed in the cow: bull ratio between BVD+ and BVD- bulls. A significant negative correlation was detected between the number of cows per bull and herd fertility, which was negatively affected when herds had more than 40 cows per bull. In conclusion, BVD and bull overuse negatively affect the reproductive performance of the herd.
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35

Wainewright, S. A., A. J. Parker, W. E. Holmes, H. Zerby, and L. A. Fitzpatrick. "An economic case study of entire male grain-fed beef from a north-western Queensland production system." Animal Production Science 51, no. 6 (2011): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10266.

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Assessing the differences in gross margins for a north-western Queensland beef-production system was undertaken using herd-budgeting software. The analysis reviewed the viability of producing beef for the domestic market from either a steer or bull production system. A hypothetical herd of 1200 breeders was created for the case study evaluation. An integrated beef production system from breeding to feedlot finishing was found to be less profitable for bull beef production than for steers at the current market prices. Although bull production was more profitable than steer production during the feedlot phase, the production of bulls in this phase failed to compensate for the earlier economic losses in the weaning phase of –AU$24.04 per adult equivalent for bulls. During the feedlot phase, bull production systems had lower break-even sale prices than did steer production systems. In reviewing two pricing scenarios for bulls, it was found that marketing bulls at the same price as steers was the most profitable production system. We conclude that the production of bull beef from a north-western Queensland production system can be profitable only if bulls can be sold without discount relative to steers.
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CROW, G. H., S. AMAL, and M. DONETZ. "REGRESSIONS OF PROGENY PROOFS FOR CALVING EASE AND GROWTH ON TEST STATION PERFORMANCE OF CHAROLAIS AND HEREFORD BEEF BULLS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-010.

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Performance records of 32 Charolais and 52 Hereford beef bulls tested at the Manitoba Bull Test Station for which progeny proofs were available (1984 Canadian Beef Sire Monitoring Program) were analyzed to determine if performance-tested bulls with progeny proofs were representative of the selected group of bulls which were eligible for sale (i.e, had station indexes of 95 or more) and to determine the regressions of progeny proofs on bull performance. The bull performance information included start and end of test weights, interim weights and gains, all expressed as deviations from their respective year-breed contemporary group means. This group of 84 bulls was not significantly different in test gains from the group of all bulls tested over the years 1976–1984 with station indexes of 95 or more. Regressions of progeny proofs for calving ease (CE, in score point units), preweaning gain (WG), yearling gain (YG) and postweaning growth (YG–WG) on bull weights and gains were estimated within breeds, weighting proofs by their prediction error variance. The only significant (P < 0.05) regressions of CE proof on bull performance were for bull weights in the Charolais group. Regression coefficients of WG and YG proofs on bull weights and gains were similar in magnitude with the coefficients for the Hereford breed being significantly different from zero more often than those for the Charolais breed. Effective heritabilities and genetic correlations between bull performance traits and progeny traits were estimated and, for traits defined similarly on parent and progeny, the estimates were similar to literature values. Test station procedures seemed to be effective in that bull performance was an indicator of subsequent progeny performance. Key words: Beef cattle, performance test, progeny test, heritability
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Burrows, Tyrone, and William Fielding. "Views of College Students on Pit Bull "Ownership": New Providence, The Bahamas." Society & Animals 13, no. 2 (2005): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568530054300163.

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AbstractThis paper reports the finding of the first, known study of a Caribbean community's views on pit bulls. College students (375) provided their perceptions on a number of issues related to pit bull guardianship ("ownership"). Age, sex, and dog-owning status influenced some of their views. They saw pit bulls as being different from other dogs, but not all supported banning pit bulls. Some results reinforced the stereotypes associated with pit bull ownership: Most pit bull owners were under 19 years of age, and older respondents were more likely than younger ones to support a ban on pit bulls. Why different subgroups of respondents held their views would be a useful avenue for future research.
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SHAHIN, KARIMA A., R. T. BERG, and M. A. PRICE. "SEX DIFFERENCES IN CARCASS COMPOSITION AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN MATURE DOUBLE MUSCLED CATTLE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-069.

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Nineteen mature Double Muscled (DM) cattle consisting of 11 cows and eight bulls were slaughtered between 470 and 710 kg to determine the influence of sex on carcass composition and muscle, bone and fat in DM cattle. Expressed as a percentage of the total side weight, DM bull carcasses had 15% more muscle and 55% less total fat. When sides were compared DM bulls showed a 17% increase in the muscle:bone ratio compared with DM cows. In bull carcasses, there were shifts in muscle weight distribution towards the forequarter. The ratio of hindquarter muscle:forequarter muscle was greater in cows than in bulls. Expressed as a percentage of the total side muscle, significant differences between sexes were found in 48 of the 95 muscles. The most striking sexual dimorphism was found in the neck region, particularly among the muscles responsible for secondary sexual features and those which act to elevate and extend the head. Sexual dimorphism was less pronounced in the distal parts of the both limbs. The cervical vertebrae and scapula made up a greater proportion of total side bone in DM bulls than in DM cows. There was a consistent but nonsignificant trend for the cows to have more of their bone caudally and less anteriorly compared with the bulls. Key words: Carcass composition, muscle distribution, bone distribution, mature Double Muscled cattle, double muscling
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MAKARECHIAN, M., A. FARID, and R. T. BERG. "EVALUATION OF BULL FERTILITY IN MULTIPLE-SIRE MATING AT PASTURE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 1 (March 1, 1987): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas87-004.

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Pregnancy rates and calving dates of beef cows in four multiple-sire breeding herds in 1980 and 1981 were used to evaluate bull fertility. The bulls were from Hereford, Beef Synthetic and Dairy Synthetic breed groups, and were measured for scrotal circumference, scored for libido and evaluated for semen characteristics 1 wk before the commencement of breeding. Three yearling bulls were assigned to approximately 70 cows in each of the four herds (a total of 12 bulls) during a 60-d breeding season. The progeny of each sire were identified by blood typing. There was one bull in each breeding herd which sired at least 50% of the calves. The average age was higher in bulls with the maximum fertility (P < 0.05) than those with the minimum fertility within each herd. The bulls with minimum fertility within each herd tended (P = 0.08) to lose more weight during the period between yearling and breeding man those with higher fertility. Age of bull and percent normal spermatozoa were the only traits which were associated (P < 0.05) with bull fertility when data were pooled over the herds. Scrotal circumference, sperm volume, preweaning average daily gain, weaning weight and daily gain in the period between yearling and breeding showed positive but insignificant correlation with bull fertility. The measures of libido did not show any association with fertility. Key words: Cattle (beef), bull fertility, multiple-sire mating
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40

Boyer, Christopher N., Kelsey Campbell, Andrew P. Griffith, Karen L. DeLong, Justin Rhinehart, and David Kirkpatrick. "Price Determinants of Performance-Tested Bulls over Time." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 51, no. 02 (March 25, 2019): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.3.

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AbstractWe estimate the values of bull phenotypic traits, performance measurements, and expected progeny differences (EPDs) over time using bull sale data from an auction in Tennessee from 2006 to 2016. Moreover, we determine how a state partial-cost reimbursement program for bulls with certain EPDs affects bull sale price. Purebred seed stock producers in this region should focus on selling large, fast-growing, mature bulls that produce lighter calves for reduced calving stress. The state cost-share payment did not significantly increase bull prices in most years, meaning this payment was retained by cow-calf producers in most years.
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Garcia, Matthew D., Kim Chapman, Kevin Heaton, Eric Thacker, Lee Rickords, Josh Dallin, Kerry Rood, Jacob Hadfield, and Ryan Larsen. "PSVII-22 Using GPS and genomic technologies to provide a more accurate estimate of bull power in western intermountain beef systems." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.545.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to utilize GPS technology and genomic parentage testing to provide a more accurate measurement of bull power in Intermountain West beef production systems. Breeding seasons in the Intermountain West are typically conducted on expansive pastures, leading to current bull:cow ratios (1:20 or 1:25) possibly being inaccurate. Traditionally, producers maintain enough bulls to satisfy established bull cow ratios, but there was not further investigation into which calves were sired from specific bulls or how many cows each bull was actually servicing. Thus, the current study fitted five bulls with GPS collars and collected hair samples for future DNA extraction prior to the 2018 breeding season. Bull movement was tracked over a 90-day breeding season on a large grazing allotment in southern Utah and northern Arizona. The GPS collars allowed for tracking total distance traveled per day, and distance traveled away from water. Upon completion of the breeding season, collars were removed and data downloaded. A total of 104 potential offspring of the collared bulls were branded, and had ear notches collected for DNA extraction and parentage analyses. Results of parentage testing revealed that actually six bulls sired calves during the 2018 breeding season. The cooperating ranch’s bulls sired 30, 16, 14, 10 and 2 calves respectively. However, a neighboring operation’s bull sired 32 calves in the cooperator’s herd during that same season. While results from the current study are very preliminary, they do validate the importance of verifying bull power and sire identification in order to critically evaluate sire performance and increase the accuracy of selection in breeding replacements. The information presented herein may prove useful as a future selection tool to identify bulls that are high performers during the breeding season in the Intermountain West.
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42

DeShazo, Emily K., Sydney T. Reese, Gessica A. Franco, Don A. Neuendorff, Ron Randel, and Ky Pohler. "184 Utilizing Breeding Indictors for an Effective AI Program in Brahman Cows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.004.

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Abstract Estrus detection is crucial to an effective AI program. The objective of this study was to assess whether Estrotect Breeding Indicators were comparable to vasectomized gomer bulls wearing chin ball markers to accurately and efficiently identify estrus. It was hypothesized that Estrotect Breeding Indicators will accurately and more efficiently detect estrus than gomer bulls. On day 0, an Estrotect Breeding Indicator was placed on Brahman cows (n = 204) that were kept with four vasectomized bulls for the following 45-day study period. Once estrus was detected via activated heat patch, cows were artificially inseminated 14 hr later and the bull score was recorded on a scale from 1–3 (1- no bull marks; 3- solid bull marks). Cows were continually monitored for return to estrus and a pregnancy diagnosis was conducted on day 110. All cows displaying estrus (n = 137) had fully activated patches, while 67 cows were anestrous for the trial duration. A ROC curve analysis indicated that the sensitivity of the bulls detecting estrus was 77.4% compared with the Estrotect Breeding Indicators. Out of the cows with a fully activated patch, 62.77% (86/137) became pregnant to AI. Of these, 17.4% (15/86) of pregnant cows received a bull score of 1 or 2, meaning there were little to no marks left from the bulls. Failure of bulls to identify estrus can be attributed to bulls’ loss of energy, cows displaying homosexual behavior, bulls staying with a chosen cow, or even calves preventing the bull access to the cows in estrus. In conclusion, the patches detected estrus in a greater number of cows than the action of vasectomized bulls wearing chin ball markers leading to an increased pregnancy rate.
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DeShazo, Emily K., Sydney T. Reese, Gessica A. Franco, Don A. Neuendorff, Ron Randel, and Ky Pohler. "183 Utilizing Breeding Indictors for an Effective AI Program in Brahman Cows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.185.

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Abstract Estrus detection is crucial to an effective AI program. The objective of this study was to assess whether Estrotect Breeding Indicators were comparable to vasectomized gomer bulls wearing chin ball markers to accurately and efficiently identify estrus. It was hypothesized that Estrotect Breeding Indicators will accurately and more efficiently detect estrus than gomer bulls. On day 0, an Estrotect Breeding Indicator was placed on Brahman cows (n = 204) that were kept with four vasectomized bulls for the following 45-day study period. Once estrus was detected via activated heat patch, cows were artificially inseminated 14 hours later and the bull score was recorded on a scale from 1–3 (1- no bull marks; 3- solid bull marks). Cows were continually monitored for return to estrus and a pregnancy diagnosis was conducted on day 110. All cows displaying estrus (n = 137) had fully activated patches, while 67 cows were anestrous for the trial duration. A ROC curve analysis indicated that the sensitivity of the bulls detecting estrus was 77.4% compared to the Estrotect Breeding Indicators. Out of the cows with a fully activated patch, 62.77% (86/137) became pregnant to AI. Of these, 17.4% (15/86) of pregnant cows received a bull score of 1 or 2, meaning there were little to no marks left from the bulls. Failure of bulls to identify estrus can be attributed to bulls’ loss of energy, cows displaying homosexual behavior, bulls staying with a chosen cow, or even calves preventing the bull access to the cows in estrus. In conclusion, the patches were able to detect estrus in a greater number of cows than the action of vasectomized bulls wearing chin ball markers leading to an increased pregnancy rate.
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44

DasGupta, Mohua, Arumugam Kumaresan, Kaustubh Kishor Saraf, Gayathree Karthikkeyan, T. S. Keshava Prasad, Prashant Kumar Modi, Kerekoppa Ramesha, Sakthivel Jeyakumar, and Ayyasamy Manimaran. "Preliminary comparative deep metabolomic analysis of spermatozoa from zebu and crossbred cattle suggests associations between metabolites, sperm quality and fertility." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 6 (2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd20304.

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Poor semen quality and infertility/subfertility are more frequent in crossbred than zebu bulls. Using a high-throughput liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based approach, we established the preliminary metabolomic profile of crossbred and zebu bull spermatozoa (n=3 bulls each) and identified changes in sperm metabolomics between the two groups. In all, 1732 and 1240 metabolites were detected in zebu and crossbred bull spermatozoa respectively. After excluding exogenous metabolites, 115 and 87 metabolites were found to be unique to zebu and crossbred bull spermatozoa respectively whereas 71 metabolites were common to both. In the normalised data, 49 metabolites were found to be differentially expressed between zebu and crossbred bull spermatozoa. The significantly enriched (P&lt;0.05) pathways in spermatozoa were taurine and hypotaurine metabolism (observed metabolites taurine and hypotaurine) in zebu and glycerophospholipid metabolism (observed metabolites phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine) in crossbred bulls. The abundance of nitroprusside (variable importance in projection (VIP) score &gt;1.5) was downregulated, whereas that of l-cysteine, acetyl coenzyme A and 2′-deoxyribonucleoside 5′-diphosphate (VIP scores &gt;1.0) was upregulated in crossbred bull spermatozoa. In conclusion, this study established the metabolomic profile of zebu and crossbred bull spermatozoa and suggests that aberrations in taurine, hypotaurine and glycerophospholipid metabolism may be associated with the higher incidence of infertility/subfertility in crossbred bulls.
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45

Bergen, R., S. P. Miller, and J. W. Wilton. "Genetic correlations among indicator traits for carcass composition measured in yearling beef bulls and finished feedlot steers." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 4 (December 1, 2005): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a05-013.

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Genetic correlations were examined among 10 live growth and ultrasound traits measured in yearling beef bulls (n = 2172) and four carcass traits measured in crossbred finished feedlot steers (n = 1031). Heritabilities ranged from 0.13 (bull ultrasound longissimus muscle width) to 0.83 (yearling bull hip height). Genetic correlations indicated that selecting yearling bulls for increased growth rate and hip height would lead to higher carcass weight, increased longissimus muscle area and reduced levels of carcass marbling in steers. Bull ultrasound fat depth was positively associated with both carcass fat depth and marbling score. Most ultrasound longissimus muscle size measurements in bulls were positively associated with each other and with carcass longissimus muscle area in steers, but the magnitude of the genetic correlation with carcass measurements depended on the bull longissimus muscle size trait in question. This suggests that longissimus muscle shape in bulls may be related to carcass weight, fat and muscle traits in steers. Results confirm that while ultrasound is a valuable tool for the genetic improvement of carcass traits in beef cattle, genetic correlations between live bull ultrasound and steer carcass traits less then unity suggest that selection would benefit from multiple trait evaluations in situations where reliable carcass data are available. Key words: Ultrasound, beef carcass, heritability, genetic correlation
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Segers, Jacob R., Jason Duggin, Lawton Stewart, and Jacob Nyhuis. "138 The Tifton Bull Evaluation Program: A 5-year review." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.015.

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Abstract The Tifton Bull Evaluation Program is an educational program that utilizes an investment and reward system to convey livestock selection, nutrition, and data management education to beef cattle producers. The program is held annually at the Tifton Bull Evaluation Center in Irwinville GA. Consignors are required to pay nomination and testing fees to cover the cost of bull development. At 28 d intervals, BW is collected and used to calculate ADG, and weight per day of age (WDA). Carcass ultrasound data, scrotal circumference and beginning and ending hip height are also collected. At the end of the 112-d test, bulls in approximately the top two-thirds of each breed based on an index of ADG and WDA, and meet all standards for health and breeding soundness, are eligible for the sale. In the last 5 years, 769 bulls have been tested at Tifton. The respective sales resulted in 847 people having registered to bid with 329 actual buyers from 7 states purchasing 504 bulls for a total of $1,672,800. As expected, Angus accounted for most bulls tested (48.7%) and sold (49.2%) with the average Angus bull worth $3,508, $195 more than the 5-yr average. Breeds with less than 5 entries per year were assigned to a single breed group (AOB). Bulls in the AOB group were the least valuable (average = $2,482) averaging $831 below the 5-yr average price. Lower feed costs have helped the program reduce test fees from $940 per bull in 2014 to a low of $760 and $765 per bull in 2017 and 2018; however, sale fees have risen from 3.39% in 2015 to 7.29% in 2018. No large changes have been noted in bull performance or carcass ultrasound parameters across years. Consignors have reported positive experiences with the program overall
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Hartman, Ashley R., Ian E. Batey, Theresa J. Rathbun, Abby L. Zezeski, Tom W. Geary, David M. Grieger, and Karol E. Fike. "289 Sperm Quality Assessments Using Flow Cytometry do not Differ between Angus and Charolais Breeds of Yearling Bulls Meeting Breeding Soundness Exam Threshold Requirements." Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (September 21, 2022): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.255.

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Abstract Flow cytometry has been used as a reliable and objective tool for bull sperm quality assessments and identification of sub-fertility. Our objective was to determine if breed differences exist in sperm quality assessments using flow cytometry when evaluating semen from yearling Angus and Charolais bulls that passed breeding soundness exam (BSE) semen evaluation thresholds. Ejaculates were collected via electroejaculation on one of three consecutive days from yearling (403.15 ± 11.19 d age) Charolais (n=23) and Angus (n=23) bulls as part of a BSE. BSEs were conducted by one veterinarian and all bulls met all requirements as set by the Society for Theriogenology. An additional sperm motility analysis was conducted with the iSperm analyzer. Ejaculates were diluted in BoviFree to 70 million cells/mL and sent overnight for flow cytometry analyses. Sperm flow cytometry analyses included: acrosome and cell membrane integrity, mitochondrial energy potential, and oxidation status. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with bull as experimental unit, bull breed as the main effect and collection date as a random variable was used to assess potential differences in sperm quality variables. Neither iSperm (P = 0.26) nor visual assessment (P = 0.66) of sperm motility differed among breeds. Bull breed did not influence (P = 0.83) total percentage of viable cells, nor percentage of viable cells with intact acrosomes (P = 0.83). When evaluating oxidation status by measuring reactive oxygen species, bull breed did not influence (P = 0.92) percentage of live sperm cells with positive reactive oxygen species status. There was a tendency (P = 0.10) for a greater percentage of sperm from Charolais bulls (31.1% ± 3.35) to have positive mitochondrial energy potential as compared with Angus bulls (17.6% ± 3.35). Bull breed appears to have little influence on sperm quality assessments among yearling bulls meeting threshold requirements for passing BSEs.
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48

DAS, A. K., RANI ALEX, RAVINDER KUMAR, N. V. PATIL, UMESH SINGH, SUSHIL KUMAR, S. K. RATHEE, et al. "Evaluation of HF crossbred bulls under field progeny testing programme at different agro-climatic regions in India." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 3 (July 17, 2020): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i3.102519.

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Adequate numbers of progeny tested bulls are not available in India and whatever small number of bulls are progeny tested, they have low repeatability as the progeny tests are based on small number of daughters mostly reared at the institutional farms. But extending the progeny testing programmes to the farmer's herds will sort out the issue of less number of progeny per bull. The first lactation records of 4,782 crossbred cows which were daughters of 121 bulls and calved over a period of 12 years from 1996 to 2008 were used to determine the genetic worth of HF crossbred bulls under different agro-climatic conditions and to assess their ranking. The average first lactation milk yield in field HF crossbred cows was 2806.51±56.06 kg. In this evaluation average number of progeny per bull was 39.5. The breeding value of bulls was estimated as 2,920.59 kg for 1st ranked bull and 2662.58 kg for 121st ranked bull. A total of 47 bulls (38%) showed higher breeding values ranging from 2,807.91 to 2,920.59 kg over and above the herd average. Among the fixed effects, the centre of field progeny testing programme and year of calving had significant effect on first lactation milk yield of daughters. The increasing trend of first lactation milk yield over years is a clear indication of a successful large scale progeny testing programme under field conditions.
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FARID, A., M. MAKARECHIAN, R. T. BERG, and M. A. PRICE. "VARIATIONS IN AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND GROWTH PARAMETERS IN YEARLING BEEF BULLS IN SINGLE-SIRE MATING AT PASTURE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-006.

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Yearling bull fertility, measured as pregnancy rate, percentage of calves born during the first 4 and 6 wk of calving and mean and median of calving date distribution, were studied in 109 single-sire breeding herds of two breed groups over a 10-yr period. The breed groups were Herefords bulls mated to purebred and crossbred Hereford cows, and Beef Synthetic bulls mated to Beef Synthetic cows. The bulls averaged 14 mo old at the start of breeding. The average bull-to-cow ratio was approximately 1:22, and the breeding season started on 1 July each year and extended for 60 d. Two out of 109 bulls (1.8%) were subfertile (less than 50% pregnancy of the herd). The Beef Synthetic, which had crossbred foundation, had significantly higher fertility, calved earlier, had smaller phenotypic variance, and lower year-to-year fluctuation in the reproductive traits than the Hereford. Variations in reproductive performances of bulls of the same breed group used in the same year were much larger than those among different years, the former comprised over 75% of phenotypic variance of the traits in the two breed groups. Relationships between fertility of bulls and their weight and growth parameters were negligible, but bull fertility tended (P < 0.10) to improve with age. Bulls that were heavy at weaning, end of feedlot test and breeding settled their mates earlier during the breeding season. Key words: Beef cattle, yearling bull, fertility
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50

MAKARECHIAN, M., A. FARID, and R. T. BERG. "EVALUATION OF BULL AND COW FERTILITY AT PASTURE IN SINGLE-SIRE MATING." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-095.

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Pregnancy rates and calving dates of beef cows in 27 single-sire breeding herds mated to yearling or 2-yr old bulls were used in this study. The breed groups of bulls were Hereford and Beef Synthetic and cow herds were Hereford, Hereford cross and Beef Synthetic, respectively. A week before the start of the breeding season the bulls were scored for libido, their scrotal circumferences were measured and semen samples were collected. Semen volume, sperm motility and percent normal cells were evaluated. The average bull to cow ratio was 1:20. Pregnancy rate increased as age and body weight of cows increased, but it was independent of the previous calving date. Calving date was not related to body weight or age of cow, but it was influenced by the previous calving date. Each day delay in calving after the first 5 wk of calving season resulted in a 0.7-day delay in the date of calving during the next calving season. The Beef Synthetic-sired herds had higher pregnancy rates (P < 0.05) than the Hereford-sired herds, but the average calving dates of the two groups were similar. Cows mated to 2-yr-old bulls had 5% higher (P = 0.12) pregnancy rate than those mated to yearling bulls. Five of the herds showed low fertility and late calving, probably due to low fertility of the bulls. Yearling weight and feedlot average daily gain were positively (P < 0.05) related to bull fertility. The number of services performed by a bull during a 10 min libido test and total libido score were also found to be useful in assessing bull fertility, but scrotal circumference or semen traits were not related to fertility of bulls when used in single-sire mating at pasture. Key words: Beef cattle, bull fertility, single-sire mating
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