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Journal articles on the topic 'Bulk'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Gürel, Seyfettin, and Sezai Alper Tekin. "Bulk Switched DC-DC Buck Converter." Energy, Environment and Storage 2, no. 2 (May 17, 2022): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52924/bcmq4493.

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This paper presents a buck converter which has an high efficient and low power consumption for low power applications. The proposed topology is based on buck converter using switching MOSFET with bulk-terminal. The suitable bulk-terminal switching voltage is selected by analyzing the effect of bulk voltage on a MOSFET performance. It is concluded that the bulk-switched DC-DC buck converter structure has the advantages such as high switching performance, low power consumption and high efficiency compared to conventional DC-DC converter circuits. The efficiency value has obtained 88.2%. The proposed circuit is approved experimentally and simultaneously

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2

Whittemore, E. C., G. C. Emmans, I. Kyriazakis, P. W. Knap, P. H. Simmins, and S. Jagger. "The relationship between liveweight and the intake of bulky foods in pigs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011789.

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The amount of a bulky food that an animal can eat depends on its capacity for bulk and the bulk content of the food. For pigs between 12 and 40kg the capacity for food bulk was found to be directly proportional to liveweight (Kyriazakis and Emmans, 1995). The way in which the capacity for bulky foods changes with weight above 40 kg is not clear; there is no a priori reason to assume that the scaling rule proposed for young pigs will hold in heavier pigs. The applicability of the work in young pigs for use in more mature pigs needs investigation, to develop predictive equations for the whole relevant weight range. An experiment was designed to determine how the capacity for bulk changed with weight; the objective was to develop a relationship between the capacity for food bulk and liveweight.

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3

Shinden, Motoki, Hiroyuki Fujishiro, Keita Takahashi, and Mark D. Ainslie. "Possibility of mechanical fracture of superconducting ring bulks due to thermal stress induced by local heat generation during pulsed-field magnetization." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (March 4, 2022): 045015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac5785.

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Abstract During quasi-static magnetization of bulk superconductors using field-cooled magnetization (FCM) from high fields at low temperatures, such bulks are sometimes broken, which is believed to be mainly due to an electromagnetic force—and subsequent stress—larger than the fracture strength. However, a ring bulk can break, even during pulsed field magnetization (PFM), from relatively lower pulsed fields and at relatively higher temperatures. Previous simulation results suggest that the ring bulk should not break due to the electromagnetic force during PFM. In this paper, taking experimental and numerical results into consideration, we propose the possibility of mechanical fracture of a ring bulk during PFM due to thermal stress induced by local heat generation, which has not been considered and investigated to date. Two numerical models with different sizes of heat-generating region were constructed for the ring bulk with a relatively large inner diameter (60 mm outer diameter, 36 mm inner diameter, 17 mm height). For Model-1, with a large heat region, the bulk fracture due to the thermal stress results from the tensile stress along the radial direction in the neighboring heat region. The risk of bulk fracture is enhanced at the inner or outer edges of the bulk surface, compared with that inside the bulk. For Model-2, with a small heat region inside the bulk, the bulk fracture due to the thermal stress results from the compressive stress along the radial direction in the neighboring heat region. These results strongly suggest the possibility of mechanical fracture of an actual ring bulk due to thermal stress induced by local heat generation. This idea is also applicable more generally to the fracture mechanism during FCM of superconducting bulks.

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4

Revelli, J. A., C. E. Budde, D. Prato, and H. S. Wio. "Bulk mediated surface diffusion: finite bulk case." European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter 37, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2004-00048-6.

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5

Pfreundschuh, Michael, Konstantinos Christofyllakis, Bettina Altmann, Marita Ziepert, Mathias Haenel, Andreas Viardot, Andreas Neubauer, et al. "Radiotherapy to bulky disease PET-negative after immunochemotherapy in elderly DLBCL patients: Results of a planned interim analysis of the first 187 patients with bulky disease treated in the OPTIMAL>60 study of the DSHNHL." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 7506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.7506.

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7506 Background: RT to bulky sites improves outcome of elderly DLBCL patients [Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 105-116; J Clin Oncol 2014; 32:112-1118]. Whether RT can be spared in PET-negative pts. after R-CHOP was prospectively addressed in OPTIMAL >60. Methods: 61 to 80 y-old pts. were randomized in a 2x2 factorial design to 6xCHOP-14 or 6xCHLIP-14 (liposomal instead of conventional vincristine) plus 8 x rituximab 375 mg/m2(R) q 2 wks. or 12xR (days -4,-1,1,4,14,28,42,56,91,126,175, 238). Pts. with bulk (>=7.5 cm) PET-positive after 6 cycles chemotherapy were assigned to RT (39.6 Gy), while PET-negative bulks were observed. Results: 187/505 (37%) had bulky disease and were compared to 117/306 (38%) RICOVER-60 pts. (38%) who had received 6xCHOP-14+8R. OPTIMAL>60 pts. were older (70 vs. 68 years) and had more IPI=3 (33% vs. 29%) and IPI=4,5 (34% vs. 23%) compared to RICOVER-60. PET was performed in 166/187 OPTIMAL>60 bulk pts. (reasons for no PET: early death: 5; excessive toxicity: 3; protocol violation: 1, non-compliance: 4, change of diagnosis: 6, others: 2). 80/166 (48%) bulks remained PET-positive after 6 cycles of chemotherapy and 62/80 (78%) were irradiated (reasons for no RT: progression: 8; medical reasons: 9; negative biopsy: 1), reducing RT from 67/117 (57%) in RICOVER-60 by 42% to 62/187 (33%) in OPTIMAL>60. Despite the unfavorable demographics, outcome of the 187 bulk pts. in OPTIMAL>60 was non-inferior to RICOVER-60, not even in the least intensive of the 4 OPTIMAL>60 treatment arms consisting of 47 pts. who received 6xCHOP-14+8R as in RICOVER-60. 2-year PFS and OS in OPTIMAL>60 was 79% and 88%, respectively, compared to 75% and 78% of the 117 RICOVER-60 pts. In a multivariable analysis adjusting for the IPI risk factors, the hazard ratio of the OPTIMAL>60 compared to the RICOVER-60 bulk pts. was 0.7 (95% CI: 03.; 1.5; p=0.345) for PFS and 0.5 (95% CI: 02.; 1.3; p=0.154) for OS. Conclusions: RT can be spared in bulky disease PET-negative after chemotherapy. This strategy results in a 42% reduction of RT without compromising the outcome of these patients. Supported by Amgen, Roche, Spectrum. Clinical trial information: NCT01478542.

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6

Kratz, Jeremy D., Sam Joseph Lubner, Noelle K. LoConte, Monica Arun Patel, Nataliya Volodymyrivna Uboha, Dyan M. Lesnik, Sara Ahmed, et al. "Metastatic bulk to predict subclonal heterogeneity by ctDNA in RAS/RAF-wildtype colorectal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.186.

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186 Background: Distinct molecular subgroups of colorectal cancer (CRC) have been afforded with use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) as standard in clinical practice for advanced disease. We have previously demonstrated that disease bulk predicts clinical resistance to EGFR inhibition in RAS/RAF-wildtype (WT) CRC. We hypothesized bulky disease would predict advanced subclonal heterogeneity by circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in RAS/RAFWT CRC. Methods: Following IRB-approval, a retrospective review of molecular profiles in advanced CRC (n = 965) were compiled from the Veteran Administration’s (VA) National Precision Oncology Program (NPOP) and University of Wisconsin Precision Medicine Molecular Tumor Board (MTB). Disease bulk was defined as the longest diameter of metastatic disease or short axis for advanced lymphadenopathy. Molecular profiling was performed using commercially available platforms including Strata Oncology (MTB) and FoundationOne (NPOP). Bulky was compared as categorical (> 35 cm) and continuous variable against the count of pathologic variants. Results: The population was largely representative of advanced CRC with alterations in TP53 (80.5%), KRAS (44.8%), PIK3CA (22.0%) and BRAF (12.8%). Veterans had increased frequency of alterations in PIK3CA (22.7% v. 13.0%, p < 0.02) and BRAF (13.3% v. 6.9%, p < 0.05). There was no difference in metastatic bulk at the time of NGS for tissue biopsy between MTB and NPOP populations (t = 0.80). Disease bulk did not predict the number of pathologic variants from tissue sampling in RAS/RAFWT CRC (n = 96, t = 0.24). RAS/RAFMT cancers had increased frequency of subclonal alterations by ctDNA (9.1±4.0) v. RAS/RAFWT (4.5±3.4, p < 0.0001). Using ctDNA, bulky disease in RAS/RAFMT CRC was not predictive of increased pathologic variants (8.8±3.5 v. 9.5±4.8, t = 0.62). Bulky disease (> 35mm) in RAS/RAFWT CRC predicted increased subclonal variants (6.2±3.6 v. 3.5±2.9, p < 0.02). As a continuous variable, disease bulk predicted the number of pathologic variants in RAS/RAFWT CRC (R = 0.51). Conclusions: These data indicate that metastatic bulk is a predictor of subclonal heterogeneity by ctDNA in RAS/RAFWT CRC. Molecular profiling of tissue alone did not predict differences in subclonal heterogeneity when stratified by disease bulk in RAS/RAFWT CRC. Limited subclonal heterogeneity in non-bulky cancers support ongoing prospective investigations to select non-bulky cancers for early incorporation of anti-EGFR inhibition (NCT04587128).

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7

Zeng, Xiangdong, and Ling-Yan Hung. "Bulk Operator Reconstruction in Topological Tensor Network and Generalized Free Fields." Entropy 25, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25111543.

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In this paper, we study operator reconstruction in a class of holographic tensor networks describing renormalization group flows studied in arXiv:2210.12127. We study examples of 2D bulk holographic tensor networks constructed from Dijkgraaf–Witten theories and find that for both the Zn group and the S3 group, the number of bulk operators behaving like a generalized free field in the bulk scales as the order of the group. We also generalize our study to 3D bulks and find the same scaling for Zn theories. However, there is no generalized free field when the bulk comes from more generic fusion categories such as the Fibonacci model.

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8

Brinkworth, Keith, and D. P. Powell. "Bulk Revisited." Business Law Review 16, Issue 5 (May 1, 1995): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bula1995029.

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9

Taroni, Andrea. "Bulk suppression." Nature Materials 12, no. 2 (January 23, 2013): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3562.

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10

Nugent, William C., and Stephen K. Plume. "Bulk buying." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 122, no. 1 (July 2001): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2001.116469.

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11

Grundy, Paul. "Bulk Carriers." Marine Structures 16, no. 8 (November 2003): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2004.03.001.

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12

Jones, David. "Bulk betrothal." Nature 345, no. 6278 (June 1990): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/345770a0.

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13

Adolf, Douglas. "Bulk Relaxations." Macromolecules 28, no. 17 (August 1995): 5978–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00121a043.

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14

Criado-Sancho, M., and D. Jou. "Heat transport in bulk/nanoporous/bulk silicon devices." Physics Letters A 377, no. 6 (February 2013): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2012.12.015.

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15

Southerland, Ken. "Bulk chemicals: Filtration in the bulk chemicals industry." Filtration & Separation 44, no. 4 (May 2007): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(07)70112-x.

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16

Kiriia, R. V., V. F. Monastyrskyi, A. M. Smirnov, and B. I. Mostovyi. "Determination of critical inclination angle for the conveyer with pressure belt." Geo-Technical mechanics, no. 152 (2020): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2020.152.275.

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Today , steeply inclined belt conveyors with pressure belt are widely used in the world for transporting bulks. According to the literature, critical angle of these conveyors inclination varies from 35º to 90º. However, there is no sufficiently justified value of critical conveyor inclination angle. In this work, critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt was determined for different states of the bulk on the conveyor depending on linear load of the bulk on the conveyor belt and the bulk properties. It was assumed that tangential stresses at each point of the bulk were balanced by the bulk gravity force projected towards the direction of conveyor belt movement and did not exceed critical tangential stresses in the bulk medium. In addition, the Coulomb's law of friction was applied for the forces of the bulk friction against the conveyor carrying and pressure belts. In this article, the authors consider cases when coefficient of the bulk internal friction is greater than coefficients of the bulk friction against conveyor carrying and pressure belts, and when coefficient of the bulk internal friction is less than coefficient of the bulk friction against the conveyor carrying belt. As a result of solving the obtained systems of the equilibrium equations for each of the above cases, the dependences of critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt on the linear load of the bulk and linear weight of the pressure belt, as well as on coefficients of the bulk friction against the carrying and pressure conveyor belts and coefficient of the bulk internal friction load were determined. Analysis of the obtained dependencies showed that critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt decreases with increase of linear load of the transported bulk. With an increase of coefficients of bulk friction against the conveyor carrying and pressure belts and coefficient of the bulk internal friction, critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt increases. Besides, with increase of ratio between the pressure belt linear load and the bulk linear load, critical inclination angle of conveyor with pressure belt increases and tends to 90° when increase of this ratio is unlimited.

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17

Wu, Fang, Qinglin He, Mingsheng Tang, and Hongzhang Song. "Thermoelectric properties of Tl and I dual-doped Bi2Te3-based alloys." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 10 (April 13, 2018): 1850123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218501230.

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Tl[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]Te[Formula: see text]I[Formula: see text] (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) flower-like nanopowders were prepared successfully by the hydrothermal method. Then, the synthesized nanoparticles were pressed into bulks by hot-pressing. The thermoelectric (TE) properties of the Tl[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]Te[Formula: see text]I[Formula: see text] bulk samples were investigated and discussed. The results showed that the influences of Tl doping on the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficients of the Bi2Te3 is over that of I doping. Thus, the power factors of the dual-doped bulks are all less than that of the Bi2Te3 bulk. The thermal conductivities of the Tl[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]Te[Formula: see text]I[Formula: see text] bulk samples also remain at lower values. As a result, the ZT value of the optimized doped bulk Tl[Formula: see text]Bi[Formula: see text]Te[Formula: see text]I[Formula: see text] attains a value of 1.1 at 398 K.

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18

Hong, Soon Jik, Jong Keuk Lee, Min Ku Lee, Wheung Whoe Kim, and Chang Kyu Rhee. "Consolidation of Al₂O₃ Nanopowder by Magnetic Pulsed Compaction and Sintering." Solid State Phenomena 118 (December 2006): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.118.615.

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The effect of MPC pressure on the density, microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical property of MPCed and sintered bulk was investigated. A detail characterization of the MPCed and sintered bulk has been performed using XRD, SEM, TEM, Vickers hardness tester, and breakdown voltage tester. The alumina powder used in this research has a size of 50-200 nm, a smooth surface and elliptical shape. The obtained density of MPCed and sintered bulk is increased with increasing MPC pressure from 0.5 to 1.25 GPa. The highest density of 92% in this research is obtained in the MPCed at 1.25 GPa and sintered bulk, while it is 90 % in the MPCed at 0.5 GPa. The different Vickers hardness with MPC pressure is associated with the different density and grain size of bulks. The maximum breakdown voltage of 47 kV/cm is achieved in the bulk MPCed at 1.25 GPa due to the higher density than that of others. In addition, the fracture mechanism of MPCed and sintered bulk is discussed.

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19

Maiz, Jon, Ester Verde-Sesto, Isabel Asenjo-Sanz, Peter Fouquet, Lionel Porcar, José A. Pomposo, Paula Malo de Molina, Arantxa Arbe, and Juan Colmenero. "Collective Motions and Mechanical Response of a Bulk of Single-Chain Nano-Particles Synthesized by Click-Chemistry." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010050.

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We investigate the effect of intra-molecular cross-links on the properties of polymer bulks. To do this, we apply a combination of thermal, rheological, diffraction, and neutron spin echo experiments covering the inter-molecular as well as the intermediate length scales to melts of single-chain nano-particles (SCNPs) obtained through ‘click’ chemistry. The comparison with the results obtained in a bulk of the corresponding linear precursor chains (prior to intra-molecular reaction) and in a bulk of SCNPs obtained through azide photodecomposition process shows that internal cross-links do not influence the average inter-molecular distances in the melt, but have a profound impact at intermediate length scales. This manifests in the structure, through the emergence of heterogeneities at nanometric scale, and also in the dynamics, leading to a more complex relaxation behavior including processes that allow relaxation of the internal domains. The influence of the nature of the internal bonds is reflected in the structural relaxation that is slowed down if bulky cross-linking agents are used. We also found that any residual amount of cross-links is critical for the rheological behavior, which can vary from an almost entanglement-free polymer bulk to a gel. The presence of such inter-molecular cross-links additionally hinders the decay of density fluctuations at intermediate length scales.

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20

Weinberg, Benjamin Adam, Manel Rakez, Benoist Chibaudel, Tim Maughan, Richard Adams, John Raymond Zalcberg, Axel Grothey, et al. "Tumor bulk as a prognostic biomarker and predictor of benefit from anti-EGFR therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: Analysis of 476 patients from the ARCAD Clinical Trials Program." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.108.

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108 Background: Primary tumor sidedness has emerged as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Tumor bulk has also been postulated to predict response to anti-EGFR therapy. We sought to evaluate the role of tumor bulk as a predictive biomarker to anti-EGFR therapy in pts with left- (LS) and right-sided (RS) mCRC. Methods: Data from 476 pts with mCRC enrolled across 2 first-line trials of anti-EGFR plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy were pooled. Pts were included if there was available information on tumor sidedness and tumor bulk. All were KRAS wild-type and BRAF wild-type or unknown BRAF status. The right colon was defined as the cecum through the transverse colon, and the left colon as the splenic flexure through the rectum. Tumor bulk was the mean tumor size of target lesions at baseline, bulky defined as > 3.5 cm. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox models adjusting for performance status (PS), platelet count, primary tumor (PT) resection, number of metastatic sites, and stratified by study. Results: Pts with bulky tumors (211, 44%) had higher PS, white blood cell and platelet counts, higher CEA, fewer sites of metastatic disease, more liver than lung metastases, and fewer had PT resection. OS and PFS medians in months (mos) are presented in the table with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Bulky tumors had inferior median OS compared with non-bulky (mOS, 17.9 vs. 21.3 mos, HRadj 1.33, 95% CI 1.05-1.69, P = 0.016) although median PFS was similar (mPFS, 8.6 vs. 8.7 mos, HRadj 1.15, 95% CI 0.92-1.42, P = 0.21). Conclusions: Tumor bulk is an independent prognostic factor for OS in KRAS wild-type and BRAF wild-type or unknown BRAF status pts. Pts with non-bulky RS tumors have survival outcomes similar to pts with bulky LS tumors. Although the mPFS for pts with RS tumors treated with anti-EGFR therapy was the lowest across subgroups, this finding was not statistically significant. Further research is warranted into whether pts with bulky RS tumors benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. Clinical trial information: NCT00182715, NCT00640081. [Table: see text]

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21

Zhang, Yufeng, Yan Zhang, Shuangyuan Shen, Guanjie Ruan, Jiaying Zhang, Penghe Zhang, and Yan Xu. "Microstructural Nonuniformity of GdBCO Superconductor Bulk." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2671, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2671/1/012011.

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Abstract High-temperature superconducting materials REBa2Cu3O7-δ(REBCO or RE123, RE is a rare earth), can widely be used in electric motors, nuclear magnetic resonance and other fields, because these can trap strong magnetic fields. The top-seeded melt-texture growth method is widely chosen in the preparation and performance research of various REBCO superconductor bulks, which can effectively suppress random nucleation and reduce weak connections between grains, etc. However, the superconductor bulks prepared by this method often have the problem of uniformed microstructure. A single-domain GdBCO superconductor bulk with NdBCO single-seed guidance and Y123 liquid source was successfully growth using the top-seeded melt-texture growth method, and the microscopic morphology of the samples were studied, which exhibits the microstructural nonuniformity of GdBCO superconductor bulk. The specimens at different positions, C1, C2 below the seed, P1, P2 below the cross pattern, of the bulk exhibit critical transition temperature, TC , higher than 94.5 K, with a maximum value of 95.9 K, demonstrating superior superconductivity. Cracks and pores are unevenly distributed in GdBCO superconductor bulk, and the pores mainly gather in the area below the seed and far from the upper surface. At the same distance from the upper surface, specimens below the cross pattern have higher self-field JC values (P1>C1, P2>C2) than specimens below the seed, which should be related to the nonuniformity of the pores.

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22

Tuomisto, Filip. "Vacancy Defects in Bulk and Quasi-Bulk GaN Crystals." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081112.

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In-grown vacancy defects in bulk and quasi-bulk GaN crystals have been extensively studied with positron annihilation spectroscopy. High concentrations of Ga-vacancy-related defects are found irrespective of the growth method used in crystals with a high O contamination or intentional O doping, and they act as the dominant compensating native defect for n-type conductivity. Low-temperature crystal growth also leads to high concentrations of Ga-vacancy-related defects. Ga vacancies are present in the crystals as a part of the different types of complexes with O, H, and/or VN, depending on the growth conditions.

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23

R, Ramshankar, Rama Ganesan, and Ramanarayanan R. Ramanarayanan.R. "PH/PH/1 Bulk Arrival and Bulk Service Queue." International Journal of Computer Applications 109, no. 3 (January 16, 2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/19171-0642.

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24

BARRETT, R. F., C. T. VAUGHAN, S. D. HAMMOND, and D. ROWETH. "REDUCING THE BULK IN THE BULK SYNCHRONOUS PARALLEL MODEL." Parallel Processing Letters 23, no. 04 (December 2013): 1340010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626413400100.

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For over two decades the dominant means for enabling portable performance of computational science and engineering applications on parallel processing architectures has been the bulk-synchronous parallel programming (BSP) model. Code developers, motivated by performance considerations to minimize the number of messages transmitted, have typically pursued a strategy of aggregating message data into fewer, larger messages. Emerging and future high-performance architectures, especially those seen as targeting Exascale capabilities, provide motivation and capabilities for revisiting this approach. In this paper we explore alternative configurations within the context of a large-scale complex multi-physics application and a proxy that represents its behavior, presenting results that demonstrate some important advantages as the number of processors increases in scale.

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25

Ushakumari, P. V., and A. Krishnamoorthy. "On a bulk arrival bulk service infinite service queue." Stochastic Analysis and Applications 16, no. 3 (January 1998): 585–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07362999808809550.

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26

Kim, Jihn E., Gary B. Tupper, and Raoul D. Viollier. "Gauges in the bulk II: Models with bulk scalars." Physics Letters B 612, no. 3-4 (April 2005): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.03.027.

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27

Zou, Guangui, Hu Zeng, Suping Peng, Xiaoyu Zhou, and Sandugash Satibekova. "Bulk density and bulk modulus of adsorbed coalbed methane." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): K11—K21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0081.1.

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The bulk density and bulk modulus of adsorbed coalbed methane are required to calculate the undrained bulk and shear moduli as well as the fluid-saturated density of the coal reservoir. We derived the formula for the bulk modulus and bulk density of adsorbed methane using the Langmuir equation for isothermal adsorption. The bulk density of adsorbed methane is positively correlated with the gas pressure and Langmuir volume, but it is negatively correlated with the Langmuir pressure and adsorbed methane saturation. The bulk density of adsorbed methane is greater than that of free-state methane for the same gas pressure. The bulk modulus of adsorbed methane is positively correlated with the gas pressure and negatively correlated with the Langmuir pressure; it is much larger than that of free methane, but it is still much smaller than that of water within the normal gas pressure range. Coal samples from the study area demonstrate that the water saturation is less than 95%. Considering adsorbed methane as a pseudosolid, calculations yield a very small difference in the bulk modulus of coal under room-dry conditions. Considering adsorbed methane as a gas, calculations based on spatially uniform or patchy saturation indicate that multiphase fluid saturation produces a very small difference in the elastic parameters and wave velocity of the fluid-saturated coal from the dual-phase fluid (water and free methane).

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28

Bauk, Sanja, Marinko Aleksić, and Špiro Ivošević. "Scanning Fuel Tanks’ Corrosion Wastage of Some Aged Bulk Carriers Due to Security Reasons." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, no. 6 (February 21, 2012): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i6.181.

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This paper deals with two different approaches in modelling corrosion wastage over the fuel tanks’ structures on the example of ten aged bulk carriers. The first applied method might be treated as a short-term, rather random oriented one, and it is based on the Monte Carlo simulation technique. This technique has been used in creating an appropriate predictive model for the characteristic steel damages over the bulk carriers’ fuel tanks caused by general corrosion in relatively short time interval of two years, within the period between the 5th and the 25th year of the bulks’ operational life. The second employed method might be treated as a long-term one, and it is based on a Weibull distribution analysis. The purpose of these analyses is optimal assessing of the average corrosion losses for the bulk carriers’ fuel tanks areas at different points of time during the whole exploitation cycle, within the ultimate goal of raising the structural stability and safety of bulk carriers in operation. KEY WORDS: bulk carriers, fuel tanks, corrosion wastage, Monte Carlo simulation, Weibull probability analysis

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29

Cheng, Yanxing, Jun Zheng, Huan Huang, and Zigang Deng. "A reconstructed three-dimensional HTS bulk electromagnetic model considering J _c spatial inhomogeneity and its implementation in a bulks’ combination system." Superconductor Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (November 12, 2021): 125017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac336b.

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Abstract High-temperature superconducting (HTS) bulks in HTS Maglev systems are always arrayed in a combination to make full use of the applied magnetic field of the permanent magnet guideway (PMG). An excellent combination scheme improves the overall levitation and guidance performance significantly. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic model of the real HTS-PMG maglev system with an HTS bulk array was established. This model comprehensively expresses the influence of various factors on the E – J relationship and the 3D spatial distribution of J c, including internal factors such as the inhomogeneity and anisotropy of electromagnetic characteristics, as well as external factors such as applied magnetic field and working temperature. A ternary function was proposed to describe the uneven distribution of J c caused by the bulk’s growth process, which is an interesting phenomenological modeling attempt. In the simulations of the bulks’ combinations, perfect magnetic conductor boundary conditions were applied on the contact surface to simulate two bulks touching each other. Besides, the research target includes reproducing the shapes, the orientations, and the combination scheme of HTS bulks in the real PMG magnetic field. The calculation results of levitation force of the cylindrical bulk under different spatial orientations above the PMG were compared with the experimental results, through which the accuracy of the model was verified. On this basis, the influence of the magnetic field generated by the superconducting current on the nearby bulk was further explored. It was found that this magnetic field has a small contribution to the total levitation force and a relatively obvious influence on the guidance force. When the lateral displacement is large, such as 5 mm, the magnetic field generated by the superconducting current slightly increases the total guidance force stiffness. According to more simulated conditions, some optimization strategies on bulk combinations were proposed. This work provides not only a 3D descriptive model for fitting the real multi-bulk-combination maglev scenarios but also some optimization strategies for the HTS maglev transportation applications.

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Raut, Sharvari, Gardis J. E. von Gersdorff, Jakob Münsterer, Klaus Kammhuber, Oliver Hensel, and Barbara Sturm. "Impact of Process Parameters and Bulk Properties on Quality of Dried Hops." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111507.

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Hops are critical to the brewing industry. In commercial hop drying, a large bulk of hops is dried in multistage kilns for several hours. This affects the drying behavior and alters the amount and chemical composition of the hop oils. To understand these changes, hops of the var. Hallertauer Tradition were dried in bulks of 15, 25 and 35 kg/m² at 60 °C and 0.35 m/s. Additionally, bulks of 25 kg/m² were also dried at 65 °C and 0.45 m/s to assess the effect of change in temperature and velocity, respectively. The results obtained show that bulk weights significantly influence the drying behavior. Classification based on the cone size reveals 45.4% medium cones, 41.2% small cones and 8.6% large cones. The highest ΔE value of 6.3 and specific energy consumption (113,476 kJ/kgH2O) were observed for the 15 kg/m² bulk. Increasing the temperature from 60 °C to 65 °C increased the oil yield losses by about 7% and myrcene losses by 22%. The results obtained show that it is important to define and consider optimum bulk and process parameters, to optimize the hop drying process to improve the process efficiency as well the product quality.

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Gao, Pei-Hu, Can Jin, Sheng-Cong Zeng, Rui-Guang Xie, Bo Zhang, Bai-Yang Chen, Zhong Yang, et al. "Microstructure and Properties of Densified Gd2O3 Bulk." Materials 15, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 7793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217793.

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In this work, Gd2O3 bulks were sintered at temperatures ranging from 1400 °C to 1600 °C for times from 6 h to 24 h, and their microstructure and properties were studied for a wider application of materials in thermal barrier coatings. The densification of the Gd2O3 bulk reached 96.16% when it was sintered at 1600 °C for 24 h. The elastic modulus, hardness, fracture toughness and thermal conductivity of the bulks all increased with the rise in sintering temperature and extension of sintering time, while the coefficient of thermal expansion decreased. When the Gd2O3 bulk was sintered at 1600 °C for 24 h, it had the greatest elastic modulus, hardness, fracture toughness and thermal conductivity of 201.15 GPa, 9.13 GPa, 15.03 MPa·m0.5 and 2.75 W/(m·k) (at 1100 °C), respectively, as well as the smallest thermal expansion coefficients of 6.69 × 10−6/°C (at 1100 °C).

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32

Liu, Jingtian, Qian Sun, Bin Liang, Jianjun Chen, Yaqing Chi, and Yang Guo. "Bulk Bias as an Analog Single-Event Transient Mitigation Technique with Negligible Penalty." Electronics 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010027.

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In analog circuit design, the bulks of MOSFETs can be tied to their respective sources to remove body effect. This paper models and analyzes the sensitivity of single-event transients (SETs) in common source (CS) amplifier with bulk tied to source (BTS) in 40 nm twin-well bulk CMOS technology. The simulation results present that the proposed BTS radiation-hardened-by-design (RHBD) technique can reduce charge collection and suppress the SET induced perturbation effectively in various input conditions of the circuit. The detailed analysis shows that the mitigation of SET is primarily due to the forward-bias of bulk potential. This technique is universally applicable in radiation-hardening design for analog circuits with negligible penalty.

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33

Frystock, Karen, and Jack Spencer. "Bulk Carrier Safety." Marine Technology and SNAME News 33, no. 04 (October 1, 1996): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1996.33.4.309.

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During the past ten years, more than 700 crewmen have died as a result of Bulk Carrier casualties. Following a rash of 25 Bulk Carrier losses in 1990 and 1991, The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), and various other segments of the marine industry initiated measures in an attempt to correct this situation. During the next several years another 11 Bulk Carrier losses (resulting in the death of 174 crewmen), indicated that these measures, although improving the situation, did not go far enough to solve the problem. A close examination of the vessels involved indicated that the overwhelming majority of the bulk carriers were in excess of 15 years old. While inadequate maintenance and improper loading have been likely contributory factors, it is apparent that present BulkCarrier designs have not matched expectations as these vessels age. At ABS a study to investigate the response of the Bulk Carrier hull structure was undertaken in an attempt to understand the causes of the structural weaknesses which may have contributed to these losses. In applying a first principles approach of using representative and realistic dynamic loads, the critical areas, including hold frames and end brackets, corrugated transverse bulkheads, cross deck structures and fore end structures were studied. This study resulted in the development of a new complete, flexible, and integrated strength criteria for design and assessment of Bulk Carrier hull structures. The approach encompasses:the loading criteria,the strength criteria for minimum scantling requirements, andthe strength assessment procedures incorporating failure criteria dealing with material yielding, buckling/ultimate strength and fatigue. In this paper, an overview of this new strength standard is presented and the procedures to rectify problem areas unique to bulk carriers are discussed.

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Delaye, Ph, H. J. Von Bardeleben, and G. Roosen. "Bulk Photorefractive Semiconductors." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 3 (March 1994): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039671.

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The photorefractive (PR) effect has been studied for more than 25 years and many applications for optical signal processing such as correlation, real-time holography, dynamic interconnections, and optical memories have been developed. The main focus of study for the PR effect has been oxides (ferroelectrics and sillenites) in which the useful spectral range lies in the visible. Applications for telecommunication systems and eye-safe devices have required extending the spectral range into the near infrared (1.0 to 1.5 μm), and so the exploration of different materials. It has been shown that the bulk semi-insulating III-V semiconductors GaAs and InP, and more recently the II-VI compound CdTe, were efficient materials for this spectral range. III-V materials offer the advantage of availability as bulk semiinsulating materials of high crystalline perfection and homogeneity regarding their electrical properties due to their importance as substrate materials in micro and optoelectronic technology. However, these materials have not been optimized for PR applications, so quantitative analyses of PR experiments related to the specific material defect properties are necessary for further developments. It has equally been shown that the PR effect can be used as an efficient tool for materials characterization.

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35

Nelson, P. V., and W. R. Faber. "Bulk Solution Displacement." HortScience 21, no. 2 (April 1986): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.2.225.

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Abstract Soil solution is the aqueous liquid phase of the soil and its solutes consisting of ions dissociated from the surfaces of the soil particles and other soluble materials (11). It can be divided into 2 components: that portion of the electric double layer in which cations and anions are dissociated from the surfaces of root-media particles but are not in equilibrium with each other, and the bulk solution outside this layer. The electric double layer refers to a negatively charged soil particle surface and the balancing cations dissolved in the soil solution. The balancing cations become less dense with increasing distance from the soil surface to a point where dissolved anions are in equilibrium with cations; i.e., ions are not influenced by the exchange surface. At this point we leave the electric double layer and enter the bulk solution. The terms soil solution and bulk solution are nearly synonymous from the standpoint of nutrient uptake. It would be more desirable for ornamentalists to use bulk solution, since many root media do not contain soil, and bulk solution better represents the immediately available nutrient pool.

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Baricco, Marcello, Tanya A. Başer, Gianluca Fiore, Rafael Piccin, Marta Satta, Alberto Castellero, Paola Rizzi, and Livio Battezzati. "Bulk Metallic Glasses." Materials Science Forum 604-605 (October 2008): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.604-605.229.

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Rapid quenching techniques have been successfully applied since long time for the preparation of metallic glasses in ribbon form. Only in the recent years, the research activity addressed towards the synthesis of bulk metallic glasses (BMG), in form of ingots with a few millimetres in thickness. These materials can be obtained by casting techniques only for selected alloy compositions, characterised by a particularly high glass-forming tendency. Bulk amorphous alloys are characterised by a low modulus of elasticity and high yielding stress. The usual idea is that amorphous alloys undergo work softening and that deformation is concentrated in shear bands, which might be subjected to geometrical constraints, resulting in a substantial increase in hardness and wear resistance. The mechanical properties can be further improved by crystallisation. In fact, shear bands movement can be contrasted by incorporating a second phase in the material, which may be produced directly by controlled crystallisation. Soft magnetic properties have been obtained in Fe-based systems and they are strongly related to small variations in the microstructure, ranging from a fully amorphous phase to nanocrystalline phases with different crystal size. The high thermal stability of bulk metallic glasses makes possible the compression and shaping processes in the temperature range between glass transition and crystallisation. Aim of this paper is to present recent results on glass formation and properties of bulk metallic glasses with various compositions. Examples will be reported on Zr, Fe, Mg and Pd-based materials, focussing on mechanical and magnetic properties.

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Göpferich, Achim. "Polymer Bulk Erosion." Macromolecules 30, no. 9 (May 1997): 2598–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma961627y.

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38

Renninger, W. H., P. Kharel, R. O. Behunin, and P. T. Rakich. "Bulk crystalline optomechanics." Nature Physics 14, no. 6 (April 2, 2018): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-018-0090-3.

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Bowden, C., M. Dagenais, E. M. Garmire, F. J. Leonberger, N. G. Peyghambarian, G. I. Stegeman, and P. A. Wolff. "II Bulk Semiconductors." Applied Optics 26, no. 2 (January 15, 1987): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000213.

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Ilie, N., M. Rosentritt, and U. Lohbauer. "Bulk-Fill-Komposite." ZWR - Das Deutsche Zahnärzteblatt 125, no. 10 (November 7, 2016): 492–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-116049.

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41

Schroers, Jan. "Bulk Metallic Glasses." Physics Today 66, no. 2 (February 2013): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1885.

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42

Chen, X., and E. A. Spiegel. "Radiative bulk viscosity." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 323, no. 4 (May 30, 2001): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04261.x.

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43

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "Bulk nanocrystalline steel." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 32, no. 5 (October 2005): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328105x71308.

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44

Zimdahl, Winfried. "Bulk viscous cosmology." Physical Review D 53, no. 10 (May 15, 1996): 5483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.53.5483.

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45

Wählisch, Matthias, Thomas C. Schmidt, and Markus Vahlenkamp. "Bulk of interest." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 42, no. 4 (September 24, 2012): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2377677.2377700.

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46

Warren, Graham, and Ira Mellman. "Bulk Flow Redux?" Cell 98, no. 2 (July 1999): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81006-5.

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47

Balch, William E., and Marilyn Gist Farquhar. "Beyond bulk flow." Trends in Cell Biology 5, no. 1 (January 1995): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(00)88928-x.

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Löffler, Jörg F. "Bulk metallic glasses." Intermetallics 11, no. 6 (June 2003): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-9795(03)00046-3.

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49

Wang, W. H., C. Dong, and C. H. Shek. "Bulk metallic glasses." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 44, no. 2-3 (June 2004): 45–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2004.03.001.

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50

Ilie, Nicoleta. "Bulk-Fill-Komposite." Der Freie Zahnarzt 61, no. 4 (March 29, 2017): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12614-016-6275-1.

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