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Journal articles on the topic 'Bulk operations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Deng, Shu Zhang, and Zhao Xin Zhou. "Liquid Chemicals in Bulk Security Operations Guide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4511.

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in recent years, with the development of the chemical industry, marine liquid chemicals a steady growth. Research guidelines for the safe operation of dangerous chemicals in bulk liquid, and to ensure the smooth operation of bulk liquid chemicals Terminal, meet the needs of production and domestic and foreign trade, creating huge economic and social benefits, while safeguarding the operational safety of bulk liquid chemicals, maintenance of port operations, protection of shipping, handling, storage, safety of lives and property as well as the entire city is of great significance.

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2

Dupuis, Michael R. "Caging the shark—Bulk operations containment." Chemical Health and Safety 8, no. 5 (September 2001): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-9098(01)00244-1.

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3

Gifford, Ted, Tracy Opicka, Ashesh Sinha, Daniel Vanden Brink, Andy Gifford, and Robert Randall. "Dispatch Optimization in Bulk Tanker Transport Operations." Interfaces 48, no. 5 (October 2018): 403–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2018.0956.

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4

Arge, L., K. H. Hinrichs, J. Vahrenhold, and J. S. Vitter. "Efficient Bulk Operations on Dynamic R-Trees." Algorithmica 33, no. 1 (May 2002): 104–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00453-001-0107-6.

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5

Hess, Svjetlana, and Mirano Hess. "PREDICTABLE UNCERTAINTY ABOUT TERMINAL OPERATIONS IN THE SEA." TRANSPORT 25, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.18.

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This paper considers a problem of planning short term operations in a bulk terminal faced by port management when making tactical decisions. Ship loading and discharging, cargo stocking, the maintenance and service of facility equipment are regular operations of a bulk terminal which is a subsystem of a sea port the conduct of which is subject to difficult‐to‐predict or unforeseen influences. The problem that port management encounters in day to day operations looks into making the best possible plan with the scheduled duration of operations/states and transition instants, considering various internal and external factors influencing terminal performance. A state and transition model is used for deriving effective solutions to obtaining the state order and state transition time of a bulk terminal with an objective of minimizing operational costs. The behaviour of the terminal is tested applying the stochastic and deterministic method.

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6

Chaves, Claudia Aguas, and David A. Davidson. "Development of a Downstream Emergency Response Structure in Brazil." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-631.

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ABSTRACT Texaco Brazil S.A. (TBSA), a ChevronTexaco Company, is a far reaching operation consisting of ten company owned bulk plants and one joint venture/company operated bulk plant. Five of these bulk plants are located in the southern half of the Country and are not near any major bodies of water. The other six bulk plants, including the joint venture facility, are located in the northern half of the Country either within the Amazon Basin or on the Atlantic coast: All have waterfront transfer operations. (See Figures 1 and 2) In addition, TBSA transports product, including heavy fuel oil, upon the Amazon River system using third party bulk barges. This paper examines the systematic process being used by TBSA Health, Environment & Safety (HES) personnel to develop and implement an improved emergency response program. The paper concentrates on the six bulk plants with waterfront transfer operations; however the program covers all facilities.

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7

Cetiner, Ismail, and Ahmet Coskun. "Cost based optimization of industrial bulk CNG filling facility operations." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200430206c.

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In line with the increase in the world population, natural gas, which has an increasing share in fossil fuels, is nowadays transported throughout pipelines in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed natural gas (CNG). Natural gas is preferred to be transported with CNG in terms of optimum cost. CNG is reduced to a volume of 1/250 at 200 bar pressure in filling facilities and is transported to multi-element gas containers or gas tankers where pipelines do not reach. Although the highest cost for these plants seems to be gas transportation costs, the design, infrastructure and operational gaps, especially in plant management of the filling facilities constitute the costs that are not significantly visible. In parallel with the costs incurred, in this study, a pre-cooling process was actively applied for cost-based improvement in a bulk CNG filling facility, while operational optimization was aimed passively. The filling process of the facility in 2016 was examined according to real data and pre-cooling was made in 2017 by adding a ?chiller? to the filling process to increase the filling rate to tankers. Thanks to the precooling in 2017, the filling amount made to tankers increased by %7.23. In 2018, the filling process was analyzed in detail according to the data of 2017 and the factors affecting the filling rate were determined. According to these factors, the filling operation has been optimized on a cost basis. Filling operations in 2018 have been optimized for factors varying from month to month and even day, such as; temperature conditions, filling method, the structure of gas tankers and filling platforms, ie the effect of the material used, personnel effect and the filling rate of machines like chiller, compressor. After optimization, the amount of filling made in 2018 increased by %4.36 compared to 2017.

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8

Wadhwa, Lal C. "Planning Operations of Bulk Loading Terminals by Simulation." Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 118, no. 3 (May 1992): 300–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1992)118:3(300).

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9

Park, Chan S., and Yong Deok Noh. "A port simulation model for bulk cargo operations." SIMULATION 48, no. 6 (June 1987): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003754978704800605.

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10

Ketzenberg, Michael, Richard Metters, and Vicente Vargas. "Quantifying the benefits of breaking bulk in retail operations." International Journal of Production Economics 80, no. 3 (December 2002): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-5273(02)00258-x.

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11

Pratap, Saurabh, Yash Daultani, M. K. Tiwari, and Biswajit Mahanty. "Rule based optimization for a bulk handling port operations." Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 29, no. 2 (June 11, 2015): 287–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10845-015-1108-7.

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12

Lee, JongHyuk, Weidong Shi, and JoonMin Gil. "Accelerated bulk memory operations on heterogeneous multi-core systems." Journal of Supercomputing 74, no. 12 (September 8, 2018): 6898–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2589-x.

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13

Schneider, Thomas, and Marion Merklein. "Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming of Preformed Sheet Metal Parts." Key Engineering Materials 473 (March 2011): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.83.

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Due to ecological and economic challenges there is a rising demand on closely-tolerated complex functional components. Regarding short process chains and improved mechanical properties conventional forming processes are often limited. A promising approach to meet these requirements can be seen in the combination of traditional sheet and bulk metal forming processes, to form sheet metals out of the sheet plane with typical bulk forming operations. The challenge of applying conventional bulk forming operations on sheet metal is the interaction between regions of high and low deformation, which is largely unknown in literature. To analyze this topic fundamentally, a process combination of deep drawing and upsetting is developed for manufacturing tooth-like elements at pre-drawn cups. To fully understand material flow out of the sheet plane into the tooth cavity and to identify and qualify process factors depending on the functional elements´ geometry and friction, a single upsetting stage forming a simplified model of the blank is virtually analyzed with finite-element simulation. By inhibiting the forming history of the pre-drawn blank, the upsetting process can be investigated without interactions with a previous deep drawing operation.

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14

Kharel, Prashanta, Glen I. Harris, Eric A. Kittlaus, William H. Renninger, Nils T. Otterstrom, Jack G. E. Harris, and Peter T. Rakich. "High-frequency cavity optomechanics using bulk acoustic phonons." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaav0582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav0582.

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To date, microscale and nanoscale optomechanical systems have enabled many proof-of-principle quantum operations through access to high-frequency (gigahertz) phonon modes that are readily cooled to their thermal ground state. However, minuscule amounts of absorbed light produce excessive heating that can jeopardize robust ground-state operation within these microstructures. In contrast, we demonstrate an alternative strategy for accessing high-frequency (13 GHz) phonons within macroscopic systems (centimeter scale) using phase-matched Brillouin interactions between two distinct optical cavity modes. Counterintuitively, we show that these macroscopic systems, with motional masses that are 1 million to 100 million times larger than those of microscale counterparts, offer a complementary path toward robust ground-state operation. We perform both optomechanically induced amplification/transparency measurements and demonstrate parametric instability of bulk phonon modes. This is an important step toward using these beam splitter and two-mode squeezing interactions within bulk acoustic systems for applications ranging from quantum memories and microwave-to-optical conversion to high-power laser oscillators.

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15

Taylor, Mark Patrick. "Atmospherically deposited trace metals from bulk mineral concentrate port operations." Science of The Total Environment 515-516 (May 2015): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.010.

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16

Silveri, Luigi. "Unit Operations for Improving the Bulk Properties of Recycled Fiber." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 2 (February 1994): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039269.

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Over the past few years, recycling within the pulp and paper industry has been brought sharply into focus. The primary motivating factors for this have been the crisis in the landfills, of which paper is the largest component, the ensuing legislation, greater public awareness of recycling as an issue, and a desire to recycle more.In reality, recycling has always been a significant part of papermaking. On a worldwide basis, about one third of the fiber supply is recycled fiber (Table I). A further significant portion of the fiber supply comes from the use of residues from sawmills and other woodworking operations; thus, in the strictest sense, the recycled content is even higher.The amount of recycled paper that is used varies from 45–50% for Japan and Continental Europe, which have limited forest resources, to about 10% for Canada and Scandinavia, which are rich in forest resources.In the United States, the recycle rate is about 26% and increasing. Estimates of future usage vary, but the industry as a whole is moving toward a recycle rate close to about 40% or higher by the end of the decade.It is important to understand the effect that recycling has on fiber properties and also the effect that adding recycled pulp can have on the final sheet properties. To arrive at this, it is worthwhile to review the main aspects of the recycling process and how the process affects pulp properties.

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17

SCHÖNAUER, M., T. RODIC, and D. R. J. OWEN. "Numerical modelling of thermomechanical processes related to bulk forming operations." Le Journal de Physique IV 03, no. C7 (November 1993): C7–1199—C7–1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19937185.

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18

Radmilovic, Zoran, Vladeta Colic, and Zlatko Hrle. "Some aspects of storage and bulk queueing systems in transport operations." Transportation Planning and Technology 20, no. 1 (September 1996): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081069608717580.

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19

Hirst, Eric. "Integrating wind output with bulk power operations and wholesale electricity markets." Wind Energy 5, no. 1 (January 2002): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/we.57.

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20

Russell, Kenneth, and David Detlefs. "Eliminating synchronization-related atomic operations with biased locking and bulk rebiasing." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 41, no. 10 (October 16, 2006): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1167515.1167496.

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21

Potapov, V. P., E. L. Schastlivtsev, and I. E. Kharlampenkov. "ASSESSMENT OF THE NOISE IMPACT OF BULK BLASTS DURING MINING OPERATIONS." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, S23 (2017): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2017-10-23-574-579.

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22

Lin, Bor-Hong, Hsuan-Shih Lee, and Cheng-Chi Chung. "The Construction and Implication of Group Scale Efficiency Evaluation Model for Bulk Shipping Corporations." Mathematics 8, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8050702.

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The shipping industry pursues high efficiency and low cost of chartering operations for bulk shipping market depression. Each type of ship’s operational efficiency in bulk shipping corporations is more important than the corporation’s overall efficiency. In order to evaluate the efficiency gap between various ship types’ efficiency and overall efficiency, the research first assessed the performance by a decision making unit (DMU), and evaluated voyage charter (V/C) performance by the time charter equivalent (TCE). It also measured the distance between group scale efficiency (GSE) and average group scale efficiency (AGSE) by the data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA is able to compare the difference between the group efficiency and overall efficiency, the AGSE value, to explore the direction and extent of the overall efficiency improvement. In the research, the V/C service of Panamax, Supramax, and Handymax is considered as the DMU, to calculate the efficiency of different ship types separately. Then, it employs TCE to measure and the DEA method to compare AGSE. The larger the AGSE value, the better the efficiency. Based on the results, in order to improve the overall operating efficiency of bulk shipping corporations, AGSE should be more emphasized than TCE and GSE. The results can provide professional managers of bulk shipping corporations with the basis for a strategic decision of chartering operations.

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23

Pie-Ya, Lu, and Chou Chien-Chang. "Standard operating procedure for loading/unloading operations and navigational safety of bulk carriers as per charter party requirements." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, no. 3 (October 8, 2019): 728–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090219875860.

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According to the Review of Maritime Transport published by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 2018, 53.57% of total global seaborne trade volume was transported by bulk carriers in 2017. Bulk cargo shipment is one of the major modes of transportation in the international trade. Many bulk carrier marine accidents each year are caused by inappropriate cargo loading/unloading operation procedures. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to establish a standard operating procedure for cargo handling and navigational safety management guidelines for bulk carriers. The standard operating procedure proposed in this article is developed based on loading/unloading theories, international rules and regulations, case studies, a literature review, expert opinions, and practical experience from some captains, as well as the author who has worked as a bulk carrier captain for more than 20 years. The developed standard operating procedure can be offered to bulk carrier captains, ship owners and charterers, and ship safety management companies for improving navigational safety and avoiding cargo damage.

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24

Vierzigmann, Ulrich, Johannes Koch, Marion Merklein, and Ulf Engel. "Material Flow in Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1035.

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Innovative trends like increasing component functionality, the demand for automotive lightweight constructions and the economic issue to optimize existing process chains, require new ways in manufacturing. Today, the traditional sheet metal and bulk metal forming processes are often reaching their limits if closely-tolerated complex functional components with variants have to be produced. A promising approach is the direct forming of high-precision shapes starting from blanks. Thus, classic sheet metal forming operations, such as deep drawing, are combined with bulk metal forming operations like extrusion of complex variants as for example teeth. This combination of sheet and bulk metal forming operations leads to a side by side situation of different tribological conditions according to the locally varying load situations within the same forming process. This new class of forming processes is defined as sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF). The tribological conditions in sheet-bulk metal forming processes are of major importance for the process realization, its stability and for the quality of the produced part. The objective of this paper is the investigation of material flow in SBMF in general and the attempt to improve the material flow by local adapted tribological conditions. First the material flow was analyzed by FE-simulation of a model geometry that is typical for SBMF. The investigations with FE-simulation have shown, locally adapted tribological conditions are leading to an improvement in material flow and thus to an increased mould filling. As frictional conditions are directly connected to the topography of workpiece and tool, the modification of the workpiece topography is leading to an alteration in friction values. For the modification of workpiece topography grit blasting was used. The increase in friction of grit blasted surface towards untreated surface was investigates by using the laboratory friction tests. To manufacture specimens with locally adapted topographies for forming tests a masking technique has been developed. The masks are designed after the preliminary findings determined by FE-simulation.

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25

Kramer, Philipp, and Peter Groche. "Friction Measurement under Consideration of Contact Conditions and Type of Lubricant in Bulk Metal Forming." Lubricants 7, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7020012.

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The tribological system plays a critical part in designing robust and efficient cold forging operations. The appropriate selection of lubrication allows to forge defect-free workpieces with high dimensional precision and desired surface finish while ensuring that no defects, such as cracks or seams, occur. Additionally, friction and wear are highly affected by the choice of tribological system, which in turn influence the cost-effectiveness of the forging operation by preventing premature tool failure. Next to the employed tool coating and work piece material, the lubrication system and work piece surface topography are the main factors influencing the aforementioned constraints when designing efficient forging operations. In order to choose the appropriate tribological system before implementing it within an industrial forging operation, tribometers are used to characterize the performance of the tribological system. In this paper, the necessity to account for not only the tribological loads when designing these tribometer tests as is typical for existing methodologies, but also for process and lubricant specific properties will be highlighted. With the help of the tribometer sliding compression test, it will be shown that using liquid lubricants necessitates the need to account for the escape of lubricant, while this is not true for solid lubricants. The escape of lubricant from the contact zone is governed by lubricant properties as well as the contact kinematics and may lead to significantly different results regarding friction and wear. In order to account for this escape, the tribometer test must be specifically designed to reproduce the contact kinematics of the investigated industrial forging operation.

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26

Unsal, Ozgur, and Ceyda Oguz. "An exact algorithm for integrated planning of operations in dry bulk terminals." Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 126 (June 2019): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.03.018.

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27

Sieczkarek, Peter, Lukas Kwiatkowski, Nooman Ben Khalifa, and A. Erman Tekkaya. "Novel Five-Axis Forming Press for the Incremental Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1478.

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The incremental procedure of sheet-bulk metal forming was classified into two different forming sequences, the discrete and the continuous. Based on these two groups, a movement matrix was developed, which captures required kinematic motions to manufacture a variety of functional components. With the objective of producing near-net-shape workpiece geometries within the Collaborative Research Centre TR73 – sheet-bulk metal forming, the required positioning accuracies of conventional metal forming machines exceed the current state of the art. Therefore, a suitable machine concept was developed and realized. This new machine represents a unique prototype for a flexible application of bulk forming operations to 2 – 3 mm sheets with five motion axes. During continuous forming, such as rolling, and also during simultaneous operations, increased lateral forces prevail. The machine was provided with a high stiffness. That enables a positioning accuracy which, also under load and at rest, correlates the high demands of the sheet-bulk metal forming within a range of ±0.01 mm.

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28

Hazeghi, K. "Optimization of unloading strategy for bulk carriers." OR Spektrum 10, no. 1 (March 1988): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01720035.

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29

Uhlig, Thomas, Thurid Mannel, Antonio Fortunato, and Norbert Illmer. "Space-to-Ground Communication for Columbus: A Quantitative Analysis." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/308031.

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The astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS) are only the most visible part of a much larger team engaged around the clock in the performance of science and technical activities in space. The bulk of such team is scattered around the globe in five major Mission Control Centers (MCCs), as well as in a number of smaller payload operations centres. Communication between the crew in space and the flight controllers at those locations is an essential element and one of the key drivers to efficient space operations. Such communication can be carried out in different forms, depending on available technical assets and the selected operational approach for the activity at hand. This paper focuses on operational voice communication and provides a quantitative overview of the balance achieved in the Columbus program between collaborative space/ground operations and autonomous on-board activity execution. An interpretation of the current situation is provided, together with a description of potential future approaches for deep space exploration missions.

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30

Dudáková (Allmanová), Zuzana, Michal Allman, Ján Merganič, and Katarína Merganičová. "Machinery-Induced Damage to Soil and Remaining Forest Stands—Case Study from Slovakia." Forests 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121289.

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The paper deals with the damage of the remaining stand and soil caused by harvesting using three ground-based forest operations methods (harvester-forwarder/cable skidder/animal-tractor). It compares the impact of the most common harvesting technologies applied in Slovakia and in Central Europe and thus contributes with valuable information to the knowledge on the suitability of their application in forests stands dominated by broadleaved tree species. Harvesting was performed in five forest stands located at the University Forest Enterprise of Technical University in Zvolen in central Slovakia from August to October 2019. Damage to remaining trees was assessed from the point of its size, type, and position of damage along stem. We expected lower damage of remaining trees in stands where harvesters were used because of the applied cut-to-length short wood system and fully mechanized harvesting system. In addition, we examined soil bulk density and soil moisture content in ruts, space between ruts, and in undisturbed stand to reveal the impact of harvesting machinery on soil. We expected greater soil bulk densities and lower soil moisture content in these stands due to the greatest weight of harvesters and in ruts created by machinery compared with undisturbed stand soil. The highest percentage of damaged remaining trees equal to 20.47% and 23.36% was recorded for harvester forest operations, followed by skidder (19.44%) and animal forest operations with 19.86% and 14.47%. Factorial ANOVA confirmed significant higher soil compaction in stands where harvesters were used (higer bulk density) than in stands where skidding was performed with the skidder and animal power. Higher soil moisture content was recorded in ruts created by harvesters and the skidder. The lowest soil moisture content was in undisturbed stands irrespective of the applied forest operation method.

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31

Takano, Hirotaka, Ryota Goto, Ryosuke Hayashi, and Hiroshi Asano. "Optimization Method for Operation Schedule of Microgrids Considering Uncertainty in Available Data." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 2487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092487.

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Operation scheduling in electric power grids is one of the most practical optimization problems as it sets a target for the efficient management of the electric power supply and demand. Advancement of a method to solve this issue is crucially required, especially in microgrids. This is because the operational capability of microgrids is generally lower than that of conventional bulk power grids, and therefore, it is extremely important to develop an appropriate, coordinated operation schedule of the microgrid components. Although various techniques have been developed to solve the problem, there is no established solution. The authors propose a problem framework and a solution method that finds the optimal operation schedule of the microgrid components considering the uncertainty in the available data. In the authors’ proposal, the objective function of the target problem is formulated as the expected cost of the microgrid’s operations. Since the risk of imbalance in the power supply and demand is evaluated as a part of the objective function, the necessary operational reserve power is automatically calculated. The usefulness of the proposed problem framework and its solution method was verified through numerical simulations and the results are discussed.

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32

Hazeghi, K., and F. Weinberg. "Optimization of the unloading strategy for bulk carriers." OR Spektrum 11, no. 2 (June 1989): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01746006.

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33

Andrade, Maria Luiza de Carvalho, Diego Tassinari, Moacir de Souza Dias Junior, Ricardo Previdente Martins, Wellington Willian Rocha, and Zélio Resende de Souza. "Soil compaction caused by harvest and logging operations in eucalyptus forests in coarse-textured soils from northeastern Brazil." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 2 (April 2017): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017412036216.

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ABSTRACT Planted forests occupy more than 6.5 million ha in Brazil, where harvest and logging operations are performed with increasingly heavier machinery, increasing the risk of soil compaction. Soil compaction can be avoided if soil load bearing capacity is not exceeded, what makes it important to assess both the soil strength and the impact of different operations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the load bearing capacity of some coarse textured soils (two Hapludult and one Haplorthod) in two soil horizons (BA and B), from northeastern Brazil; and to assess the impact of harvest and logging operations performed with harvester and forwarder. Although the Haplorthod presented higher load bearing capacity in both the BA horizon (for the whole moisture range) and the B horizon (for higher water contents), it suffered the greatest soil compaction. Traffic with the harvester resulted in soil compaction in both the BA and the B horizons, but the increase in bulk density was higher on the later, reaching 18.7% in the Haplorthod. The forwarder traffic intensity and the presence of plant residue cover significantly affected the occurrence of soil compaction. In the BA horizon, the increase in soil bulk density for different forwarder traffic intensities was 3 passes ~ 6 passes < 12 passes ~ 16 passes. The increase in bulk density was higher in the Haplorthod, reaching 32% after 16 forwarder passes over bare soil. Significant linear regressions were obtained from the number of forwarder passes and the increase in bulk density.

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34

Merklein, Marion, Raoul Plettke, Thomas Schneider, Simon Opel, and Daniel Vipavc. "Manufacturing of Sheet Metal Components with Variants Using Process Adapted Semi-Finished Products." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1023.

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Manufacturing of functional sheet metal products by forming can be realised with the application of conventional bulk forming operations on sheet metals. The challenges of those sheet bulk metal forming processes are high resulting forming forces and the demand on a specific control of material flow. To meet these challenges well-directed thinning of blanks as well as accumulations of material to form functional elements is employed. Due to local loads, simultaneous 2D and 3D stress and strain states occur. Process adapted semi-finished products, containing a defined sheet thickness characteristic, are formed in the presented work by the technologies upsetting and orbital forming. Orbital forming is an incremental bulk forming operation to decrease the forming zone extension and consequently the required process force. Afterwards a process combination of deep drawing and upsetting in order to manufacture a cup-shaped workpiece with external gearing is presented. The results of this integrated single-stage forming process are discussed and subsequently the potential to enhance the process limits is shown by using process adapted semi-finished products.

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35

Behrens, Bernd-Arno, Wolfgang Tillmann, Dirk Biermann, Sven Hübner, Dominic Stangier, Dennis Freiburg, Alexander Meijer, Sergej Koch, Daniel Rosenbusch, and Philipp Müller. "Influence of Tailored Surfaces and Superimposed-Oscillation on Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Operations." Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 4, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp4020041.

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Producing complex sheet metal components in fewer process steps motivated the development of the innovative forming process called sheet-bulk metal forming (SBMF). In this process, sheet metal forming and bulk-metal forming are combined to create a unique forming process in which a component with external and internal gearing is produced in three production steps. However, the high degrees of deformation that occur using high-strength steels and the number of different process steps result in high process forces, strongly limiting the service life of tools. To reduce the forming force during SBMF processes, tool and process modifications were investigated. Therefore, plane-strain compression tests were conducted to examine the influence of a CrAlN PVD coating and tailored surfaces produced by high-feed milling (HF) of tool-active elements on the material flow of the specimens. In addition to the tool-sided modifications, the influence of an oscillation overlay during the forming process was investigated. Based on the results of the compression tests, the surfaces of the active tool elements of the SBMF process were modified in order to transfer the basic experimental results to the production of a functional component. The friction is thus adapted locally in the SBMF process.

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METALLA, OSMAN, EMIRJANA VATA, SHPETIM PUPA, and BLEDI KACADEJ. "Privatization of Bulk Terminal Operations and its Efficiency: The Case of Durres Port." International Review of Management and Business Research 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30543/7-2(2018)-16.

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LU, TIEN-FU. "MODELING FOR STOCKPILE OPERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BULK SOLID MATERIALS USING BUCKET WHEEL RECLAIMER." International Journal of Information Acquisition 07, no. 04 (December 2010): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878910002270.

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Bucket wheel reclaimer (BWR) is one of the main equipment which has been widely used for stacking/reclaiming bulk materials (i.e., iron ore and coal) in ports, iron-steel plants, coal storages, and power stations onto/from stockpiles by mining industry. Generally speaking, current BWRs are mostly manually operated, remotely operated, or automated to simply follow predefined trajectory patterns for stacking and reclaiming operations. BWRs are indeed very large in size, heavy in weight, expensive in price, and slow in motion. It is commonly agreed in the industry that the current stacking/reclaiming efficiency can be largely improved in several areas to obtain huge amount of savings in dollar terms. However, as stockpiles and BWRs are always heavily engaged in production and cannot be long spared or frequently interrupted for the required studies and developments for efficiency improvement, a close to real simulation environment including stockpiles, BWRs, and the associated environment would be highly valuable and greatly beneficial to carry out necessary studies, planning, preparations, and evaluations. This paper presents the progresses of the modeling work achieved so far for the simulation of stockpile operations associated with bulk solid materials using BWRs. The content covers the modeling of stockpiles, typical BWR, voxel-based reclaiming trajectory generation, and their implementation in a simplified stockyard. The result demonstrates a powerful simulation environment is being woven together and can be used as a tool for further investigations to improve relevant production efficiencies.

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Chen, Anyue, Xiaohan Wu, and Jing Zhang. "Markovian bulk-arrival and bulk-service queues with general state-dependent control." Queueing Systems 95, no. 3-4 (July 5, 2020): 331–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11134-020-09660-0.

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DeArmond, Daniel, João B. S. Ferraz, Fabiano Emmert, Adriano José Nogueira Lima, and Niro Higuchi. "An Assessment of Soil Compaction after Logging Operations in Central Amazonia." Forest Science 66, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 230–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxz070.

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Abstract In the forests of the Amazon Basin, there are still few studies on soil compaction caused by logging activities. This study evaluated an operation located on the property of a timber company in Central Amazonia, which uses harvesting techniques based on the harvesting system developed by the Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname. The timber-extraction method employed by the timber company consists of three activities: (1) skid trail construction with a track-type tractor, (2) log winching with a winch attached to the tractor, and (3) log skidding with a rubber-tired skidder. Soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance were quantified to 20 cm in depth. After a single tractor ingress and egress for trail construction, the soil incurred an increased root growth-limiting bulk density and penetration resistance. However, log winching did not cause significant soil compaction. The conclusions of the study were: (1) the greatest impact from this harvesting system came from the skid trail construction, (2) the technique of log winching limited forest floor compaction and disturbance that damages forest regeneration, and (3) log skidding during dry soil conditions limited increases in compaction and track formation.

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Loeffler, Maria, Thomas Schneider, Ulrich Vierzigmann, Ulf Engel, and Marion Merklein. "Locally Adapted Tribological Conditions as a Method for Influencing the Material Flow in Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming Processes." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.267.

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Due to ecological and economic challenges there is a growing demand for lightweight construction by using closely-tolerated complex functional components with variants. Conventional sheet and bulk metal forming operations are often improvident in producing such parts. A promising approach is the process-class “sheet-bulk metal forming” (SBMF). Within SBMF bulk forming operations are applied to sheet metals, often in combination with sheet forming operations [1]. This leads to a significant gradient in load conditions regarding stress and strain states and causes locally varying tribological conditions. Thus, the investigation of the tribological conditions and the provision of suited tribological systems are essential for the successful application of SBMF processes. The objective of the current study is the experimental investigation of the applicability of tribological adaptions by local abrasive blasting on a single-stage process combination of deep drawing and upsetting to produce a component with an external gearing. The manipulation of the local tribological conditions by the use of abrasive blasting leads to a better control of the material flow and in consequence to an improved quality of the components in terms of higher mould filling and cup heights, and a reduced thickening of the sheet in the area of the cup bottom.

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Balasubramanian, M., and R. Arumuganathan. "Steady state analysis of a bulk arrival general bulk service queueing system with modified M-vacation policy and variant arrival rate." International Journal of Operational Research 11, no. 4 (2011): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijor.2011.041799.

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Fatourou, Panagiota, Yiannis Nikolakopoulos, and Marina Papatriantafilou. "Linearizable Wait-Free Iteration Operations in Shared Double-Ended Queues." Parallel Processing Letters 27, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129626417500013.

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Shared data object implementations that allow non-blocking concurrent operations are useful for in-memory data-processing, especially when they support consistent bulk operations like iterations. We propose an algorithmic implementation for concurrent iterators on shared double-ended queues (deques), building on and complementing a known lock-free deque implementation by M. Michael. The proposed construction is linearizable and wait-free. Moreover, it is read-only, so it does not execute expensive synchronization primitives and it does not interfere with update operations.

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Zucali, Maddalena, Luciana Bava, Alberto Tamburini, Milena Brasca, Laura Vanoni, and Anna Sandrucci. "Effects of season, milking routine and cow cleanliness on bacterial and somatic cell counts of bulk tank milk." Journal of Dairy Research 78, no. 4 (August 16, 2011): 436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029911000598.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of season, cow cleanliness and milking routine on bacterial and somatic cell counts of bulk tank milk. A total of 22 dairy farms in Lombardy (Italy) were visited three times in a year in different seasons. During each visit, samples of bulk tank milk were taken for bacterial and somatic cell counts; swabs from the teat surface of a group of cows were collected after teat cleaning and before milking. Cow cleanliness was assessed by scoring udder, flanks and legs of all milking cows using a 4-point scale system. Season affected cow cleanliness with a significantly higher percentage of non-clean (NC) cows during Cold compared with Mild season. Standard plate count (SPC), laboratory pasteurization count (LPC), coliform count (CC) and somatic cell count, expressed as linear score (LS), in milk significantly increased in Hot compared with Cold season. Coagulase-positive staphylococci on teat swabs showed higher counts in Cold season in comparison with the other ones. The effect of cow cleanliness was significant for SPC, psychrotrophic bacterial count (PBC), CC and Escherichia coli in bulk tank milk. Somatic cell count showed a relationship with udder hygiene score. Milking operation routine strongly affected bacterial counts and LS of bulk tank milk: farms that accomplished a comprehensive milking scheme including two or more operations among forestripping, pre-dipping and post-dipping had lower teat contamination and lower milk SPC, PBC, LPC, CC and LS than farms that did not carry out any operation.

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Sohrabi, Hadi, Meghdad Jourgholami, Farzam Tavankar, Rachele Venanzi, and Rodolfo Picchio. "Post-Harvest Evaluation of Soil Physical Properties and Natural Regeneration Growth in Steep-Slope Terrains." Forests 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10111034.

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Protection of forest soils during harvesting operations is necessary to reduce damage and accelerate recovery time. The current study aims to evaluate soil physical properties, natural regeneration, and its recovery process in treatments including slope gradient, traffic intensity and skid trail after long periods of time, after ceasing the timber harvesting operations. The most recent skidding operations within each 5 years recovery period were studied for a chronosequence of 20 years. Soil samples were taken in abandoned skid trails and data were recorded on naturally regenerated species and density. The results revealed that most soil disturbances occurred on the slopes >20%, as well as the highest levels of traffic intensity. Bulk density and penetration resistance were still higher than the control area, with a significant difference between them, while total porosity was partially recovered. Twenty years after the skidding operation, soil bulk density and penetration resistance were 13.2% and 23.7% higher than the control area, while total porosity was 9.78% lower the than value of the control area. Seedlings of 50–150 cm and >150 cm in height on skid trails had significantly lower density than those in the control. The number of seedlings per m2 was less than the control area in all skid trails and for all height classes. The proportion of seedlings present in low traffic intensity was higher than in medium and high traffic intensities. The findings confirmed that full recovery rates are lengthy, and more time than 20 years is required to fully recover, especially with regards to penetration resistance.

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Ronen, David. "Short-Term Scheduling of Vessels for Shipping Bulk or Semi-Bulk Commodities Originating in a Single Area." Operations Research 34, no. 1 (February 1986): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.34.1.164.

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Jin, Yue Bo. "The Environmental Risk Assessment for Terminals of Dangerous Bulk Liquid Cargoes." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 1726–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.1726.

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Complying to the characteristics of terminals fordangerous bulk liquid cargoes and combined with the risk guidelines requirements, to conduct risk identification in the whole operations process covering risk items and common accident analysis, and propose risk assessment work ratings, accident hazard prediction, risk prevention measures and emergency plans for accidents of fire, spill, gaseous and liquid chemical leakage.

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Oka, Tetsuo, Kazuya Yokoyama, Hiroyuki Fujishiro, and Koshichi Noto. "Temperature rise in melt-textured large grain superconducting bulk magnets during their magnetizing operations." Physica C: Superconductivity 460-462 (September 2007): 748–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2007.03.368.

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Donohue, Timothy J., Alan W. Roberts, Craig A. Wheeler, and William McBride. "Computer Simulations as a Tool for Investigating Dust Generation in Bulk Solids Handling Operations." Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 26, no. 5-6 (December 2009): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.200900096.

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Gilmour, Peter. "Evaluation of alternative logistics operations for the national supply of an imported bulk commodity." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 28, no. 5 (July 1998): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600039810234933.

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Roberts, A. W., and S. J. Wiche. "Prediction of lining wear life of bins and chutes in bulk solids handling operations." Tribology International 26, no. 5 (October 1993): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-679x(93)90071-8.

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