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Journal articles on the topic 'Bulk Graphene'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Simionescu, Octavian-Gabriel, Andrei Avram, Bianca Adiaconiţă, Petruţa Preda, Cătălin Pârvulescu, Florin Năstase, Eugen Chiriac, and Marioara Avram. "Field-Effect Transistors Based on Single-Layer Graphene and Graphene-Derived Materials." Micromachines 14, no. 6 (May 23, 2023): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14061096.

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The progress of advanced materials has invoked great interest in promising novel biosensing applications. Field-effect transistors (FETs) are excellent options for biosensing devices due to the variability of the utilized materials and the self-amplifying role of electrical signals. The focus on nanoelectronics and high-performance biosensors has also generated an increasing demand for easy fabrication methods, as well as for economical and revolutionary materials. One of the innovative materials used in biosensing applications is graphene, on account of its remarkable properties, such as high thermal and electrical conductivity, potent mechanical properties, and high surface area to immobilize the receptors in biosensors. Besides graphene, other competing graphene-derived materials (GDMs) have emerged in this field, with comparable properties and improved cost-efficiency and ease of fabrication. In this paper, a comparative experimental study is presented for the first time, for FETs having a channel fabricated from three different graphenic materials: single-layer graphene (SLG), graphene/graphite nanowalls (GNW), and bulk nanocrystalline graphite (bulk-NCG). The devices are investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and I-V measurements. An increased electrical conductance is observed for the bulk-NCG-based FET, despite its higher defect density, the channel displaying a transconductance of up to ≊4.9×10−3 A V−1, and a charge carrier mobility of ≊2.86×10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, at a source-drain potential of 3 V. An improvement in sensitivity due to Au nanoparticle functionalization is also acknowledged, with an increase of the ON/OFF current ratio of over four times, from ≊178.95 to ≊746.43, for the bulk-NCG FETs.

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2

Englert, Jan M., Christoph Dotzer, Guang Yang, Martin Schmid, Christian Papp, J. Michael Gottfried, Hans-Peter Steinrück, Erdmann Spiecker, Frank Hauke, and Andreas Hirsch. "Covalent bulk functionalization of graphene." Nature Chemistry 3, no. 4 (March 20, 2011): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1010.

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3

Quintana, Mildred, Alejandro Montellano, Antonio Esau del Rio Castillo, Gustaaf Van Tendeloo, Carla Bittencourt, and Maurizio Prato. "Selective organic functionalization of graphene bulk or graphene edges." Chemical Communications 47, no. 33 (2011): 9330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1cc13254g.

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4

Tian, Leilei, Xin Wang, Li Cao, Mohammed J. Meziani, Chang Yi Kong, Fushen Lu, and Ya-Ping Sun. "Preparation of Bulk13C-Enriched Graphene Materials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/742167.

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Arc-discharge has been widely used in the bulk production of various carbon nanomaterials, especially for structurally more robust single-walled carbon nanotubes. In this paper, the same bulk-production technique was applied to the synthesis of significantly13C-enriched graphitic materials, from which graphene oxides similarly enriched with13C were prepared and characterized. The results demonstrate that arc-discharge is a convenient method to produce bulk quantities of13C-enriched graphene materials from relatively less expensive precursors (largely amorphous13C powders).

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5

Ji, Qianyu, Bowen Wang, Yajuan Zheng, Fanguang Zeng, and Bingheng Lu. "Field emission performance of bulk graphene." Diamond and Related Materials 124 (April 2022): 108940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2022.108940.

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6

Feng, Xiayu, Wufeng Chen, and Lifeng Yan. "Electrochemical reduction of bulk graphene oxide materials." RSC Advances 6, no. 83 (2016): 80106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17469h.

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7

Abramov, A. S., D. A. Evseev, I. O. Zolotovskii, and D. I. Sementsov. "Dispersion of Bulk Waves in a Graphene–Dielectric–Graphene Structure." Optics and Spectroscopy 126, no. 2 (February 2019): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0030400x19020024.

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8

Che, Yongli, Guizhong Zhang, Yating Zhang, Xiaolong Cao, Mingxuan Cao, Yu Yu, Haitao Dai, and Jianquan Yao. "Solution-processed graphene phototransistor functionalized with P3HT/graphene bulk heterojunction." Optics Communications 425 (October 2018): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.04.058.

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9

Endoh, Norifumi, Shoji Akiyama, Keiichiro Tashima, Kento Suwa, Takamasa Kamogawa, Roki Kohama, Kazutoshi Funakubo, et al. "High-Quality Few-Layer Graphene on Single-Crystalline SiC thin Film Grown on Affordable Wafer for Device Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020392.

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Graphene is promising for next-generation devices. However, one of the primary challenges in realizing these devices is the scalable growth of high-quality few-layer graphene (FLG) on device-type wafers; it is difficult to do so while balancing both quality and affordability. High-quality graphene is grown on expensive SiC bulk crystals, while graphene on SiC thin films grown on Si substrates (GOS) exhibits low quality but affordable cost. We propose a new method for the growth of high-quality FLG on a new template named “hybrid SiC”. The hybrid SiC is produced by bonding a SiC bulk crystal with an affordable device-type wafer and subsequently peeling off the SiC bulk crystal to obtain a single-crystalline SiC thin film on the wafer. The quality of FLG on this hybrid SiC is comparable to that of FLG on SiC bulk crystals and much higher than of GOS. FLG on the hybrid SiC exhibited high carrier mobilities, comparable to those on SiC bulk crystals, as anticipated from the linear band dispersions. Transistors using FLG on the hybrid SiC showed the potential to operate in terahertz frequencies. The proposed method is suited for growing high-quality FLG on desired substrates with the aim of realizing graphene-based high-speed devices.

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10

KUMAR, AMIT, J. M. POUMIROL, W. ESCOFFIER, M. GOIRAN, B. RAQUET, and J. M. BROTO. "ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE, FEW-LAYER GRAPHENE, AND BULK GRAPHITE UNDER VERY HIGH MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Nanoscience 10, no. 01n02 (February 2011): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x11007703.

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In the present work, we report on the magneto-transport properties of graphitic based materials (graphene, few-layer graphene, and bulk graphite) in very high magnetic field. Quantum Hall Effect (QHE) has been studied in graphitic systems in very high pulsed magnetic field (up to B = 57 T ) and at low temperature (≤ 4 K). Graphene sample shows well-defined Hall resistance plateaus at filling factors v = 2,6,10, etc. Few-layer graphene systems display clear signatures of standard and unconventional QHE. Magneto-transport studies on bulk highly oriented pyrolytic graphite show a charge density wave transition at strong enough magnetic field as well as Hall coefficient sign reversal.

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11

Morsin, Marriatyi, and Yusmeeraz Yusof. "The Ab-initio Study of Bulk Single Layer Defected Graphene Towards Graphene Device." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i3.pp1444-1451.

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Graphene is a promising new material for the construction of graphene devices because of its surface modification can be tuned the band gap. In this paper, the electronic and transport characteristics of defected graphene device are investigated. Both the electronic and transport characteristics are simulated using density functional theory (DFT). The band structures and transmission spectra are analyzed. The conductance and thermal conductance characteristic for both graphene is compared. From the simulation, it is found that the conductance, thermal conductance, and the I-V curves depend on the transmission spectrum of the graphene sheet or graphene device itself. The comparison between the defected graphene itself shows that the single layer with two vacancies shows better performance.

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12

Dobrescu, Oana-Ancuta, and M. Apostol. "Tight-binding approximation for bulk and edge electronic states in graphene." Canadian Journal of Physics 93, no. 5 (May 2015): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0313.

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The tight-binding approximation is employed here to investigate electronic bulk and edge (“surface”) states in semi-infinite graphene sheets and graphene monolayer ribbons with various edge terminations (zigzag, horseshoe, and armchair edges). It is shown that edge states do not exist for a uniform hopping (transfer) matrix. The problem is generalized to include edge elements of the hopping matrix distinct from the infinite-sheet (“bulk”) ones. In this case, semi-infinite graphene sheets with zigzag or horseshoe edges exhibit edge states, while semi-infinite graphene sheets with armchair edges do not. The energy of the edge states lies above the (zero) Fermi level. Similarly, symmetric graphene ribbons with zigzag or horseshoe edges exhibit edge states, while ribbons with asymmetric edges (zigzag and horseshoe) do not. It is also shown how to construct the “reflected” solutions (bulk states) for the intervening equations with finite differences both for semi-infinite sheets and ribbons.

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13

Ahmad, Sara I., Hicham Hamoudi, Ahmed Abdala, Zafar K. Ghouri, and Khaled M. Youssef. "Graphene-Reinforced Bulk Metal Matrix Composites: Synthesis, Microstructure, and Properties." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 59, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 67–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2020-0007.

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AbstractThis paper provides a critical review on the current status of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites (GRMMCs) in an effort to guide future work on this topic. Metal matrix composites are preferred over other types of composites for their ability to meet engineering and structural demands. Graphene is considered an ideal reinforcement material for composites due to its unique structure and extraordinary physical, thermal, and electrical properties. Incorporating graphene as a reinforcement in metals is a way of harnessing its extraordinary properties, resulting in an enhanced metallic behavior for a wide variety of applications. Combining graphene with bulk metal matrices is a recent endeavor that has proven to have merit. A systematic study is needed to critically examine the efforts applied in this field, the successes achieved, and the challenges faced. This review highlights the three main pillars of GRMMCs: synthesis, structure, and properties. First, it discusses the synthesis techniques utilized for the fabrication of GRMMCs. Then, it highlights the resulting microstructures of the composites, including graphene dispersion and interfacial interactions. Finally, it summarizes the enhancements in the mechanical, electrical, thermal, and tribological properties of GRMMCs, while highlighting the effects of graphene type and content on those enhancements.

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14

Yoon, Jong Chan, Zonghoon Lee, and Gyeong Hee Ryu. "Atomic Arrangements of Graphene-like ZnO." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071833.

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ZnO, which can exist in various dimensions such as bulk, thin films, nanorods, and quantum dots, has interesting physical properties depending on its dimensional structures. When a typical bulk wurtzite ZnO structure is thinned to an atomic level, it is converted into a hexagonal ZnO layer such as layered graphene. In this study, we report the atomic arrangement and structural merging behavior of graphene-like ZnO nanosheets transferred onto a monolayer graphene using aberration-corrected TEM. In the region to which an electron beam is continuously irradiated, it is confirmed that there is a directional tendency, which is that small-patched ZnO flakes are not only merging but also forming atomic migration of Zn and O atoms. This study suggests atomic alignments and rearrangements of the graphene-like ZnO, which are not considered in the wurtzite ZnO structure. In addition, this study also presents a new perspective on the atomic behavior when a bulk crystal structure, which is not an original layered structure, is converted into an atomic-thick layered two-dimensional structure.

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15

Xue, Wei-Dong, and Rui Zhao. "A simple approach towards nitrogen-doped graphene and metal/graphene by solid-state pyrolysis of metal phthalocyanine." New J. Chem. 38, no. 7 (2014): 2993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj00331d.

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16

Yu, Fei, M. Bahner, and Vikram K. Kuppa. "On the Role of Graphene in Polymer-Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Key Engineering Materials 521 (August 2012): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.521.47.

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As a new material, graphene is considered to have great potential in photovoltaic applications, due to its superior physical and electronic properties. In this manuscript, the behavior of graphene nanosheets prepared by different processing methods were investigated in order to probe their applicability in polymer-based bulk heterojunction optoelectronic devices. Raman spectroscopy was employed to study the formation of interfaces between the conjugated polymer and graphene, while photoluminescence quenching was used to investigate charge transfer from P3HT to graphene. The current-voltage characteristics of fabricated cells were investigated to elucidate the role of graphene in their performance. We demonstrate that the addition of small quantities of graphene promotes exciton dissociation and charge transport in P3HT:PCBM BHJ devices, leading to a novel paradigm for organic solar cells.

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17

Du, Yong, Jia Li, Jiayue Xu, and Per Eklund. "Thermoelectric Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide/Bi2Te3 Nanocomposites." Energies 12, no. 12 (June 24, 2019): 2430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122430.

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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Bi2Te3 nanocomposite powders with different contents of rGO have been synthesized by a one-step in-situ reductive method. Then, rGO/Bi2Te3 nanocomposite bulk materials were fabricated by a hot-pressing process. The effect of rGO contents on the composition, microstructure, TE properties, and carrier transportation of the nanocomposite bulk materials has been investigated. All the composite bulk materials show negative Seebeck coefficient, indicating n-type conduction. The electrical conductivity for all the rGO/Bi2Te3 nanocomposite bulk materials decreased with increasing measurement temperature from 25 °C to 300 °C, while the absolute value of Seebeck coefficient first increased and then decreased. As a result, the power factor of the bulk materials first increased and then decreased, and a power factor of 1340 μWm−1K−2 was achieved for the nanocomposite bulk materials with 0.25 wt% rGO at 150 °C.

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18

Yeddala, Munaiah, Pallavi Thakur, Anugraha A, and Tharangattu N. Narayanan. "Electrochemically derived functionalized graphene for bulk production of hydrogen peroxide." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (March 9, 2020): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.34.

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On-site peroxide generation via electrochemical reduction is gaining tremendous attention due to its importance in many fields, including water treatment technologies. Oxidized graphitic carbon-based materials have been recently proposed as an alternative to metal-based catalysts in the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and in this work we unravel the role of C=O groups in graphene towards sustainable peroxide formation. We demonstrate a versatile single-step electrochemical exfoliation of graphite to graphene with a controllable degree of oxygen functionalities and thickness, leading to the formation of large quantities of functionalized graphene with tunable rate parameters, such as the rate constant and exchange current density. Higher oxygen-containing exfoliated graphene is known to undergo a two-electron reduction path in ORR having an efficiency of about 80 ± 2% even at high overpotential. Bulk production of H2O2 via electrolysis was also demonstrated at low potential (0.358 mV vs RHE), yielding ≈34 mg/L peroxide with highly functionalized (≈23 atom %) graphene and ≈16 g/L with low functionalized (≈13 atom %) graphene, which is on par with the peroxide production using state-of-the-art precious-metal-based catalysts. Hence this method opens a new scheme for the single-step large-scale production of functionalized carbon-based catalysts (yield ≈45% by weight) that have varying functionalities and can deliver peroxide via the electrochemical ORR process.

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19

Carotenuto, G., D. Altamura, C. Giannini, and D. Siliqi. "XRD characterization of bulk graphene-based material." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 67, a1 (August 22, 2011): C558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767311085886.

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20

Sykam, Nagaraju, and G. Mohan Rao. "Bulk Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Cakes." Graphene 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/graph.2015.1058.

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21

Klechikov, Alexey G., Guillaume Mercier, Pilar Merino, Santiago Blanco, César Merino, and Alexandr V. Talyzin. "Hydrogen storage in bulk graphene-related materials." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 210 (July 2015): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2015.02.017.

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22

Hu, Zengrong, Feng Chen, Dong Lin, Qiong Nian, Pedram Parandoush, Xing Zhu, Zhuqiang Shao, and Gary J. Cheng. "Laser additive manufacturing bulk graphene–copper nanocomposites." Nanotechnology 28, no. 44 (October 12, 2017): 445705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa8946.

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23

Chu, Ke, and Chengchang Jia. "Enhanced strength in bulk graphene-copper composites." physica status solidi (a) 211, no. 1 (October 28, 2013): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201330051.

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24

Lv, Xin, Yi Huang, Zhibo Liu, Jianguo Tian, Yan Wang, Yanfeng Ma, Jiajie Liang, Shipeng Fu, Xiangjian Wan, and Yongsheng Chen. "Photoconductivity of Bulk-Film-Based Graphene Sheets." Small 5, no. 14 (July 17, 2009): 1682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200900044.

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25

Baimova, Julia A., Leysan Kh Rysaeva, Bo Liu, Sergey V. Dmitriev, and Kun Zhou. "From flat graphene to bulk carbon nanostructures." physica status solidi (b) 252, no. 7 (June 1, 2015): 1502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.201451654.

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26

McCoy, Thomas M., Liliana de Campo, Anna V. Sokolova, Isabelle Grillo, Ekaterina I. Izgorodina, and Rico F. Tabor. "Bulk properties of aqueous graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide with surfactants and polymers: adsorption and stability." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 24 (2018): 16801–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02738b.

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27

Chan, Bun, and Amir Karton. "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: from small molecules through nano-sized species towards bulk graphene." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 32 (2021): 17713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp01659h.

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28

Zheng, Li, Xinhong Cheng, Peiyi Ye, Lingyan Shen, Qian Wang, Dongliang Zhang, Zhongjian Wang, Yuehui Yu, and Xinke Yu. "Semiconductor-like nanofilms assembled with AlN and TiN laminations for nearly ideal graphene-based heterojunction devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 47 (2016): 11067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc03514k.

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29

Sharma, Abhishek, Vyas Mani Sharma, and Jinu Paul. "Fabrication of bulk aluminum-graphene nanocomposite through friction stir alloying." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319859427.

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Friction stir alloying is primarily employed for the fabrication of surface composite to improve surface properties like hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance without significantly affecting the bulk properties of the alloy. The present study demonstrates the novel method for the fabrication of bulk aluminum-graphene nanoplatelets composite by using friction stir alloying. Here, the novelty is shown through the method of graphene nanoplatelets incorporation in the stir zone. For this purpose, a channel is fabricated on the cross-sectional surface of the aluminum plate and filled with graphene nanoplatelets. It is then covered by the cross-sectional surface of another aluminum plate of same dimensions and friction stir alloying is carried out. Reference material (RM) is also fabricated at the same parameters without any graphene nanoplatelet reinforcements for the performance evaluation of the nanocomposite. The microhardness of the fabricated composite increased by ∼57% as compared to the reference material. However, the tensile strength of the fabricated Al-graphene nanoplatelet composites decreased marginally as compared to reference material. The strengthening of the composite is explained systematically by various mechanisms. The results of microhardness and tensile test were corroborated with various characterization methods such as optical micrographs, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, and X-ray diffraction.

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Alessandrino, Luigi, Christos Pavlakis, Nicolò Colombani, Micòl Mastrocicco, and Vassilis Aschonitis. "Effects of Graphene on Soil Water-Retention Curve, van Genuchten Parameters, and Soil Pore Size Distribution—A Comparison with Traditional Soil Conditioners." Water 15, no. 7 (March 25, 2023): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15071297.

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Graphene waste has had enormous growth due to many industrial applications. Agriculture exploits waste through the circular economy, and graphene waste is thereby investigated in this study as a soil conditioner for improving the physical–hydraulic properties of soil. Experiments were performed on three differently textured soils amended with traditional soil conditioners (compost, biochar, and zeolites) and graphene. The conditioners were applied at two different doses of 10% and 5% dry weight (d.w.) for compost, biochar, and zeolites, and 1.0% and 0.5% d.w. for graphene. We compared (i) the major porosity classes related to water-retention characteristics (drainage, storage, and residual porosity), (ii) bulk density, and (iii) van Genuchten water-retention curve (WRC) characteristics. Graphene application caused the largest decrease in dry bulk density (ρb), lowering the soil bulk density by about 25%. In fact, graphene had ρb of 0.01 g/cm3. The effects of graphene were more intense in the finer soil. Compost and biochar showed similar effects, but of lower magnitude compared to those of graphene, with ρb of 0.7 and 0.28 g/cm3, respectively. Although zeolites had ρb of 0.62 g/cm3, they showed quite different behavior in increasing the mixtures’ ρb. Graphene and biochar showed the most pronounced effects in the clayey soil, where storage porosity showed a reduction of >30% compared to the control. For storage porosity, the graphene treatments did not show statistically significant differences compared to the control. The results show that, when the conditioner increased drainage porosity, there was a high probability of a concomitant reduction in storage porosity. This finding indicates that graphene use for improving soil aeration and drainage conditions is viable, especially in fine soils.

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Sun, Chuan, Yujia Huang, Qiang Shen, Wei Wang, Wei Pan, Peng’an Zong, Li Yang, Yan Xing, and Chunlei Wan. "Embedding two-dimensional graphene array in ceramic matrix." Science Advances 6, no. 39 (September 2020): eabb1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb1338.

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Dispersing two-dimensional (2D) graphene sheets in 3D material matrix becomes a promising route to access the exceptional mechanical and electrical properties of individual graphene sheets in bulk quantities for macroscopic applications. However, this is highly restricted by the uncontrolled distribution and orientation of the graphene sheets in 3D structures as well as the weak graphene-matrix bonding and poor load transfer. Here, we propose a previously unreported avenue to embed ordered 2D graphene array into ceramics matrix, where the catastrophic fracture failure mode of brittle ceramics was transformed into stable crack propagation behavior with 250 to 500% improvement in the mechanical toughness. An unprecedentedly low dry sliding friction coefficient of 0.06 in bulk ceramics was obtained mainly due to the inhibition of the microcrack propagation by the ordered 2D graphene array. These unique and low-cost 2D graphene array/ceramic composites may find applications in severe environments with superior structural and functional properties.

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32

Wang, Chunhui, Yibin Li, Xiaodong He, Yujie Ding, Qingyu Peng, Wenqi Zhao, Enzheng Shi, Shiting Wu, and Anyuan Cao. "Cotton-derived bulk and fiber aerogels grafted with nitrogen-doped graphene." Nanoscale 7, no. 17 (2015): 7550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr00996k.

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Bulk or meter-long fiber shaped aerogels containing a significant amount of nitrogen-doped graphene (N-graphene) sheets grafted on carbonized cellulose fibers were fabricated from raw cotton and urea.

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33

Ahmad, Sohail, and Sugata Mukherjee. "A Comparative Study of Electronic Properties of Bulk MoS2 and Its Monolayer Using DFT Technique: Application of Mechanical Strain on MoS2 Monolayer." Graphene 03, no. 04 (2014): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/graphene.2014.34008.

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34

Reza Borghei, Hamid, Bashir Behjat, and Mojtaba Yazdani. "The impact of graphene nanoparticle additives on the strength of simple and hybrid adhesively bonded joints." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 23 (December 11, 2018): 3335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318817588.

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In this paper, the effect of graphene nanoparticle additive on the strength of simple and hybrid (rivet-bonded) single-lap joints is studied using the experimental method. Two different types of graphene with different number of layer and thicknesses are used in adhesive-graphene nanoparticle composite construction. At first, tensile tests are done on bulk specimens of adhesive with different additives. It is found that adding 0.5 wt% of graphene to the neat adhesive leads to an increase in the ultimate tensile strength of bulk specimens almost 24% and 12% for two graphene types compared to the neat adhesive. Also, the shear strength of adhesive and hybrid lap joints incorporating two types of graphene nanoparticles (types I and II) is compared to that of adhesive and hybrid joints without graphene nanoparticles. SEM results of fracture surfaces show that the inclusion of graphene nanoparticle to the adhesive increases the roughness of surfaces. Experimental results reveal that graphene nanoparticle increases the strength of bonded and hybrid joints. It is observed that, graphene with a lower thickness and number of layers has a better influence on joint strength. In fact, graphene nanoparticle type II makes a homogeneous distribution in adhesive-graphene nanoparticle composite and causes a significant increase on joint strength.

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35

OSHIMA, C., N. TANAKA, A. ITOH, E. ROKUTA, K. YAMASHITA, and T. SAKURAI. "A HETEROEPITAXIAL MULTI-ATOMIC-LAYER SYSTEM OF GRAPHENE AND h-BN." Surface Review and Letters 07, no. 05n06 (October 2000): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x00000683.

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Multi-atomic-layer systems stacked with monolayer graphene/monolayer h-BN/Ni(111) have been grown in an epitaxial manner. The graphene overlayer formation changes drastically the interfacial interaction between the h-BN layer and Ni(111). As a result, a peculiar property of the monolayer h-BN on Ni(111) changes to a bulklike one. The π–d orbital hybridization at the interface disappears. Accordingly, a metallic character of monolayer h-BN disappears, the soft TO⊥ phonon returns to the bulk one, and the reduced lattice constant of h-BN on Ni(111) also returns to the bulk one. In contrast, the h-BN overlayer formation does not change the interface between the monolayer graphene and Ni(111). From those data, the strength order of interfacial bonds changes as follows: graphene/Ni(111) > graphene/h-BN > h-BN/Ni(111).

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36

Jiang, Rongrong, Xufeng Zhou, Qile Fang, and Zhaoping Liu. "Copper–graphene bulk composites with homogeneous graphene dispersion and enhanced mechanical properties." Materials Science and Engineering: A 654 (January 2016): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.039.

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37

Liu, Yu, Yongpan Zeng, Qiang Guo, Jian Zhang, Zhiqiang Li, Ding-Bang Xiong, Xiaoyan Li, and Di Zhang. "Bulk nanolaminated graphene (reduced graphene oxide)–aluminum composite tolerant of radiation damage." Acta Materialia 196 (September 2020): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.018.

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Chen, Wangqiao, Peishuang Xiao, Honghui Chen, Hongtao Zhang, Qichun Zhang, and Yongsheng Chen. "Polymeric Graphene Bulk Materials with a 3D Cross-Linked Monolithic Graphene Network." Advanced Materials 31, no. 9 (August 17, 2018): 1802403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802403.

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Mao, Min, Shuzhen Chen, Ping He, Hailin Zhang, and Hongtao Liu. "Facile and economical mass production of graphene dispersions and flakes." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 12 (2014): 4132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta14632d.

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A facile and economical strategy for the bulk production of aqueous graphene dispersions and high-quality few-layer graphene flakes via a simple ball milling process assisted with non-ionic industrial surfactant.

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Rahman, Md Mahfuzur, Mohaiminul Islam, Rakesh Roy, Hassan Younis, Maryam AlNahyan, and Hammad Younes. "Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Lubricants: Review of Recent Developments." Lubricants 10, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10110281.

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This review article summarizes the progress of research on carbon nanomaterial-based lubricants witnessed in recent years. Carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes and carbon nanostructures, are at the center of current tribological research on attaining superior lubrication performance. The development of nanomaterial-based solid lubricants, lubricant additives and bulk materials and the related issues in their processing, characterization and applications as well as their tribological performance (coefficient of friction and wear rate) are listed in a structured tabulated form. Firstly, regarding nanomaterial-based solid lubricants, this study reveals that carbon nanomaterials such as graphite, graphene, graphene-based coatings and diamond-like carbon (DLC)-based coatings increase different tribological properties of solid lubricants. Secondly, this study summarizes the influence of graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, carbon nanodiamonds, carbon nano-onions, carbon nanohorns and carbon spheres when they are used as an additive in lubricants. Thirdly, a structured tabulated overview is presented for the use of carbon nanomaterial-reinforced bulk material as lubricants, where graphene, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanodiamonds are used as reinforcement. Additionally, the lubricity mechanism and superlubricity of carbon nanomaterial-based lubricants is also discussed. The impact of carbon nanotubes and graphene on superlubricity is reviewed in detail. It is reported in the literature that graphene is the most prominent and widely used carbon nanomaterial in terms of all four regimes (solid lubricants, lubricating additives, bulk material reinforcement and superlubricity) for superior tribological properties. Furthermore, prospective challenges associated with lubricants based on carbon nanomaterials are identified along with future research directions.

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Duan, Junxi, Xiaoming Wang, Xinyuan Lai, Guohong Li, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Mona Zebarjadi, and Eva Y. Andrei. "High thermoelectricpower factor in graphene/hBN devices." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 50 (November 23, 2016): 14272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615913113.

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Fast and controllable cooling at nanoscales requires a combination of highly efficient passive cooling and active cooling. Although passive cooling in graphene-based devices is quite effective due to graphene’s extraordinary heat conduction, active cooling has not been considered feasible due to graphene’s low thermoelectric power factor. Here, we show that the thermoelectric performance of graphene can be significantly improved by using hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) substrates instead of SiO2. We find the room temperature efficiency of active cooling in the device, as gauged by the power factor times temperature, reaches values as high as 10.35 W⋅m−1⋅K−1, corresponding to more than doubling the highest reported room temperature bulk power factors, 5 W⋅m−1⋅K−1, in YbAl3, and quadrupling the best 2D power factor, 2.5 W⋅m−1⋅K−1, in MoS2. We further show that the Seebeck coefficient provides a direct measure of substrate-induced random potential fluctuations and that their significant reduction for hBN substrates enables fast gate-controlled switching of the Seebeck coefficient polarity for applications in integrated active cooling devices.

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Onwona-Agyeman, Boateng, Yong Sun, and Hayami Hattori. "Charge transport measurements in compressed bulk graphene oxide." International Journal of Materials Research 111, no. 7 (August 1, 2020): 552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-1110704.

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Abstract Charge transport measurements in compressed bulk graphene oxide (GO) have been studied within the temperature range 15-450 K. Structural properties and surface morphologies of the bulk compressed GO were studied using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies were also used to confirm the presence of graphitic phases and the various functional groups in the GO, respectively. Current-voltage characteristics of the GO measured with gold (Au) electrodes at different temperatures showed no Schottky barrier at the Au/GO interface. At low temperatures and low bias voltages, the electron transport through the compressed GO sample showed no significant voltage dependence, which is consistent with a direct tunneling mechanism at all the bias voltages (0.01 -1.0 V). It was also observed that no Fowler- Nordheim transport mechanism occurred within this bias voltage range.

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Redmond, Kendra. "Bulk graphene retains superelastic properties at cryogenic temperatures." MRS Bulletin 44, no. 7 (July 2019): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.164.

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Tripathi, D., Ashish Bhatnagar, Shalini Raj, D. K. Rai, and T. K. Dey. "Levitation force of Graphene added bulk MgB2 superconductor." Cryogenics 118 (September 2021): 103343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103343.

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Sharma, S. S., Vinay Sharma, Rajveer Singh, Subodh Srivastva, Preetam Sharma, and Y. K. Vijay. "Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets." Advanced Electrochemistry 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/adel.2013.1027.

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Zhang, Liwei, Zhengren Zhang, Chaoyang Kang, Bei Cheng, Liang Chen, Xuefeng Yang, Jian Wang, Weibing Li, and Baoji Wang. "Tunable bulk polaritons of graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterials." Optics Express 22, no. 11 (May 30, 2014): 14022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.22.014022.

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Singh, Eric, and Hari Singh Nalwa. "Graphene-Based Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 6237–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11654.

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Shen, Chen, Elizabeth Barrios, and Lei Zhai. "Bulk Polymer-Derived Ceramic Composites of Graphene Oxide." ACS Omega 3, no. 4 (April 10, 2018): 4006–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b00492.

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Yang, Zhi, Guoqiang Lan, Bin Ouyang, Li-Chun Xu, Ruiping Liu, Xuguang Liu, and Jun Song. "The thermoelectric performance of bulk three-dimensional graphene." Materials Chemistry and Physics 183 (November 2016): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2016.08.050.

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Gonzalez de la Cruz, G. "Bulk and surface plasmons in graphene finite superlattices." Superlattices and Microstructures 125 (January 2019): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2018.11.014.

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