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Journal articles on the topic 'Bulk chemical'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Kobayashi, Yasukazu, Shohei Tada, and Ryuji Kikuchi. "Simple chemical synthesis of intermetallic Pt2Y bulk nanopowder." Materials Advances 1, no. 7 (2020): 2202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ma00419g.

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2

Deng, Shu Zhang, and Zhao Xin Zhou. "Liquid Chemicals in Bulk Security Operations Guide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 4511–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.4511.

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in recent years, with the development of the chemical industry, marine liquid chemicals a steady growth. Research guidelines for the safe operation of dangerous chemicals in bulk liquid, and to ensure the smooth operation of bulk liquid chemicals Terminal, meet the needs of production and domestic and foreign trade, creating huge economic and social benefits, while safeguarding the operational safety of bulk liquid chemicals, maintenance of port operations, protection of shipping, handling, storage, safety of lives and property as well as the entire city is of great significance.

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3

Prentice, Andrew J. R., and Daniel Jontof-Hutter. "Origin and Bulk Chemical Composition of Mercury." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015112.

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AbstractThe origin of Mercury’s high metal content is examined within a gas ring model for the condensation of the planetary system. Mercury’s axial moment-of-inertia factor is predicted to be 0.325 ± 0.002.

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4

SELTZER, RICHARD. "Bulk of chemical campaign giving to GOP." Chemical & Engineering News 70, no. 44 (November 2, 1992): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n044.p005.

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5

Weyher, J. L., S. Müller, I. Grzegory, and S. Porowski. "Chemical polishing of bulk and epitaxial GaN." Journal of Crystal Growth 182, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0248(97)00320-5.

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6

Sutherland, Ken. "Back to basics: Bulk chemical industry separations." Filtration & Separation 44, no. 8 (October 2007): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(07)70250-1.

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7

Easton, A. J. "SEVEN NEW BULK CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF AUBRITES." Meteoritics 20, no. 3 (September 1985): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1985.tb00052.x.

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8

Uhlmann, D. R., B. J. J. Zelinski, G. Teowee, J. M. Boulton, and A. Koussa. "Wet chemical synthesis of bulk optical materials." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 129, no. 1-3 (March 1991): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(91)90082-h.

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9

Gu, Z. H., P. C. Arnold, and A. G. McLean. "Consolidation-related bulk density and permeability models for bulk solids." Powder Technology 72, no. 1 (October 1992): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-5910(92)85019-r.

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10

Schäfer, Thomas, and Kevin Dusling. "Bulk viscosity, chemical equilibration and flow at RHIC." Nuclear Physics A 904-905 (May 2013): 393c—396c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2013.02.032.

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11

Griesche, A., M. P. Macht, and G. Frohberg. "Chemical diffusion in bulk glass-forming Pd40Cu30Ni10P20 melts." Scripta Materialia 53, no. 12 (December 2005): 1395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.08.024.

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12

Baryshev, I. N., Yu V. Volkov, A. F. Suvorov, A. I. Maryshev, and I. A. Egorov. "Equipment for packing and wrapping bulk chemical products." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 29, no. 7 (July 1993): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01150505.

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13

Abdelraheem, Eman M. M., Hanna Busch, Ulf Hanefeld, and Fabio Tonin. "Biocatalysis explained: from pharmaceutical to bulk chemical production." Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, no. 11 (2019): 1878–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9re00301k.

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14

Xian, Mo, Yujin Cao, and Huizhou Liu. "Combination of chemical and biological transformation for the sustainable manufacturing of bulk chemicals." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 45, no. 5 (May 1, 2015): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n032014-00284.

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15

Li, Xiao Jing, Xiao Jie Wang, and Yun Zhe Ji. "Applications of Chemical Factors in Steroid Bioconversion." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.159.

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Microbial conversion is a key process in the biosynthetic routes of steroid medicine.The whole process of bioconversion includes two essential steps: (1) enzymatic reaction step where the enzyme-catalyzed substrate transformation takes place inside the cells, and (2) diffusion step that includes the diffusion of substrate molecules from the surface of solid substrate particles into bulk media (i.e., the solubilization of solid substrate), the diffusion of solubilized substrate molecules from bulk media into cells, and the diffusion of formed product molecules from inside cells into bulk media. In this review, the applications of three chemical factors (growth regulator,surfactant and cyclodextrin), and their effects on steroid microbial enzymatic conversion were extensively discussed, which provides insights into the development of novel approaches to cost-effectively improve biosynthesis efficiency in steroid medicine.

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16

Dai, Xue Ting, Yuan Yu, Fang Qiu Zu, and Zhong Yue Huang. "Effect of Chemical Plating with Ni Content on Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties of P-Type Bi_0.5Sb_0.15Te₃ Bulk Alloys." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.177.

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In this work, Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 powders were coated with various nickel (Ni) contents by chemical plating, and then consolidated into bulk by hot pressing. The results show that Ni particles uniformly coat on the surface of powders and then transform into NiTe2 during the sintering process, after that NiTe2 mainly concentrated at the grain boundaries of bulk. With Ni content increasing, the resistivity of bulk samples and Seebeck coefficient decreased rapidly while thermal conductivity increased. The maximum value of ZT for Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/Ni sample with 1wt.% Ni is 0.55. Moreover, due to the excellent ductility of Ni that can act as lubricant and binder during the hot pressing process, making the mechanical properties (hardness) of bulks elevated with Ni content increasing. This work suggests that chemical plating technology can improve the mechanical properties and impact the thermoelectric properties of thermoelectric materials. With further tuning the type and content of coating elements, the thermoelectric performance can be improved prospectively.

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17

Liang, Xiaoqiang, Kun Cai, Feng Zhang, Jia Liu, and Guangshan Zhu. "A proton-conductive lanthanide oxalatophosphonate framework featuring unique chemical stability: stabilities of bulk phase and surface structure." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 48 (2017): 25350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta03744a.

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We select a chemically stable lanthanide oxalatophosphonate framework with proton conductivity as an example, analyzing and evaluating its chemical stability based on the bulk phase and surface structure.

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18

Li, D. J., J. P. Zhang, L. C. Qin, and L. D. Marks. "Indications of flux pinning by chemical defects in 123." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100173406.

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A problems with bulk high temperature superconductors for some time has been obtaining specimens which show high critical currents; typical critical currents in bulk materials lie in the range of 103 Amps/cm2 whereas thin film specimens now routinely reach the 106 Amps/cm2 range. There has recently been indications of higher critical currents in some materials, with suggestions that there is flux pinning by 1/3(301) type defects. We have previously studied in some detail bulk materials with excess copper that contain large number of such defects. In the light of the recent results, we have returned to these materials to study the critical current in addition to the structure.Details of the specimen preparation will be reported elsewhere. The key point is that with the correct preparation conditions, the bulk materials show a fairly sharp transition at 9IK and magnetization measurements indicate (reproducibly) a Jc of more than 106 at 4.5K, using the total size of the specimen and not a smaller grain size.

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19

WANG, MING-MIN, YU JIANG, BIN WANG, WEI-MIN SUN, and HONG-SHI ZONG. "CALCULATION OF BULK VISCOSITY OF QCD AT ZERO TEMPERATURE AND FINITE CHEMICAL POTENTIAL." Modern Physics Letters A 26, no. 24 (August 10, 2011): 1797–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732311036164.

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In this paper, based on Kubo's formula and the QCD low energy theorem, we propose a direct formula for calculating the bulk viscosity of QCD at finite chemical potential μ and zero temperature. According to this formula, the bulk viscosity at finite μ is totally determined by the dressed quark propagator at finite μ. We then use a dynamical, confining Dyson–Schwinger equation model of QCD to calculate the bulk viscosity at finite μ. It is found that no sharp peak behavior of the bulk viscosity at finite μ is observed, which is quite different from that of the bulk viscosity at finite temperature.

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20

Bishop, S. R., K. L. Duncan, and E. D. Wachsman. "Surface and bulk oxygen non-stoichiometry and bulk chemical expansion in gadolinium-doped cerium oxide." Acta Materialia 57, no. 12 (July 2009): 3596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2009.04.017.

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21

Khurram, Muhammad, Zhaojian Sun, Ziming Zhang, and Qingfeng Yan. "Chemical vapor transport growth of bulk black phosphorus single crystals." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 15 (2020): 2867–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qi00582g.

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Recent progress in growth of bulk black phosphorus single crystal by CVT method has been briefly reviewed with the emphasis on reaction system, nucleation and growth mechanism as well as advancement in growth of doped BP bulk single crystal.

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22

WANG, C. P., S. K. KIM, F. JONA, D. R. STRONGIN, B. R. SHEU, and P. M. MARCUS. "CHEMICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE TiAl(010) SURFACE." Surface Review and Letters 02, no. 02 (April 1995): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x95000200.

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The atomic structure of a clean (010) surface of the ordered binary alloy TiAl (with tetragonal bulk structure of the CuAu I type) is studied with quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (QLEED). Two different surface phases are found depending on the preparation procedure. After a cleaning step in vacuo by means of Ar-ion bombardments, anneals at 750−850°C produce a 2×1 surface and anneals at about 900° C produce a 1×1 surface. A QLEED intensity analysis of the 1×1 structure reveals the occurrence of chemical reconstruction, whereby the Ti atoms in the first layer exchange places with the Al atoms in the second layer. Thus, while any bulk (010) plane contains 50% Al and 50% Ti , the top atomic layer of a (010) surface contains 100% Al and the second atomic layer contains 100% Ti . Both layers are slightly buckled and the first interlayer distance is compressed about 7.1% while the second interlayer spacing is expanded about 7.4% with respect to the bulk value.

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23

OKSANEN, ANTTI, TUOMO HJELT, JANI LEHMONEN, TIMO RANTANEN, JAAKKO ASIKAINEN, and KRISTIAN SALMINEN. "New opportunities in the paper and nonwovens industries with foam-assisted web forming and chemical application." January 2023 22, no. 1 (January 24, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj22.1.61.

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Foam-assisted web forming and chemical application technologies have great potential to improve manufacturing efficiency and product quality in the paper and nonwovens industries. In this study, the benefits of foam forming and foam-assisted application of chemicals were demonstrated in a pilot machine trial. Uniform high-bulk webs of unrefined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and viscose fibers were manufactured by foam forming. It was shown that foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk viscose fiber webs can be strengthened by foam-assisted application of latex onto the wet web. Correspondingly, foam-assisted application of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and anionic polyacrylamide (A-PAM) improved the strength of the foam formed low-grammage and high-bulk BSKP web. Overall, the pilot machine results indicated that material cost savings could be achieved and a high-performance product could be manufactured with foam-based technologies.

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24

Fanton, M., Marek Skowronski, David Snyder, Hun Jae Chung, Saurav Nigam, B. Weiland, and Sung Wook Huh. "Growth of Bulk SiC by Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition." Materials Science Forum 457-460 (June 2004): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.457-460.87.

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25

Flinn, Christopher. "Bulk chemical effluent: Treating and recycling concrete waste water." Filtration & Separation 45, no. 6 (July 2008): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70119-8.

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26

Tandon, Pushkar. "Chemical annealing of oxygen hole centers in bulk glasses." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 336, no. 3 (May 2004): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.02.001.

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27

Di Giuseppe, Dario, Massimiliano Melchiorre, Umberto Tessari, and Barbara Faccini. "Relationship between particle density and soil bulk chemical composition." Journal of Soils and Sediments 16, no. 3 (October 8, 2015): 909–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1275-3.

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28

Skupiński, Paweł, Krzysztof Grasza, Andrzej Mycielski, Wojciech Paszkowicz, Elżbieta Łusakowska, Emil Tymicki, Rafał Jakieła, and Bartłomiej Witkowski. "Seeded growth of bulk ZnO by chemical vapor transport." physica status solidi (b) 247, no. 6 (April 14, 2010): 1457–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200983232.

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29

Kim, Sang-Mi, and Dahl-Young Khang. "Bulk Micromachining of Si by Metal-assisted Chemical Etching." Small 10, no. 18 (May 13, 2014): 3761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201303379.

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30

Smith, F. T. J., E. Carnall, and L. S. Ladd. "The chemical vapor deposition of bulk polycrystalline silicon carbide." International Journal of High Technology Ceramics 3, no. 4 (January 1987): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0267-3762(87)90088-9.

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31

Clark, Gary A., and Allen G. Smajstrla. "Injecting Chemicals into Drip Irrigation Systems." HortTechnology 6, no. 3 (July 1996): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.3.160.

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The injection of chemicals into irrigation systems is discussed in terms of injection systems, concentration injections, bulk injections, quantity of chemicals to be injected, injection system calibration, and injection periods. Sufficient clean-water flush time should be scheduled to purge irrigation lines of injected chemicals unless it is desired to leave that particular chemical in the irrigation system for maintenance purposes. Chemical injection rates vary with desired chemical concentration in the irrigation water, concentration of the stock solution, volume of chemical to be injected, and duration of each injection. All injection systems should be calibrated and maintained in proper working order. This information is presented to assist irrigation system designers and operators with chemigation system design, scheduling, and management.

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32

Polyakov, A. Y., Mark A. Fanton, Marek Skowronski, Hun Jae Chung, Saurav Nigam, and Sung Wook Huh. "Halide-CVD Growth of Bulk SiC Crystals." Materials Science Forum 527-529 (October 2006): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.527-529.21.

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A novel approach to the high growth rate Chemical Vapor Deposition of SiC is described. The Halide Chemical Vapor Deposition (HCVD) method uses SiCl4, C3H8 (or CH4), and hydrogen as reactants. The use of halogenated Si source and of separate injection of Si and C precursors allows for preheating of source gases without causing premature chemical reactions. The stoichiometry of HCVD crystals can be controlled by changing the C/Si flow ratio and can be kept constant throughout growth, in contrast to the Physical Vapor Transport technique. HCVD was demonstrated to deposit high crystalline quality, very high purity 4H- and 6H-SiC crystals with growth rates comparable to other bulk SiC growth techniques. The densities of deep electron and hole traps are determined by growth temperature and C/Si ratio and can be as low as that found in standard silane-based CVD epitaxy. At high C/Si flow ratio, the resistivity of HCVD crystals exceeds 105 _cm. These characteristics make HCVD an attractive method to grow SiC for applications in high-frequency and/or high voltage devices.

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33

Persson, Ingmar, Josephina Werner, Olle Björneholm, Yina Salamanca Blanco, Önder Topel, and Éva G. Bajnóczi. "Solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 92, no. 10 (October 25, 2020): 1553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2019-1106.

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AbstractSolution chemistry is commonly regarded as the physical chemistry of reactions and chemical equilibria taking place in the bulk of a solvent, and between solutes in solution, and solids or gases in contact with the solution. Our knowledge about such reactions and equilibria in aqueous solution is very detailed such as their physico–chemical constants at varying temperature, pressure, ionic medium and strength. In this paper the solution chemistry in the surface region of aqueous solutions, down to ca. 10 Å below the water–air interface, will be discussed. In this region, the density and relative permittivity are significantly smaller than in the aqueous bulk strongly affecting the chemical behaviour of solutes. Surface sensitive X-ray spectroscopic methods have recently been applicable on liquids and solutions by use of liquid jets. This allows the investigation of the speciation of compounds present in the water–air interface and the surface region, a region hardly studied before. Speciation studies show overwhelmingly that neutral molecules are accumulated in the surface region, while charged species are depleted from it. It has been shown that the equilibria between aqueous bulk, surface region, solids and/or air are very fast allowing effective transport of chemicals over the aqueous surface region.

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34

Xu, Yuanqing, Weibiao Wang, Zhexue Chen, Xinyu Sui, Aocheng Wang, Cheng Liang, Jinquan Chang, et al. "A general strategy for semiconductor quantum dot production." Nanoscale 13, no. 17 (2021): 8004–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr09067k.

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35

Yu, Bin, Yong Xing Jin, Bin Zheng, and Xiao Dong Zhang. "An Application of FSA Methodology to the Safety of Bulk Chemical Tankers." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.937.

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Based on detailed analysis of the risk of bulk chemical tanker transportation, a societal risk acceptance criterion is established. The criterion takes advantage of formal safety assessment (FSA) methodology, which is widely used to analyze risk in maritime industry. In the end of this paper, the negligible range, the ALARP range and the intolerable range of bulk chemical tanker in China are estimated in the criterion.

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36

Lin, Jiangtao, Yujuan Gu, and Ke Bian. "Bulk and Surface Chemical Composition of Wheat Flour Particles of Different Sizes." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (April 22, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5101684.

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Chemical composition and particle size are the critical factors influencing the quality and application of flour. The present study investigated the microstructure and distribution of bulk and surface chemical composition in wheat flour particles of different size. Eight samples of wheat flour of different particle size were obtained from the same native wheat flour by sieving (sieve aperture from 25 to 112 μm). Results from scanning electron microscopy and bulk chemical composition analyze showed that flour particles of different sizes differed in microstructure, protein, and starch composition. Further analysis of protein fractions with varying solubility implied that the relative smaller flour particles (diameter <48 μm) had higher gluten protein (gliadin and glutenin) ratio (60.88–64.06%). Furthermore, amino acid analysis showed that glutamic acid was rich in the medium particles. The results of XPS showed that the surface chemical composition of wheat flour of different sizes had no correlation with the bulk chemical composition, indicating that they would have an independent effect on the quality of flour.

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37

Raut, Sharvari, Gardis J. E. von Gersdorff, Jakob Münsterer, Klaus Kammhuber, Oliver Hensel, and Barbara Sturm. "Impact of Process Parameters and Bulk Properties on Quality of Dried Hops." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111507.

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Hops are critical to the brewing industry. In commercial hop drying, a large bulk of hops is dried in multistage kilns for several hours. This affects the drying behavior and alters the amount and chemical composition of the hop oils. To understand these changes, hops of the var. Hallertauer Tradition were dried in bulks of 15, 25 and 35 kg/m² at 60 °C and 0.35 m/s. Additionally, bulks of 25 kg/m² were also dried at 65 °C and 0.45 m/s to assess the effect of change in temperature and velocity, respectively. The results obtained show that bulk weights significantly influence the drying behavior. Classification based on the cone size reveals 45.4% medium cones, 41.2% small cones and 8.6% large cones. The highest ΔE value of 6.3 and specific energy consumption (113,476 kJ/kgH2O) were observed for the 15 kg/m² bulk. Increasing the temperature from 60 °C to 65 °C increased the oil yield losses by about 7% and myrcene losses by 22%. The results obtained show that it is important to define and consider optimum bulk and process parameters, to optimize the hop drying process to improve the process efficiency as well the product quality.

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38

Palme, H., G. Kurat, B. Spettel, and A. Burghele. "Chemical Composition of an Unusual Xenolith of the Allende Meteorite." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1989): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1989-1012.

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Abstract The chemical composition of an unusual xenolith (All-AF) from the Allende meteorite was determined by neutron activation and x-ray fluorescence analyses. The xenolith is similar in bulk composition to Allende, but has large excesses in some moderately volatile trace elements, such as Na, K, Au, Sb etc. Some of these elements show considerable variations in other components of Allende, suggesting inhomogeneous distribution in Allende. However, elements of higher volatility, such as Zn and Se have concentrations typical of bulk Allende and other type 3 carbonaceous chondrites. Therefore, All-AF must have formed from the same reservoir as bulk Allende.All-AF has uniform grain size and does not, and did never, contain chondrules. The low content of volatile elements, therefore cannot be ascribed to loss of volatiles during the chondrule forming process. It is a characteristic of the Allende reservoir. The chemical composition of related dark inclusions (DIs) in Allende is different from All-AF. Dark inclusions may have formed by separation of fine grained material in the early solar nebula while All-AF resembles bulk Allende material that was never subject to chondrule formation. Both, dark inclusions and All-AF have oxygen isotopic compositions which plot at the upper end of the δ18O vs. δ17O correlation, suggesting extensive oxygen exchange with ambient gas.

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39

Peterson, D. E., K. A. Kubat-Martin, T. G. George, T. G. Zocco, and J. D. Thompson. "Synthesis of YBa2Cu3O7−x by chemical precursors." Journal of Materials Research 6, no. 1 (January 1991): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1991.0011.

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An alternative synthetic route for obtaining bulk forms of the high temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7−x has been investigated. The approach is based on first preparing the phases Y2Cu2O5 and BaCuO2, followed by a single sintering of an appropriate mixture of these intermediate compounds to produce the superconducting phase. The resulting materials are largely single-phase as shown by x-ray diffraction, and have densities as high as 86% of the theoretical value, and superconducting onset temperatures of 93 K with magnetic shielding factors ranging from 0.85 to 1.02 (±0.05). Metallography and scanning electron microscopy data were also obtained on the best (high Tc, high shielding factors) of the samples. This synthesis approach is believed to be simpler, more reproducible, and has the potential of producing better materials than previously used bulk synthesis methods.

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40

Kim, Steven T., Vinayak P. Dravid, and Sankar Sambasivan. "Chemical and Morphological Analysis of Sol-derived Kca2Nb3O10." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0180.

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The chemical and morphological properties of a sol-derived layered perovskite compound, Kca2Nb3O10 (KCN), are presented. Development of this compound is motivated by its use as an interphase fiber-coating material for ceramic matrix composites (CMC's). In such systems, this material is to be placed between the fiber and matrix to control crack propagation in the vicinity of the fiber, thereby enhancing toughness. Comparative analyses are performed between known bulk specimens of KCN and the sol-derived product using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The suitability of the sol-derived KCN for CMC applications is demonstrated through microstructure and chemical composition similar to that of the known bulk KCN samples.

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41

TREMBLAY, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. "India's Bulk Drugs Sector Grows Up." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 19 (May 8, 2000): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n019.p024.

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42

STINSON, STEPHEN C. "Bulk Drug Output Moves Outside U.S." Chemical & Engineering News 63, no. 37 (September 16, 1985): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v063n037.p025.

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43

Terauchi, Masami, Yohei K. Sato, and Masatoshi Takeda. "Chemical State Mapping of p/n-Controlled SrB6 Bulk Specimens by Soft X-ray Emission Electron Microscope." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 14, 2021): 9588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209588.

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Elemental and chemical state maps of p/n-controlled SrB6 bulk specimens are presented by using a soft X-ray emission spectroscopy electron microscope. Those bulk specimens were obtained by sintering powder specimens, prepared by the molten-salt method with different compositions of initial materials. A Sr-map, a chemical shift map of B K-emission, and the spectra of characteristic regions of those materials were compared. It was observed that a local Sr deficiency caused a local hole-doped region, confirmed by a chemical shift in the B K-emission spectrum. n-type SrB6 was rather homogeneous. On the other hand, the p-type SrB6 bulk specimen was a mixture of two different p-type regions. This mixed nature originated, presumably, from an uneven Sr content of SrB6 particles prepared by the molten-salt method using a Sr-deficient starting material. A separation process of the two types of materials will realize a high-quality homogeneous p-type SrB6 bulk specimens.

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44

Tuomisto, Filip. "Vacancy Defects in Bulk and Quasi-Bulk GaN Crystals." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081112.

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Abstract:

In-grown vacancy defects in bulk and quasi-bulk GaN crystals have been extensively studied with positron annihilation spectroscopy. High concentrations of Ga-vacancy-related defects are found irrespective of the growth method used in crystals with a high O contamination or intentional O doping, and they act as the dominant compensating native defect for n-type conductivity. Low-temperature crystal growth also leads to high concentrations of Ga-vacancy-related defects. Ga vacancies are present in the crystals as a part of the different types of complexes with O, H, and/or VN, depending on the growth conditions.

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45

Yokose, Hisayoshi. "Petrology and bulk rock chemical composition of Oze-Hiuchigetake volcano)." JOURNAL OF MINERALOGY, PETROLOGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 84, no. 9 (1989): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/ganko.84.301.

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46

Djurhuus, Rune. "Fumigation on bulk cargo ships: a chemical threat to seafarers." International Maritime Health 72, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/imh.2021.0039.

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47

Heuscher, Sonja A., Craig C. Brandt, and Philip M. Jardine. "Using Soil Physical and Chemical Properties to Estimate Bulk Density." Soil Science Society of America Journal 69, no. 1 (January 2005): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2005.0051a.

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48

Ramachandran, B., and M. S. Ramachandra Rao. "Chemical pressure effect on optical properties in multiferroic bulk BiFeO3." Journal of Applied Physics 112, no. 7 (October 2012): 073516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4757589.

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49

LI, Yanchun. "Growth of bulk single crystals -FeSi2 by chemical vapour deposition." Science in China Series G 46, no. 1 (2003): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/03yg9007.

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50

Nowotny, Janusz, and M. Rekas. "Surface Vs. Bulk Defect Structure and Chemical Diffusion in CoO." Solid State Phenomena 21-22 (January 1992): 169–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.21-22.169.

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