Journal articles on the topic 'Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-'
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1
Minkov, Zhivko. "The Non-European Nature of the Bulgarian Socio-Economic Model." English Studies at NBU 8, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.22.2.6.
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The article looks at the contemporary socio-economic model in Bulgaria arguing that it does not correspond to the broad European tradition of being sensitive to the presence of significant social imbalances in the society. The author insists that this is one of the primary factors for the controversial economic outcomes and the existence of deepening social problems in the country. The argumentation goes through evaluation of the formation process of the new socio-economic model in Bulgaria after 1989 and the assessment of the economic and social outcomes for the period until 2022. On this basis it is concluded that maintaining the current policy in the medium-term will inevitably undermine not only the economic prospects, but also the quality and stability of Bulgarian democracy.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000145.
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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000789.
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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Debardeleben, Joan T. "Esoteric Policy Debate: Nuclear Safety Issues in the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic." British Journal of Political Science 15, no. 2 (April 1985): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004178.
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At a time when the nuclear power industry in many Western countries faces political and economic obstacles to expansion, commitment to assertive development of nuclear power continues to intensify in the Soviet Union, as well as in most East European countries. Although in 1980 nuclear power provided only about 5·1 per cent of electrical generating capacity in the Soviet Union, the 11th Five Year Plan (1981–85) projected an increase to 14 per cent, or to approximately 38,000 MW (megawatts) of installed capacity. Although longer-run projections are less definite, it appears that by 1990 authorities hope to achieve between 80,000 and 90,000 MW of nuclear generating capacity. A similar commitment to nuclear power exists in most CMEA countries, particularly in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). As of 31 December 1982, the GDR's 1,830 MW of nuclear generating capacity was the highest in Eastern Europe (outside the Soviet Union), although Bulgaria has overtaken the GDR in terms of proportion of electrical capacity provided by nuclear power (16 per cent for Bulgaria and 11 per cent for the GDR in 1980). According to projections, Czechoslovakia should increase its nuclear capacity from 880 MW in 1980 to between 3,100 and 3,600 MW by 1985, while the GDR plans to raise its capacity to 2,270 MW.
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Ganev, Georgy. "Where Has Marxism Gone? Gauging the Impact of Alternative Ideas in Transition Bulgaria." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 19, no. 3 (August 2005): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325405275057.
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Marxism dominated in Bulgaria for more than forty years until 1989 and then completely vanished from the public discourse within several years. Where has it gone? The present article addresses this question by noting that even if they are out of the public discourse, remnants of the previously dominant set of ideas should still be found in people’s thinking. It illustrates this general argument by outlining how the survival into post-communism of a pillar of Marxist economic theory—the labor theory of value—can explain several significant discrepancies between facts and perceptions, called the “experience gap,” shown to exist in Bulgaria at the beginning of the twenty-first century. On the other side, the presence of the experience gap in Bulgaria is a factor influencing the availability and the choice of policy options. Thus, the Marxist labor theory of value continues to live in people’s minds and still shapes today’s Bulgarian reality.
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Mariia, Heorhiieva. "State policy in the field of ensuring employment in the agricultural sector of the Bulgarian economy (1989–2007)." European Historical Studies, no. 22 (2022): 51–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.3.
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Ensuring the stable socio-economic development of Bulgaria, improving the demographic and infrastructural situation of rural areas and the well-being of villagers are possible primarily under the condition of increasing employment of the rural population level. However, the significant mismatch between the demand and supply of the agricultural labor market, and the lack of competitiveness of agricultural products in most of its sales markets, had a negative impact, first of all, on the efficiency of the use of labor and the differentiation of its activities in the agricultural sphere. Thus, the use of hired labor, the number of hired workers, mobility of the labor force in the labor market, and employment of the population in the agricultural sector of the economy for the period 2000–2007 in Bulgaria decreased by an average of 30% according to each of the above indicators. As a result, a significant and uncontrolled migration of labor resources in the agricultural sector negatively affected the food security of the country as a whole. Taking into account the above-mentioned problem, an urgent issue at the current stage of the development of the agrarian sector of the economy is the formation of effective diversification of the employment of labor resources. This, first of all, provided for the disclosure of the socio-economic essence, definition, characterization, and development of ways to increase the effectiveness of the diversification of labor force employment in the agricultural sector. As a result of the research, we established that there were different approaches to the interpretation of the content of effective state policy in the field of employment. The current state of employment of the population of Bulgaria was primarily characterized by a sharp decrease in the demand for labor, the closure or temporary suspension of the activities of enterprises, the reduction of employees, and part-time working hours. As a result, the number of unemployed increased, which was directly caused by the difficult political and socio-economic situation in Bulgaria. All this substantiated the relevance of this study.
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Spirova, Maria. "The Bulgarian Socialist Party: The long road to Europe." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 4 (October 26, 2008): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.09.005.
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The article provides an analysis of the evolution of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) from a Marxist party in the late 1980s into a European socialist party by the early 2000s. The BSP dominance of the political process in Bulgaria during the early and mid-1990s can be attributed, this article argues, to several factors: the nature of the old regime, the absence of any meaningful opposition before 1989 and its relative weakness during the transition period, the crucial role that the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) played in the transition to democracy, and the organizational continuity that the newly renamed BSP chose to maintain. In turn, the preserved dominance of the BSP allowed it to remain relatively unreformed in terms of economic and foreign policy positions. It was only after its devastating defeat in the 1997 elections that the BSP came to advocate a truly social-democratic platform and to support a pro-EU and pro-NATO foreign policy. This ideological transformation of the BSP was supported and encouraged actively by the Party of European Socialists, which has been deeply involved in the process of strengthening the social democracy in Bulgaria since the mid-1990s. As a result of this transformation, by 2008 the BSP is recognized as a democratic, center-left party.
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Seidametov, Eldar Kh. "Situation of Tatars and other Muslim minorities in communist Bulgaria." Crimean Historical Review, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.2.20-32.
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The article examines the situation of the Tatars and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria during the communist period. The policy of the state in relation to Muslim minorities after the proclamation of the People`s Republic of Bulgaria and the establishment of socialism in the state according to the Soviet model, when the political, economic and social models of the USSR were imported and introduced without taking into account the national characteristics of Bulgaria, are analyzed. As in the Soviet Union (especially in the early stage of its formation, religion was banned and this applied to all confessions without exception. The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) made every effort eradicate religious identity and, in particular, Islamic identity. It was planned to replace the religious ideological fragment with a socialist one, and then, on its platform, form and stimulate the development of the national, modernist and Soviet identity of Muslims. Moreover, the emphasis was also placed on improving the way of life and the material situation of the Muslim population, which, according to the Marxist theory of culture, should have contributed to a more effective formation of socialist consciousness. The ruling party saw in the Muslim religious consciousness and rudiments of the Ottoman past, an obstacle on the way of socialist progress and formation of socialist consciousness. Emasculating elements of the religious worldview from the mind of people, the BCP set itself the task of creating a modern, secular, socialist personality. To this end, in 1946–1989 the government implemented a number of economic, educational and cultural establishments.
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Dimitrov, Nacho. "Labor Mobility, Gender Order and Family: Illustrated by the Example of the Karakachans in Bulgaria." Genealogy 6, no. 3 (September 13, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6030077.
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The political changes in Bulgaria of November 1989 related to the fall of the totalitarian regime and the democratization of the country were accompanied by a severe economic crisis, a high level of unemployment and the rise of strong social inequality, which led to intensive migratory processes. The opening of the borders was followed by various forms of cross-border and transnational mobility affecting a significant part of the Bulgarian population. Since the very beginning of the 1990s, the Karakachans, due to the protectionist Greek policy with regards to them, as opposed to that regarding other Bulgarian citizens, acquired easy access to Greece visas. This enabled labor mobility which in only a few years spread across a significant number of the members of this community. For most of them, labor mobility turned out to be more than just a supplementary opportunity; it became a main strategy for realization in life. A direct result of the Karakachani’s labor mobility is periodic family separation for a certain time, which causes particular transformations in their social structures, and hence in the family life of labor migrants. It is this relationship between labor mobility and their life as lived, and its direct consequences on the family, that is the focus of the present study.
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Szyszlak, Elżbieta. "Bezpieczeństwo kulturowe mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii na tle przemian społeczno-politycznych i gospodarczych w tym kraju." Wschodnioznawstwo 16 (December 20, 2022): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20827695wsc.22.015.16764.
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W artykule podjęto temat bezpieczeństwa kulturowego mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych analizując go na przykładzie mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii. Jest to najliczniejsza mniejszość w tym kraju, obecna w nim od kilku stuleci. Ponadto Turcy wraz z Pomakami i częścią Romów wchodzą w skład najliczniejszej mniejszości religijnej w Bułgarii – muzułmanów. Zachowanie przez nich tożsamości oraz ochrona i rozwój dziedzictwa kulturowego, czyli fundamentalnych elementów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego, uwarunkowane jest szeregiem determinantów o charakterze egzogennym i endogennym. Do jednych z najważniejszych należy m.in. polityka państwa zamieszkania i państwa macierzystego, czynniki demograficzne, charakter osiedlenia, czynniki ekonomiczne. Z kolei wśród wyzwań bezpieczeństwa kulturowego Turków w Bułgarii wyróżnić można m.in. zachowanie języka tureckiego, ochronę materialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego, możliwość międzypokoleniowego przekazu kulturowego. Głównym problemem badawczym jest umiejscowienie bezpieczeństwa kulturowego mniejszości tureckiej w szerszym kontekście przemian społeczno-politycznych i gospodarczych zachodzących w Bułgarii. W części teoretycznej zdefiniowano bezpieczeństwo kulturowe mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych, następnie – jako wybrane zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa kulturowego – przybliżono pojęcie ludobójstwa kulturowego oraz sekurytyzacji mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych. W kolejnej części ukazano politykę władz komunistycznych wobec mniejszości tureckiej, której negatywne skutki zauważalne są po dzień dzisiejszy. Następnie przybliżono zarys współczesnej sytuacji mniejszości tureckiej po 1989 r. w kontekście możliwości zachowania i rozwijania jej kultury oraz tożsamości kulturowej. Rozważania kończy szczegółowa analiza wybranych problemów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego społeczności tureckiej. Łączy je to, że w ewidentny sposób ograniczają możliwości wykorzystywania przez Turków ich niewątpliwych atutów w zachowaniu bezpieczeństwa kulturowego – liczebności, koncentracji terytorialnej, silnego poczucia tożsamości, geograficznej bliskości Turcji. Przed mniejszością turecką pojawia się więc konieczność podjęcia działań wzmacniających owe atuty i niwelujących niekorzystny wpływ sytuacji społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej na bezpieczeństwo kulturowe. Cultural security of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria against the background of socio-political and economic changes in the country The article addresses the cultural security of ethnic and national minorities by analysing the example of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. It is the most signifi¬cant minority in the country, present there for several centuries. Moreover, the Turks, alongside the Pomaks and some Roma, constitute part of Bulgaria’s most considerable religious minority – the Muslims. The preservation of their identity and the protection and development of their cultural heritage, i.e. the fundamental elements of cultural security, are conditioned by many exogenous and endogenous determinants. The most important ones include the policies of the state of residence and the home state, demographic factors, the nature of the settlement, and economic factors, among others. On the other hand, one can distinguish the preservation of the Turkish language, the protection of material cultural heritage, and the possibility of intergenerational cultural transmission among the challenges of cultural security for Turks in Bulgaria. The main research problem is to situate the cultural security of the Turkish minority in the broader context of the socio-political and economic changes occurring in Bulgaria. In the theoretical part, the cultural security of ethnic and national minorities is defined, and then the concept of cultural genocide and securitization of ethnic and national minorities were introduced as selected threats to cultural security. The next part presents the policy of the communist authorities towards the Turkish minority, the negative consequences of which are still noticeable today. It is followed by the outlined contemporary situation of the Turkish minority after 1989 in the context of the possibility of preserving and developing its culture and cultural identity. The considerations conclude with a detailed analysis of selected problems of cultural security of the Turkish community, which limit the opportunities for the Turks to use their undoubted advantages in maintaining their cultural security – the number of people, territorial concentration, a strong sense of identity, geographical proximity to Turkey. Therefore, the Turkish minority faces the necessity to take measures to strengthen these assets and eliminate the factors adversely affecting its cultural security level.
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Tsvetanova-Kraeva, Galya Nikolaeva. "HEALTHCARE REFORM IN BULGARIA - NEED OF STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT." KNOWLEDGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 30, no. 1 (March 20, 2019): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3001185n.
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Health reform is a specific research object that is characterized by internal dynamics, depending on a number of external factors and effects on the health of the population. It is a versatile process and develops in a complex environment. Here we start from the understanding that improving the healthcare system needs different changes. The healthcare system‘s reform must not ignore the national specificities of the country concerned but should be done through the necessary variety of measures: purposefulness, lasting and long-term structural changes that cover the national, regional and local levels of the change. It must be acceptable both to the needs of citizens and professionals. Each organization has a definite and regular cycle of development. There are certain defects in it. These defects are always the expression of a particular process, which in most cases lead to crises in the organization. It may be due to factors in the external environment, but necessarily develops within the organization‘s internal environment. This brief commentary shows that the reform is organically inherent in any organization. It aims to protect the organization and to guarantee the fulfillment of its mission and its own development for a certain period. It is precisely the inevitability and necessity of reforms that I consider to be a mandatory addition to the definition of healthcare reform. We can summarize that healthcare reform is a process in which changes in health policy and normative basis are made simultaneously or consistently. They affect the economic relations, the institutions and the organizational and structural structure of the health system, in which it goes into a qualitatively new state. This process is inherent in each healthcare system during its development, as the aim is to increase its efficiency for citizens and society as a whole. In the various publications, as the beginning of the healthcare reform different years in the last decade of the last century have been indicated. The new healthcare legislation started in 1998-1999, but there are also opinions that the beginning of the reform dates back to 1989. Implementation of the reform is inconceivable without the adequate use of modern management approaches and methods without a new management style at all levels of the healthcare system. Here, a serious analysis of the health status of the population and the risk factors are made as well as the activity of the healthcare system. Implementation of the reform is inconceivable without the adequate use of modern management.
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Izvorski, Ivailo. "Economic reform in Bulgaria 1989–93." Communist Economies and Economic Transformation 5, no. 4 (January 1993): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631379308427773.
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Selinić, Slobodan. "Literature and diplomacy: Lessons from socialist Yugoslavia." Kultura, no. 173 (2021): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kultura2173125s.
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The diplomacy of socialist Yugoslavia paid a lot of attention to the international reputation of the country in the sphere of culture, and thus literature. At the same time, Yugoslav writers in the Writer's Union of Yugoslavia, faithfully supported Yugoslav foreign policy, both individually and institutionally. The most impressive example of collaboration between literature and diplomacy was awarding Ivo Andrić a Nobel Prize. The Writers' Union of Yugoslavia nominated the writer in 1958, and Yugoslav diplomacy lobbied in favor of Andrić for several years. The efforts were successfully crowned in 1961. In socialist Yugoslavia, the existence of a special Macedonian nation and its culture and language was insisted on, so in that sense, the greatest challenge was denying the Macedonian identity that came from Bulgaria. The Yugoslav Writers' Union, consistently pursuing state policy, suspended official co-operation with the Bulgarian Writers' Union in the second half of the 1960s due to Bulgaria's refusal to recognize the Macedonian language. Yugoslav writers also adapted to the state policy of non-alignment. They did not reach the level of cooperation with those countries that existed in the field of politics, economics or science, but they maintained ties with writers from those parts of the world in various ways. Among other things, the twentieth anniversary of the Belgrade Conference of the Non-Aligned Nations in October 1981 was a meeting of writers of non-aligned countries in Belgrade.
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Ganev, Georgy. "Bulgaria’s Economy 1989–2019." Southeastern Europe 44, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 260–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763332-04402007.
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Based on an analytical narrative, and utilizing macroeconomic and new institutional economic theory, this exposition studies the Bulgarian economy during the decades after 1989. The three decades are placed in the context of the century-and-a-half-long Bulgarian development and convergence dynamic. They are then presented in terms of clearly defined sub-periods, and each sub-period is analyzed in detail. The analysis for each period focuses on three sets of issues: macroeconomic developments, microeconomic developments, and institutional changes. The exposition ends by applying the insights from the analysis to the question of whether the state of the economy in Bulgaria as of 2019 gives grounds for pessimism (Bulgaria will continue the cycles of unsuccessful convergence) or for optimism (Bulgaria will achieve an unprecedented degree of convergence in the coming decades). The answer is that at present both expectations can be supported by sets of serious arguments.
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Mano, Viktorija. "The Vulnerability of a Small, Open Economy in A Situation of Global Fiscal Crisis: The Impact of the Greek Debt Crisis on the Foreign Direct Investments to Macedonia." Journal of International Business Research and Marketing 7, no. 3 (2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.73.3002.
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The objective of my research is to critique the International Monetary Fund (IMF) stance on foreign investment and the benefits for small, open economies of allowing the free movement of capital. In my research as a whole I will explore the extent to which this stance impacted upon and influenced the economic policies of Macedonia. This will involve providing a contextualized, critical account of the policy of the IMF focusing on a comparison of its policies during the early 2000s through policy documents, political discourse and enacted policies in Macedonia. The conditionality associated with these policies, such as the enforcement of austerity measures (including cutting public spending and reducing debt) and the privatization of public institutions has provoked strong reactions in countries which receive such loans (Goldstein et al., 2003; Feldstein, 1998). Moreover, the main aim of the policies and the lack of in-depth analysis on the levels of development of the economies involved has had devastating outcomes in the past (such as with the East Asian currency crisis [1997/8], Latin American – Argentinian crisis [2001], Ex-Soviet Union crisis [1998], Eurozone crisis [2007/8]) (Lal, 1987; Goldstein et al., 2003; Joyce, 2003). My focus in this research is on exploring how the process of Financial Liberalization (FL) of the Macedonian economy affected capital flows in the form of foreign direct investments (FDI) in the private sector and how the recent Greek crisis of 2008 has impacted on this. According to Barnett and Monastiriotis, the neighboring countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Serbia) in which Greece is either the first or the second largest direct investor, are ‘most vulnerable to negative spillover through reduced FDI flows’ as Greek-owned FDI accounts for 7-9% of the GDP of those countries (2010: 47). In the case of Macedonia, the reality of FL was tested by the collapse of the Greek economy. The first part of my research will critically evaluate simplified models used in previous research to explain the influence of crisis on FDI in small economies like Macedonia. I will argue that investigating the impact of FL is much more complex and cannot be explained by linear regression. Instead, by undertaking an in-depth documentary analysis of official reports and documents, I will seek to investigate how the official view of the benefits of FL impacted on the Macedonian economy, thus implicitly testing the accepted IMF position.
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Mihaylov, Valentin. "Bulgaria’s geopolitical and geoeconomic reorientation (1989–2019)." Journal of Geography, Politics and Society 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/jpgs.2019.4.02.
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Until the late 1980s and the dawn of the end of the Eastern Bloc, communist Bulgaria was considered to be the closest ally of the Soviet Union. Now, 30 years later, the Bulgarian state has been integrated into the main Euro-Atlantic organisations. Taking these radical changes as its starting point, this article outlines the process and consequences of post-1989 geopolitical and geoeconomic reorientation of Bulgaria. The aim was also to present the main geopolitical challenges in Bulgaria’s relations with Russia and Turkey. These states have been influencing the political, economic and cultural development of Bulgaria for centuries. The effects of their influence have remained problematic to this day. As Bulgaria remains a country with a complex geopolitical position, it continues its twentieth-century strategy and tries to maintain balance between its own national interest and the influence of the main centres of power. The author draws particular attention to the fact that the model based on the variability of geopolitical priorities was once again confirmed in the analysed period. This model is not only based on pragmatism in relations with the outside world, which is traditional for the Bulgarian political elite, but is also dependant on the temporary distribution of power within the Balkan geopolitical knot. It seems that the model will continue to be valid, at least in the near future.
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Otova, Ildiko. "State and policy failure concerning refugees in Bulgaria: Dynamics, trends and paradoxes." SEER 23, no. 2 (2020): 267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2020-2-267.
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The change of political regime in Bulgaria after 1989 drastically altered the country’s migration picture. It can be asserted positively that the number of emigrating individuals still exceeds the number of immigrants who have made their choice of Bulgaria as a country of reception. However, material provided by researchers, demonstrating that immigration is radically different from the classical phenomenon in western Europe, is at sharp variance with the manner in which the topic has been reflected in the domestic political and public discourse. This article examines the refugee phenomenon of Bulgaria against this context, seeking to highlight the failures of Bulgarian politics and policy development process. Politicians have ruthlessly exploited the topic in their desire to generate an everpresent sense of crisis, and crisis management, which not only covers up their own shortcomings but also acts to prevent the making of real policies, creating a gap into which NGOs have been forced to step. These, in turn, pose the real threat to national security insofar as Bulgaria remains unprepared to face subsequent migration.
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Bod, Péter Ákos. "Hungarian Economic Policy between 1989 and 2019." Economy & finance 6, no. 1 (2019): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33908/ef.2019.1.2.
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Nenovsky, Nikolay, and Pencho Penchev. "The Austrian school in Bulgaria: A history." Russian Journal of Economics 4, no. 1 (April 23, 2018): 44–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/j.ruje.4.26005.
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The main goal of this study is to highlight the acceptance, dissemination, interpretation, criticism and make some attempts at contributing to Austrian economics made in Bulgaria during the last 120 years. We consider some of the main characteristics of the Austrian school, such as subjectivism and marginalism, as basic components of the economic thought in Bulgaria and as incentives for the development of some original theoretical contributions. Even during the first few years of Communist regime (1944–1989), with its Marxist monopoly over intellectual life, the Austrian school had some impact on the economic thought in the country. Subsequent to the collapse of Communism, there was a sort of a Renaissance and rediscovery of this school. Another contribution of our study is that it illustrates the adaptability and spontaneous evolution of ideas in a different and sometimes hostile environment.
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Meininger, Thomas A. "A Troubled Transition: Bulgarian Historiography, 1989–94." Contemporary European History 5, no. 1 (March 1996): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003659.
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Since the so-called ‘Change’ of 10 November 1989, Bulgarian historiography has been, with its society as a whole, ‘in transition’. That phrase, it should be noted, has acquired what is at best a desultory connotation in the harsh realities of contemporary Bulgaria. Blocked by protracted economic crisis and failed political leadership, the road to reform has been uncertain, its destination obscure. The same situation has held true for practically all of the institutions of Bulgarian life, including the profession of history. Some welcome changes and positive achievements have been so much accompanied by problematic trends as to preclude any definitively favourable prognosis.
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Petroussenko, Valentin. "Trajectory of Latin American Studies in Bulgaria." Ad Americam 21 (September 30, 2020): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/adamericam.21.2020.21.08.
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This article is a review of the development of Latin American Studies in Bulgaria since the very beginning of relations between this country and the remote continent in the Western Hemisphere. While research and publications in the first half of 20th century were scarce and more of a travelogue genre, a new and genuine interest appeared after the revolution in Cuba, which was facilitated by close collaboration in respect to the socialist doctrine. Naturally, all research and publications during the Cold War had to fit ideological requirements. After 1989, the situation has changed and full freedom of scholarly research has allowed for a wide range of opinions to be voiced. However, Bulgaria entered a period of economic stagnation and lost most of its economic and trade ties with Latin America. As a result, there are significant difficulties in developing any studies beyond the European cultural space. Nevertheless, various attempts at refreshing connections with the Hispanic world on academic and other levels have been developed.
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ÇETİN, Turhan. "The Socio-Economic Outcomes Of The Last Turkish Migration (1989) From Bulgaria To Turkey." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 3 Issue 7, no. 3 (2008): 241–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.499.
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ÇETİN, Turhan. "The Socio-Economic Outcomes Of The Last Turkish Migration (1989) From Bulgaria To Turkey." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 4 Issue 3, no. 4 (2009): 602–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.696.
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Terziev, Venelin, Margarita Bogdanova, Dimitar Kanev, Мarin Georgiev, and Simeon Simeonov. "THE SOCIAL ASSISTANCE SYSTEM IN BULGARIA." vol 5 issue 15 5, no. 15 (December 29, 2019): 1259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.592086.
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Social policy as a set of principles, legal norms, activities and institutions, aimed at creating conditions that ensure the quality of life of the citizens of a country, is an expression of the social relations between the state and its citizens. Social policy determines safety (social, health, economic) and security of the individuals in society. Keywords: social assistance, social protection, social policy.
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Troeva, Evgenia. "Eschatological Notions in Post-Socialist Bulgaria." Yearbook of Balkan and Baltic Studies 5 (December 2022): 112–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/ybbs5.05.
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The text presents the most popular ideas about the end of the world that spread in Bulgaria in the post-socialist period. In the years of transition after 1989, social and political changes, as well as an economic crisis, favoured apocalyptic expectations. In contrast to the past, when the religious explanation of the world’s end dominated, in contemporary times the apocalypse is more frequently related to cosmic and natural disasters or to the negative effects of human activity. A characteristic view of the end of the world is imagining it as a new beginning. In the present, there is also a transformation in the mechanism for shaping ideas about the end of the world. Modernization, globalization, and new technologies are changing both people’s daily lives and their ideas about the fate of the human world. After the boom of apocalyptic expectations in Bulgarian society at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, in recent years we have seen a rationalization of the eschatological notions and their close connection with ecological and political arguments.
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Kostadinova, Petia, and Daniela V. Dimitrova. "Communicating policy change: Media framing of economic news in post-communist Bulgaria." European Journal of Communication 27, no. 2 (June 2012): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323112449097.
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This study analyzes the role of media type, political institutions and type of news on the use of episodic, thematic, economic consequences, human interest and conflict frames when reporting economic news during seven elections in Bulgaria for the period 1990–2009. Analyzing 543 news stories from six newspapers, the authors find that thematic and economic consequences framing are determined both by the type of economic policy that is reported and by the type of newspaper that is publishing the story. The frequency of human interest framing is also affected by the kind of economic news that is the focus of the news story as well as partially by the broader political environment; such framing is also used more frequently in stories reporting highly contentious economic issues.
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Åslund, Anders. "The Making of Economic Policy in 1989 and 1990." Soviet Economy 6, no. 1 (January 1990): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08826994.1990.10641318.
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Ghodsee, Kristen. "Minarets after Marx." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, no. 4 (April 21, 2010): 520–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410364254.
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This article examines the interplay between communist nostalgia and new forms of universalist Islam among Slavic Muslims (Pomaks) in Bulgaria. Many Bulgarians are looking back to the totalitarian era with increasing fondness given the ubiquitous crime and corruption that has characterized the postsocialist era. This nostalgia also informs the changing nature of Islam in Bulgaria after 1989 and the unique ways that Bulgarians understand religious identity in relation to ethnic affiliation. The author argues that the appeal of “orthodox” Islam in this postsocialist context is at least partially rooted in its discursive emphasis on social justice and the promotion of the common good. This discourse is particularly appealing to the Pomaks in the author’s field site because of their unique experiences of both communism and capitalism. Before 1989, they saw a dramatic rise in their living standards, but this was coupled with severe religious oppression. After 1989, they gained unbridled religious freedoms but saw their communities economically devastated by the corrupt privatization and bankruptcy of the lead-zinc mining enterprise that was the core of their livelihood. To these Pomaks, “orthodox” Islam promises to be an ideological third way, combining the benefits of both systems: spiritual freedom and honest economic prosperity.
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Lebanova, H., S. Stoev, E. Naseva, V. Getova, W( Wang, U. Sabale, and E. Petrova. "EE158 Economic Burden of Cervical Cancer in Bulgaria." Value in Health 25, no. 12 (December 2022): S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2022.09.408.
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Sienko, Natalia. "Bulgarian migration policy – contemporary challenges along the Balkan transit route." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 195, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0262.
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This article constitutes a condensed attempt to reflect on the contemporary role of the Republic of Bulgaria in the context of the Balkan transit route and challenges to ensure security in the region. The main questions the author addresses include the influence of the mechanisms of regulating the flow of immigrants introduced by individual countries in close proximity to Bulgaria, as well as the way in which the country struggling with many social and economic problems secures its borders against the uncontrolled inflow of the illegal migration.
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Petrova, Elitsa. "Economic Growth and Investment Activity as Basic Elements and Indicators of Economic Security and Their Relationship with National and International Security." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0069.
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Abstract The economic potential of a country is directly related to a policy of creating new jobs, increasing labour productivity, balancing energy and materials consumption, technological innovation, refurbishing the production base, and taking action to create an environment for attracting investment and stimulating domestic consumption, as well as increasing exports of goods and services. A key feature of the economic system, that determines its ability to maintain normal living and working conditions for the population, is to guarantee and protect the sustainable development of the economy and the realisation of national economic interests. This article is addressed to two main economic security indicators - economic growth and investment activity of the state. It presents a specific comparison of real GDP per capita and growth rate in the European Union, the Eurozone and the Republic of Bulgaria and GDP per capita in purchasing power standards in the European Union, the Eurozone and the Republic of Bulgaria. The flow of foreign direct investment by economic sectors in the Republic of Bulgaria is been considered, including annual data, foreign direct investment flows by countries and the international position of the Republic of Bulgaria in this process
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Holland, Dawn, Aurélie Delannoy, Tatiana Fic, Ian Hurst, Ali Orazgani, Paweł Paluchowski, and Rachel Whitworth. "Appendix A: Summary of Key Forecast Assumptions." National Institute Economic Review 217 (July 2011): F25—F29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950111420947.
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The forecasts for the world and the UK economy reported in this Review are produced using NIESR's global econometric model, NiGEM. The NiGEM model has been in use at the National Institute for forecasting and policy analysis since 1987, and is also used by a group of about 50 model subscribers, mainly in the policy community. Most countries in the OECD are modelled separately, and there are also separate models of China, India, Russia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Brazil, South Africa, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria. The rest of the world is modelled through regional blocks so that the model is global in scope. All models contain the determinants of domestic demand, export and import volumes, prices, current accounts and net assets. Output is tied down in the long run by factor inputs and technical progress interacting through production functions, but is driven by demand in the short to medium term. Economies are linked through trade, competitiveness and financial markets and are fully simultaneous. Further details on the NiGEM model are available on http://nimodel.niesr.ac.uk/.
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Kamusheva, Maria, Maria Dimitrova, Job F. M. van Boven, Maarten J. Postma, Thys van der Molen, Janwillem W. H. Kocks, Konstantin Mitov, et al. "Clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, and socio-economic burden of COPD in Bulgaria." Journal of Medical Economics 20, no. 5 (January 23, 2017): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2017.1279620.
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KASTREVA, Penka, and Emilia PATARCHANOVA. "Creating Spatial Models of Demographic Processes Using Cluster Analysis for Demographic Policy Planning in Bulgaria." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2021.2.05.
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Despite the demographic policy conducted by the state, demographic processes in Bulgaria have been negative for more than 30 years, with spatial differences in their manifestation and results. The main goal of our research is to find demographically stable municipalities that can be accepted as a model of demographic policy implementation to achieve positive changes in the population growth. For this purpose we investigated and identified the changes in the main demographic indicators of population for 2011 and 2019, using cluster analysis. We created spatial models of these demographic processes showing that the number of demographically sustainable municipalities is lower than that of the ones in an advanced depopulation process. Several statistical methods (tools) of specialized software - cluster analysis, Hot Spot Analysis, Spatial Autocorrelation were used. Our hypothesis that the demographic stability of a municipality is most strongly influenced by its economy was confirmed. The analysis proved that demographically stable municipalities are represented by the largest cities and economic centres of Bulgaria. A large number of them, located mainly in mountainous and/or rural areas of Bulgaria, are highly depopulated. The significant socioeconomic inequalities in Bulgaria are a major factor that stimulates internal migration to economic centres and deepens the depopulation of vast parts of the country. They are home to older people and, therefore, these municipalities record very low birth rate and high mortality.
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Kaytchev, Naoum. "Bilateral relations with the republic of /North/ Macedonia as an element of Bulgarian regional policy after 1989." Studia Środkowoeuropejskie i Bałkanistyczne 30 (2021): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543733xssb.21.016.13809.
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The article begins with a re-evaluation of the often neglected importance of 1989 developments in Skopje that inaugurated the subsequent transition of Yugoslav Macedonia leading to its transformation into an independent republic. The text argues that the outcome of the often overlooked congress of the League of Communists of Macedonia in late November 1989 dismantled a small break out of the pan-European Berlin Wall that autumn. After 1989 Bulgaria maintained a policy aimed at limiting and the non-proliferation of the conflict from the dissolving Yugoslav federation and contributed to the stabilization of the former Yugoslav and wider region. One of the most sensitive aspects of Sofia’s regional policy was that towards Skopje. The article offers evidence and argues that Bulgaria’s approach since 1989 went through different phases but nonetheless was based on three key constant principles: first, support for the independence and for the statehood of the new Republic of Macedonia; second, the countering and dismantling of Macedonianism (in its ‘Yugoslav’ and ‘antiquated’ versions alike) both as a provocative construct of history and as Skopje’s foreign policy practice; third, seeking of solutions within the wider EU and NATO framework and support for the Republic of /North/ Macedonia’s integration into NATO and EU structures.
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Podchasov, Nikolay. "TURKISH INFLUENCE ON FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY OF BULGARIA." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 28, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran420225162.
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The article analyzes the Bulgarian-Turkish relations from the late 2000’s to the early 2020’s. The author insists on the presence of patterns, specific to this stage of bilateral relations. Sofia's readiness to act as a «lobbyist» for Ankara’s interests in the EU is noted. The significant influence of internal political processes in Bulgaria on the nature of its relations with Turkey is emphasized. In particular, the paper indicates a decrease in the level of Bulgarian-Turkish contacts after the end of the period of rule of the party «Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria» (CEDB) in 2021. The important role of the Turkish diaspora in Bulgaria and Bulgarian citizens of Turkish origin living in Turkey in the relations between Ankara and Sofia is also recorded. Attention is drawn to the attempts of the Turkish authorities to use these social groups to promote their own goals. The emphasis is placed on the independent behavior of the political elite of the Bulgarian Turks and on their ability to resist the desires of the leadership of the neighboring country, despite the existence of close economic and cultural ties. It is also stated, that there is a causal link between the struggle of the leaders of the Turkish ethnic minority in Bulgaria for their independence from Ankara’s policies and the crisis of Bulgarian-Turkish relations in 2015–2016.
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BRUNNBAUER, ULF, and KARIN TAYLOR. "Creating a ‘socialist way of life’: family and reproduction policies in Bulgaria, 1944–1989." Continuity and Change 19, no. 2 (August 2004): 283–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416004005004.
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This article explores the policies of the Bulgarian socialist regime (1944–1989) towards the family. Initially, the Bulgarian Communist Party focussed on the abolition of the patriarchal family, the emancipation of women and the struggle against ‘bourgeois residues’ in family life. However, the dramatic decline of the birth rate – a result of rapid urbanization and increasing female employment – led to a re-direction of official discourse. Reproduction became heavily politicized, as the 1968 ban on abortion makes evident. Despite pro-natalist measures, the government was unable to stop the fertility decline. This article demonstrates how socialist family policy was gradually modified through negotiation between the Party and the population.
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Petrov, M. "ASSESSMENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMPETITIVE FORCE OF AGRARIAN SECTOR IN BULGARIA FOR THE PERIOD OF 2014 – 2018." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.101.
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The focus of this study is the assessment of the development of the sector by tracking the value of selected indicators and statistics. The paper will analyze and discuss their dynamic changes during the years of regarded period in order to obtain a clear overview of the Economic situation. We are witnesses of the dynamic growth of the sector within the context of the economic recovery during the major part of the observed period. There has been a transformation to economic downturn characterized by deceleration of overall economic growth in 2018 and 2019 and pronounced economic difficulties in 2020. The approach of the study is diachronic as the principal aim is to perceive changes during the years by comparison of a larger period which matches of the last stage of policy of the Common Agrarian Policy in Bulgaria. The aim is not to support or refute conducted CAP in Bulgaria, but to have it in mind and use it as a time frame.
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Malczyńska-Biały, Mira. "Consumer Policy in Poland in the Period of Transformation." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 35, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sho-2017-0009.
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Abstract The article is based on an analysis of Polish and international legal acts, government programs and literature, and aims at presenting the concept and the scope of consumer policy in the period of systemic transformation in Poland. The publication features an analysis of the major factors shaping consumer policy in Poland in the years 1989-2004. Selected international legal acts affecting consumer protection in the years 1989-1997 were also analyzed. Elements of consumer policy present in selected governmental economic programs in the period of transformation were synthesized. It was assumed that consumer policy in the period of systemic transformation indirectly resulted from the economic policy of the government. Its shape was primarily affected by the social and economic transformation occurring since 1989 and the birth of free market economy. The process of adjusting the Polish legislation to the European Union standards, which began in 1991, and subsequent accession to the European Union in 2004 also played an important role.
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Bilyanski, Valentin, and Silviya Kirova. "BULGARIA'S REAL CONVERGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF POTENTIAL EMU MEMBERSHIP." Proceedings of CBU in Economics and Business 1 (November 16, 2020): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/peb.v1.13.
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Since the entry of Bulgaria into the European Union, the country's full membership in the Economic and Monetary Union has become one of the national economic policy goals. In the recent period Bulgaria fulfils all the nominal convergence criteria, except for the criterion on exchange rate stability as long as the country does not participate in the ERM II mechanism (although Bulgaria has a currency board arrangement in place since 1997 and the Bulgarian currency is pegged to the euro). Despite that, Bulgaria remains the EU member with the lowest level of GDP per capita and lowest productivity and income levels. In June 2018 the Bulgarian authorities submitted a letter of intent to the EU policy makers to join the ERM II mechanism and the banking union. In July 2020 the mutual agreement to include the Bulgarian lev in the ERM II mechanism and Bulgaria to join the banking union was achieved. In the context of the future full EMU membership it is important to assess the evolution and the state of Bulgaria's real convergence. This paper looks at the Bulgaria's real convergence, understood as the convergence of GDP per capita, labour productivity and convergence of price levels. We use the Beta and Sigma convergence methods and explore the convergence in the 1999-2018 period. We also compare Bulgaria's real convergence to the real convergence of other CEE countries that are EU members (Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia), part of which have already accepted the euro and the other part are still outside of the euroarea. We also try to explain the economic reasoning behind the EMU accession path of Bulgaria. The results of the survey show that Bulgaria lags behind in its convergence process from other CEE countries, but at the same time we believe that the benefits of the euroarea membership outweigh the possible negative consequences.
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Minassian, G. "BULGARIA’S LAGGING ECONOMY." Trakia Journal of Sciences 19, Suppl.1 (2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2021.s.01.001.
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GDP per capita in Bulgaria has been systematically lagging behind the corresponding indicator for former member states of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which later joined the EU. Bulgaria's economic problems are somewhat traditional and remain unresolved. Bulgaria is the most corrupt country in the EU. Legislation is unsustainable, chaotic and ineffective. The National Assembly often disregards the operation and requirements of its own laws. Bulgaria systematically maintains one of the lowest ratios of accumulation. The country is negligent in public investment and lags behind the other EU-countries. The overall regulatory and business climate in the country does not stimulate foreign capital inflow. A significant flight of local capital abroad has been observed. Bulgaria needs to maintain annual GDP growth rates in the range of 5-7% in order to be able to leave its last-ranking in the EU. The acceleration of economic development requires the raising of the population’s general political and economic literacy, as well as improvement of the political infrastructure in accordance with modern standards. The functions and forms of macroeconomic policy should be reconsidered in accordance with modern standards, taking into account the impacts of our de facto membership in a monetary union
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Baeva, Iskra V. "Political Censorship in Post-Socialist Bulgaria." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 15, no. 1-2 (2020): 138–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2020.15.1-2.09.
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This article presents how the political changes in Bulgaria after 1989 have infl uenced the interpretation of 20th century history. The emergence of the new censorship is traced through the introduction of a new canon for presenting the past. Three decades ago, Bulgaria began its transition from Soviet-type state socialism to political democracy. For historians, this meant removing political and ideological censorship. Initially, this freedom gave historians the chance to upgrade historical knowledge with hidden facts that were inconvenient for the BCP government. Soon, however, new political parties came to power and began to impose their political version of history. This meant re- moving facts related to the history of the communist movement and anti-fascism in Bulgaria. The attempts at rewriting history are especially visible in the presentation of the socialist period. The political intervention began with the renaming of streets, towns, and institutions. Names associated with the anti-fascist resistance and Russian and Soviet history were removed. Instead, names from the time when Bulgaria was part of the Tripartite Pact were restored. The modern political censorship is most evident in the rewriting of history textbooks. The new curricula introduced a mandatory positive presentation of the history of the Third Bulgarian Kingdom. The actions of the Communists had to be presented as terrorist, and the entire post-war government was defi ned as totalitarian. Instead of socialism, we should use the term “communism”. In 2019, when approving the new history textbooks for high schools, right-wing non-governmental organizations intervened and, as a result, facts about the socio-economic development of the country in the socialist period were removed.
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Kreutz, Joakim. "Human Rights, Geostrategy, and EU Foreign Policy, 1989–2008." International Organization 69, no. 1 (October 17, 2014): 195–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818314000368.
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AbstractIs foreign policy influenced by humanitarian concerns, or are concepts such as human security merely rhetoric for traditional power politics? Using a multilevel modeling technique and a unique data set of military and economic European Union (EU) intervention 1989–2008, I find that military and economic interventions by the EU are conducted in response to humanitarian atrocities but that geostrategic concerns also influence EU action. While the EU consistently is more likely to act against countries with greater civilian victimization, the size of the effect is influenced by spatial considerations. The EU is most attentive to human rights violations in non-EU European states, followed by countries in sub-Saharan Africa, while it has been least active in Asia and the Americas.
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Stoilova, Desislava, and Nikolay Patonov. "Fiscal policy and growth in a small emerging economy: The case of Bulgaria." Society and Economy 42, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 386–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00015.
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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to study the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth in Bulgaria for the period 1995–2018. The descriptive analysis is focused on the general trends in fiscal policy and tax structure. The influence of government spending and taxation on economic growth is studied through regressions on time-series data. The empirical estimates prove that taxation is a more reliable instrument of fiscal policy than government spending in terms of a small open emerging-market economy. The dilution of the effect of public spending is probably caused by the high negative values of the current account balance that have been maintained for long periods. Thus, when domestic supply is weak, government expenditure cannot stimulate domestic production, as supply is dominated by import goods. Public investments demonstrate a negative effect on economic growth, which suggests a low productivity of investment spending. A factor of great importance is the level of corruption, which is strongly correlated with government investments, but is harmful to their efficiency. The Bulgarian tax system demonstrates consistency with economic growth. The receipts from value-added tax seems growth-conductive. The decrease of the corporate income tax rate exerts a positive impact on economc performance during the analyzed period, while personal income taxation demonstrates a negative effect. Property taxation has no significant relation with the growth of the Bulgarian economy.
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Mitkova, Zornitsa, Miglena Doneva, Nikolay Gerasimov, Konstantin Tachkov, Maria Dimitrova, Maria Kamusheva, and Guenka Petrova. "Analysis of Healthcare Expenditures in Bulgaria." Healthcare 10, no. 2 (January 30, 2022): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020274.
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The growth of public expenditure worldwide has set the priority on assessment of trends and establishment of factors which generate the most significant public costs. The goal of the current study is to review the tendencies in public healthcare expenditures in Bulgaria and to analyze the influence of the demographic, economic, and healthcare system capacity indicators on expenditures dynamics. A retrospective, top-down, financial analysis of the healthcare system expenditures was performed. Datasets of the National Statistical Institute (NSI), National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF), and National Center of Public Health and Analysis (NCPHA) were retrospectively reviewed from2014–2019 to collect the information in absolute units of healthcare expenditures, healthcare system performance, demographics, and economic indicators. The research showed that increasing GDP led to higher healthcare costs, and it was the main factor affecting the cost growth in Bulgaria. The number of hospitalized patients and citizens in retirement age remained constant, confirming that their impact on healthcare costs was negligible. In conclusion, the population aging, average life expectancy, patient morbidity, and hospitalization rate altogether impacted healthcare costs mainly due to the multimorbidity of older people and the rising need for outpatient hospital services and medications.
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Nencheva - Ivanova, Iskra. "SITUATION AND PROSPECTS OF CUSTOMS POLICY AND AGENCY IN BULGARIA." Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.047.
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The intense and multilateral development of international trade requires that optimal strategies are introduced into customs practice to simplify and speed up the customs process. The alignment of international customs legislation and the consolidation of unified technologies to customs control is a global trend validating in favor of current customs administrations and contemporary international trade patterns. The development of this process requires the use of various forms of mediation between the trader and the customs authority. They appear to be an objective need of both sides in these relationships. The dynamics of the external trade flows presupposes that customs clearance takes place within regulated deadlines and at different geographic points, which of course necessitates a knowledge of at least two customs laws because the contemporary aspects of international economic relations have long gone beyond bilateral relations.
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Lampe, John R. "Yugoslavia’s Foreign Policy in Balkan Perspective: Tracking between the Superpowers and Non-Alignment." East Central Europe 40, no. 1-2 (2013): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-04001001.
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From 1960 forward, Yugoslavia based its independent foreign policy on three “special relationships”, balancing its accommodation with the Soviet Union by close relations with the United States and the new Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Paying special attention to the roles of Yugoslavia’s Foreign Ministry and the US State Department as well as President Tito, this article addresses three crucial periods in which the intersection of Yugoslavia’s relations with the US, the USSR and the NAM prompted a decisive turn in its foreign policy. In 1961–63, Tito’s support for the NAM damaged its US relations to Soviet benefit. But in 1967–71, NAM indifference to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia turned Tito back toward the US, as advocated by his Foreign Ministry. And in 1976-79, Soviet and Bulgarian efforts to coopt the NAM through Cuba’s Presidency prompted a successful rebuff led by Yugoslavia and appreciated in Washington. After 1979, however, Belgrade’s post Tito reliance on economic relations with the NAM members had unintended and damaging domestic consequences, obstructing the Slovenian and Croatian commitment to West European trade while also dividing Bosnian Muslims from Bosnian Serbs.
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Zankova, Bissera. "Media system and media eco-system: regulatory aspects of the media system in Bulgaria." Journal of Creative Industries and Cultural Studies 8 (2017): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56140/jocis-v8-5.
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This paper explores the regulatory aspects of the Bulgarian democratic media system as an example of the transition of an Eastern European media system from communism to democracy. The new media institutions in Bulgaria came into being after the democratic changes in the country in 1989 that replaced the totalitarian propaganda media. The democratic media system has continued to develop and diversify until today encompassing traditional and new media. Media regulation is not an element of the media system, is a crucial factor of in creating media channels and the independence of the media system. Media regulation is a guarantee of media freedom and the autonomy of media institutions. The purpose of this paper is to conclude to what extent the law has been an effective tool for strengthening the media system to the public interest in Bulgaria, provided that in any period of the transition, the interference of political and economic forces in media activities has been looming.
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Branscomb, Lewis M. "Policy for Science in 1989: A Public Agenda for Economic Renewal." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 42, no. 3 (December 1988): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3823397.
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Gow, Jeff. "COMMONWEALTH DROUGHT POLICY: 1989-1995. A CASE STUDY OF ECONOMIC RATIONALISM." Australian Journal of Social Issues 32, no. 3 (August 1997): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.1997.tb01297.x.
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