Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-

Academic literature on the topic 'Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-'

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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-"

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Minkov, Zhivko. "The Non-European Nature of the Bulgarian Socio-Economic Model." English Studies at NBU 8, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33919/esnbu.22.2.6.

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The article looks at the contemporary socio-economic model in Bulgaria arguing that it does not correspond to the broad European tradition of being sensitive to the presence of significant social imbalances in the society. The author insists that this is one of the primary factors for the controversial economic outcomes and the existence of deepening social problems in the country. The argumentation goes through evaluation of the formation process of the new socio-economic model in Bulgaria after 1989 and the assessment of the economic and social outcomes for the period until 2022. On this basis it is concluded that maintaining the current policy in the medium-term will inevitably undermine not only the economic prospects, but also the quality and stability of Bulgarian democracy.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000145.

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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000789.

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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Debardeleben, Joan T. "Esoteric Policy Debate: Nuclear Safety Issues in the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic." British Journal of Political Science 15, no. 2 (April 1985): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004178.

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At a time when the nuclear power industry in many Western countries faces political and economic obstacles to expansion, commitment to assertive development of nuclear power continues to intensify in the Soviet Union, as well as in most East European countries. Although in 1980 nuclear power provided only about 5·1 per cent of electrical generating capacity in the Soviet Union, the 11th Five Year Plan (1981–85) projected an increase to 14 per cent, or to approximately 38,000 MW (megawatts) of installed capacity. Although longer-run projections are less definite, it appears that by 1990 authorities hope to achieve between 80,000 and 90,000 MW of nuclear generating capacity. A similar commitment to nuclear power exists in most CMEA countries, particularly in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). As of 31 December 1982, the GDR's 1,830 MW of nuclear generating capacity was the highest in Eastern Europe (outside the Soviet Union), although Bulgaria has overtaken the GDR in terms of proportion of electrical capacity provided by nuclear power (16 per cent for Bulgaria and 11 per cent for the GDR in 1980). According to projections, Czechoslovakia should increase its nuclear capacity from 880 MW in 1980 to between 3,100 and 3,600 MW by 1985, while the GDR plans to raise its capacity to 2,270 MW.
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Ganev, Georgy. "Where Has Marxism Gone? Gauging the Impact of Alternative Ideas in Transition Bulgaria." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 19, no. 3 (August 2005): 443–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325405275057.

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Marxism dominated in Bulgaria for more than forty years until 1989 and then completely vanished from the public discourse within several years. Where has it gone? The present article addresses this question by noting that even if they are out of the public discourse, remnants of the previously dominant set of ideas should still be found in people’s thinking. It illustrates this general argument by outlining how the survival into post-communism of a pillar of Marxist economic theory—the labor theory of value—can explain several significant discrepancies between facts and perceptions, called the “experience gap,” shown to exist in Bulgaria at the beginning of the twenty-first century. On the other side, the presence of the experience gap in Bulgaria is a factor influencing the availability and the choice of policy options. Thus, the Marxist labor theory of value continues to live in people’s minds and still shapes today’s Bulgarian reality.
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Mariia, Heorhiieva. "State policy in the field of ensuring employment in the agricultural sector of the Bulgarian economy (1989–2007)." European Historical Studies, no. 22 (2022): 51–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2022.22.3.

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Ensuring the stable socio-economic development of Bulgaria, improving the demographic and infrastructural situation of rural areas and the well-being of villagers are possible primarily under the condition of increasing employment of the rural population level. However, the significant mismatch between the demand and supply of the agricultural labor market, and the lack of competitiveness of agricultural products in most of its sales markets, had a negative impact, first of all, on the efficiency of the use of labor and the differentiation of its activities in the agricultural sphere. Thus, the use of hired labor, the number of hired workers, mobility of the labor force in the labor market, and employment of the population in the agricultural sector of the economy for the period 2000–2007 in Bulgaria decreased by an average of 30% according to each of the above indicators. As a result, a significant and uncontrolled migration of labor resources in the agricultural sector negatively affected the food security of the country as a whole. Taking into account the above-mentioned problem, an urgent issue at the current stage of the development of the agrarian sector of the economy is the formation of effective diversification of the employment of labor resources. This, first of all, provided for the disclosure of the socio-economic essence, definition, characterization, and development of ways to increase the effectiveness of the diversification of labor force employment in the agricultural sector. As a result of the research, we established that there were different approaches to the interpretation of the content of effective state policy in the field of employment. The current state of employment of the population of Bulgaria was primarily characterized by a sharp decrease in the demand for labor, the closure or temporary suspension of the activities of enterprises, the reduction of employees, and part-time working hours. As a result, the number of unemployed increased, which was directly caused by the difficult political and socio-economic situation in Bulgaria. All this substantiated the relevance of this study.
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Spirova, Maria. "The Bulgarian Socialist Party: The long road to Europe." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41, no. 4 (October 26, 2008): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.09.005.

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The article provides an analysis of the evolution of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) from a Marxist party in the late 1980s into a European socialist party by the early 2000s. The BSP dominance of the political process in Bulgaria during the early and mid-1990s can be attributed, this article argues, to several factors: the nature of the old regime, the absence of any meaningful opposition before 1989 and its relative weakness during the transition period, the crucial role that the Bulgarian Communist Party (BKP) played in the transition to democracy, and the organizational continuity that the newly renamed BSP chose to maintain. In turn, the preserved dominance of the BSP allowed it to remain relatively unreformed in terms of economic and foreign policy positions. It was only after its devastating defeat in the 1997 elections that the BSP came to advocate a truly social-democratic platform and to support a pro-EU and pro-NATO foreign policy. This ideological transformation of the BSP was supported and encouraged actively by the Party of European Socialists, which has been deeply involved in the process of strengthening the social democracy in Bulgaria since the mid-1990s. As a result of this transformation, by 2008 the BSP is recognized as a democratic, center-left party.
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Seidametov, Eldar Kh. "Situation of Tatars and other Muslim minorities in communist Bulgaria." Crimean Historical Review, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/kio.2021.2.20-32.

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The article examines the situation of the Tatars and other Muslim minorities in Bulgaria during the communist period. The policy of the state in relation to Muslim minorities after the proclamation of the People`s Republic of Bulgaria and the establishment of socialism in the state according to the Soviet model, when the political, economic and social models of the USSR were imported and introduced without taking into account the national characteristics of Bulgaria, are analyzed. As in the Soviet Union (especially in the early stage of its formation, religion was banned and this applied to all confessions without exception. The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) made every effort eradicate religious identity and, in particular, Islamic identity. It was planned to replace the religious ideological fragment with a socialist one, and then, on its platform, form and stimulate the development of the national, modernist and Soviet identity of Muslims. Moreover, the emphasis was also placed on improving the way of life and the material situation of the Muslim population, which, according to the Marxist theory of culture, should have contributed to a more effective formation of socialist consciousness. The ruling party saw in the Muslim religious consciousness and rudiments of the Ottoman past, an obstacle on the way of socialist progress and formation of socialist consciousness. Emasculating elements of the religious worldview from the mind of people, the BCP set itself the task of creating a modern, secular, socialist personality. To this end, in 1946–1989 the government implemented a number of economic, educational and cultural establishments.
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Dimitrov, Nacho. "Labor Mobility, Gender Order and Family: Illustrated by the Example of the Karakachans in Bulgaria." Genealogy 6, no. 3 (September 13, 2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6030077.

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The political changes in Bulgaria of November 1989 related to the fall of the totalitarian regime and the democratization of the country were accompanied by a severe economic crisis, a high level of unemployment and the rise of strong social inequality, which led to intensive migratory processes. The opening of the borders was followed by various forms of cross-border and transnational mobility affecting a significant part of the Bulgarian population. Since the very beginning of the 1990s, the Karakachans, due to the protectionist Greek policy with regards to them, as opposed to that regarding other Bulgarian citizens, acquired easy access to Greece visas. This enabled labor mobility which in only a few years spread across a significant number of the members of this community. For most of them, labor mobility turned out to be more than just a supplementary opportunity; it became a main strategy for realization in life. A direct result of the Karakachani’s labor mobility is periodic family separation for a certain time, which causes particular transformations in their social structures, and hence in the family life of labor migrants. It is this relationship between labor mobility and their life as lived, and its direct consequences on the family, that is the focus of the present study.
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Szyszlak, Elżbieta. "Bezpieczeństwo kulturowe mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii na tle przemian społeczno-politycznych i gospodarczych w tym kraju." Wschodnioznawstwo 16 (December 20, 2022): 203–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20827695wsc.22.015.16764.

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W artykule podjęto temat bezpieczeństwa kulturowego mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych analizując go na przykładzie mniejszości tureckiej w Bułgarii. Jest to najliczniejsza mniejszość w tym kraju, obecna w nim od kilku stuleci. Ponadto Turcy wraz z Pomakami i częścią Romów wchodzą w skład najliczniejszej mniejszości religijnej w Bułgarii – muzułmanów. Zachowanie przez nich tożsamości oraz ochrona i rozwój dziedzictwa kulturowego, czyli fundamentalnych elementów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego, uwarunkowane jest szeregiem determinantów o charakterze egzogennym i endogennym. Do jednych z najważniejszych należy m.in. polityka państwa zamieszkania i państwa macierzystego, czynniki demograficzne, charakter osiedlenia, czynniki ekonomiczne. Z kolei wśród wyzwań bezpieczeństwa kulturowego Turków w Bułgarii wyróżnić można m.in. zachowanie języka tureckiego, ochronę materialnego dziedzictwa kulturowego, możliwość międzypokoleniowego przekazu kulturowego. Głównym problemem badawczym jest umiejscowienie bezpieczeństwa kulturowego mniejszości tureckiej w szerszym kontekście przemian społeczno-politycznych i gospodarczych zachodzących w Bułgarii. W części teoretycznej zdefiniowano bezpieczeństwo kulturowe mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych, następnie – jako wybrane zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa kulturowego – przybliżono pojęcie ludobójstwa kulturowego oraz sekurytyzacji mniejszości etnicznych i narodowych. W kolejnej części ukazano politykę władz komunistycznych wobec mniejszości tureckiej, której negatywne skutki zauważalne są po dzień dzisiejszy. Następnie przybliżono zarys współczesnej sytuacji mniejszości tureckiej po 1989 r. w kontekście możliwości zachowania i rozwijania jej kultury oraz tożsamości kulturowej. Rozważania kończy szczegółowa analiza wybranych problemów bezpieczeństwa kulturowego społeczności tureckiej. Łączy je to, że w ewidentny sposób ograniczają możliwości wykorzystywania przez Turków ich niewątpliwych atutów w zachowaniu bezpieczeństwa kulturowego – liczebności, koncentracji terytorialnej, silnego poczucia tożsamości, geograficznej bliskości Turcji. Przed mniejszością turecką pojawia się więc konieczność podjęcia działań wzmacniających owe atuty i niwelujących niekorzystny wpływ sytuacji społeczno-politycznej i gospodarczej na bezpieczeństwo kulturowe. Cultural security of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria against the background of socio-political and economic changes in the country The article addresses the cultural security of ethnic and national minorities by analysing the example of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. It is the most signifi¬cant minority in the country, present there for several centuries. Moreover, the Turks, alongside the Pomaks and some Roma, constitute part of Bulgaria’s most considerable religious minority – the Muslims. The preservation of their identity and the protection and development of their cultural heritage, i.e. the fundamental elements of cultural security, are conditioned by many exogenous and endogenous determinants. The most important ones include the policies of the state of residence and the home state, demographic factors, the nature of the settlement, and economic factors, among others. On the other hand, one can distinguish the preservation of the Turkish language, the protection of material cultural heritage, and the possibility of intergenerational cultural transmission among the challenges of cultural security for Turks in Bulgaria. The main research problem is to situate the cultural security of the Turkish minority in the broader context of the socio-political and economic changes occurring in Bulgaria. In the theoretical part, the cultural security of ethnic and national minorities is defined, and then the concept of cultural genocide and securitization of ethnic and national minorities were introduced as selected threats to cultural security. The next part presents the policy of the communist authorities towards the Turkish minority, the negative consequences of which are still noticeable today. It is followed by the outlined contemporary situation of the Turkish minority after 1989 in the context of the possibility of preserving and developing its culture and cultural identity. The considerations conclude with a detailed analysis of selected problems of cultural security of the Turkish community, which limit the opportunities for the Turks to use their undoubted advantages in maintaining their cultural security – the number of people, territorial concentration, a strong sense of identity, geographical proximity to Turkey. Therefore, the Turkish minority faces the necessity to take measures to strengthen these assets and eliminate the factors adversely affecting its cultural security level.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-"

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Curtis, Patricia. "Problems of economic transition in the Balkans and EU foreign policy : a case study of Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442806.

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Kim, Byung-Yeon. "Fiscal policy and consumer market : disequilibrium in the Soviet Union, 1965-1989." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319109.

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Perry, Geoffrey E. "Economic evaluation of active labour market policy in New Zealand 1989 to 1997." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/525.

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Active labour market programmes are an important component of government labour market policy internationally and in New Zealand. The growth in unemployment, and in particular male and long term unemployment, since the mid 1980's in New Zealand have contributed to the enhanced role of active labour market programmes in government policy. In the early 1990's the New Zealand government introduced a menu of interventions including subsidy, work experience and training programmes. Concomitant with this development has been increased pressure from political, business and social groups to assess the effectiveness of this approach in lowering unemployment. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of active labour market policy utilised in New Zealand from 1989 to 1997. Whether or not these active labour market interventions were beneficial to those males who participated in them, the effect of treatment upon the treated, is the parameter estimated. The range of programmes makes it possible to analyse a number of programme evaluation issues. These include the overall question of the impact of subsidy, work experience and training programmes in general, but also other specific research questions. In particular the range of subsidy programmes makes it possible to identify that subsidies to private sector firms are more effective than those to public sector organisations. The effectiveness of start-up subsidies for the unemployed are also evaluated and found to be beneficial. The effects of participation upon selected education and ethnic groups are also estimated. Since there is no one estimation approach that works in all circumstances, both regression and matching estimators are used. In order to achieve this it is necessary to create two estimation datasets as the data requirements vary for each technique. The main findings from the research are that participation in active labour market programmes is beneficial in reducing the length of time that participants are registered as unemployed. Work experience programmes have the largest impact, followed by subsidies. The effect of training programmes is smallest. The major beneficial effect occurs in the year following participation and then reduces in subsequent years. There are also some important methodological findings, including the sensitivity of results to the time frame, to the datasets chosen, and to the estimation techniques used.
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Filipova, Rumena Valentinova. "The differential Europeanisation of Central and Eastern Europe, 1989-2000 : a constructivist study of the foreign policy identities of Poland, Bulgaria and Russia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:430c07fc-8979-4ce0-9340-f20ac9c3c30a.

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The thesis addresses the puzzle of the differential integration of former communist states in the Euro-Atlantic community of nations between 1989 and 2000. Notwithstanding the predominant universalist-rationalist assumption that the adoption of an institutional-administrative blueprint for reform could lead to convergence between East and West, countries such as Poland, Bulgaria and Russia did not converge similarly (or at all) on the West European normative model and framework of international relations. To account for this divergence, the thesis examines the impact of the culturally-historically informed, Polish, Bulgarian and Russian identities and conceptions of 'Europe' (as opposed to the formal-institutional transition from one system to another) on the process of foreign policy transformation. The doctoral research employs Constructivism, Social Psychological insights and an interpretivist methodology, drawing on 75 elite interviews. The main argument states that differential Europeanisation can be understood on the basis of differentiated levels of inclusion and establishment of relations of mutual recognition and belongingness - substantiated by a differentiated extent of ideational affinity (i.e., normative compatibility), which are (re)enacted in the interactive, mutually constitutive process of identification between Self and Other (i.e., between Poland, Bulgaria and Russia and (Western) Europe). Three propositions of 'thick', 'ambivalent' and 'thin' Europeanisation are derived from the argument (whereby the comparative benchmark of Europeanisation is an ideal-typical model of European-ness). Key contributions focus on the development of a refined Constructivist theory and a systematic empirical comparison of Polish, Bulgarian and Russian foreign policy identities. Also, the study's conclusions reinvigorate and reconfirm the importance of the continuity (rather than just constant flux) of culturally-historically shaped patterns of group self-understandings and sub-regional identifications as well as Constructivism's greater plausibility in accounting for the research puzzle than (Neoclassical) Realism through the stipulation of a mutually constitutive relationship between international and domestic factors and between ideational and interest-based considerations.
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Lund, Camilla Elisabeth. "Changing perceptions of the national interest in economic and defence policy under Mitterrand, 1981-1989." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389842.

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Schulze, David A. "The politics of power : rural electrification in Alberta, 1920-1989." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55642.

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Liou, To-hai. "China between the two Koreas, 1984-1989 /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33050933.html.

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Markova, Nora Konstantinova. "Addressing the issue of equity in health care provision during the transition period in Bulgaria." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d9232e82-20fb-4087-a8e7-0aab500b1de3.

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The collapse of the communist regimes in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989-1990 heralded the beginning of an economic transition from central planning to market economies. The subsequent period was marked by malfunctioning of these countries’ social sectors, including their health care systems, raising serious issues of equity. This thesis examines the impact of the transition period and the introduction of social insurance on equity in health care provision in Bulgaria. Equity in health care is investigated with respect to function - i.e. financing (according to ability to pay) and delivery (according to need) - and outcomes - i.e. health status, income inequality and poverty. Differences in health, health care financing and delivery are explored by income, education, ethnic, employment, marital status, age and sex groups. Furthermore, the thesis outlines the impact of health care provision, in particular social insurance, on poverty and health inequalities. The thesis employs empirical analysis based on household data. Its methodology includes concentration and decomposition analysis, and provides new ways of modelling health care financing and delivery, as well as the link between health and health care delivery. The thesis concludes that social insurance does not provide a uniform means of improving equity and that the root cause of the problem lies in the large proportion of out-of-pocket payments and the rather limited size of the health insurance sector. Inequity in health care provision leads to poverty and untreated illness. The data suggests that there are differences between socio-economic groups as regards their likelihood to seek treatment for their ill health, which result in differences in their health status. The social factors that have impacted the most on health are low education and low income.
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Saito, Yukie. "The interplay between global finance and Japanese firms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b9beb789-9066-49bd-a524-1ae8b4477349.

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This thesis explores the interplay between global finance and remote firms and institutions. It highlights the interactions between global institutional investors and Japanese firms on environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) standards, and the process of change in Japanese corporate governance practices. It focuses on analysing the responses of large Japanese firms with a high level of foreign ownership to global finance and global institutional investors' strategies for engagement. Japan provides an excellent research environment for the topic. It is geographically and culturally remote from the West, and has the world's third largest economy with increasing foreign ownership on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Under the influence of global finance, the Japanese economy has been in transition despite the persistence of its traditional institutions. There are many globally recognised Japanese firms, although certain firms have come under scrutiny in several recent corporate governance scandals. Recently, corporate reform has become one of the priority policy agendas, which has led to incremental convergence to global standards. The aims of this thesis are as follows: (i) to analyse the evolution of shareholder activism and corporate governance practices in ownership structure change (Chapter 3); (ii) to examine how global institutional investors privately engage with remote firms (Chapter 4); (iii) to explore the power of global investors in an industry with lower foreign ownership (Chapter 5); (iv) to analyse the perceptions of local firms towards global ESG standards under policy change (Chapter 6). The thesis revealed the following findings. First, global investors provide one of the only opportunities for ESG-related dialogues for local firms, in a country where local institutional investors are not active shareholders. Global finance has the power to transform local corporate governance practices by breaking down path dependence and institutional complementarities, although the status quo does persist. Second, local firms' norms and perceptions based on the existing institutions are culturally derived informal constraints, which slow down the change of corporate governance practices even after instrumental change. Third, the target firms of engagement activities are home-biased and limited to a small number of large global brand firms; hence, non-target firms and industries maintain their ESG standards unless policy reform occurs. Finally, local firms' unfamiliarity with engagement activities limits the power of global finance in a remote market. There is a gap between global institutional investors' motivation for engagement and Japanese firms' readiness to respond; hence, considered strategies and modes of communication are critical for effective engagement with remote firms, especially when language and organisational issues are present.
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Oxenstierna, Maria Teresa Dorado Ortiz. "Redefining United States nuclear nonproliferation policy : balancing national security and economic interests in the post-cold war era (1989-1997)." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325037.

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Books on the topic "Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-"

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Dimitrov, Vent͡seslav. Bulgaria, economic development, 1987. Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Economic Information Dept., 1987.

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Dimitrov, Vent͡seslav. Bulgaria--economic development, 1988. Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Economic Information Dept., 1988.

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Todorov, Marin. Bulgaria, techno-scientific and socio-economic development, 1986-1990. Sofia: Bulgarian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Economic Information Dept., 1987.

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sŭvet, Sofia (Bulgaria) Stolichen naroden. Otchet za deĭnostta na Stolichnii͡a︡ naroden sŭvet prez 1987 godina, Sofii͡a︡, fevruari 1988 god. [Sofia]: Stolichen nar. sŭvet, 1988.

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Varna Forum (2nd 1985 Varna, Bulgaria). Varna Forum II: East-West trade, status, and prospects, September 28th-29th, 1985, Varna, Bulgaria. [Varna?]: Govt. of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, 1985.

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Kongres, Bŭlgarska komunisticheska partii͡a. Theses of the Thirteenth Congress of the Bulgarian Communist Party: On the work of the Party, on the social, economic, and cultural development of the People's Republic of Bulgaria during the ninth five-year plan period (1986-1990) and up to the year 2000. [Sofia]: Sofia Press, 1986.

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Great Britain. Department for International Development., ed. Bulgaria. London: Department for International Development, 1999.

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Great Britain. Dept. for International Development., ed. Bulgaria. London: Dept. for International Development, 1999.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. and Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition., eds. Bulgaria--an economic assessment. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1992.

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Vent͡s︡islav, Antonov, ed. Economic transition in Bulgaria. Sofia: Agency for Economic Coordination and Development, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-"

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Otova, Ildiko, and Evelina Staykova. "Post-1989 migration policy in Bulgaria on paper and in practice." In Migration and Populism in Bulgaria, 37–66. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003161493-3.

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Pandolfini, Valeria, Borislava Petkova, and Thomas Verlage. "Youth Aspirations Towards the Future: Agency, Strategy and Life Choices in Different Structural Contexts." In Landscapes of Lifelong Learning Policies across Europe, 63–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96454-2_4.

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AbstractThrough a comparative analysis of three case studies built on the intersection of three young adults’ trajectories and three LLL policies in Germany, Italy and Bulgaria, this chapter aims to explore the interplay between opportunity structures and subjective choices. We focus on the educational and professional dimensions, putting them in relation within the LLL policy young adults accessed with their aspirations, self-representations, the living conditions they face in the local context and the welfare (Esping-Andersen, The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990) and transition (Walther, YOUNG, 14(2), 119–139, 2006) regimes characterizing their countries. Relying on the Capability Approach (Sen, Development as freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999; Nussbaum, Women and human development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), we explore how young people’s capacity to cope with challenges and their ability to actively navigate obstacles are influenced by the wider discursive and institutional opportunity structures in which they unfold their life paths. The analysis reveals how youths make their choices according to their “capacity to aspire” (Appadurai 2004) and the social, cultural and economic factors at play in exercising their navigational capacities; being able (or unable) to define life plans potentially constitutes a “new” factor of inequality. The possibilities of better capturing the complex relationship between structural limits, possibilities and subjective aspirations in shaping individuals’ choices and actions within specific opportunity structures are discussed.
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Brown, Kerry. "The Reform Era Foreign Policy Narrative: 1978 Onward." In Chinese Economic Statecraft from 1978 to 1989, 437–46. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9217-8_14.

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Minami, Kazushi. "The Bottleneck of Reform: China’s Oil Policy in the 1980s." In Chinese Economic Statecraft from 1978 to 1989, 297–328. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9217-8_10.

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Szelewa, Dorota. "From Implicit to Explicit Familialism: Post-1989 Family Policy Reforms in Poland." In Gender and Family in European Economic Policy, 129–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41513-0_7.

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Szelewa, Dorota. "Erratum to: From Implicit to Explicit Familialism: Post-1989 Family Policy Reforms in Poland." In Gender and Family in European Economic Policy, E1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41513-0_13.

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Tálas, Barna. "Formation and Announcement ot the Reform and Opening Policy (1978–1979)." In Economic Reforms and Political Attempts in China 1979–1989, 61–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46749-3_3.

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Tálas, Barna. "Development of the Reform and Opening Policy in the Period of Readjustment (1979–1982)." In Economic Reforms and Political Attempts in China 1979–1989, 82–109. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46749-3_4.

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Tálas, Barna. "Stabilization of the Reform and Opening Policy During Preparation of the Comprehensive Economic Reform (1982–1984)." In Economic Reforms and Political Attempts in China 1979–1989, 110–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46749-3_5.

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Rozhkov, Sergei A. "Bibliometric Analysis of S&T Policy in Bulgaria in the New Economic Conditions." In NATO ASI Series, 123–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4463-6_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-"

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Karluk, S. Rıdvan. "EU Enlargement to the Balkans: Membership Perspective to the Balkan Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01163.

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After the dispersion of the Soviet Union, the European Union embarked upon an intense relationship with the Central and Eastern European Countries. The transition into capital market and democratization of these countries had been supported by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs at the beginning of 1989 before the collapse of the Soviet Union System. The European Agreements were signed between the EU and Hungary, Poland, and Czechoslovakia on December 16th, 1991. 10 Central and Eastern Europe Countries became the members of the EU on May 1st, 2004. With the accession of Bulgaria and Romania into the EU on January 1st, 2007, the number of the EU member countries reached up to 27, and finally extending to 28 with the membership of Croatia to the EU on July 1st, 2013. Removing the Western Balkan States, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from the scope of external relations, the EU included these countries in the enlargement process in 2005.The European Commission has determined 2014 enlargement policy priorities as dealing with the fundamentals on preferential basis. In this context, the developments in the Balkans will be closely monitored within the scope of a new approach giving priority to the superiority of law. The enlargement process of the EU towards the Balkans and whether or not the Western Balkan States will join the Union will be analyzed.
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Atanasov, Dimo, Rositsa Beluhova-Uzunova, and Krum Hristov. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN BULGARIA." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.213.

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Regional disparities are the subject of various discussions in the EU Member - States. The aim of this study is, on the basis of analysis of main socio-economic indicators, to observe trends in the regional development of Bulgaria and to draw conclusions and recommendations associated with overcoming regional imbalances. The study indicates serious regional differences that affect the quality of life and do not correspond with the European Union approach of convergence and balanced and sustainable economic growth. In order to overcome these challenges, it is necessary to optimize the implemented instruments of cohesion and regional policy. In this regard higher coordination between sectoral policies and better interaction and integration between government and local authorities should be achieved.
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Petrov, Plamen. "AGRIBUSINESS IN BULGARIA - STATE AND PROBLEMS." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.76.

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With the end of the second programming period of Bulgaria's membership in the European Union and the harmonization of the national legislation with the directives establishing the common agricultural policy, the debate about changes and forthcoming strategic moves to put the business in the agricultural segment on the basis of dynamic, economically justified and technologically guaranteed progress is becoming more and more insistent. In the context of the conceptual scheme and in view of the new economic realities, the aim of the present study is to trace the place of the agrarian business in the Bulgarian economy, outlining its state and problems.
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Tsvyatkova, Daniela. "HEREDITARY FARMING: A SYNERGY PANEL IN THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.280.

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The use of the potential of the land and the natural resources of the new generations in the separate regions are the main prerequisite and basis for the development of a certain type of multifunctional agriculture. The process of continuity should be seen as a process and not as a one-off action or event. The aim of the study is to analyze the process of inheritance in agriculture, as a socio-economic method for ensuring the viability of rural areas. The analysis is based on empirical evidence - cases from family farms and young heirs in rural areas of Bulgaria. The transfer of farm management to the next generation must be organized. Otherwise, the alternative is clear: resettlement from rural areas, a rapidly aging population and insufficient young people to enter the sector. Recognizing the importance of continuity, the Common Agricultural Policy provides training and funding to encourage young people to engage in agricultural activities.
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Marin, Nikolay, and Mariya Paskaleva. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU’S INVESTMENT POLICY AFTER CETA: EFFECTS ON THE BULGARIAN ECONOMY." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.55.

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In this paper we analyze the changes of the EU’s investment policy provoked by the mixed trade agreements. The EU’s investment policy has turned towards attaining bilateral trade agreements. One of these “new-generation” agreements is the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). It is in a process of being ratified by the national parliaments of the EU members. This study is focused on the general characteristics of CETA and the eventual problems posed by its regulatory and wide-ranging nature. We prove that the significance of this agreement pertains not only to the economic influence, that it will have on the European and Canadian economies, but CETA is also the first trade agreement to have been negotiated with a focus on investment protection and a change in the EU’s investment policy. The current study reveals the influence arising from the conclusion of CETA on the Bulgarian economy with an emphasis on electronic industry, machinery industry and manufacturing. We estimate both – the direct and indirect effects on Bulgaria’s exports, imports, value added and employment. In order to estimate the influence, we apply the multi-regional input-output model. It is proved that CETA will have a low but positive impact on the Bulgarian economy. After constructing different scenarios of development, we prove that the influence of CETA on the Bulgarian economy will amount to 0.010% GDP. The average total employment will be increased by more than 172 jobs in Bulgaria, which in turn, relative to the labor market, represents less than 0.01% of the total employment.
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Diril, Funda. "Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01014.

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The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.
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Ianeva, Mariana, Stiliyana Basmadzhieva, Violeta Doneva, and Ralitsa Georgieva. "CONSULTING ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH TOURIST AREAS: THE CASE OF BULGARIA." In Tourism and hospitality industry. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thi.26.17.

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The study is based on current trends in the global development of Health Tourism and the emerging demand for services related to health, rehabilitation, and health prevention, as well as the high concentration of resources in the tourist regions of Bulgaria. A huge potential for development of the tourist destinations beyond the known ones, is emerging; all thanks to more than 3,500 mineral springs found in Bulgaria. Purpose – the study aims exploring the possibility of economic use of mineral water resources in favor of tourism and the incorporation of great amount of unusable resources within the available ones of the tourist areas. This would lead on one hand to an overall development of the sector and an additional contribution to the GDP and on the other hand would bring sustainable growth of the tourist regions and a year-around development of the tourist services across the entire country. The study is found also on the fact that in Bulgaria there are many spas and thermal centers dated back to the Roman and Byzantine Empires. The consulting assessment attempts to reveal at length and to find an economic argument for the development of the health tourist areas. The realization of the potential of Health Tourism would have a positive effect on the entire industry, as well as the accompanying economic activities. It is also mandatory to define the necessity for development of human resources and management capacity, as needed in the tourist regions and in the process of investment in the concept of Health Tourism. Methodology – to achieve the set goal and to solve the resulting tasks in the article, the systematic approach and traditional research methods were used: historical, comparative, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of observation, the method of grouping, the method of survey and interview, graphic methods, differentiated, analytical, combined, etc. Our and specialized literature was studied. The experience of countries with a developed tourism industry and the results of a survey in tourist complexes were used. Contribution – of the research is the aim of the project in this respect is to upgrade at least two Bulgarian tourist regions/destinations in the direction of Smart Destinations. From a policy point of view, it is necessary to realise that in order to achieve the growth of tourism revenues and contribution to GDP, it is necessary to have a clear, long-term, and comprehensive vision. Approach – The integration of different tools of destination marketing management with a focus on Health components that will brand Bulgaria as a four-season destination, make it more recognizable as a destination for prevention, recovery, and recreation in conditions of need for health and safety for every potential tourist. Findings – The consulting business and its application in tourism, as well as the potential for development and management of the newly created tourist areas in Bulgaria, specializing in the field of health tourism. Bulgaria has undeveloped resources of health tourism and resource potential to position itself as a 4-season Smart Destination for Health & MICE tourism.
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Rivza, Baiba, and Uldis Plumite. "LATVIAN THEME PARK DEVELOPMENT IN KURZEME AND VIDZEME." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/36.

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The economy of Latvia is experiencing rapid development in the European Union and is an active participant of the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In recent years there have been several changes in both sectors and national economic policy. The total population in Latvia was estimated at 1.9 million inhabitants in 2019 and a total GDP per capita was 63% of the EU average, the lowest GDP per capita in purchasing power parity was recorded in Bulgaria - 46% of the EU average, Romania - 60% and Croatia - 62%. Lithuanian and Estonian GDP per capita in 2019 was accounted for 74% of the EU average. Latvia has more than 12 theme parks, but the amusement offer is small. Most of the theme parks are mostly located in Kurzeme and Vidzeme. Attraction Parks historically evolved near the big cities, where the infrastructure is highly developed. The aim is to increase the influx of tourists in regions where tourism products are amusement parks, thus developing more local businesses and the city's environment, increasing the demand for an active economic environment, but regional laws often hinder this development.
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Georgiev, Georgi. "BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF WETLANDS AND RAMSAR PLACES IN THE CROSS-BORDER REGION OF BULGARIA, NORTHERN MACEDONIA, ALBANIA AND GREECE AND DEVELOPMENT." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.97.

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According to the definition of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), wetlands on Earth are areas that are flooded or saturated with water, artificial or natural, permanently or temporarily flooded with standing, sitting or running water. These areas include areas where water is the predominant element, such as swamps, wetlands, peatlands, estuaries, sea branches and lagoons, lakes, rivers and artificial reservoirs with a depth of more than six meters. Considering the importance of these territories and with the deep conviction that the preservation of their flora and fauna can be ensured by combining long-term national policy with coordinated international action, the scientific community reacted to the encroachments and unreasonable attitude to them by concluding 02.02. 1971 of the Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as waterfowl habitats, known to the general public as the Ramsar Convention. The main objectives of this document are to manage wetlands as sites of great economic, cultural, scientific and conservation value, to avoid damage and loss and to preserve them through prudent use, i.e. through their continuous development. The object of study in the present work is the biological diversity, in particular the avifauna of some of the internationally important wetlands in the border areas between Bulgaria, Greece, the Republic of North Macedonia and Albania in view of the opportunities they offer for the development of some forms of alternative types of tourism.
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Naydenov, Kliment. "BULGARIAN CASE STUDIES IN IMPROVING URBAN AIR QUALITY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.37.

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Air pollution is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality. The fact that more cities are now improving their air quality control system is good news, so when they take action to improve air quality, they set a goal accordingly. As air quality declines, the risk of stroke, heart disease, lung cancer and chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma, increases in people who live in these cities. Ambient air pollution, which contains high concentrations of fine and fine particles, poses the highest environmental health risk, causing three million premature deaths worldwide each year. At the same time, people's awareness is rising, and air quality monitoring is being carried out in more cities. As air quality improves, global prevalence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is declining.� Most sources of urban outdoor air pollution are wholly beyond the control of individuals, suggesting the need for action at the city level and by national and international policy makers to promote cleaner modes of transport, more efficient energy production and appropriate waste management. More than half of controlled cities located in high-income countries, and more than one-third of cities located in low- and middle-income countries reduced their air pollution levels by more than 5% within five years. The set of affordable and accessible policies includes measures such as reducing emissions from industrial chimneys, increasing the use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind, and prioritizing the development of rapid transit systems, increasing walking and developing bike path networks. Air quality in Bulgaria raises serious concerns: measurements show that citizens across the country breathe air that is assessed as harmful to health. For example, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 is much higher than the values prescribed by the European Union and the World Health Organization (WHO) for health protection. The concentrations of PM2.5 in the urban areas of Bulgaria were the highest of all 28 EU member states as average values for a three-year period. For PM10, Bulgaria also leads among the countries with the highest pollution with an average daily concentration of 77 �g / m3 (the EU limit value is 50 �g / m3). According to the World Health Organization, 60% of the urban population of Bulgaria is exposed to dangerous (unhealthy) levels of dust particles (PM10). Air pollution in the Republic of Bulgaria is a significant and difficult to solve environmental problem related to physiographic, social, economic and anthropological factors. Bringing the air quality in the country in line with the norms and goals set in Directive 2008/50 / EC, although difficult, is achievable. For the last 10 years our country has made significant progress in terms of controlled pollutants.
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Reports on the topic "Bulgaria – Economic policy – 1989-"

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Spielauer, Martin, Elena Koytcheva, and Dora Kostova. First and second births in first and second unions: a decomposition of fertility decline in Bulgaria and Russia since the 1989 economic and political transition. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2007-001.

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