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1
Röck, M., G. Pristerá, D. Ramon, E. Van de moortel, L. Mouton, J. Kockat, Z. Toth, and K. Allacker. "Science for Policy: Insights from Supporting an EU Roadmap for the Reduction of Whole Life Carbon of Buildings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012008.
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Abstract The European Union (EU) aims at climate-neutrality by 2050, necessitating a transformation of the entire economy, including the construction and buildings sectors. This study, initiated by the European Commission’s DG ENV, provides a basis for a roadmap to mitigate building-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from a life cycle perspective. This paper presents methodological developments and findings for the baseline year 2020. The research assesses whole life cycle (WLC) GHG emissions from European buildings, covering various archetype buildings. It supports the creation of an EU roadmap to reduce WLC GHG emissions by 2050. The study employed attributional LCA and five key steps: 1) Characterization of building stock based on four climatic regions; 2) Selection of representative archetypes; 3) Modelling of building life cycle inventories; 4) life cycle assessment using the GWP indicator; 5) Upscaling of building results to the building stock level. The results emphasize the relevance of reducing both operational and embodied GHG emissions at both the individual building and building stock level. At the level of individual new buildings with advanced energy performance, embodied GHG emissions average 66% of life cycle emissions, ranging from 43% to 97%. At stock level, embodied GHG emissions make up 21% of whole life cycle GHG emissions, even though only about 1% of building stock area is newly constructed in the baseline year. The remaining 79% of WLC emissions are coming from the operation of existing buildings. Within the embodied emissions, new building production and construction process stages account for 55%, existing building’s use phase embodied contributes another 20%, and refurbishment of the existing stock makes up around 15%, while end-of-life processes contribute only 2%. The study provides a novel perspective on GHG emission in the life cycle of buildings and building stocks. It lays the groundwork for an EU roadmap to reduce WLC GHG emissions. Outcomes will aid policy formulation, target setting, and implementation of suitable GHG emission reduction strategies.
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Zhou, Wei, Alice Moncaster, David M. Reiner, and Peter Guthrie. "Estimating Lifetimes and Stock Turnover Dynamics of Urban Residential Buildings in China." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 8, 2019): 3720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133720.
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Building lifetime and stock turnover are both key determinants in modelling building energy and carbon. However in China, aside from anecdotal claims that urban residential buildings are generally short-lived, there are no recent official statistics, and empirical data are extremely limited. We present a system dynamics model where survival analysis is used to characterise the dynamic interplay between new construction, aging, and demolition of residential buildings in urban China. The uncertainties associated with building lifetime were represented using a Weibull distribution, whose shape and scale parameters were calibrated based on official statistics on floor area up to 2006. The calibrated Weibull lifetime distribution allowed us to estimate the dynamic stock turnover of Chinese urban residential buildings for 2007 to 2017. We find that the average lifetime of urban residential buildings was around 34 years, and the overall residential stock size reached 23.7 billion m2 in 2017. The resultant age-specific sub-stocks provide a baseline for the overall stock, which—along with the calibrated Weibull lifetime distribution—can be used in further modelling and for analysis of policies to reduce the whole-life embodied and operational energy and CO2 emissions in Chinese residential buildings.
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Rosales, Manuel, Chrysanthi Efthymiou, Nikolaos Barmparesos, Panagiotis Tasios, José Manuel Salmerón Lissén, and Margarita Niki Assimakopoulos. "Identification of Reference Buildings in Mediterranean Countries: The HAPPEN Project Approach." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (June 1, 2022): 5638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115638.
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This study’s scope is to collect and analyze all the needed information related to the residential building stocks in Mediterranean countries, especially those that participated in the framework of the HAPPEN project (Greece, Croatia, Cyprus, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, and France). A specific procedure was followed in order to conduct a coordinated evaluation of the residential building stock. The most important variables for a statistical examination of the building stock are outlined, as well as an approach for establishing reference buildings. National data for the seven participating nations were collected and evaluated using the prescribed methodology. The research findings identify six distinct reference buildings in each nation. More specifically, the most representative buildings were distinguished through a cross-country comparison of the obtained data, after classifying the buildings into different classes to which the same approach for deep renovation/refurbishment can be applied.
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Braun, Andreas, Gebhard Warth, Felix Bachofer, Tram Thi Quynh Bui, Hao Tran, and Volker Hochschild. "Changes in the Building Stock of Da Nang between 2015 and 2017." Data 5, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data5020042.
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This descriptor introduces a novel dataset, which contains the number and types of buildings in the city of Da Nang in Central Vietnam. The buildings were classified into nine distinct types and initially extracted from a satellite image of the year 2015. Secondly, changes were identified based on a visual interpretation of an image of the year 2017, so that new buildings, demolished buildings and building upgrades can be quantitatively analyzed. The data was aggregated by administrative wards and a hexagonal grid with a diameter of 250 m to protect personal rights and to avoid the misuse of a single building’s information. The dataset shows an increase of 19,391 buildings between October 2015 and August 2017, with a variety of interesting spatial patterns. The center of the city is mostly dominated by building changes and upgrades, while most of the new buildings were constructed within a distance of five to six kilometers from the city center.
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Eriksson, Petra, Vlatko Milić, and Tor Brostrom. "Balancing preservation and energy efficiency in building stocks." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-02-2019-0025.
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Purpose Energy use in buildings needs to be reduced to meet political goals; however, reducing energy use can conflict with heritage preservation objectives. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a method that combines quantitative and qualitative analyses of the potential of energy savings in an historic building stock. Specifically, this study examines how requirements of historic building preservation affect the energy saving potential on a building stock level. Design/methodology/approach Using the World Heritage Town of Visby, Sweden as a case study, this paper illustrates a step-by-step method as a basis for implementing energy savings techniques in an historic building stock. The method contains the following steps: categorisation of a building stock, definition of restriction levels for energy renovation scenarios and life cycle costs optimisation of energy measures in archetype buildings representing the building stock. Finally, this study analyses how different energy renovation strategies will impact heritage values and energy saving potentials for different categories of buildings. Findings The outcome of the study is twofold: first, the method has been tested and proven useful and second, the results from the application of the method have been used to formulate differentiated energy renovation strategies for the case study. Originality/value The study shows that it is possible to integrate techno-economic analysis with assessment of heritage values in a given building stock in order to facilitate a strategic discussion balancing policies and targets for energy savings with policies for the preservation of heritage values. The findings will contribute to sounder policy development and planning for historic building stocks.
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Verma, Saurabh, Satya N. Mandal, Spenser Robinson, Deepak Bajaj, and Anupam Saxena. "Investment appraisal and financial benefits of corporate green buildings: a developing economy case study." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 11, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 392–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-06-2020-0108.
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PurposeThis case study aims to appraise the financial benefits of green building construction in developing countries. The case study presents, green building's positive net present value (NPV) investment in real terms and potentially enhanced stock market returns at the firm level compared to competitors.Design/methodology/approachThe case study examines secondary data on a green building certification and longitudinal operation costs to estimate green building investments' financial benefits. The case study also compares the stock market performance of green building portfolio company with non-green building competitors of similar size and industry.FindingsThe case study finds out that the real return rate on green building investment is higher than the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of the company with an inflation-adjusted payback period of fewer than ten years. Findings compare favourably to the extant literature which was mostly in developed economies. The paper further highlights that stock market performance for a green building focused company shows improved returns to shareholders relative to non-green competitors.Research limitations/implicationsThe results are specific to the time and building researched; green buildings costs have reduced over time, and a new study may show improved case study findings. The case study results on stock market performance are indicative and may need further research for evaluation.Practical implicationsThe case study presents a model for critical appraisal of green buildings investment. The paper further indicates that green building investment may lead to operational savings and superior stock performance compared to competitors.Originality/valueThe paper presents a green building investment appraisal model which might be useful for the industry and academia. Developing countries have limited literature on green buildings' financial benefits; this case study quantifies the financial benefits and compares them with the available literature related to developed economies’ green buildings.
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Stavrakakis, George M., Dimitris Bakirtzis, Korina-Konstantina Drakaki, Sofia Yfanti, Dimitris Al Katsaprakakis, Konstantinos Braimakis, Panagiotis Langouranis, Konstantinos Terzis, and Panagiotis L. Zervas. "Application of the Typology Approach for Energy Renovation Planning of Public Buildings’ Stocks at the Local Level: A Case Study in Greece." Energies 17, no. 3 (January 31, 2024): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17030689.
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According to the latest energy efficiency European directive (EED 2023/1791/EU), the expected energy renovation rate of at least 3% of the buildings’ floor area each year towards nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEBs) is extended to include public buildings not only of the central government (as per the first EED 2012/27/EU) but also of regional and local authorities. This poses a great challenge, especially for Municipalities that often manage large building stocks with high energy demands. In response to this challenge, this paper presents the application of the so-called “typology approach” for conducting public buildings’ energy renovation plans at the local level. A computational survey is initially introduced to decide the optimal set of building-stock clustering criteria among all possible combinations, involving the minimization of the RMSE index regarding the primary energy consumption of each building. For a representative building from each identified typology, the key performance indicators (KPIs) are computed for alternative energy-upgrading scenarios. Exploiting the IMPULSE Interreg-MED project tools, the KPIs from each representative building are at first extrapolated to all buildings of the examined stock and, finally, a gradual energy renovation plan is automatically produced based on user-defined decision parameters including the required annual renovation rate. The methodology is applied for the case of the Municipality of Hersonissos in Greece. For the specific 44-buildings’ stock it was found that the optimal clustering set included four criteria, building use, construction year, heating, and a cooling system, leading to 15 building typologies. Finally, assuming a 7% renovation rate per year, a 12-year gradual renovation (nZEB transformation) plan is obtained foreseeing an 85% CO2 emissions’ reduction.
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Bennadji, Amar, Mohammed Seddiki, Jamal Alabid, Richard Laing, and David Gray. "Predicting Energy Savings of the UK Housing Stock under a Step-by-Step Energy Retrofit Scenario towards Net-Zero." Energies 15, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 3082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15093082.
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The UK has one of the least energy-efficient housing stocks in Europe. By 2030, the emissions from UK homes need to fall by at least 24% from 1990 levels to meet the UK’s ambitious goal, which is reaching net-zero emissions. The originality of this paper is to apply the building typology approach to predict energy savings of the UK housing stock under a step-by-step energy retrofit scenario, targeting the Passive House Standard for refurbishments of existing buildings, namely the EnerPHit “Quality-Approved Energy Retrofit with Passive House Components.” The typologies consist of twenty reference buildings, representative of five construction ages and four building sizes. The energy balance of the UK residential buildings was created and validated against statistical data. A building stock retrofit plan specifying the order in which to apply energy efficiency measures was elaborated, and energy savings were calculated. The predicted total energy demand for the UK residential building stock for the year 2022 is 37.7 MTOE, and the carbon emissions estimation is 65.33 MtCO2e. The energy-saving potential is 87%, and carbon reductions are about 76%, considering all the steps of renovation applied. It has been demonstrated that the step that provides the biggest savings across the housing stock is the one that involves replacing windows, draught-proofing, and installing mechanical ventilation with heat recovery.
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Nägeli, Claudio, Liane Thuvander, Holger Wallbaum, Rebecca Cachia, Sebastian Stortecky, and Ali Hainoun. "Methodologies for Synthetic Spatial Building Stock Modelling: Data-Availability-Adapted Approaches for the Spatial Analysis of Building Stock Energy Demand." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 6738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186738.
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Buildings are responsible for around 30 to 40% of the energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in European countries. Building stock energy models (BSEMs) are an established method to assess the energy demand and environmental impact of building stocks. Spatial analysis of building stock energy demand has so far been limited to cases where detailed, building specific data is available. This paper introduces two approaches of using synthetic building stock energy modelling (SBSEM) to model spatially distributed synthetic building stocks based on aggregate data. The two approaches build on different types of data that are implemented and validated for two separate case studies in Ireland and Austria. The results demonstrate the feasibility of both approaches to accurately reproduce the spatial distribution of the building stocks of the two cases. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that by using a SBSEM approach, a spatial analysis for building stock energy demand can be carried out for cases where no building level data is available and how these results may be used in energy planning.
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Russell, Alistair P., and Jason M. Ingham. "Prevalence of New Zealand’s unreinforced masonry buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.3.182-201.
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Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings remain New Zealand's most earthquake prone class of building. New Zealand URM buildings are classified into typologies, based on their general structural configuration. Seven typologies are presented, and their relative prevalence, age and locations are identified.
There are estimated to be 3,750 URM buildings in existence in New Zealand, with 1,300 (35%) being estimated to be potentially earthquake prone and 2010 (52%) to be potentially earthquake risk, using the NZSEE Initial Evaluation Procedure. Trends in the age of these buildings show that construction activity increased from the early days of European settlement and reached a peak at about 1930, before subsequently declining sharply. The preponderance of the existing URM building stock was constructed prior to 1940, and as such, almost all URM buildings in New Zealand are between 80 and 130 years old (in 2010). Overall the URM building stock has a 2010 market value of approximately $NZ1.5 billion, and constitutes approximately 8% of the total building stock in terms of floor area.
Details are also provided regarding the development of New Zealand building codes and the associated provisions for assessing existing earthquake risk buildings, and provides some background to the history of the URM building stock in New Zealand.
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Teli, D., JO Dalenbäck, T. Psomas, and S. Langer. "Using data-driven indoor temperature setpoints in energy simulations of existing buildings: a Swedish case study." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1196, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012017.
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Abstract Building energy analyses of large samples or building stocks commonly use National building stock temperature averages in their calculations. However, such averages may not be representative of the conditions in a specific building type and may mask meaningful information found at building or dwelling level. Analysis of indoor temperature data from the Swedish housing stock showed that 25% out of approximately 1000 dwellings were heated at a temperature ≥23°C in wintertime. If indoor temperature management is considered as a potential energy saving measure for the building stock it may be more effective to explore implementation in these specific dwellings, than considering average temperature reduction across the entire building stock. This however would require more detailed input data on indoor temperatures. Would such an approach be worthwhile? To answer this question, two types of Swedish multifamily buildings were simulated with i) business-as-usual scenarios and ii) setpoints based on indoor temperature data from the last Swedish National Survey. The study shows that using data-driven, dwelling-specific indoor temperatures could lead to more effective decision making on indoor temperature management, targeting buildings and dwellings where temperature reduction would most likely cause the least compromise on comfort. Such a strategy however should be complementary to a wider plan of improved energy efficiency measures across the building stock.
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Brown, Frank E., Peter A. Rickaby, Harry R. Bruhns, and Philip Steadman. "Surveys of Nondomestic Buildings in Four English Towns." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 1 (February 2000): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2571.
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In this paper we describe the selection of four English urban areas in which the nondomestic building stocks might collectively be considered characteristic of the national stock. A brief history is provided of urban development in each of the four areas. The scope and methodology of comprehensive surveys of nondomestic buildings in the four survey areas are described and a brief summary of the characteristics of the building stocks in the four areas is derived from the survey data.
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Bradley, Patrick Erik, and Martin Behnisch. "Heavy-tailed distributions for building stock data." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 46, no. 7 (August 28, 2018): 1281–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318794499.
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The question of inferring the owner of a set of building stocks (e.g. from which country the buildings are taken) from building-related quantities like number of buildings or types of building event histories necessitates the knowledge of their distributions in order to compare them. If the distribution function is a power law, then a version of the 80/20 rule can be applied to describe the variable. This distribution is an example of a heavy-tailed distribution; another example is the log-normal distribution. Heavy-tailed distributions have the property that studying the effects of the few large values already yields most of the overall effect of the whole quantity. For example, if reducing the CO2 emissions of the buildings of a country is the issue, then in case of a heavy-tailed distribution, only the effects of the relatively few large cities need to be considered. It is shown that the number of buildings in German municipalities or counties or the number of building-related event histories of a certain vanished building stock follow a heavy-tailed distribution and give evidence for the type of underlying distribution. The methodology used is a recent statistical framework for discerning power law and other heavy-tailed distributions in empirical data.
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Schwan, Lukas, Jakob Hahn, Michael Barton, Ronja Anders, and Christian Schweigler. "Development of Reference Buildings to Analyze the Potential for Energy-Efficient Refurbishment of Buildings." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 29, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2019-0055.
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Abstract The building sector offers the largest potential for a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Based on own preliminary investigations for the State of Bavaria, a complete renovation of the building envelope of the current residential building stock would result in a reduced demand for final thermal energy for space heating and domestic hot water by about 70 %. The present study analyzes different existing reference buildings and reference methods. Based on a general literature review, specific criteria will be developed for reference models to represent the thermal energy consumption of the residential building stock for the regional domain under investigation. The objective is to represent the building stock with a limited amount of reference buildings. The method for the development of a reference building will be shown exemplarily for one category.
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Xing, Haowei, Yi Yang, and Shuqin Chen. "A Numerical Method for Solving Global Irradiance on the Facades of Building Stocks." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 7, 2022): 1914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111914.
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Due to the influence of surrounding buildings on the radiation transfer process, the irradiance of individual buildings in building stocks is more uneven and different than that of individual buildings in open spaces. In view of the defect of the existing building surface irradiance calculation model in the sky radiation energy balance calculation, the complex surface reflection radiative transfer in diffuse irradiance, and complex processes, this paper combined the calculation of the complex surface narrow sky view, multiple reflections, and radiation characteristics of nonuniformity, and finally established the model for irradiance on the facade of a building stock (IFBS model) in a sheltered environment. The simulation results show that the IFBS model is superior to the traditional model in the calculation of sky diffuse irradiance and reflection irradiance of building stocks and is more suitable for the numerical calculation of the radiation transfer process of complex buildings.
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Eriksson, Petra, and Tim Johansson. "Towards Differentiated Energy Renovation Strategies for Heritage-Designated Multifamily Building Stocks." Heritage 4, no. 4 (November 12, 2021): 4318–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040238.
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The historic building stock is not homogeneous, which implies a need for differentiated energy renovation strategies in order to balance energy efficiency requirements and building conservation goals. This paper presents a new method for developing a base for differentiated energy renovation strategies for heritage-classified multifamily building stocks. Our suggested method combines different building databases using an extract, transform and load (ETL) technology. The method for this study was tested on the available information for heritage-designated and -classified multifamily buildings in the municipality of Stockholm, Sweden, and in the county of Halland, Sweden. The two cases reflect the heterogeneity of the Swedish Building stock. An important achievement is that the results visualise the relationship, not detectable before, between energy use, energy performance, year of construction and heritage classification within each of the selected building stocks. A specific result is that the energy-saving potential in the older building stock is insignificant in relation to the entire stock. The results contribute to an improved understanding of relationships both within and between the two historic building stocks, which is useful for developing differentiated energy renovation strategies.
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Csoknyai, Tamás. "Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission of Buildings Built with Industrialized Technology: The Case of Debrecen and Future Trends." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.16.
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The residential buildings built with prefabricated technology (also called panel buildings) represent a significant part of the building stock, particularly in Eastern Europe. These buildings are typically 30-40 years old and due to their poor energy performance they have been in the focus of energy policy makers over the recent years. These buildings are typically connected to district heating systems and the continuously decreasing heat demand caused by the renovation subsidy programs resulting in risks of inefficient operation and on the long term it questions the viability of the district heating systems. Therefore it is particularly important to have a clear picture on the energy consumption trends about this segment of the building stock. In this paper, the building stock of the city of Debrecen connected to district heating is analysed. The current energy consumption figures of the buildings are analysed. In Debrecen, the share of retrofitted buildings is relatively low (appr. 15%), therefore a future trend analysis was also carried out. The results of this study can be interesting for other cities as well, particularly those with a significant share of “panel buildings”.
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Ferrari, Simone, Milad Zoghi, Giancarlo Paganin, and Giuliano Dall’O’. "A Practical Review to Support the Implementation of Smart Solutions within Neighbourhood Building Stock." Energies 16, no. 15 (July 30, 2023): 5701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16155701.
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The construction industry has witnessed an increase in the use of digital tools and smart solutions, particularly in the realm of building energy automation. While realising the potential benefits of smart cities, a broader scope of smart initiatives is required to support the transition from smart buildings towards smart neighbourhoods, which are considered critical urban development units. To support the interplay of smart solutions between buildings and neighbourhoods, this study aimed to collect and review all the smart solutions presented in existing scientific articles, the technical literature, and realised European projects. These solutions were classified into two main sections, buildings and neighbourhoods, which were investigated through five domains: building-energy-related uses, renewable energy sources, water, waste, and open space management. The quantitative outcomes demonstrated the potential benefits of implementing smart solutions in areas ranging from buildings to neighbourhoods. Moreover, this research concluded that the true enhancement of energy conservation goes beyond the building’s energy components and can be genuinely achieved by integrating intelligent neighbourhood elements owing to their strong interdependencies. Future research should assess the effectiveness of these solutions in resource conservation.
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Furtado, André, Hugo Rodrigues, and Humberto Varum. "Simplified Guidelines for Retrofitting Scenarios in the European Countries." Energies 16, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052408.
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A large part of the European building stock was built before implementing the recent energy and structural codes, resulting in buildings characterized by deficiencies in terms of comfort, energy savings and structural safety. The retrofitting and rehabilitation of the existing building stock need to be adequately performed, aiming to improve the seismic and energy performance simultaneously. The work summarized here is dedicated to defining priority scenarios for buildings’ retrofitting to improve the seismic safety and energy efficiency of the European Union (EU) building stock. First, the state of the EU building stock is analysed in terms of buildings’ age, types of structures, energy efficiency, energy consumption and energy poverty. Then, the EU climate demands are presented, namely the regions with higher temperature variations, i.e., heating or cooling degree days. The EU seismic risk is also presented and discussed in terms of average annual losses, average annual economic losses and average annual life losses. Based on these input parameters, nine seismic–climate regions in the EU are proposed using a simplified approach. Finally, retrofitting scenarios are proposed for two types of buildings (i.e., masonry and reinforced concrete) based on their seismic–climate region.
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Pongelli, Alessandro, Yasmine Dominique Priore, Jean-Philippe Bacher, and Thomas Jusselme. "Definition of Building Archetypes Based on the Swiss Energy Performance Certificates Database." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010040.
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The building stock is responsible for 24% of carbon emissions in Switzerland and 44% of the final energy use. Considering that most of the existing stock will still be in place in 2050, it becomes essential to better understand this source of emissions. Although the Swiss Cantonal Energy Certificate for Buildings (CECB) database has been used in previous research, no comprehensive characterization of the buildings can be found. This data paper presents an analysis and classification of the Swiss building stock based on the data found in the database. The objective is to create a knowledge foundation that can be used in future research on the performance of existing buildings. Using a sample of almost 50,000 buildings and a Python script, datasheets were created for single-family houses and multi-family houses for nine construction periods. These archetypes are described through selected available energy-related parameters, such as energy reference area, U-values, and energy source with indicators such as median, 25th percentile, and 75th percentile or distributions. The resulting data can be used for different purposes: (1) to calibrate energy models; (2) for analysis that requires scaling-up strategies to the whole stock; and (3) to identify weak and/or relevant classes of buildings throughout the stock.
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Fuchs, S., M. Keiler, and A. Zischg. "A spatiotemporal multi-hazard exposure assessment based on property data." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 9 (September 25, 2015): 2127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-2127-2015.
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Abstract. The paper presents a nation-wide spatially explicit object-based assessment of buildings and citizens exposed to natural hazards in Austria, including river flooding, torrential flooding, and snow avalanches. The assessment was based on two different data sets, (a) hazard information providing input to the exposure of elements at risk, and (b) information on the building stock combined from different spatial data available on the national level. Hazard information was compiled from two different sources. For torrential flooding and snow avalanches available local-scale hazard maps were used, and for river flooding the results of the countrywide flood modelling eHORA were available. Information on the building stock contained information on the location and size of each building, as well as on the building category and the construction period. Additional information related to the individual floors, such as their height and net area, main purpose and configuration, was included for each property. Moreover, this data set has an interface to the population register and allowed, therefore, for retrieving the number of primary residents for each building. With the exception of sacral buildings, an economic module was used to compute the monetary value of buildings using (a) the information of the building register such as building type, number of storeys and utilisation, and (b) regionally averaged construction costs. It is shown that the repeatedly stated assumption of increasing exposure due to continued population growth and related increase in assets has to be carefully evaluated by the local development of building stock. While some regions have shown a clearly above-average increase in assets, other regions were characterised by a below-average development. This mirrors the topography of the country, but also the different economic activities. While hotels and hostels are extraordinarily prone to torrential flooding, commercial buildings as well as buildings used for recreational purposes are considerably exposed to river flooding. Residential buildings have shown an average exposure, compared to the number of buildings of this type in the overall building stock. In sum, around 5 % of all buildings are exposed to torrential flooding, and around 9 % to river flooding, with around 1 % of the buildings stock being multi-exposed. The temporal assessment of exposure has shown considerable differences in the dynamics of exposure to different hazard categories in comparison to the overall property stock. In conclusion, the presented object-based assessment is an important and suitable tool for nation-wide exposure assessment and may be used in operational risk management.
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Sandoli, A., G. P. Lignola, B. Calderoni, and A. Prota. "Fragility curves for Italian URM buildings based on a hybrid method." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 4979–5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01155-4.
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AbstractA hybrid seismic fragility model for territorial-scale seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings is developed and presented in this paper. The method combines expert-judgment and mechanical approaches to derive typological fragility curves for Italian residential masonry building stock. The first classifies Italian masonry buildings in five different typological classes as function of age of construction, structural typology, and seismic behaviour and damaging of buildings observed following the most severe earthquakes occurred in Italy. The second, based on numerical analyses results conducted on building prototypes, provides all the parameters necessary for developing fragility functions. Peak-Ground Acceleration (PGA) at Ultimate Limit State attainable by each building’s class has been chosen as an Intensity Measure to represent fragility curves: three types of curve have been developed, each referred to mean, maximum and minimum value of PGAs defined for each building class. To represent the expected damage scenario for increasing earthquake intensities, a correlation between PGAs and Mercalli-Cancani-Sieber macroseismic intensity scale has been used and the corresponding fragility curves developed. Results show that the proposed building’s classes are representative of the Italian masonry building stock and that fragility curves are effective for predicting both seismic vulnerability and expected damage scenarios for seismic-prone areas. Finally, the fragility curves have been compared with empirical curves obtained through a macroseismic approach on Italian masonry buildings available in literature, underlining the differences between the methods.
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Pleshkanovska, Alla, and Daria Kuznetsova. "Justification of the types of obsolete housing stock as the first stage of effective reconstruction." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 107 (October 29, 2021): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2021.107.193-210.
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The complex reconstruction of the obsolete housing stock is an actual problem for many countries. Now this task is an urgent challenge for Ukraine. There is a large number of buildings which condition requires urgent major repair or demolishing in Ukraine.
In order to renew the housing stock at the state level a program for the complex reconstruction of the housing stock is planned. The success of the implementation of housing stock renovation program depends on many conditions. One of the most important barriers is the shortcomings of the legislative framework. The absence and ambiguity of legal provisions governing the implementation of the complex reconstruction make the process of housing rehabilitation difficult and extremely slow.
The experience of Ukraine demonstrates that one of the issues within the implementation of the complex reconstruction program of the housing stock is the justification of criteria for the definition of objects to be reconstructed. he classification of obsolete housing stock objects presented in Ukraine (on the example of Kyiv) has been carried out in the article. In the study several prevailing types of buildings were distinguished: historical buildings, buildings of the Stalin's type («stalinki»), buildings of barrack type and buildings of the first period of industrial house building, the so-called «khrushchevki»
The drawbacks of the existing approach to the definition of outdated housing stock are analyzed. Criteria for defining obsolete housing stock and parameters for their determination are proposed.
The considerable volumes of the obsolete housing stock (about third of the total housing stock) and the lack of the necessary financing require a thorough analysis of the objects of comprehensive reconstruction, starting with a clear parameterization of the criteria for assigning existing housing stock to the obsolete one and determining rational methods of reconstruction depending on the types of obsolete housing stock.
The justification of criteria and parameters for defining the obsolete housing stock allows to make a step forward to the definition of the most efficient types of reconstructive measures for appropriate types of buildings.
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Geikins, Aleksandrs, Anatolijs Borodinecs, and Vladislavs Jacnevs. "Estimation of Energy Profile and Possible Energy Savings of Unclassified Buildings." Buildings 12, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070974.
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In the European Union, only 1% of the building stock is renovated every year. According to the EU strategy, around 75% of the existing building stock needs to be renovated by 2050. Energy efficiency programs mainly support residential and public building stocks; this article considers military dormitories as a type of unclassified building. It is very important to improve energy efficiency to reduce energy consumption and improve the microclimate in these buildings, since the staff is there 24/7. This paper analyzes the energy consumption and measures the indoor air quality in 13 nonrenovated military dormitories. The personnel in unclassified buildings have limited options for remote work in the case of COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, the retrofitting and maintenance of such buildings must be planned carefully. There is a significant lack of IAQ measurements in unclassified buildings. This study presents a wide analysis of energy consumption, indoor air parameters, and occupant satisfaction. On the basis of real data, four retrofitting scenarios were evaluated in IDA ICE dynamic simulation software. The simulation results showed that, in the case of a deep renovation scenario, the theoretical energy savings could be 77.6–79.3% of the used energy. This paper discusses the solar energy potential of onsite energy production for increasing the efficiency and energy supply resilience of unclassified buildings. The results of this study can be applied to other countries with climate conditions similar to Latvia.
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Bartošová Kmeťková, Jana, and Dušan Petráš. "Energy and economical evaluation of residential buildings in Slovakia." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103011.
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The main objective of the research is to make evaluation of energy and economic by the retrofitting of the residential buildings. If this methodology can be an appropriate tool to guide decisions related with the building energy performances and to identify the most cost-effective variants of the renovation, that could be applied to the building stock in Slovakia by the analysis of the life-cycle costs of the representative apartment buildings. The specific objectives of this study were the following: • Theoretical analysis of the residential buildings stock in Slovakia • Analysis of the studied residential buildings and their energy parameters before and after renovation • Simulation of the energy performance of the apartment buildings • Mathematical modeling of the technical and economic parameters
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Rafi, Muhammad Masood, Sarosh Hashmat Lodi, Muhammad Ahmed, Amit Kumar, and Firoz Verjee. "Development of building inventory for northern Pakistan for seismic risk reduction." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 7, no. 5 (November 14, 2016): 501–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-05-2015-0028.
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Purpose This paper aims to present the studies which were carried out to determine building typology in Northern Pakistan, which is a seismically active region. Design/methodology/approach A total of 41 towns and cities were surveyed to collect the data of building types. Help was also taken from global positioning system and satellite imagery. Findings In total, 14 different types of buildings were identified in the region based on the structural system and combination of wall and roof materials; each of them was assigned an appropriate designation. The walls in these buildings were made of block, stone or brick, whereas the roof consisted of corrugated galvanised iron sheet, thatched roof, precast concrete planks or reinforced concrete (RC). Only 6 per cent buildings were found to be engineered RC buildings; this indicates a significance proportion of non-engineered building stock in Northern Pakistan. Research limitations/implications The surveys were conducted in some of the selected areas. Other areas are beyond the scope of this work. Practical implications The presence of a huge deficient building stock in Pakistan indicates a major seismic risk. The seismic losses are largely dependent on the earthquake resistance of existing buildings and building stock. An inventory of existing buildings and their types can help in assessing seismic vulnerability of the built environment, which may lead to the development of policies for seismic risk reduction. Originality/value Presently, housing encyclopaedia does not exist in Pakistan. As a result, housing typology in the country is not known. The presented study addresses this gap in part. Housing typology surveys were conducted to study the typical construction practices in the selected areas and to determine the proportions of different building types in the overall building stock.
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Harter, H., B. Willenborg, W. Lang, and T. H. Kolbe. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING SERVICES OF LARGE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCKS USING SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences VI-4/W1-2020 (September 3, 2020): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-vi-4-w1-2020-85-2020.
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Abstract. Reducing the demand for non-renewable resources and the resulting environmental impact is an objective of sustainable development, to which buildings contribute significantly. In order to realize the goal of reaching a climate-neutral building stock, it must first be analyzed and evaluated in order to develop optimization strategies. The life cycle based consideration and assessment of buildings plays a key role in this process. Approaches and tools already exist for this purpose, but they mainly take the operational energy demand of buildings and not a life cycle based approach into account, especially when assessing technical building services (TBS). Therefore, this paper presents and applies a methodical approach for the life cycle based assessment of the TBS of large residential building stocks, based on semantic 3D city models (CityGML). The methodical approach developed for this purpose describes the procedure for calculating the operational energy demand (already validated) and the heating load of the building, the dimensioning of the TBS components and the calculation of the life cycle assessment. The application of the methodology is illustrated in a case study with over 115,000 residential buildings from Munich, Germany. The study shows that the methodology calculates reliable results and that a significant reduction of the life cycle based energy demand can be achieved by refurbishment measures/scenarios. Nevertheless, the goal of achieving a climate-neutral building stock is a challenge from a life cycle perspective.
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Mouton, L., D. Trigaux, K. Allacker, and R. H. Crawford. "Development of environmental benchmarks for the Belgian residential building stock." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1078, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1078/1/012077.
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Abstract Over recent years Belgium has made meaningful effort in adopting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building practice to improve building environmental performance. Today, architects can compare the environmental performance of different building designs with an online calculation tool that incorporates the national LCA method. However, they are still lacking environmental benchmarks to position themselves within current building practice. Furthermore, such benchmarks play an important role in the development of environmental targets in building regulation. In this research, benchmarks are defined for new residential buildings in Belgium. A bottom-up approach is followed consisting of a statistical analysis of reference buildings to define limit, reference and best practice values. The buildings are based on four representative typologies for Belgium, ranging from detached houses to apartments. Different variants are assessed including various energy performance levels and construction types (solid versus timber). The buildings’ life cycle impacts are calculated including the embodied (material) and operational (energy) impacts. Results are reported both for an aggregated environmental single-score and for Global Warming Potential (GWP). The calculated reference values for life cycle and embodied GWP (20 and 7 kgCO2eq/m2.year) are comparable to existing benchmarks in the literature. The results further highlight that building compactness provides the largest impact reduction, followed by construction type. Finally, limitations are discussed and recommendations are formulated for developing future benchmarks.
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Fuchs, S., M. Keiler, and A. Zischg. "The hostel or the warehouse? Spatiotemporal exposure assessment for natural hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 4 (April 10, 2015): 2419–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-2419-2015.
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Abstract. A spatially explicit object-based temporal assessment of buildings and citizens exposed to natural hazards in Austria is presented, including elements at risk to river flooding, torrential flooding, and snow avalanches. It is shown that the repeatedly-stated assumption of increasing losses due to continued population growth and related increase in assets has to be opposed to the local development of building stock. While some regions have shown a clearly above-average increase in assets, other regions were characterised by a below-average development. This mirrors the topography of the country, but also the different economic activities. While hotels and hostels are extraordinary prone to mountain hazards, commercial buildings as well as buildings used for recreation purpose are considerably exposed to river flooding. Residential buildings have shown an average exposure, compared to the amount of buildings of this type in the overall building stock. In sum, around 5% of all buildings are exposed to mountain hazards, and around 9% to river flooding, with around 1% of the buildings stock being multi-exposed. It is shown that the dynamics of elements at risk exposed have a time lag once land use regulations are enforced, and it is concluded that an object-based assessment has clear advantages compared to the assessment using aggregated land use data.
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Sousa, J. "Application of Prefabricated Panels for the Energy Retrofit of Portuguese Residential Buildings Facades: A Case Study." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0019.
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Abstract This article aims to evaluate the potential application of prefabricated panels in energy retrofit of facades in the Portuguese building stock. The fundamentals of this study were part of Annex 50, which was an international ECBCS IEA project, with the purpose of developing an innovative concept of building renovation for the most representative buildings based on prefabricated systems. To analyze the potential application of energy retrofit using prefabricated panels, was important to know the reality of the existing building stock and its morphology. To know the reality of the building stock, an analysis was done based on the existing statistical data and to find the most representative residential buildings, target of the study, three criteria were defined: buildings built before 1990, with 2 to 6 floors and with renovation needs in the exterior envelope.In the absence of statistical information about buildings morphology, a research work was done in the field. During the collection of data a methodology was developed in which each opening was classified according to a code with three parameters. In the end of the classification, 29 final codes were achieved and was verified that three types of panels have a higher probability of being applied.
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Shen, Lina, Qi Yang, and Haoyue Yan. "Spatial Characterization Analysis of Residential Material Stock and its Driving Factors: A Case Study of Xi’an." Buildings 13, no. 3 (February 21, 2023): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030581.
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Since the beginning of the 21st century, driven by industrialization and its corresponding economic development, China has been experiencing a period of rapid urbanization. The continued expansion of residential space contributes to material stocks of residential buildings, accounting for a large proportion of the total material stocks. Based on a 4D-GIS model, we studied spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and driving factors of residential building material stock in the central urban area of Xi’an from 1992 to 2021. The study innovatively combined this with the spatial development rule, development speed, and expansion direction of cities to analyze the relationship between stock growth and urban development. We found that residential development in central Xi’an is still undergoing a relatively rapid developmental stage. The spatial growth of residential building stock has a distinct agglomeration pattern, showing the characteristics of multi-center agglomeration, and the hot spots of stock growth are concentrated on and expanding to the edges of central cities. The growth of residential building stock has a distinct direction, primarily in the northeast–southwest direction, consistent with the pattern of urban expansion. We also found that social, economic, and transport-related factors are the main drivers of growth of residential building material stock. This study can help policymakers, urban planners, and environmental planners consider the rational development and utilization of land resources and building materials, and it lays a research foundation for the recycling of construction waste in the future.
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Motiei, M., U. Iyer-Raniga, and M. M. Andamon. "Reviewing the critical factors for circular building design and construction." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012039.
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Abstract Buildings and associated stock have a negative environmental impact during construction and operation. The transition of the built environment to circular economy (CE) has become widely accepted due to growing concerns regarding the end of life of current building stock. This transition is highlighted as a step towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for GHG emissions and decarbonisation by 2030 by the UN, and net zero targets by 2050 by peak bodies such as the World Green Building Council. To support this, focus on circular building (CB) has become paramount, especially at the building level, since circularity is associated with the dynamics of processes, materials, and stakeholders that enable optimising resources while minimizing waste throughout a building’s lifecycle. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate among professionals in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sector on the implementation of CE principles during the initial design phase of buildings. The uptake of CE presents challenges, primarily due to the cost and complexity associated with the design process and the absence of immediate economic value, as compared to traditional approaches. This paper presents a critical literature review of CE and examines the key design factors that contribute to the preliminary development of a framework for circular buildings to guide designers on the uptake of circularity.
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Berggren, Björn, and Maria Wall. "Review of Constructions and Materials Used in Swedish Residential Buildings during the Post-War Peak of Production." Buildings 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9040099.
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One of the greatest challenges for the world today is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. As buildings contribute to almost a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, reducing the energy use of the existing building stock is an important measure for climate change mitigation. In order to increase the renovation pace, there is a need for a comprehensive technical documentation that describes different types of buildings in the existing building stock. The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe existing residential buildings in Sweden. The data are based on published reports from 1967 to 1994 that have not been publicly available in a database for other researchers to study until now. Data from the reports have been transferred to a database and analysed to create a reference for buildings and/or a description of building typology in Sweden. This study found that there is a rather large homogeneity in the existing residential building stock. However, it is not possible to use a single reference building or building technique to cover the majority of the existing buildings. In Sweden, common constructions for exterior walls in multi-dwelling buildings which should be used for further studies are insulated wood infill walls with clay brick façades, lightweight concrete walls with rendered façades and concrete sandwich walls. The most common constructions for one- and two-dwelling buildings are insulated wooden walls with clay brick façades or wooden façades. Furthermore, roof constructions with insulated tie beam and roof constructions where the tie beam is a part of the interior floor slab are frequently used and should be included in further studies.
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Ji, Qunfeng, Yangbo Bi, Mehdi Makvandi, Qinli Deng, Xilin Zhou, and Chuancheng Li. "Modelling Building Stock Energy Consumption at the Urban Level from an Empirical Study." Buildings 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030385.
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Quantifying the energy consumption of buildings is a complex and multi-scale task, with the entire process dependent on input data and urban surroundings. However, most urban energy models do not account for the urban environment. This paper employs a physical-based, bottom-up method to predict urban building operating energy consumption, using imported topography to consider shading effects on buildings. This method has proven to be feasible and aligned well with the benchmark. Research also suggests that commercial and transport buildings have the highest energy use intensity, significantly more than residential and office buildings. Specifically, cooling demands far outweigh heating demands for these building types. Therefore, buildings in the commercial and transportation sectors would receive greater consideration for energy efficiency and improvements to the cooling system would be a priority. Additionally, the method developed for predicting building energy demand at an urban scale can also be replicated in practice.
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Dascalaki, E. G., P. Koutsantoni, C. A. Balaras, and M. Patsioti. "Energy performance assessment of building stocks using earth observations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1196, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1196/1/012075.
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Abstract In Europe, about 40% of the final energy consumption and 30% of the total CO2 emissions are attributed to the operation of buildings. National energy and climate plans focus on large scale implementation of different renovation scenarios in existing buildings to meet the 2030 and 2050 targets for energy efficiency and decarbonization. Building stock modeling (BSM) offers a useful tool for the assessment of scenarios to support decision makers in setting up effective strategies for meeting European and national targets. One of the challenges faced for the reliable application of this modeling approach is the limited availability of detailed data for the investigated stocks. In the framework of the European project – EIFFEL there is ongoing work to complement data from Earth Observations with in-situ and statistical data from different sources (e.g. Hellenic Statistical Authority, energy performance certificate registry) in order to derive a bottom-up BSM of increased reliability for applications in medium scale (municipality) to large scale (prefecture) areas. The enhanced BSM is based on the representation of the entire building stock by a set of building types defined in line with the TABULA methodology according to their use, size and age of the buildings. The results presented herein come from a pilot application for a municipality in northern Attica.
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de la Puente-Gil, Álvaro, Alberto González-Martínez, David Borge-Diez, Jorge Blanes-Peiró, and Miguel de Simón-Martín. "Electrical Consumption Profile Clusterization: Spanish Castilla y León Regional Health Services Building Stock as a Case Study." Environments 5, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5120133.
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Health Services building stock is usually the top energy consumer in the Administrative sector, by a considerable margin. Therefore, energy consumption supervision, prediction, and improvement should be carried out for this group in a preferential manner. Most prior studies in this field have characterized the energy consumption of buildings based on complex simulations, which tend to be limited by modelisation restrictions and assumptions. In this paper, an improved method for the clusterization of buildings based on their electrical energy consumption is proposed and, then, reference profiles are determined by examining the variation of energy consumption over the typical yearly consumption period. The temporary variation has been analyzed by evaluating the temporary evolution of the area consumption index through data mining and statistical clusterization techniques. The proposed methodology has been applied to building stock of the Health Services in the Castilla y León region in Spain, based on three years of historical monthly electrical energy consumption data for over 250 buildings. This building stock consists of hospitals, health centers (with and without emergency services) and a miscellaneous set of administrative and residential buildings. Results reveal five distinct electrical consumption profiles that have been associated with five reference buildings, permitting significant improvement in the demand estimation as compared to merely using the classical energy consumption indicators.
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Ilic-Martinovic, Olivera. "Research on the potential of traditional and contemporary family houses with the aim to create a low-energy house." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (2016): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1601091i.
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The strategy of the research paper is to conduct analysis of buildings for individual housing from the aspect of promotion of energetically efficient buildings construction. With that as a goal, all key aspects essential for design, such as government regulative necessary to comply with when constructing and reconstructing a building, climate conditions of the given area necessary in planning the strategy of construction, the record of existing housing stock as well as cultural identity through heritage of traditional buildings, were analysed. Through analysis of a traditional building, a reference model of the existing housing stock and hypothetical model- newly designed building, via software for analysis of energetic performances, the conclusions have been made and practical guidelines were given in the reconstruction of the existing and construction of new buildings based on tested scientific proofs. The work is focused on investigation and application of the elements of traditional architecture with a goal to improve energetic performances of new and existing buildings.
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Levic, B., and Lj Djukanovic. "Strategy of integrated refurbishment of post-war housing stock in Serbia using exoskeletons." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012022.
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Abstract The functional and architectural obsolescence of the post-war multi-family housing stock, and high energy consumption of the buildings, are characteristics that require complex and integrated renovation. The research problem is the high energy consumption for heating the existing multi-family residential buildings built in the period 1946-1970. Those buildings are one quarter of the total multifamily housing stock of Serbia. The approach of renovating existing buildings by adding exoskeletons has its functional advantages that set it apart as one of the more significant approaches to complex building renovation. The subject of the research includes the analysis of the application of the exoskeleton addition strategy to existing multi-family buildings in order to achieve high energy efficiency of buildings and increase the space of residential units, and improve vertical communications of buildings. The aim of the research is to examine the advantages of the approach to integrated improvement of existing building by applying the strategy of exoskeleton addition, which includes energy, spatial and functional improvement of the existing building. The paper will define the methodological procedure of exoskeleton application from the initial idea, identification of the research problem, strategy of its application, to the results that can be achieved by such a procedure.
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Dai, Menglin, Wil O. C. Ward, Hadi Arbabi, Danielle Densley Tingley, and Martin Mayfield. "Scalable Residential Building Geometry Characterisation Using Vehicle-Mounted Camera System." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 6090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166090.
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Residential buildings are an important sector in the urban environment as they provide essential dwelling space, but they are also responsible for a significant share of final energy consumption. In addition, residential buildings that were built with outdated standards usually face difficulty meeting current energy performance standards. The situation is especially common in Europe, as 35% of buildings were built over fifty years ago. Building retrofitting techniques provide a choice to improve building energy efficiency while maintaining the usable main structures, as opposed to demolition. The retrofit assessment requires the building stock information, including energy demand and material compositions. Therefore, understanding the building stock at scale becomes a critical demand. A significant piece of information is the building geometry, which is essential in building energy modelling and stock analysis. In this investigation, an approach has been developed to automatically measure building dimensions from remote sensing data. The approach is built on a combination of unsupervised machine learning algorithms, including K-means++, DBSCAN and RANSAC. This work is also the first attempt at using a vehicle-mounted data-capturing system to collect data as the input to characterise building geometry. The developed approach is tested on an automatically built and labelled point cloud model dataset of residential buildings and shows capability in acquiring comprehensive geometry information while keeping a high level of accuracy when processing an intact model.
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Seferyan, Luiza, Bagavdin Magomedov, Pari Shuaipova, Marina Nikulina, and Anna Shevtsova. "Analysis of the influence of sustainable development factors on the state of the housing function in a large city." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 08016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128108016.
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The authors of the article consider the sustainable development of the housing stock of a large city from the standpoint of four factors: increasing the energy efficiency of buildings under construction and renovation; overhaul of apartment buildings, taking into account the requirements for their energy efficiency; the choice between construction and reconstruction according to the resource costs criterion; management of the housing stock resource supply based on the requirements for comfortable living of owners and improving the quality of services provided in the field of housing and utilities infrastructure (hereinafter HUI). According to the authors, it is necessary to use energy-saving modern building materials, products and structures and to assess the life cycle of buildings when choosing organizational and technical solutions for the demolition or reconstruction of buildings for the sustainable development of the housing stock.
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Lau, Wai Kin, and Daniel Chi Wing Ho. "Open Building Implementation In High-Rise Residential Buildings In Hong Kong." Open House International 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2011-b0004.
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Aging of building stock is emerging. Open Building as a sustainable approach to deal with the problems associated with the aging housing stock is seldom applied in high-rise, densely populated built environment. With aims to identify the constraints and seek rooms for Open Building implementation in aforementioned context, a survey of 495 building layout plans from ten major housing estates in Hong Kong is conducted. The floor plans are analysed against the Open Building characteristics and criteria laid down by Tiuri (1998). Facts and obstacles of achieving Open Building in the territory are unearthed, and opportunities for implementation are then discussed. The layout and structure of the surveyed private residential buildings in Hong Kong are very much alike. They are in fact closed buildings without the capacity to adapt, so any change in user requirements cannot be accommodated easily. Implementing Open Building using flexible and green fittings remains a viable option that enables transformation in existing housing stock.
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Visscher, Henk, Dasa Majcen, and Laure Itard. "Energy Saving Policies for Housing Based on Wrong Assumptions?" Open House International 39, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2014-b0010.
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The energy saving potential of the building stock is large and considered to be the most cost efficient to contribute to the CO2 reduction ambitions. Severe governmental policies steering on reducing the energy use seem essential to stimulate and enforce the improvement of the energy performance of buildings with a focus on reducing the heating and cooling energy demand. In Europe the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive is a driving force for member states to develop and strengthen energy performance regulations for new buildings and energy certificates for the building stock. The goals are to build net zero energy new buildings in 2020 and to reach a neutral energy situation in the whole stock by 2050. More and more research projects deliver insight that the expected impact of stricter regulations for newly built houses is limited and the actual effects of energy savings through housing renovations stay behind the expectations. Theoretical energy use calculated on base of the design standard for new houses and assessment standards for Energy Performance Certificates of existing dwellings differ largely from the measured actual energy use. The paper uses the findings of some Post Occupancy Evaluation research projects. Is the energy saving potential of the housing stock smaller than expected and should we therefore change the policies?
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Steadman, Philip, Harry R. Bruhns, and Peter A. Rickaby. "An Introduction to the National Non-Domestic Building Stock Database." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 1 (February 2000): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/bst2.
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The origins, purpose, and scope of the Non-Domestic Building Stock (NDBS) database of England and Wales are described. Nondomestic buildings are defined and sources of the data used in the database are identified. The structure of the database, and the role of the classification of nondomestic buildings, are described and discussed.
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Đukanović, Ljiljana, Dušan Ignjatović, Nataša Ćuković Ignjatović, Aleksandar Rajčić, Nevena Lukić, and Bojana Zeković. "Energy Refurbishment of Serbian School Building Stock—A Typology Tool Methodology Development." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074074.
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Energy refurbishment of school buildings is a priority regarding both energy consumption in buildings and improving comfort conditions for sensitive young occupants. During 2016–18, a group of teachers and associates from the Faculty of Architecture, Mechanical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering from the University in Belgrade participated in the project “Energy efficiency in public buildings” in cooperation with GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit), University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture and Ministry of Mining and Energy of the Republic of Serbia. During 2016 and 2017, a comprehensive survey and database of public buildings were conducted by the local community. The focus of the research was the facilities of children’s institutions, and detailed data were collected to determine the current building stock conditions, energy consumption, and possible improvements. This paper presents the methodology of the project based on defining the typology of buildings, determining the representatives of the characteristic periods of construction, and analyzing their energy performance. Five possible scenarios were considered: designed condition, existing state, and three levels of a building improvement. The main goal of this project was to ascertain the entire fund for school buildings, indicate the potential for energy savings of this type of public building at the national level, and use this as a starting point for developing strategic decisions and further energy efficiency policies. This paper presents the complete results of the research on school buildings in Serbia, their energy performance, and possible energy savings. Key findings show that a great majority of schools are in a poor state in terms of their energy efficiency, but at the same time, there is a large potential for improvement of building envelope, HVAC, and lighting systems, which can cut the current energy need for heating to up to 80%.
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Prozuments, Aleksejs, Anatolijs Borodinecs, Sergejs Zaharovs, Karolis Banionis, Edmundas Monstvilas, and Rosita Norvaišienė. "Evaluating Reduction in Thermal Energy Consumption across Renovated Buildings in Latvia and Lithuania." Buildings 13, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081916.
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Currently, the optimization of thermal energy consumption in buildings is considered a suitable alternative in the construction of new buildings, as a result of which the overall energy efficiency of the building increases. Thus, this study examined the efficiency and efficacy of different building renovation packages conducted across several buildings in Latvia and in Lithuania (across a larger building stock). In the first section of this study, 13 multi-apartment residential houses with 3 building renovation packages have been investigated in the city of Daugavpils, Latvia, in order to determine the actual reduction in heat energy consumption across each of the renovation implementation packages. The study findings indicate that changes in Latvian building regulations regarding insulation thickness did not significantly impact thermal energy consumption in fully renovated buildings. However, the combination of facade renovations, upgraded heating systems, and improved ventilation systems resulted in substantial energy savings, with an average reduction of 50.59% in thermal energy consumption for space heating across the reviewed multi-apartment residential building stock. In the following section of this study, the impact of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) on building energy efficiency in Lithuania has been examined. The results show that over a 10-year period in the 2000s, Lithuanian building stock experienced a 20% increase in energy efficiency, followed by an additional 6.3% increase between 2010 and 2016. The mandatory requirement for renovated buildings to achieve a minimum energy efficiency class has resulted in significant reductions in energy consumption for heating purposes. The findings underscore the effectiveness of building renovation packages and the EPBD regulations in enhancing energy efficiency and promoting sustainable building practices. The importance of heat metering, consideration of indoor air temperature, and the need to address indoor air quality during renovations were also highlighted.
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Monstvilas, Edmundas, Simon Paul Borg, Rosita Norvaišienė, Karolis Banionis, and Juozas Ramanauskas. "Impact of the EPBD on Changes in the Energy Performance of Multi-Apartment Buildings in Lithuania." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032032.
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As per general provisions of European Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy efficiency of buildings (recast), the Lithuanian government transposed the Directive into Lithuanian national law. In the process, the Lithuanian government prepared strategic documents in the field of energy performance and renewable energy that were integrated together through the National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021–2030 (NECP). To better understand the current situation vis-à-vis energy performance, the main characteristics of buildings pertaining to the Lithuanian multi-apartment building stock, classified according to their energy performance class, are analysed and discussed in this paper. Through the exploitation of data from the national Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) register, an overview of the energy performance of the existing Lithuanian residential building stock is presented along with an analysis of the unused potential energy savings pertinent to this building category. The results obtained from the analysed data of energy consumption in buildings shows that the policies adopted over the years were successful in improving the building stock, promoting the move towards the specifications required by a Class A++ (nearly zero energy buildings—NZEB) by 2021. The results show that this was primarily achieved by a significant reduction in the thermal energy used for space heating.
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Xavier, Válter, Rita Couto, Ricardo Monteiro, José Miguel Castro, and Rita Bento. "Detailed Structural Characterization of Existing RC Buildings for Seismic Exposure Modelling of the Lisbon Area." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 11, 2022): 642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050642.
Full textAbstract:
As many European countries, the Portuguese territory is a region of moderate seismicity, and a large part of its building stock includes reinforced concrete (RC) buildings built before the introduction of modern seismic codes (<1983s). Currently, the Lisbon building stock is composed of 45% of RC buildings, of which 71% were built in such a construction period. Being designed to only sustain gravitational loads and without adequate lateral load resistance, these buildings are likely to be severely damaged during an earthquake. This highlights the need to propose reliable seismic risk assessment and earthquake loss models for such structures. In this context, the development of an exposure model which quantifies the building stock susceptible to be seismically damaged, in terms of structural characteristics, spatial location, and occupancy, is of major importance. The main purpose of this paper is to contribute the definition of a building exposure model for the city of Lisbon, focusing on a detailed structural characterization of these typologies. It starts with an extensive collection and analysis of design blueprints of existing buildings in two Lisbon’s neighborhoods: Alvalade and Benfica, which were found to be representative of the RC building stock in the city. Then, the information collected is scrutinized and statistically post-processed through probability distributions that provide a clear insight on the RC typologies and their structural characteristics. These results can be used in the future for the development of a numerical models and to derive fragility and vulnerability models, fundamental to conducting seismic risk analyses.
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Tirado, Rafaela, Adélaïde Aublet, Sylvain Laurenceau, Mathieu Thorel, Mathilde Louërat, and Guillaume Habert. "Component-Based Model for Building Material Stock and Waste-Flow Characterization: A Case in the Île-de-France Region." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2021): 13159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313159.
Full textAbstract:
Building demolition is one of the main sources of waste generation in urban areas and is a growing problem for cities due to the generated environmental impacts. To promote high levels of circular economy, it is necessary to better understand the waste-flow composition; nevertheless, material flow studies typically focus on low levels of detail. This article presents a model based on a bottom-up macro-component approach, which allows the multiscale characterization of construction materials and the estimation of demolition waste flows, a model that we call the BTP-flux model. Data mining, analytical techniques, and geographic information system (GIS) tools were used to assess different datasets available at the national level and develop a common database for French buildings: BDNB. Generic information for buildings in the BDNB is then enriched by coupling every building with a catalog of macro-components (TyPy), thus allowing the building’s physical description. Subsequently, stock and demolition flows are calculated by aggregation and classified into 32 waste categories. The BTP-flux model was applied in Île-de-France in a sample of 101,320 buildings for residential and non-residential uses, representative of the assessed population (1,968,242 buildings). In the case of Île-de-France, the building stock and the total demolition flows were estimated at 1382 Mt and 4065 kt, respectively. For its inter-regional areas—departments—, stock and demolition waste can vary between 85 and 138 tons/cap and 0.263 and 0.486 tons/cap/year, respectively. The mean of the total demolition wastes was estimated at 0.33 tons/cap/year for the region. Results could encourage scientists, planners, and stakeholders to develop pathways towards a circular economy in the construction sector by implementing strategies for better management of waste recovery and reintegrating in economic circuits, while preserving a maximum of their added value.
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Yildirim, Muhammed, and Hasan Polat. "Building Information Modeling Applications in Energy-Efficient Refurbishment of Existing Building Stock: A Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 12, 2023): 13600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813600.
Full textAbstract:
The built environment contributes to 35% of the global energy consumption and 38% of energy-related carbon emissions. The exponential population growth, coupled with the inability of the existing building stock to meet demands or reach the end of its lifespan, has precipitated the proliferation of new constructions worldwide. However, it has been proven well that retrofitting existing buildings might impact the environment less, save resources, and reduce the carbon footprint while extending their lifecycle. Various techniques are available to assess the performance of existing buildings and quantify the energy-saving potential of renovation measures. Building information modeling (BIM) technology serves as a virtual laboratory for buildings and can be used to model building stocks and measure how building performance changes with alternative envelope and system proposals. This research study explores the potential of BIM-based energy modeling to evaluate the effectiveness of refurbishment scenarios on a residential building. A total of 192 alternative scenarios were developed by considering six variables (wall, roofing, insulation, glazing, lighting power density, and photovoltaic panels). The results were analyzed across annual energy consumption (fuel and electric), annual/lifecycle energy costs, energy use intensity, annual CO2 emissions, and initial investment costs. The optimum alternative scenario decreased the annual fuel and electricity consumption of the sample building by 61% and 64%, respectively. The payback period was calculated as 12 years. This study demonstrates the impact of BIM in enhancing the energy efficiency of the existing building stock, presenting results within the context of a residential building.
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Honic, Meliha, Iva Kovacic, and Helmut Rechberger. "BIM-Based Material Passport (MP) as an Optimization Tool for Increasing the Recyclability of Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.327.
Full textAbstract:
Building stocks and infrastructures are representing the largest material stock of industrial economies, whereby the largest fraction of building materials is transformed into waste at the end of the life cycle. In order to optimize the recycling potential of buildings, new design-tools and methods are required, whereby it is of utmost importance to have a documentation of the material composition of buildings. In this paper, the methodology for creating a BIM-based Material Passport, enabling optimization of the design of buildings and serving as a documentation of materials existing in buildings, is described. Therefore, a specific building component - the flat roof - of a residential building is used in order to test the proposed tool-chain and show the recycling potential of the built-in materials. Thereby, the recycling potential of a version in timber construction and a version in concrete construction is assessed. The results show that the two versions have a similar recycling rate. However, concrete has a significantly higher mass in comparison to timber, by what the mass of the total waste materials is less in the timber version.