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1
Rajapaksha, U. "The other side." Bolgoda Plains 3, no. 2 (2023): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.v3(2).2023.6.
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Building occupants are either used or compelled to live in overheated indoors in buildings, particularly in urban environments in the tropics. It doesn’t mean that they are acclimatized to overheated indoors. This scenario has become a normalcy in the current building design and operational practice. The fail- ure of building design to control heat transfer from outside to inside and remove indoor heat generat- ed by occupants and equipment in buildings to the outside is seen as a major reason for indoor over- heating. This normalcy is problematic for the occu- pants in particular and to the environment at large. It is problematic because of its negative effect on the indoor comfort level on one hand and associated emissions due to wasteful (or rather extensive) use of energy for cooling on the other hand. Overheating elevates the indoor thermal environment particu- larly the standard effective air temperature higher than the preferred thermal comfort range. Similarly, the dramatic effect of daylighting that could be gen- erated from architectural space is seen as least re- garded and not taken into the indoors meaningfully in today’s average building design and practice, thus largely depending on active systems. Lack of opti- mum balance in daylight, artificial or mixed mode visual environments demands more energy either to maintain indoor visibility or to combat glare and heat stress associated with tropical daylighting, or both. This overall practice uses extensive amounts of ac- tive energy to maintain indoor comfort (both thermal and visual) contributing to emissions and weakening the demand side efficiency of operational stage.
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Kim, Ki Rim, Kyung Sun Lee, and Jaewook Lee. "A STUDY ON THE EVALUATION METHODS OF INDOOR LIGHT ENVIRONMENT FOR OCCUPANT COMFORT AND WELL-BEING." Journal of Green Building 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.18.4.99.
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ABSTRACT Since the COVID-19 pandemic, awareness of the importance of the indoor environment has increased. The indoor light environment is crucial because it impacts the energy consumption of buildings and affects human health and biorhythms as people spend most of their time indoors. Previous studies have concluded that the indoor light environment is essential to human health. However, it is not sufficient to analyze and evaluate the indoor light environment related to occupants’ health in the context of building design. Therefore, this study aims to review and propose an indoor light environment evaluation methodology for human well-being using quantitative and qualitative evaluations of light, health, and environment. This study presents guidelines for evaluating buildings’ indoor light environment for sustainability and well-being. Additionally, it provides an overall checklist of the indoor light environment evaluation process in Conceptualization, Light Environment Identification, Questionnaire, Environment Analysis, Comparison, and Conclusion. The evaluation checklist established through the results of this study could help establish a research methodology for the indoor light environment for human well-being, and apply it to evaluate indoor light environments for residents’ comfort and well-being.
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Hong, Xiaowei, Guangjin Zhang, and Yufeng Zhang. "The effects of building layouts and envelope on indoor thermal environment of Hui style traditional buildings in Wuyuan." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019405013.
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Indoor thermal environment of Hui style traditional houses is depended on surrounding environments, building layouts and envelope. Quantitative analysis of the effects of building layouts and envelope on indoor thermal environment is of great significance for preventions of traditional houses and design of new archaized houses. A field investigation was conducted on thirty-six traditional houses from nine villages in Wuyuan, and the typical buildings’ layout and envelope were determined. Four traditional buildings in different location in Wuyuan were selected for continual recording. The four buildings with four types of building layouts and envelope were analyzed by using local adaptive thermal comfort model, and the effects of building layouts and envelope of traditional buildings were clearly revealed. The most crucial way to improve indoor thermal environment in Hui style traditional buildings was raising the indoor air temperature.
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Pang, Yueyong, Chi Zhang, Liangchen Zhou, Bingxian Lin, and Guonian Lv. "Extracting Indoor Space Information in Complex Building Environments." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 8 (August 9, 2018): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080321.
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Indoor space information extraction is an important aspect of reconstruction for building information modeling and a necessary process for geographic information system from outdoor to indoor. Entity model extracting methods provide advantages in terms of accuracy for building indoor spaces, as compared with network and grid model methods, and the extraction results can be converted into a network or grid model. However, existing entity model extracting methods based on a search loop do not consider the complex indoor environment of a building, such as isolated columns and walls or cross-floor spaces. In this study, such complex indoor environments are analyzed in detail, and a new approach for extracting buildings’ indoor space information is proposed. This approach is based on indoor space boundary calculation, the Boolean difference for single-floor space extraction, relationship reconstruction, and cross-floor space extraction. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can accurately extract indoor space information from the complex indoor environment of a building with geometric, semantic, and relationship information. This study is theoretically important for better understanding the complexity of indoor space extraction and practically important for improving the modeling accuracy of buildings.
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Ahsan, Mozammil, Wajiha Shahzad, and Khalid Mahmood Arif. "AI-Based Controls for Thermal Comfort in Adaptable Buildings: A Review." Buildings 14, no. 11 (November 4, 2024): 3519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113519.
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Due to global weather changes and pandemics, people are more likely to spend most of their time in indoor environments. In this regard, indoor environment quality is a very important aspect of occupant well-being, which is often ignored in modern building designs. Based on our research, thermal comfort is one of the essential items in building environments that can improve the mental stability and productivity of the occupants if the building’s indoor environment is created in a way that meets the occupants’ comfort requirements. Buildings nowadays operate on adaptive or stationary models to attain thermal comfort, which is based on Fanger’s model of the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). Based on the literature review, limited work has been carried out to enhance the quality of the inside environment, and most research work has been devoted to building energy management. Moreover, there have been no definite solutions so far that have the capability to detect the thermal comfort requirements of multiple occupants in real time. Modern buildings tend to operate on predefined set point parameters to control the indoor environment based on the measured room temperature, which can be different from the thermal comfort requirements of the occupants. This paper discusses the limitations and assumptions that are associated with the existing thermal comfort solutions and emphasises the importance of having a real-time solution to address the thermal requirements of occupants.
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Mahdavi, Ardeshir. "Can we Quantify the Ecological Valency of Built Environments?" Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.369.
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A quality aspect of buildings pertains to their disposition to provide their inhabitants with effective means of indoor environmental control. Most buildings incorporate a number of elements and devices meant to influence indoor environmental conditions (i.e., windows, blinds, luminaires, radiators, fans). Inhabitants may be provided with different interfaces to operate these devices. In contrast to some other aspects of building performance (e.g., energy efficiency), there is a lack of systematic procedures for objective evaluation of buildings' indoor environmental control devices and their human interfaces. The present contribution entails some general thoughts on the path toward definition and implementation of such procedures.
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Su, Bin, Peter McPherson, Renata Jadresin Milic, Xinxin Wang, Sameh Shamout, and Yifeng Liang. "Field Study to Compare and Evaluate Summer Thermal Comfort of School Buildings with Different Moderate Thermal Mass in Their Building Elements." Buildings 13, no. 12 (November 22, 2023): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122913.
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Previous studies show that moderate thermal mass in school building elements can positively impact the winter indoor thermal environment in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters. Based on a field study, this research contributes new physical data of the summer indoor thermal environment of Auckland school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements to add to the previous winter field-study data and demonstrates that a school building with moderate thermal mass is adequate in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. This field study compared and evaluated the summer indoor thermal environment of classrooms with different moderate thermal mass in their building elements during the summer school term and the summer school holidays. This study found that a classroom with thermal mass in its building elements has 19% to 21% more time in summer than a classroom without any thermal mass in its building elements when indoor air temperatures are within the thermal comfort zone, which was solely impacted by the building’s thermal performance. This study established a suitable research method to analyse the field-study data and identify the differences in the indoor thermal environments of the school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements.
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Shelton, Brian G., Kimberly H. Kirkland, W. Dana Flanders, and George K. Morris. "Profiles of Airborne Fungi in Buildings and Outdoor Environments in the United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 4 (April 2002): 1743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.4.1743-1753.2002.
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ABSTRACT We examined 12,026 fungal air samples (9,619 indoor samples and 2,407 outdoor samples) from 1,717 buildings located across the United States; these samples were collected during indoor air quality investigations performed from 1996 to 1998. For all buildings, both indoor and outdoor air samples were collected with an Andersen N6 sampler. The culturable airborne fungal concentrations in indoor air were lower than those in outdoor air. The fungal levels were highest in the fall and summer and lowest in the winter and spring. Geographically, the highest fungal levels were found in the Southwest, Far West, and Southeast. The most common culturable airborne fungi, both indoors and outdoors and in all seasons and regions, were Cladosporium, Penicillium, nonsporulating fungi, and Aspergillus. Stachybotrys chartarum was identified in the indoor air in 6% of the buildings studied and in the outdoor air of 1% of the buildings studied. This study provides industrial hygienists, allergists, and other public health practitioners with comparative information on common culturable airborne fungi in the United States. This is the largest study of airborne indoor and outdoor fungal species and concentrations conducted with a standardized protocol to date.
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Chen, Jing. "RISK ASSESSMENT FOR RADON EXPOSURE IN VARIOUS INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 185, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy284.
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Abstract Using data from a number of radon surveys, it was assessed that on average, radon progeny concentrations in Canadian homes are about three times higher than in school buildings, 4.7 times higher than in public buildings and indoor workplaces, and 12 times higher than in outdoor air. Canadian statistics show that most Canadians spend ~70% of their time indoors at home, 20% indoors away from home and 10% in outdoors. Due to relatively higher radon concentration in residential homes and longer time spent indoors at home, the exposure at home contributes to 90% of the radon-induced lung-cancer risk.
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Harčárová, Katarína, Silvia Vilčeková, and Magdalena Balintova. "Building Materials as Potential Emission Sources of VOC in the Indoor Environment of Buildings." Key Engineering Materials 838 (April 2020): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.838.74.
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People spend most of their time in various indoor spaces and their health is exposed to different kinds of air pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belong to a group of chemical substances polluting the indoor environment. They come into the interior of buildings mainly from internal sources in the form of building materials, flooring, composite wood products, adhesives and other consumer products. Their presence in indoor air is monitored, due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human health. Many studies of indoor environment contaminated by VOC have been published during the last years. The present study provides general overview of the occurrence and emission sources of VOCs in the indoor environment of different types of buildings. The most frequently monitored indoor organic pollutants in terms of their occurrence and health risk are BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), terpenes (α-pinene and d-limonene) and aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde). Their concentrations in different indoor environments are variable and depend on factors such as emission characteristics of sources, microclimatic and ventilation conditions. Formaldehyde and toluene levels increased significantly with increasing room temperature. Benzene enters the indoor environment of buildings from external sources, especially from traffic or industrial areas. Formaldehyde, α-pinene and d-limonene originate from indoor sources as a part of building materials, furniture and household products.
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Rajapaksha, Upendra. "Heat Stress Pattern in Conditioned Office Buildings with Shallow Plan Forms in Metropolitan Colombo." Buildings 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020035.
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This paper critically evaluates indoor overheating of multilevel office buildings in Colombo—a tropical warm humid city. The work questions the building morphological characteristics on thermal performance and indoor climate, thus the levels of Building Energy Indices (BEI) of air conditioned buildings. Pattern of heat stress on buildings due to building characteristics and its relationship to the BEI were identified. A study of 87 multilevel office buildings contributed to identify two critical cases in shallow plan form with similar morphological characteristics such as wall-to-window ratio, aspect ratio, orientation, occupant and equipment density, and façade architecture. A comprehensive thermal performance investigation on these two critical cases quantified the heat stress patterns on their facades and thus indoor thermal environments. Indoor air temperature during office hours in 3 m × 3 m multizones across the depths and lengths in these two buildings showed deviations up to 10.5 °C above the set point temperature level (24 °C). Findings highlight the severity of heat stress on air conditioned indoor environments and the need to address this issue for energy sustainability of urban office buildings in the tropics.
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Mansouri, Aya, Wenjuan Wei, Jean-Marie Alessandrini, Corinne Mandin, and Patrice Blondeau. "Impact of Climate Change on Indoor Air Quality: A Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 15616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315616.
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Climate change can affect the indoor environment due to heat and mass transfers between indoor and outdoor environments. To mitigate climate change impacts and adapt buildings to the changing environment, changes in building characteristics and occupants’ behavior may occur. To characterize the effects of climate change on indoor air quality (IAQ), the present review focused on four aspects: (1) experimental and modeling studies that relate IAQ to future environmental conditions, (2) evolution of indoor and outdoor air concentrations in the coming years with regard to temperature rise, (3) climate change mitigation and adaptation actions in the building sector, and (4) evolution of human behavior in the context of climate change. In the indoor environment, experimental and modeling studies on indoor air pollutants highlighted a combined effect of temperature and relative humidity on pollutant emissions from indoor sources. Five IAQ models developed for future climate data were identified in the literature. In the outdoor environment, the increasing ambient temperature may lead directly or indirectly to changes in ozone, particle, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compound concentrations in some regions of the world depending on the assumptions made about temperature evolution, anthropogenic emissions, and regional regulation. Infiltration into buildings of outdoor air pollutants is governed by many factors, including temperature difference between indoors and outdoors, and might increase in the years to come during summer and decrease during other seasons. On the other hand, building codes in some countries require a higher airtightness for new and retrofitted buildings. The building adaptation actions include the reinforcement of insulation, implementation of new materials and smart building technologies, and a more systematic and possibly longer use of air conditioning systems in summer compared to nowadays. Moreover, warmer winters, springs, and autumns may induce an increasing duration of open windows in these seasons, while the use of air conditioning in summer may reduce the duration of open windows.
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Karimi, Hirou, Mohammad Anvar Adibhesami, Hassan Bazazzadeh, and Sahar Movafagh. "Green Buildings: Human-Centered and Energy Efficiency Optimization Strategies." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 3681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093681.
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The rapid growth of the global population and urbanization has led to environmental degradation, resulting in a worldwide energy crisis. In response, the quality of architecture has evolved to prioritize energy efficiency, impacting indoor human health in the process. Green buildings have emerged as a solution to this problem, aiming to improve indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and human well-being while minimizing negative environmental impacts. This comprehensive review focuses on the role of green buildings in enhancing indoor human health and energy efficiency. It examines the published research on the effects of green buildings on IEQ and occupant health, highlighting sustainable architectural practices that promote good health. The study concludes that green buildings provide healthier environments for their occupants by creating healthy indoor environments, and minimizing negative environmental impacts. The study also explores the link between sustainable architecture and health promotion, with a focus on IEQ. It presents evidence-based and biophilic design strategies that can impact treatments and health promotion in the built environment. Overall, this review emphasizes the critical role that green buildings can play in addressing the global energy crisis while promoting the health and well-being of building occupants.
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Guney, C. "RETHINKING INDOOR LOCALIZATION SOLUTIONS TOWARDS THE FUTURE OF MOBILE LOCATION-BASED SERVICES." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W4 (November 13, 2017): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w4-235-2017.
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Satellite navigation systems with GNSS-enabled devices, such as smartphones, car navigation systems, have changed the way users travel in outdoor environment. GNSS is generally not well suited for indoor location and navigation because of two reasons: First, GNSS does not provide a high level of accuracy although indoor applications need higher accuracies. Secondly, poor coverage of satellite signals for indoor environments decreases its accuracy. So rather than using GNSS satellites within closed environments, existing indoor navigation solutions rely heavily on installed sensor networks. There is a high demand for accurate positioning in wireless networks in GNSS-denied environments. However, current wireless indoor positioning systems cannot satisfy the challenging needs of indoor location-aware applications. Nevertheless, access to a user’s location indoors is increasingly important in the development of context-aware applications that increases business efficiency. In this study, how can the current wireless location sensing systems be tailored and integrated for specific applications, like smart cities/grids/buildings/cars and IoT applications, in GNSS-deprived areas.
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Telichenko, Valery, Andrey Benuzh, and Nikita Rud. "INDOOR AIR QUALITY REQUIREMENTS FOR CIVIL BUILDINGS IN RUSSIAN REGULATIONS IN COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL GREEN STANDARDS." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 17, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2021-17-1-98-107.
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A new trend combining the concept of "green" buildings with the idea of preserving and strengthening peoples’ health in order to eliminate sick building syndrome and building related illnesses has been observed worldwide. The COVID – 19 pandemic consequences outlined the necessity of updating the regulatory framework considering health preserving built environment principles in order to create sustainable and comfortable living environments. Indoor air quality directly correlates with human health: exposure to polluted air increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, myocardial ischemia, angina pectoris, hypertension and heart disease. It is known that indoor air quality depends not only on ambient air quality, but also on indoor sources of chemical and biological pollutants. Existing regulatory framework does not cover the civil buildings indoor sources of air pollution topic. This article discusses the terms of the Russian national technical and hygienic standards concerning the indoor air quality. A comparative analysis of the Russian Federation regulatory framework that refers the civil buildings indoor air quality with international "green" standards was carried out. Based on the analysis, the necessity to update the Russian regulatory framework is highlighted.
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Vecchi, Renata De, Christhina Maria Cândido, and Roberto Lamberts. "Thermal history and comfort in a Brazilian subtropical climate: a 'cool' addiction hypothesis." Ambiente Construído 16, no. 1 (January 2016): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212016000100057.
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Abstract Currently, there is a rising trend for commercial buildings to use air conditioning to provide indoor thermal comfort. This paper focuses on the impact of prolonged exposure to indoor air-conditioned environments on occupants' thermal acceptability and preferences in a mixed-mode building in Brazil. Questionnaires were administered while indoor microclimatic measurements were carried out (i.e., air temperature, radiant air temperature, air speed and humidity). Results suggest significant differences in occupants' thermal acceptability and cooling preferences based on thermal history; differences were found between groups based on different physical characteristics (i.e., different gender and body condition). The findings also indicated a significant potential to implement temperature fluctuations indoors when occupants are exposed to air conditioning environments in warm and humid climates.
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Valderrama-Ulloa, Claudia, Lorena Silva-Castillo, Catalina Sandoval-Grandi, Carlos Robles-Calderon, and Fabien Rouault. "Indoor Environmental Quality in Latin American Buildings: A Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 12, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12020643.
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The amount of time people spend inside buildings is significant. Indoor environment quality deficiencies in some of these buildings may affect the health of its users. Therefore, a systematic literature review has been conducted to assess the quality of indoor environments in existing buildings in Latin America. The objectives of this review are (1) identifying countries and building types whose indoor environment quality has been analyzed the most, (2) identifying most used evaluation strategies, (3) identifying comfort types and most evaluated variables, and (4) determining whether or not Latin American buildings are comfortable and what local factors contribute to that effect. From the 100 selected papers for this analysis, it was noted that Brazil and Argentina led the studies on residences and schools. It was also noted that hygrothermal comfort was the most analyzed comfort type, with temperature and humidity leading the number of studies. Finally, this review shows a lack of studies including buildings whose users are sensitive to indoor environmental quality, such as nurseries, senior homes, or health facilities. Additionally, there is a sustained discrepancy between objective measuring methods and user perception. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of 88 buildings shows that in Latin America, 67.5% of buildings are uncomfortable; thus, it is necessary to improve the designs and regulatory standards, to educate users, and to improve building monitoring management at the operational stage.
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Mohelníková, Jitka, Miloslav Novotný, and Pavla Mocová. "Evaluation of School Building Energy Performance and Classroom Indoor Environment." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 15, 2020): 2489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102489.
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Existing building stock represents potential for energy saving renovations. Energy savings and indoor climate comfort are key demands for sustainable building refurbishment. Especially in schools, indoor comfort is an extremely important issue. A case study of energy consumption in selected school buildings in temperate climatic conditions of Central Europe region was performed. The studied buildings are representatives of various school premises constructed throughout the last century. The evaluation was based on data analysis of energy audits. The goal was aimed at assessment of the school building envelopes and their influence on energy consumption. One of the studied schools was selected for detailed evaluation. The school classroom was monitored for indoor thermal and visual environments. The monitoring was performed to compare the current state and renovation scenarios. Results of the evaluation show that the school buildings are highly inefficient even if renovated. Indoor climate in classrooms is largely influenced by windows. Solar gains affect interior thermal stability and daylighting. Thermal insulation quality of building envelopes and efficient solar shading systems appear to be fundamental tasks of school renovation strategies.
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Mannan, Mehzabeen, and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi. "Indoor Air Quality in Buildings: A Comprehensive Review on the Factors Influencing Air Pollution in Residential and Commercial Structure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 3276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063276.
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Worldwide people tend to spend approximately 90% of their time in different indoor environments. Along with the penetration of outside air pollutants, contaminants are produced in indoor environments due to different activities such as heating, cooling, cooking, and emissions from building products and the materials used. As people spend most of their lives in indoor environments, this has a significant influence on human health and productivity. Despite the two decades of indoor air quality (IAQ) research from different perspectives, there is still a lack of comprehensive evaluation of peer-reviewed IAQ studies that specifically covers the relationship between the internal characteristics of different types of building environments with IAQ to help understand the progress and limitations of IAQ research worldwide. Therefore, this review of scientific studies presents a broad spectrum of pollutants identified in both residential and commercial indoor environments, highlighting the trends and gaps in IAQ research. Moreover, analysis of literature data enabled us to assess the different IAQs in buildings located in different countries/regions, thus reflecting the current global scientific understanding of IAQ. This review has the potential to benefit building professionals by establishing indoor air regulations that account for all indoor contaminant sources to create healthy and sustainable building environments.
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Rahim, Muhamad Sharifuddin Abd, Fitri Yakub, Mas Omar, Rasli Abd Ghani, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki Shaikh Salim, Shiro Masuda, and Inge Dhamanti. "Prediction of Indoor Air Quality using Long Short-Term Memory with Adaptive Gated Recurrent Unit." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 01095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339601095.
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There is significant evidence that the COVID-19 virus may be spread by inhaling aerosols leading to risk of infections across indoor environments. Having said that, it is clear that the formulation of indoor air quality (IAQ) needs to be carefully examined. In general, IAQ can be controlled by proper ventilation system across buildings. Nevertheless, different buildings require different mechanistic approaches and it may not be an effective solution for the buildings. Thus, statistical approaches have great potential to evaluate the IAQ in real occupied buildings. Numerous machine learning (ML) techniques were introduced to forecast the indoor environmental risk across buildings. However, there is inadequate data available on how well these ML techniques perform in indoor environments. Recurrent neural network (RNN) is a ML technique that deals with sequential data or time series data. However, the RNN model gradient tends to explode and vanish, leading to inaccurate prediction outcomes. Therefore, this study presents the development of a time based prediction model, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with adaptive gated recurrent units for the prediction of IAQ. Using an advanced LSTM model, the study focuses on the performance of the prediction accuracy and the loss during training and validation. Also, the developed model will be assessed with other RNN models for data validation and comparisons. A set of particulate matter (PM2.5) dataset from commercial buildings is assessed, preprocessed and clean to ensure quality prediction outcomes. This study demonstrates the performance of the hybrid LSTM model to remember past information, minimize gradient error and predict the future data precisely, ensuring a healthier indoor building environment.
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Mohammadi, Murtaza, and John Calautit. "Impact of Ventilation Strategy on the Transmission of Outdoor Pollutants into Indoor Environment Using CFD." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 10343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810343.
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The transition to remote working due to the pandemic has accentuated the importance of clean indoor air, as people spend a significant portion of their time indoors. Amongst the various determinants of indoor air quality, outdoor pollution is a significant source. While conventional studies have certainly helped to quantify the long-term personal exposure to pollutants and assess their health impact, they have not paid special attention to the mechanism of transmission of pollutants between the two environments. Nevertheless, the quantification of infiltration is essential to determine the contribution of ambient pollutants in indoor air quality and its determinants. This study evaluates the transmission of outdoor pollutants into the indoor environment using 3D computational fluid dynamics modelling with a pollution dispersion model. Naturally ventilated buildings next to an urban canyon were modelled and simulated using Ansys Fluent and validated against wind tunnel results from the Concentration Data of Street Canyons database. The model consisted of two buildings of three storeys each, located on either side of a road. Two line-source pollutants were placed in the street, representing traffic emissions. Three internal rooms were selected and modelled on each floor and implemented with various ventilation strategies. Results indicate that for a canyon with an aspect ratio of 1, indoor spaces in upstream buildings are usually less polluted than downstream ones. Although within the canyon, pollution is 2–3 times higher near the upstream building. Cross ventilation can minimise or prevent infiltration of road-side pollutants into indoor spaces, while also assisting in the dispersion of ambient pollutants. The critical configuration, in terms of air quality, is single-sided ventilation from the canyon. This significantly increases indoor pollutant concentration regardless of the building location. The study reveals that multiple factors determine the indoor–outdoor links, and thorough indexing and understanding of the processes can help designers and urban planners in regulating urban configuration and geometries for improved indoor air quality. Future works should look at investigating the influence of indoor emissions and the effects of different seasons.
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Jain, Nishesh, Esfand Burman, Samuel Stamp, Clive Shrubsole, Roderic Bunn, Tin Oberman, Edward Barrett, et al. "Building Performance Evaluation of a New Hospital Building in the UK: Balancing Indoor Environmental Quality and Energy Performance." Atmosphere 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010115.
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Hospitals are controlled yet complex ecosystems which provide a therapeutic environment that promotes healing, wellbeing and work efficiency for patients and staff. As these buildings accommodate the sick and vulnerable, occupant wellbeing and good indoor environmental quality (IEQ) that deals with indoor air quality (IAQ), thermal comfort, lighting and acoustics are important objectives. As the specialist nature of hospital function demands highly controlled indoor environments, this makes them energy intensive buildings due to the complex and varying specifications for their functions and operations. This paper reports on a holistic building performance evaluation covering aspects of indoor air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, acoustics, and energy use. It assesses the performance issues and inter-relationships between IEQ and energy in a new building on a hospital campus in the city of Bristol, United Kingdom. The empirical evidence collated from this case study and the feedback received from the hospital staff help identify the endemic issues and constraints related to hospital buildings, such as the need for robust ventilation strategies in hospitals in urban areas that mitigate the effect of indoor and outdoor air pollution and ensuring the use of planned new low-carbon technologies. Whilst the existing guidelines for building design provide useful instructions for the protection of hospital buildings against ingress of particulate matter from outdoors, more advanced filtration strategies may be required to enact chemical reactions required to control the concentration levels of pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and benzene. Further lessons for improved performance in operation and maintenance of hospitals are highlighted. These include ensuring that the increasingly available metering and monitoring data in new buildings, through building management systems, is used for efficient and optimal building operations for better IEQ and energy management. Overall, the study highlights the need for an integrated and holistic approach to building performance to ensure that healthy environments are provided while energy efficiency targets are met.
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Revenchuk, Ilona, Vladyslav Valuiskyi, and Mykhailo Temnokhud. "Wireless methods for the local positioning without ACCESS to the Internet and GPS service." Bionics of Intelligence 1, no. 98 (December 30, 2022): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/bi.2022.1(98).10.
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Local positioning in buildings without access to the Internet is a crucial requirement in many scenarios, such as large corporate offices, hospitals, universities, and shopping malls. However, this need for local positioning also presents certain challenges and problems that must be addressed. One of the most significant challenges of local positioning in buildings without internet access is the lack of reliable and up-to-date indoor map data. Without accurate map data, it can be difficult to navigate through complex indoor environments or locate specific rooms or facilities within a building. Another challenge is the absence of GPS signals in indoor environments, which makes it challenging to obtain accurate location information. This is especially problematic when attempting to track the movement of people or objects within a building.Additionally, the lack of internet access can make it difficult to implement location-based services that rely on data transfer between devices. This includes applications like indoor navigation, asset tracking, and location-based marketing, which all require internet connectivity to function correctly. Despite these challenges, there is a growing need for local positioning in buildings without internet access. This is especially true for large organizations and institutions that rely on efficient and effective operations within their indoor environments. Some technologies can provide accurate location information and help to mitigate some of the challenges associated with local positioning in buildings without internet access. They allows to obtain the accurate location information without relying on GPS signals or internet connectivity.The need for local positioning in buildings without internet access is becoming increasingly important, especially for large organizations and institutions that require efficient and effective operations within their indoor environments.
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Su, Bin, Renata Jadresin Milic, Peter McPherson, and Lian Wu. "Thermal Performance of School Buildings: Impacts beyond Thermal Comfort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 5811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105811.
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Based on field study data regarding the winter indoor thermal environment of three classrooms with different building envelopes, this study compared and evaluated these environments, not only related to students’ thermal comfort but also to their health. The inadequacy of the conventional New Zealand school building for maintaining a comfortable and healthy winter indoor thermal environment has been identified. A classroom with thermal mass had 31%, 34% and 9% more time than a classroom without thermal mass when indoor temperatures met 16 °C 18 °C and 20 °C respectively and has 21.4% more time than the classroom without thermal mass when indoor relative humidity was in the optimal range of 40% to 60%, in a temperate climate with a mild and humid winter. Adding thermal mass to school building envelopes should be considered as a strategy to improve the winter indoor thermal environment in future school design and development. Adding thermal mass to a school building with sufficient insulation can not only increase winter indoor mean air temperature but can also reduce the fluctuation of indoor air temperatures. This can significantly reduce the incidence of very low indoor temperature and very high indoor relative humidity, and significantly improve the indoor thermal environment.
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Chen, Qingxiang, Jing Chen, and Wumeng Huang. "Visualizing Large-Scale Building Information Modeling Models within Indoor and Outdoor Environments Using a Semantics-Based Method." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2021): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110756.
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Building information modeling (BIM), with detailed geometry and semantics of the indoor environment, has become an essential part of smart city development and city information modeling (CIM). However, visualizing large-scale BIM models within geographic information systems (GIS), such as virtual globes, remains a technological challenge with limited hardware resources. Previous methods generally removed indoor features in a single-source (BIM) scene to reduce the computational burden from outdoor views, which have not been applied to the multi-source and -scale geographic environment (e.g., virtual globes). This approach neglected special BIM semantics (e.g., transparent windows), which may miss a part of geographic features or buildings and cause unreasonable visualization. Besides, the method overlooked indoor visualization optimization, which may burden computing resources when visualizing big and complex buildings from indoor views. To address these problems, we propose a semantics-based method for visualizing large-scale BIM models within indoor and outdoor environments. First, we organize large-scale BIM models based on a latitude-longitude grid (LLG) in the outdoor environment; a multilayer cell-and-portal graph is used to index the structure of the BIM model and building entities. Second, we propose a scheduling algorithm to achieve the integrated visualization in indoor and outdoor environments considering BIM semantics. The application of the proposed method to a multi-scale and -source environment confirmed that it can achieve an effective and efficient visualization for huge BIM models in indoor-outdoor scenes. Compared with the previous study, the proposed method considers the BIM semantics and thus can visualize more complete features from outdoor and indoor views of BIM models in the virtual globe. Besides, the study only loads as visible data as possible, which can retain lower the volume of increased geometry, and thus keep a higher frame rate for the tested areas.
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Li, Huanyu, Guohui Feng, Yi Pu, and Han Wang. "Assessing the Application Effects and Operating Conditions on Three Different Insulation Capacity Walls Using Internal Quantitative Infrared Thermography in China." Buildings 14, no. 12 (November 22, 2024): 3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123727.
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Quantitative infrared thermography (QIRT) has emerged as a prominent topic within the field of thermal performance testing of building enclosures. The majority of the previous research has been conducted in Europe and North America, with limited research activity in Asia. Against the backdrop of China’s carbon emission reduction goals, quantitative infrared thermography offers a promising avenue for advancing building energy efficiency testing. This study conducted QIRT testing on three buildings with different insulation capabilities (old buildings, conventional insulated buildings, nearly zero-energy buildings) in Shenyang, China. The objective was to assess the efficacy of the internal QIRT method for walls with varying insulation capabilities and to ascertain the requisite testing environment parameters in the context of China’s climatic conditions and building regulations. The heat flow meter method was employed to verify its accuracy. Furthermore, correlation analysis was conducted on various testing parameters across different building cases and temperature-difference ranges. The results indicate that walls with different insulation capabilities require corresponding indoor–outdoor temperature differentials to establish a stable heat flow environment. For uninsulated buildings, a temperature difference of 10 °C between indoor and outdoor environments is sufficient to meet testing requirements, with a testing error of only 2.28%. For conventionally insulated buildings, a temperature difference greater than 20 °C reduces the relative error to below 10%. For nearly zero-energy buildings, it is recommended to maintain a temperature difference of 25 °C or higher to achieve optimal testing results. Once a stable thermal flow environment has been achieved, the variation in the instantaneous heat transfer coefficient maintains a high correlation with the temperatures recorded at various measurement points. For buildings with high insulation performance, high temperature-difference environments pose higher demands on the testing procedures and data collection using the QIRT method. During the testing process, it is essential to monitor changes in outdoor air temperature, enhance the accuracy of infrared thermography, and avoid interference from indoor radiation sources.
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Taylor, Jonathon, Yanchen Liu, Borong Lin, Esfand Burman, Sung-Min Hong, Juan Yu, Zhe Wang, et al. "Towards a framework to evaluate the ‘total’ performance of buildings." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 609–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418762662.
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Internationally, buildings are a major contributor to carbon emissions. Despite significant advances in the technology and construction of energy-efficient buildings, in many cases a performance gap between designed and actual performance exists. While much research has investigated the drivers of the building energy performance gap – both static and transient– there has been considerably less research into the total performance gap, defined here as performance gaps in building energy use, occupant satisfaction and Indoor Environmental Quality parameters such as thermal comfort and air quality which may impact on occupant health and wellbeing. This paper presents a meta-analysis of building performance data from buildings in the UK and China – selected due to their contrasting development environments – which illustrate the presence of and complexities of evaluating total performance gaps in both countries. The data demonstrate the need for (1) high end-use, spatial granularity and temporal resolution data for both energy and Indoor Environmental Quality, and (2) developing methodologies that allow meaningful comparisons between buildings internationally to facilitate learning from successful building design, construction methodologies and policy environments internationally. Using performance data from a UK building, a potential forward path is illustrated with the objective of developing a framework to evaluate total building performance. Practical application: While much research has examined building energy performance gaps, Indoor Environmental Quality and occupant satisfaction gaps are rarely included despite their relationship to energy. We use a meta-analysis of energy, indoor environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction data from buildings in the UK and China to illustrating the presence of and complexities of evaluating total performance gaps for buildings in the two countries, and the need for high resolution dynamic buildings data and novel methodologies for comparison between buildings across different contexts. Illustrative case studies are used to demonstrate potential future directions for evaluating ‘total’ building performance.
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Mohammed Alhaji, Mohammed. "The impacts of surface roughness on Indoor aerodynamics of virus-laden particles: The case of contact, deposition, and resuspension." E3S Web of Conferences 396 (2023): 01071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339601071.
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The increasing prevalence and high morbidity of the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic drew widespread global attention. Surface contact is among the most common ways for the infection to spread within people, especially in buildings and the built environment. The roughness characteristics of finishing materials used in buildings vary, affecting the surface's ability to deposit and resuspend any particles that come into contact with these interfaces. Resuspension of particles indoors may increase the risk of consequent exposure through inhalation. However, little is known about surface roughness characteristics' role in airborne transmission of virus-laden particles in building indoor environments. The study examines the impact of surface roughness characteristics on the airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, considering indoor aerodynamic forces and their influence on particle contact with surfaces, deposition, and resuspension. The study applies Ansys Fluent CFD simulation tools to investigate the effect of volumetric flow rates and air velocity on concentration, deposition, and resuspension. The study also employs an empirical model to estimate surface roughness characteristics' impacts on particle resuspension rate. The results indicate that particle concentration and deposition rates indoors increase with increasing volumetric airflow rates. The particle resuspension rates also decreased with the increasing surface roughness of indoor surface materials. The highest resuspension rate recorded was 3.3 x 10-6, and the lowest was 1.6 x 10-6 s-1. Therefore, the outcome provides information on the implications of surface material selection and its effects on indoor air quality, health, and virus transmission. The study will offer valuable information for building engineering and design professionals in combating airborne disease transmission due to indoor surface characteristics.
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Lee, Kyu-In. "Improvement of Indoor Thermal Environments through Green Refurbishment." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 17, 2020): 4933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124933.
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This study investigates the performance of the “green refurbishment” of existing buildings. Two ordinary rooms in an existing building were chosen for examination. Refurbishment measures such as additional insulation, high-performance glazing, and air-tightening were applied to the control room. Temperature and electricity use were monitored to identify heating performance in winter and then compared with a baseline. The results of the field tests showed that green refurbishment significantly improved heating performance. Lowered heating load and electricity use with increased airtightness were also verified through building performance simulations. The empirical investigation suggests a predictive model to obtain indoor minimum temperatures as a function of outdoor temperature swings.
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Rajapaksha, Upendra. "Environmental Heat Stress on Indoor Environments in Shallow, Deep and Covered Atrium Plan Form Office Buildings in Tropics." Climate 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8020036.
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Environmental heat stress on buildings through façades contributes to indoor overheating and thus increases demand for energy consumption. The study analyzed the problem, heat gain risk, of modern air-conditioned multi-level office buildings in tropics, for example Colombo. Plan form, orientation, sectional form and envelope were identified and theorized to understand design interventions to reduce the risk of getting heat stress on indoor environments. On-site thermal performance investigations in multi zones of identified three typical built forms, namely; shallow, deep and covered atrium plan forms, quantified the heat stress. Reaching the daytime indoor and surface temperature in peripheral zones of multi-story office buildings during air conditioning “off-mode” up to 38 °C–42 °C was seen as a critical heat stress situation to be addressed through building design. Shading or insulation on façades to control environmental heat gain and manipulation of building section for night ventilation to remove internal heat developed during the daytime are discussed. However, the significance of the plan form depth was found to be a main contributor in dealing with heat transfer to indoor space. Deep plan form was found to be more effective in controlling environmental heat transfer to indoor space across the plan depth.
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Kraus, Michal, and Petra Nováková. "Assessment of indoor air quality in university classrooms." MATEC Web of Conferences 279 (2019): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927903012.
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This contribution describes the subjective assessment process of indoor environmental conditions in university classrooms. The university campus consisting of several buildings is situated on the outskirts of the town of České Budějovice (South Bohemia, Czech Republic). A high level of indoor environment quality (IEQ) is a key factor to achieve healthy environments in buildings. Suitable indoor air quality is more important in schools and universities (no-industrial civic amenities) than in many other buildings. Indoor air quality in the university environment affects learning processes, concentration, and productivity of students. It also could affect the health of students and teachers in long-term. Students are at greater risk because of the hours spent in educational facilities. The evaluation of the subjective assessment of the quality of the indoor environment at university classrooms is described within the paper.
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Bousbia Laiche, Abdelfatah, Nur Dalilah Dahlan, Zalina Shari, and Mohamad Fakri Zaky Jaafar. "Perception of Overall Quality of Life Among Occupants of Green and Non-Green Office Buildings in Malaysia." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 22, no. 1 (September 6, 2023): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj202322307.
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Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) has become an important component of building design because people tend to spend the majority of their time indoors. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the occupants’ overall perceived Quality of Life (QoL) experience in two green and two non-green office buildings. All four buildings are situated in Klang Valley, Malaysia, and they are open-plan office buildings. 162 questionnaires were administered to assess the relationship between individuals' perceived QoL and IEQ factors. The IEQ factors, classified into ambient conditions, designed environment, and behavioural environment, are found to impact QoL. Findings from the case studies reveal that the four buildings varied in the aspect of Behavioural Environment, where some of the IEQ factors in the green buildings were perceived as slightly uncomfortable. It was also found that several IEQ categories interact as a system in which improvement of occupants' QoL experiences cannot be accomplished solely through the instrumental components of IEQ, as the designed and behavioural environments have substantial impacts. Several missing factors linked to the Green Building Index (GBI) criteria were significantly correlated with the QoL experience of occupants.
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Demattè, Maria Luisa, Michela Zanetti, Tiziana Urso, and Raffaele Cavalli. "Wooden Indoor Environments’ Restorativeness." Forests 13, no. 12 (December 5, 2022): 2073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13122073.
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The sensitivity and interest toward well-being and health inside work and living environments is constantly growing. Wood is perceived as a natural material by people and its presence in a room generally induces beneficial effects on human beings. In this research, two real-sized identical wood and not-wood rooms have been built to study the psychological effects of a wooden indoor environment on attention recovery and restorativeness. After a multisensory evaluation of different kind of materials used in housing, participants were asked to evaluate the two rooms and then to perform an attention test two times, interspersed with a pause in one of the two rooms. The results show that wood samples are more appreciated than all other materials and that a wood environment induces an attentional resources’ recovery. These findings bring new insights in the interaction between human beings and indoor environments. This new knowledge should be taken into account in the design or renovation of buildings by architects and builders.
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Mahdavi, Ardeshir, and Christiane Berger. "An inquiry into the certification potential of built environments’ affordance." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102043.
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Buildings are typically equipped with a number of elements and devices (e.g., windows, blinds, luminaires, radiators) to control indoor environmental conditions. The availability, effectiveness, and usability of control devices and their interfaces constitute an essential aspect of built environments’ quality. This aspect has been sometimes referred to as indoor-environmental “affordance” (or “ecological valency”) and can be interpreted as a descriptor of buildings’ responsiveness toward inhabitants’ needs and requirements. However, in contrast to some other building quality aspects such as energy efficiency, there is a lack of systematic evaluation or certifications procedures for objective characterization of indoor environments’ affordance as related to the availability and effectiveness of control devices and their human interfaces. This paper entails an exploration of the potential for and associated challenges of designing and implementing affordance measurement and certification procedures. Challenges include, above all, assigning relative weights and coefficient values to different domains (e.g., thermal, visual, acoustical), devices, and levels of their effectiveness. Irrespective of their success to date, attempts toward operationalization of indoor-environmental affordance can be quite beneficial: The affordance framework can offer a systematic, intuitive, and compact framework to guide the workflow toward the provision and maintenance of adequate indoor environments for human occupancy.
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Krawczyk, Natalia. "Assessment of productivity in different thermal working environments." MATEC Web of Conferences 354 (2022): 00063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235400063.
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In the paper the assessment of subjective productivity is presented as a function of indoor environment parameters on the example of students situated in the intelligent building. The volunteers in several different rooms (of various air temperature, humidity and CO2 concentration) filled in the questionnaires and assessed their current productivity. It might be related to both the educational performance and office work of low intensity. The physical parameters were measured with the microclimate high accuracy meter. The data obtained during the measurements of the indoor air parameters were compared with the subjective assessments of the volunteers and conclusions were drawn as to the impact of the working environment on the productivity of room users. The gathered experimental material might be useful for the building managers, so that proper indoor conditions within buildings might be applied that maximize productivity and working performance.
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KAKITSUBA, Naoshi, Yuji UNO, Kouzo MASADA, and Juri TSUESAKI. "EVALUATION OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS OF SMALL OFFICE BUILDINGS." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 3, no. 5 (1997): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.3.189.
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Peter, M. "MODELLING OF INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS USING LINDENMAYER SYSTEMS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 12, 2017): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-385-2017.
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Documentation of the “as-built” state of building interiors has gained a lot of interest in the recent years. Various data acquisition methods exist, e.g. the extraction from photographed evacuation plans using image processing or, most prominently, indoor mobile laser scanning. Due to clutter or data gaps as well as errors during data acquisition and processing, automatic reconstruction of CAD/BIM-like models from these data sources is not a trivial task. Thus it is often tried to support reconstruction by general rules for the perpendicularity and parallelism which are predominant in man-made structures. Indoor environments of large, public buildings, however, often also follow higher-level rules like symmetry and repetition of e.g. room sizes and corridor widths. In the context of reconstruction of city city elements (e.g. street networks) or building elements (e.g. fac¸ade layouts), formal grammars have been put to use. In this paper, we describe the use of Lindenmayer systems - which originally have been developed for the computer-based modelling of plant growth - to model and reproduce the layout of indoor environments in 2D.
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Boyle, Alex, and Matthew E. Tolentino. "Localization within Hostile Indoor Environments for Emergency Responders." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 8, 2022): 5134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145134.
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Recent advances in techniques to improve indoor localization accuracy for personnel and asset tracking challenges has enabled wide-spread adoption within the retail, manufacturing, and health care industries. Most currently deployed systems use distance estimates from known reference locations to localize a person or asset using geometric lateration techniques. The distances are determined using one of many radio frequency (RF) based ranging techniques. Unfortunately, such techniques are susceptible to interference and multipath propagation caused by obstructions within buildings. Because range inaccuracies from known locations can directly lead to incorrect position estimates, these systems often require careful upfront deployment design to account for site-specific interference sources. However, the upfront system deployment requirements necessary to achieve high positioning accuracy with RF-based ranging systems makes the use of such systems impractical, particularly for structures constructed of challenging materials or dense configurations. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the accuracy and precision of alternative RF-based devices within a range of indoor spaces composed of different materials and sizes. These spaces range from large open areas such as gymnasiums to confined engineering labs of traditional buildings as well as training buildings at the local Fire Department Training Facility. Our goal is to identify the impact of alternative RF-based systems on localization accuracy and precision specifically for first responders that are called upon to traverse structures composed of different materials and configurations. Consequently, in this study we have specifically chosen spaces that are likely to be encountered by firefighters during building fires or emergency medical responses. Moreover, many of these indoor spaces can be considered hostile using RF-based ranging techniques. We built prototype wearable localization edge devices designed for first responders and characterize both ranging and localization accuracy and precision using alternative transceivers including Bluetooth Low Energy, 433 MHz, 915 MHz, and ultra-wide band. Our results show that in hostile environments, using ultra-wide band transceivers for localization consistently outperforms the alternatives in terms of precision and accuracy.
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De Castro Jacinto, Cláudia, Adilson Campos De Paula Junior, Sandra Maria Gomes Monteiro Silva, and Ricardo Filipe Mesquita Silva Mateus. "Review and analysis of existing methods to assess the Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) for office buildings." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 38 (December 21, 2022): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.38.0138.
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Population in developed countries spend most of their time indoors, whether in their homes, workplaces, stores or leisure areas. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this situation worsened and now, more than ever, the importance of a high Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is highlighted. The IEQ is very important in building performance since it is directly related to its occupants’ comfort, health, wellbeing, and productivity and the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) concept.Therefore, it is essential to develop tools to support designers’ decision-making in the materialization of indoor environments with higher quality. From the state-of-art analysis, it is possible to conclude that the methods to assess the overall building performance already consider the IEQ. Still, most use an approach that does not cover all relevant indicators.In this context, this paper presents the first milestone of a research work that aims to develop a new method to rate the overall IEQ of office buildings in Portugal.The main objective of the present study is to propose a list of IEQ indicators for office buildings, adapted to the Portuguese context, based on the analysis of existing rating methods for buildings and the recommendations of national and international standards.
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Lim, Gahyeon, and Nakju Doh. "Automatic Reconstruction of Multi-Level Indoor Spaces from Point Cloud and Trajectory." Sensors 21, no. 10 (May 17, 2021): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21103493.
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Remarkable progress in the development of modeling methods for indoor spaces has been made in recent years with a focus on the reconstruction of complex environments, such as multi-room and multi-level buildings. Existing methods represent indoor structure models as a combination of several sub-spaces, which are constructed by room segmentation or horizontal slicing approach that divide the multi-room or multi-level building environments into several segments. In this study, we propose an automatic reconstruction method of multi-level indoor spaces with unique models, including inter-room and inter-floor connections from point cloud and trajectory. We construct structural points from registered point cloud and extract piece-wise planar segments from the structural points. Then, a three-dimensional space decomposition is conducted and water-tight meshes are generated with energy minimization using graph cut algorithm. The data term of the energy function is expressed as a difference in visibility between each decomposed space and trajectory. The proposed method allows modeling of indoor spaces in complex environments, such as multi-room, room-less, and multi-level buildings. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated for seven indoor space datasets.
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Brea, Aiara, Francisco J. García-Corbeira, Elisavet Tsiranidou, Gustavo C. Peláez, Lucía Díaz-Vilariño, and Joaquín Martínez. "Low-Cost Thermal Point Clouds of Indoor Environments." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4-2024 (October 21, 2024): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-2024-99-2024.
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Abstract. The integration of low-cost thermal sensors with Apple Smart Devices supports the generation of 3D point clouds that include temperature indicators. This generates a new perspective for the study of buildings, allowing for fast and reliable examination of physical building structures. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the use of affordable sensors for 3D thermal point cloud generation. The study involved capturing data from the LiDAR and thermal sensors, followed by an extrinsic calibration process to align the datasets. Subsequently, the point cloud was segmented based on different acquisition poses of the device and finally, the thermal data was projected onto the 3D model, integrating temperature information with spatial coordinates. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for three-dimensional point cloud generation in indoor environments, highlighting significant thermal variations and enabling thermal mapping of building structures. Furthermore, our findings underscore the feasibility of employing low-cost sensors for generating detailed thermal models, opening possibilities for widespread adoption in various building analysis applications. This approach provides a comprehensive and cost-effective solution for building monitoring, democratizing access to advanced evaluation tools.
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Lundgren Kownacki, Karin, Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane, and Aneta Wierzbicka. "Heat Stress in Indoor Environments of Scandinavian Urban Areas: A Literature Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040560.
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Climate change increases the risks of heat stress, especially in urban areas where urban heat islands can develop. This literature review aims to describe how severe heat can occur and be identified in urban indoor environments, and what actions can be taken on the local scale. There is a connection between the outdoor and the indoor climate in buildings without air conditioning, but the pathways leading to the development of severe heat levels indoors are complex. These depend, for example, on the type of building, window placement, the residential area’s thermal outdoor conditions, and the residents’ influence and behavior. This review shows that only few studies have focused on the thermal environment indoors during heat waves, despite the fact that people commonly spend most of their time indoors and are likely to experience increased heat stress indoors in the future. Among reviewed studies, it was found that the indoor temperature can reach levels 50% higher in °C than the outdoor temperature, which highlights the importance of assessment and remediation of heat indoors. Further, most Heat-Health Warning Systems (HHWS) are based on the outdoor climate only, which can lead to a misleading interpretation of the health effects and associated solutions. In order to identify severe heat, six factors need to be taken into account, including air temperature, heat radiation, humidity, and air movement as well as the physical activity and the clothes worn by the individual. Heat stress can be identified using a heat index that includes these six factors. This paper presents some examples of practical and easy to use heat indices that are relevant for indoor environments as well as models that can be applied in indoor environments at the city level. However, existing indexes are developed for healthy workers and do not account for vulnerable groups, different uses, and daily variations. As a result, this paper highlights the need for the development of a heat index or the adjustment of current thresholds to apply specifically to indoor environments, its different uses, and vulnerable groups. There are several actions that can be taken to reduce heat indoors and thus improve the health and well-being of the population in urban areas. Examples of effective measures to reduce heat stress indoors include the use of shading devices such as blinds and vegetation as well as personal cooling techniques such as the use of fans and cooling vests. Additionally, the integration of innovative Phase Change Materials (PCM) into facades, roofs, floors, and windows can be a promising alternative once no negative health and environmental effects of PCM can be ensured.
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Zhang, Huangchuang, and Ge Li. "A Digital Grid Model for Complex Time-Varying Environments in Civil Engineering Buildings." Remote Sensing 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2023): 4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15164037.
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The indoor environment is typically a complex time-varying environment. At present, the problem of indoor modeling is still a hot research topic for scholars at home and abroad. This paper primarily studies indoor time-varying space. On the basis of the Beidou grid framework and time coding model, in the first scenario, a local space subdivision framework based on Beidou is proposed. The necessity of local space subdivision framework is analyzed. In the second scenario, based on the time coding model needle, a local temporal subdivision model, more suitable for a short time domain, is proposed. Then, for the spatial modeling of an indoor time-varying environment, an indoor time-varying mesh frame based on global subdivision, local space subdivision, and local time subdivision is proposed. Using this framework, the indoor environment is represented by the space–time grid, and the basic storage data structure is designed. Finally, the experiment of local subdivision coding in the indoor space–time grid, indoor space–time grid modeling, and an organization experiment is carried out using real data and simulation data. The experimental results verify the feasibility and correctness of the encoding and decoding algorithm of local subdivision encoding in space–time encoding and the calculation algorithm of the space–time relationship. The experimental results also verify the multi-space organization and the management ability of the indoor space–time grid model.
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Maykot, Jéssica Kuntz, Candi Citadini de Oliveira, Enedir Ghisi, and Ricardo Forgiarini Rupp. "Influence of Gender on Thermal, Air-Movement, Humidity and Air-Quality Perception in Mixed-Mode and Fully Air-Conditioned Offices." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 7, 2022): 9722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159722.
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As gender may influence thermal and air quality perception in indoor environments, the aim of this study was to analyse gender influence on air movement, air humidity, air quality and thermal perception in office buildings in Southern Brazil. Statistical descriptions, regression analyses and hypothesis tests were performed using data collected from field studies conducted in a fully air-conditioned building and in three mixed-mode buildings. In addition, comfort temperatures were estimated through the Griffiths method. Results showed that females tend to feel colder compared to males. Men and women tended to present higher thermal acceptability and thermal comfort in mixed-mode buildings and in fully air-conditioned buildings, respectively. Weak but significant correlations were obtained between some environmental and subjective variables. In general, comfort temperatures were statistically higher for females (24.2 °C) than for males (23.5 °C). Significant gender differences for thermal perceptions of indoor environments were detected.
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Singh, Shambhavi, Mahima Thussu, and Afaq Ahmad. "Technology Interventions of Daylight for Deep Plan Building." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 2145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50572.
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Abstract: Daylight is important for buildings because it provides numerous benefits to the occupants and the building. Firstly, natural light is essential for visual comfort and productivity. Secondly, daylight is a source of energy and reduces the reliance on artificial lighting, which can lower energy costs and carbon emissions. Moreover, daylighting has been shown to positively impact human health and wellbeing by reducing stress and improving mood. However, deep plan buildings fail to receive natural light which hinders the productivity as well as the aesthetics of the building. This paper explores the importance of daylight in deep plan buildings, where spaces are located further from the perimeter walls and rely heavily on artificial lighting. Daylight has a significant impact on the quality of indoor environments, including visual comfort, energy efficiency, and occupant health and wellbeing. However, designing for daylight in deep plan buildings requires a specific set of considerations and strategies. The paper discusses these strategies, including the use of different technologies for introducing daylight in such buildings and presents case studies of successful daylighting in the same. The paper concludes that incorporating daylighting strategies in deep plan buildings is crucial to creating healthy and sustainable indoor environments.
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Kang, Zhizhong, Juntao Yang, Zhou Yang, and Sai Cheng. "A Review of Techniques for 3D Reconstruction of Indoor Environments." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050330.
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Indoor environment model reconstruction has emerged as a significant and challenging task in terms of the provision of a semantically rich and geometrically accurate indoor model. Recently, there has been an increasing amount of research related to indoor environment reconstruction. Therefore, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques for the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of indoor environments. First, some of the available benchmark datasets for 3D reconstruction of indoor environments are described and discussed. Then, data collection of 3D indoor spaces is briefly summarized. Furthermore, an overview of the geometric, semantic, and topological reconstruction of the indoor environment is presented, where the existing methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages of these three reconstruction types are analyzed and summarized. Finally, future research directions, including technique challenges and trends, are discussed for the purpose of promoting future research interest. It can be concluded that most of the existing indoor environment reconstruction methods are based on the strong Manhattan assumption, which may not be true in a real indoor environment, hence limiting the effectiveness and robustness of existing indoor environment reconstruction methods. Moreover, based on the hierarchical pyramid structures and the learnable parameters of deep-learning architectures, multi-task collaborative schemes to share parameters and to jointly optimize each other using redundant and complementary information from different perspectives show their potential for the 3D reconstruction of indoor environments. Furthermore, indoor–outdoor space seamless integration to achieve a full representation of both interior and exterior buildings is also heavily in demand.
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Kamal, Ayat K., Mostafa R. Ismail, and Mohammed S. Mayhoub. "Soundscape Assessment for Indoor Spaces: A case of the Higher Education Environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1056, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1056/1/012022.
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Abstract As a concept, an indoor soundscape is an innovative approach to building environments with a shape that "sounds good," meeting the preferences and needs of the occupants and established according to their unique indoor soundscape perception. This paper presents the assessment of the indoor soundscape regarding objective acoustic parameters such as the equivalent noise levels (Leq) and the reverberation time (RT), and subjective method including a questionnaire survey (n = 403) in three buildings of Engineering in Al-Azhar university. The data analyses were conducted using SPSS v.21 statistical software. Overall, results show that indoor assessment is associated with five factors that are: acoustic environment factors, demographics and social factors, sound sources, duration and time of measurement, and non-acoustic parameters. The conceptual framework showed the relations between the acoustic environment, built environment, and auditory perception of university students and staff. Various buildings present a series of acoustic problems based on different activities that change the perception of users, so the outcomes feature the importance in the future considering the type of activity as a key factor in assessing the effects of noise on humans.
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Šujanová, Paulína, Monika Rychtáriková, Tiago Sotto Mayor, and Affan Hyder. "A Healthy, Energy-Efficient and Comfortable Indoor Environment, a Review." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081414.
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Design strategies for sustainable buildings, that improve building performance and avoid extensive resource utilization, should also promote healthy indoor environments. The following paper contains a review of the couplings between (1) building design, (2) indoor environmental quality and (3) occupant behavior. The paper focuses on defining the limits of adaptation on the three aforementioned levels to ensure the energy efficiency of the whole system and healthy environments. The adaptation limits are described for measurable physical parameters and the relevant responsible human sensory systems, evaluating thermal comfort, visual comfort, indoor air quality and acoustical quality. The goal is to describe the interactions between the three levels where none is a passive participant, but rather an active agent of a wider human-built environment system. The conclusions are drawn in regard to the comfort of the occupant. The study reviews more than 300 sources, ranging from journals, books, conference proceedings, and reports complemented by a review of standards and directives.
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Hu, Ming. "ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTIVE ENERGY RETROFIT STRATEGIES AND RELATED IMPACT ON INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.38.
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1.0. INTRODUCTION In the United States, K–12 school buildings spend more than $8 billion each year on energy—more than they spend on computers and textbooks combined [1]. Most occupied older buildings demonstrate poor operational performance—for instance, more than 30 percent of schools were built before 1960, and 53 percent of public schools need to spend money on repairs, renovations, and modernization to ensure that the schools' onsite buildings are in good overall condition. And among public schools with permanent buildings, the environmental factors in the permanent buildings have been rated as unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory in 5 to 17 percent of them [2]. Indoor environment quality (IEQ) is one of the core issues addressed in the majority of sustainable building certification and design guidelines. Children spend a significant amount of time indoors in a school environment. And poor IEA can lead to sickness and absenteeism from school and eventually cause a decrease in student performance [3]. Different building types and their IEQ characteristics can be partly attributed to building age and construction materials. [4] Improving the energy performance of school buildings could result in the direct benefit of reduced utility costs and improving the indoor quality could improve the students' learning environment. Research also suggests that aging school facilities and inefficient equipment have a detrimental effect on academic performance that can be reversed when schools are upgraded. [5] Several studies have linked better lighting, thermal comfort, and air quality to higher test scores. [6, 7, 8] Another benefit of improving the energy efficiency of education buildings is the potential increase in market value through recognition of green building practice and labeling, such as that of a LEED or net zero energy building. In addition, because of their educational function, high-performance or energy-efficient buildings are particularly valuable for institution clients and local government. More and more high-performance buildings, net zero energy buildings, and positive energy buildings serve as living laboratories for educational purposes. Currently, educational/institutional buildings represent the largest portion of NZE (net zero energy) projects. Educational buildings comprise 36 percent of net zero buildings according to a 2014 National New Building Institute report. Of the 58 net zero energy educational buildings, 32 are used for kindergarten through grade 12 (K–12), 21 for higher education, and 5 for general education. [9] Finally, because educational buildings account for the third largest amount of building floor space in the United States, super energy-efficient educational buildings could provide other societal and economic benefits beyond the direct energy cost savings for three reasons: 1) educational buildings offer high visibility that can influence community members and the next generation of citizens, 2) success stories of the use of public funds that returns lower operating costs and healthier student learning environments provide documentation that can be used by others, and 3) this sector offers national and regional forums and associations to facilitate the transfer of best design and operational practices.
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Lee, Jeehwan. "QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN FOR USER-ORIENTED INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY." Journal of Green Building 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.18.4.219.
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ABSTRACT Understanding indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and integrating indoor data into architectural design is a critical component of green building design for building occupants’ comfort and health. With a growing emphasis on creating healthy and comfortable indoor environments in green buildings, indoor data in architectural design has increasingly incorporated quantitative methods to analyze and optimize indoor environmental quality parameters. Data-driven design in architecture has been used as a decision-making approach to the green building design process; it has implications for the building occupants to voluntarily enhance their indoor environments and comfort. A higher degree of personal control for indoor environmental quality (IEQ) leads to higher satisfaction, energy savings, and productivity in work environments. IEQ data access related to thermal, visual, and acoustic comforts and indoor air enables occupants to acquire ownership of indoor controls, contributing to their comfort and task productivity. Undergraduate architecture students carried out a series of data-driven designs for IEQ monitoring and design integrations by conducting a field study, data collection, data analysis, and visualization, and linking findings to architectural proposals. Participating groups were requested to i) theoretically understand IEQ data parameters for four primary indoor environments, ii) experimentally conduct a field survey of target spaces, iii) numerically predict IEQ conditions by using diverse simulation tools and measurement devices, iv) graphically visualize IEQ findings, and v) finally integrate findings into the architectural design as a solutional proposal. The findings highlight that the potential of quantitative approaches in architectural design enhances students’ understanding of environmental contributors and design solutions for occupants’ comfort and health.