Journal articles on the topic 'Building performance gap'
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1
Levermore, Geoffrey. "Maxmaladaptation, occupant behaviour and energy performance gap." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 5 (March 15, 2021): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01436244211000990.
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Occupant behaviour is a key factor in the energy consumption and performance of a building. However, it is difficult to model and simulate hence there is often a mismatch between the predicted and actual performance of a new or refurbished buildings and surprising variations in the consumptions of similar and identical buildings. Although environmental conditions affect people significantly, there are also non-environmental factors including how well employers manage people and how well dwelling occupants understand their controls. Rarely are these factors considered in building performance, especially commercial buildings. Poor management can lead to varying degrees of occupant maladaptation. Maladaptation taken here to mean behaviour patterns that are detrimental to the optimal functioning of the building. This paper proposes a novel concept for designers that examines the worst possible energy performance gap (“extreme” scenario testing) where the theoretical occupants do their best to make the building consume as much energy as possible. The novel concept is called “maxmaladaptation”. By considering maxmaladaptation, designers can attempt to reduce it, so reducing the energy gap. This paper briefly reviews the energy gap and social psychology and its contribution to understanding energy consumption with some examples, underlying the concept of maxmaladaptation. Practical application: Building energy performance gaps often exist because predicted design consumptions are often less than actual consumptions due to the occupants not behaving as designers expect. Using the concept of maxmaladaptation, an extreme scenario of maximum energy use by occupants, designers can design buildings to avoid unexpected energy consumption. Often the influences of occupant behaviour are not considered in detail. Social psychology gives an insight into non-environmental factors that can cause maladaptation, a constituent of maxmaladaptation.
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Zare, Niloofar, Ali Shafaat, and Somayeh Asadi. "Review of energy performance gap and solutions in residential buildings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1085, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1085/1/012013.
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Abstract The energy consumption in the world due to economic development, rising population, and technological developments is growing, which has led to an increase in global warming. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop new strategies to reduce energy consumption. Buildings account for about 40% of global energy consumption. Since occupancy time in residential buildings is longer than in commercial and office buildings, residential buildings have a more significant impact on energy consumption. Due to this issue, efforts are being made to optimize energy consumption in residential buildings. Evaluating the performance of a building through building certificates that include as-designed and in-operation is essential for improving energy efficiency. Building energy simulations must be performed before construction to ensure that energy consumption in buildings is acceptable. However, it is observed that the energy consumption of the building after construction is higher than what was designed. This difference is defined as the energy performance gap, which indicates extra energy consumption or failure to comply with energy standards in the operation of the building. There are several reasons for the increased energy consumption of an operating building compared to the designed model. So far, studies have been conducted to determine the factors affecting the energy performance gap, but it is necessary to analyze these studies comprehensively. This article investigates the causes of energy performance gaps and ways to reduce this difference through a comprehensive literature review study. In this way, it is possible to achieve solutions in the building certification criteria that minimize the difference in energy consumption between the as-designed model and the in-operation mode of the building. This article can help decision-makers select the certificate that best fits their purposes.
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Kim, Young Ki, Lindita Bande, Kheira Anissa Tabet Aoul, and Hasim Altan. "Dynamic Energy Performance Gap Analysis of a University Building: Case Studies at UAE University Campus, UAE." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010120.
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As a result of an increasing demand for energy-efficient buildings with a better experience of user comfort, the built environment sector needs to consider the prediction of building energy performance, which during the design phase, is achieved when a building is handed over and used. There is, however, significant evidence that shows that buildings do not perform as anticipated. This discrepancy is commonly described as the ‘energy performance gap’. Building energy audit and post occupancy evaluation (POE) are among the most efficient processes to identify and reduce the energy performance gap and improve indoor environmental quality by observing, monitoring, and the documentation of in-use buildings’ operating performance. In this study, a case study of UAE university buildings’ energy audit, POE, and dynamic simulation were carried out to first, identify factors of the dynamic energy performance gap, and then to identify the utility of the strategy for reducing the gap. Furthermore, the building energy audit data and POE were applied in order to validate and calibrate a dynamic simulation model. This research demonstrated that the case study building’s systems were not operating as designed and almost a quarter of the cooling energy was wasted due to the fault of the building facility management of the mechanical systems. The more research findings were discussed in the paper.
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Al-Addous, Mohammad, and Aiman Albatayneh. "Knowledge gap with the existing building energy assessment systems." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 38, no. 3 (November 10, 2019): 783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598719888100.
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Energy supply, the increasing demands for energy, climate change, and the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be considered in designing buildings. In order to design energy-efficient buildings, there should be accurate information about the thermal performance of the building. The thermal simulation readings should be precise. Its precision will also have a definite indication of the operational energy costs enabling the likelihood of conserving more energy used in building operations and reducing the greenhouse effect that is a result of emissions of greenhouse gases. Energy-efficient buildings are vital as they reduce the consumption of energy in and allow sustainable development. Erecting such buildings will require correct and realistic prediction of the buildings performance when subjected to a wide variety of harsh weather conditions in order to have a view of the impact of all the physical elements that influence the thermal performance. The behavior of the occupants also influences the thermal performance of a building. To achieve this, energy assessment instruments are used to accurately forecast the buildings thermal performance. This paper critically reviews energy rating methods for housing and the limitations of assessment systems.
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Johnston, D., D. Farmer, M. Brooke-Peat, and D. Miles-Shenton. "Bridging the domestic building fabric performance gap." Building Research & Information 44, no. 2 (December 3, 2014): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2014.979093.
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Johnston, David, Dominic Miles-Shenton, and David Farmer. "Quantifying the domestic building fabric ‘performance gap’." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 36, no. 5 (February 6, 2015): 614–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624415570344.
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Imam, Salah, David A. Coley, and Ian Walker. "The building performance gap: Are modellers literate?" Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 3 (January 18, 2017): 351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416684641.
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One of the most discussed issues in the design community is the performance gap. In this research, we investigate for the first time whether part of the gap might be caused by the modelling literacy of design teams. A total of 108 building modellers were asked to comment on the importance of obtaining and using accurate values for 21 common modelling input variables, from U-values to occupancy schedules when using dynamic simulation to estimate annual energy demand. The questioning was based on a real building for which high-resolution energy, occupancy and temperature data were recorded. A sensitivity analysis was then conducted using a model of the building (based on the measured data) by perturbing one parameter in each simulation. The effect of each perturbation on the annual energy consumption given by the model was found and a ranked list generated. The order of this list was then compared to that given by the modellers for the same changes in the parameters. A correlation analysis indicated little correlation between which variables were thought to be important by the modellers and which proved to be objectively important. k-means cluster analysis identified subgroups of modellers and showed that 25% of the people tested were making judgements that appeared worse than a person responding at random. Follow-up checks showed that higher level qualifications, or having many years of experience in modelling, did not improve the accuracy of people’s predictions. In addition, there was no correlation between modellers, with many ranking some parameters as important that others thought irrelevant. Using a three-part definition of literacy, it is concluded that this sample of modellers, and by implication the population of building modellers, cannot be considered modelling literate. This indicates a new cause of the performance gap. The results suggest a need and an opportunity for both industry and universities to increase their efforts with respect to building physics education, and if this is done, a part of the performance gap could be rapidly closed. Practical application: In any commercial simulation, the modeller will have to decide which parameters must be included and which might be ignored due to lack of time and/or data, and how much any approximations might perturb the results. In this paper, the judgment of 108 modellers was compared against each other. The results show that the internal mental models of thermal modellers disagree with one another, and disagree with the results of a validated thermal model. The lessons learnt will be of great utility to modellers, and those educating the next generation of modellers.
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de Wilde, Pieter. "‘The building performance gap: Are modellers literate?’." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 19, 2017): 757–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417728431.
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Costa, Andrea, Marco Pietrobon, and Thomas Messervey. "Hit2Gap Project: Highly Innovative building control Tools Tackling the energy performance gap." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911105023.
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Measurement campaigns have shown major discrepancies in buildings energy performance between planned energy demand and real energy consumption, while nowadays most of the newly constructed offices buildings are equipped with BMS systems, integrating a more or less extended measurement layer providing large amounts of data. The HIT2GAP project has developed a new generation of building monitoring and control tools based on advanced data treatment techniques allowing new approaches to assess building energy performance data, getting a better understanding of building’s behaviour and hence a better performance. From a strong research layer on data, HIT2GAP solution builds on existing measurement and control tools that are embedded into a new software platform for performance optimization. The HIT2GAP solution is applied as a novel intelligent layer offering new capability of the existing BMS systems and offering the management stakeholders opportunities for services with a novel added value. Applying the solutions to groups of buildings also allows to test energy demand vs. local production management modules. This solution is being tested in various pilot sites across Europe. HIT2GAP work has been carried out with a permanent concern about market exploitation of the solutions developed within the project. This paper will present the project solution in detail and showcase the achievement so far in the real case demo sites.
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Taylor, Jonathon, Yanchen Liu, Borong Lin, Esfand Burman, Sung-Min Hong, Juan Yu, Zhe Wang, et al. "Towards a framework to evaluate the ‘total’ performance of buildings." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 8, 2018): 609–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624418762662.
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Internationally, buildings are a major contributor to carbon emissions. Despite significant advances in the technology and construction of energy-efficient buildings, in many cases a performance gap between designed and actual performance exists. While much research has investigated the drivers of the building energy performance gap – both static and transient– there has been considerably less research into the total performance gap, defined here as performance gaps in building energy use, occupant satisfaction and Indoor Environmental Quality parameters such as thermal comfort and air quality which may impact on occupant health and wellbeing. This paper presents a meta-analysis of building performance data from buildings in the UK and China – selected due to their contrasting development environments – which illustrate the presence of and complexities of evaluating total performance gaps in both countries. The data demonstrate the need for (1) high end-use, spatial granularity and temporal resolution data for both energy and Indoor Environmental Quality, and (2) developing methodologies that allow meaningful comparisons between buildings internationally to facilitate learning from successful building design, construction methodologies and policy environments internationally. Using performance data from a UK building, a potential forward path is illustrated with the objective of developing a framework to evaluate total building performance. Practical application: While much research has examined building energy performance gaps, Indoor Environmental Quality and occupant satisfaction gaps are rarely included despite their relationship to energy. We use a meta-analysis of energy, indoor environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction data from buildings in the UK and China to illustrating the presence of and complexities of evaluating total performance gaps for buildings in the two countries, and the need for high resolution dynamic buildings data and novel methodologies for comparison between buildings across different contexts. Illustrative case studies are used to demonstrate potential future directions for evaluating ‘total’ building performance.
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Qu, Zhe, Shoichi Kishiki, and Toshiyuki Nakazawa. "Influence of Isolation Gap Size on the Collapse Performance of Seismically Base-Isolated Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 4 (November 2013): 1477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/031912eqs097m.
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The pounding of retaining walls forms a potential risk of degrading the performance of seismically base-isolated buildings subjected to strong, especially near-fault, earthquake ground motions. Incremental dynamic analysis is employed to generate the so-called gap graph, in which two characteristic gap sizes of a base-isolated building are related with the isolation period of the building and the strengthof the superstructure. Thegapgraph canbe usedto evaluate the required gap size for a base-isolated building to have certain collapse performance. By means of gap graphs, the interdependent relations of gap size with other important factors that influence the seismic performance of the base-isolated building are examined. In particular, the results show that near-fault pulse-like ground motions are likely to impose much higher demand for the isolation gap than far-field ones.
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Eon, Christine, Jessica K. Breadsell, Joshua Byrne, and Gregory M. Morrison. "The Discrepancy between As-Built and As-Designed in Energy Efficient Buildings: A Rapid Review." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 7, 2020): 6372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166372.
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Energy efficient buildings are viewed as one of the solutions to reduce carbon emissions from the built environment. However, studies worldwide indicate that there is a significant gap between building energy targets (as-designed) and the actual measured building energy consumption (as-built). Several underlying causes for the energy performance gap have been identified at all stages of the building life cycle. Focus is generally on the post-occupancy stage of the building life cycle. However, issues relating to the construction and commissioning stages of the building are a major concern, though not usually researched. There is uncertainty on how to address the as-designed versus as-built gap. The objective of this review article is to identify causes for the energy performance gap in buildings in relation to the post-design and pre-occupancy stages and review proposed solutions. The methodology applied in this research is the rapid review, which is a variant of the systematic literature review method. Findings suggest that causes for discrepancies between as-designed and as-built energy performance during the construction and commissioning stages relate to a lack of knowledge and skills, lack of communication between stakeholders and a lack of accountability for building performance post-occupancy. Recommendations to close this gap during this period include better training, improved communication standards, collaboration, energy evaluations based on post-occupancy performance, transparency of building performance, improved testing and verification and reviewed building standards.
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Zhao, Yuanhong, and Qingping Yang. "A Post-occupancy Evaluation of Occupant Satisfaction in Green and Conventional Higher Educational Buildings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 973, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/973/1/012010.
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Abstract Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) is a method for measuring building performance in terms of meeting design intent, and identifying any gaps between actual and modelled performances in the of aspects indoor environmental quality (IEQ), occupant satisfaction, energy consumption, etc. In this paper, a structured POE assessment was conducted using the Building Use Survey (BUS) methodology in two higher educational buildings in the United Kingdom. This study aims to help close the building performance gap, optimize building operation systems, and improve occupants’ satisfaction levels. In this research, the questionnaire survey investigated the influences of environmental factors on user satisfaction from the main aspects of building overall design, thermal comfort, perceived control, indoor environment quality for noise, lighting, ventilation, and other non-environmental factors, such as the background information about age, gender, time in buildings, workgroup size, and so on. The results indicate that the occupant satisfaction with the main aspects of building overall design, indoor environment quality, and thermal comfort in summer and winter in both buildings is lower than the benchmark data. The feedback of this POE assessment has been reported to the building management team to allow managers to develop high-performance building operation guidelines to narrow down the performance gap and improve user satisfaction, comfort, and productivity.
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M. Zaid, Suzaini, Amir Kiani Rad, and Nurshuhada Zainon. "Are green offices better than conventional?" Facilities 35, no. 11/12 (August 8, 2017): 622–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-06-2016-0063.
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Purpose Global warming and climate change is one of the biggest issues facing humanity in this century; its effects are felt on the highest peaks of Mount Everest to the low-lying islands in the India Ocean. This century marked the highest amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted, breaking records of the past 650,000 years, and we have pushed the climate to “a point of no return”. Much of the climate contribution has been linked to humanity’s thirst for higher living standards and lifestyle, which has led to higher consumerism, depletion of earth’s resources, production of massive waste and carbon emissions. Fast forward from the sustainability agenda of Brundtland set in 1987 and the increasing demand for energy consumption to cater for the current global inhabitants, many “green” efforts have been taken by the building industry to reduce the overall environmental impact. This purpose of this study is to compare energy performance of a conventional office building with a green certified building. Design/methodology/approach This paper tries to bridge the performance gap by comparing measured operational energy consumption and carbon emission of Green Building Index (GBI)-certified office buildings in Kuala Lumpur, to determine whether “green buildings” are performing as intended in reducing their environmental impact. Findings This paper highlighted and compared operational energy consumption and carbon emissions of a GBI-certified office with a conventional office building in Malaysia. The paper also discusses the performance gap issue and its common causes, and aims to compare predicted energy and operational energy performance of buildings. Originality/value Initiatives such as “green” or “sustainable” design have been at the forefront of architecture, while green assessment tools have been used to predict the energy performance of a building during its operational phase. There is still a significant performance gap between predicted or simulated energy measurements to actual operational energy consumption. The need to measure actual performance of these so-called “green buildings” is important to investigate if there is a performance gap and whether these buildings can perform better than conventional buildings. Understanding why the performance gap occurs is a step in reducing actual and predicted energy performance in buildings.
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Spitler, Jeffrey D. "Addressing the building energy performance gap with measurements." Science and Technology for the Built Environment 26, no. 3 (February 11, 2020): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2020.1718871.
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Rees, Simon J. "Closing the performance gap through better building physics." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 2 (February 15, 2017): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417693711.
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Li, Hongyang, Chuting Li, Martin Skitmore, Tingen He, and Tingting Jiang. "THE POST-OCCUPANCY DILEMMA IN GREEN-RATED BUILDINGS: A PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 259–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.3.259.
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ABSTRACT The traditional construction industry has a significant and far-reaching impact on the environment, economy, and society. Green-certified buildings, with LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), DGNB (Deutsches Gütesiegel Nachhaltiges Bauen), or other certifications during the design stage, have great potential for increasing the effective use of resources and energy, reducing pollution, etc., and so their number has increased greatly in recent years. The post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of green buildings involves assessing whether they meet expected performance during the in-use phase and comprises four steps: (i) carrying out the research purpose/goal; (ii) determining the research objectives; (iii) conducting data collection, analysis, and visualization; and (iv) obtaining the results and drawing conclusions. However, there is a lack of reviews of POE research and analysis of reasons for actual performance gaps. In response and through a comprehensive literature review/analysis, this article summarizes the actual performance gaps of various greencertified projects, analyzes the reasons for failures, and proposes potential solutions. It is found that 74%, 12%, and 14% of the projects perform better, similar, and worse, respectively, than their non-green counterparts. Future POE green building projects can be optimized from the perspective of the building, user, and POE system. To optimize green building actual performance, it is important to ensure the sufficient education of installation and maintenance personnel and occupants’ green behavior, while interior design and decoration, the impact of user demographics, and POE performance indicators are key factors to be considered in green building design strategies and lifecycle evaluation systems.
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Far, Claire, Iftekhar Ahmed, and Jamie Mackee. "Significance of Occupant Behaviour on the Energy Performance Gap in Residential Buildings." Architecture 2, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture2020023.
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Buildings are an important part of worldwide efforts to reduce energy consumption and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Despite recent technological developments in the area of energy consumption reduction, energy use is on the rise, highlighting the significance of considering occupant behavior with regard to controlling energy consumption and supporting climate resilience. Energy performance of residential buildings is a function of various aspects such as properties of the building envelope, climatic location characteristics, HVAC system, and, more importantly, occupant behavior and activities towards energy utilization. This study carries out a comprehensive review of the impact of occupant behavior on reducing the energy performance gap in residential buildings since residential buildings account for 70% of building floor area around the globe. Findings have revealed that a dearth of literature on occupants’ behavior scholarship leads to inaccurate simplifications in building modeling and design. Thus, there is a strong need to obtain appropriate occupant behavioral data to develop strategies to close the energy performance gap as much as possible to achieve better energy efficiency in residential buildings to contribute to resilience and sustainability. Findings have also revealed a lack of objective and subjective data on occupants’ behavior towards energy efficiency in residential buildings. In response to these gaps, the current paper has proposed a conceptual framework for occupant behavior toward a modification of thermal comfort to reduce energy use. Based on the findings of this paper, understanding the variety of factors influencing occupants’ behavior should be considered a major influential factor in the design and retrofit of residential buildings with a view toward long-term resilience and sustainability.
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Anđelković, Aleksandar S., Miroslav Kljajić, Dušan Macura, Vladimir Munćan, Igor Mujan, Mladen Tomić, Željko Vlaović, and Borivoj Stepanov. "Building Energy Performance Certificate—A Relevant Indicator of Actual Energy Consumption and Savings?" Energies 14, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123455.
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A building energy performance gap can be illustrated as the difference between the theoretical (methodologically defined) and the actual energy consumption. In EU countries, Energy Performance Certificates are issued when buildings are constructed, sold, or leased. This information is the first step in order to evaluate the energy performance of the building stock. In Serbia, when issuing an energy certificate, the adopted national methodology recognizes only energy consumption for heating. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy gap and estimate the relevance of an Energy Performance Certificate to meet the national energy efficiency or carbon target. An Energy Performance Certificate determines the theoretical residential and commercial building energy efficiency or its “design intent”. This research stresses the necessity of measuring and achieving reductions in actual energy consumption through system regulation and consumers’ self-awareness in buildings. The research compares the performance of the building stock (135) that is connected to the District Heating System (DHS), with its own integrated heat meter, to Individual Gas Boiler (IGB) systems (18), in the city of Novi Sad, Serbia, built after 2014. For the purpose of comparing energy consumption, 16 buildings were selected that are very similar in terms of design, operation, and location. The data used are derived from metered consumption data, official evidence of city service companies, and Energy Performance Certificates of the considered buildings. We have determined that IGB systems have a much wider specific annual performance gap (11.19–101 kWh/m2a) than the buildings in the DHS (3.16–18.58 kWh/m2a).
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Padey, Pierryves, Kyriaki Goulouti, Guy Wagner, Blaise Périsset, and Sébastien Lasvaux. "Understanding the Reasons behind the Energy Performance Gap of an Energy-Efficient Building, through a Probabilistic Approach and On-Site Measurements." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 6178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196178.
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The performance gap, defined as the difference between the measured and the calculated performance of energy-efficient buildings, has long been identified as a major issue in the building domain. The present study aims to better understand the performance gap in high-energy performance buildings in Switzerland, in an ex-post evaluation. For an energy-efficient building, the measured heating demand, collected through a four-year measurement campaign was compared to the calculated one and the results showed that the latter underestimates the real heating demand by a factor of two. As a way to reduce the performance gap, a probabilistic framework was proposed so that the different uncertainties of the model could be considered. By comparing the mean of the probabilistic heating demand to the measured one, it was shown that the performance gap was between 20–30% for the examined period. Through a sensitivity analysis, the active air flow and the shading factor were identified as the most influential parameters on the uncertainty of the heating demand, meaning that their wrong adjustment, in reality, or in the simulations, would increase the performance gap.
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Coleman, Sylvia, Marianne Touchie, John Robinson, and Terri Peters. "Rethinking Performance Gaps: A Regenerative Sustainability Approach to Built Environment Performance Assessment." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 4829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124829.
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Globally, there are significant challenges to meeting built environment performance targets. The gaps found between the predicted performance of new or retrofit buildings and their actual performance impede an understanding of how to achieve these targets. This paper points to the importance of reliable and informative building performance assessments. We argue that if we are to make progress in achieving our climate goals, we need to reframe built environment performance with a shift to net positive goals, while recognising the equal importance of human and environmental outcomes. This paper presents a simple conceptual framework for built environment performance assessment and identifies three performance gaps: (i) Prediction Gap (e.g., modelled and measured energy, water consumption); (ii) Expectations Gap (e.g., occupant expectations in pre- and post-occupancy evaluations); and, (iii) Outcomes Gap (e.g., thermal comfort measurements and survey results). We question which of measured or experienced performance is the ‘true’ performance of the built environment. We further identify a “Prediction Paradox”, indicating that it may not be possible to achieve more accurate predictions of building performance at the early design stage. Instead, we propose that Performance Gaps be seen as creative resources, used to improve the resilience of design strategies through continuous monitoring.
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Džiugaitė-Tumėnienė, Rasa, and Domas Madeikis. "ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE GAP OF AN OFFICE BUILDING." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 13 (October 14, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2021.15292.
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The high share of global energy costs to create an indoor climate has been of increasing interest to the global community for several decades and is increasingly the focus of policy. This paper analyses the energy performance gap between actual energy consumption and energy demand obtained during the dynamic energy simulation and building certification. To identify the energy performance gap, an existing office of energy efficiency class B was selected as a case study. The simulation program IDA Indoor Climate and Energy was used to create a dynamic energy model, based on the designed documentation and the actual indoor climate parameters recorded by the building management system. The results of the case study showed that the accuracy and reliability of the results presented by the dynamic energy model of the building directly depend on the assumptions. The correct values of the internal heat gains, indoor climate parameters, human behavior, air quality levels at different times of the day and season, HVAC system operation parameters and operation modes, specific fan powers of ventilation systems, the seasonal energy efficiency of cooling equipment and characteristics of sun protection measures have to be selected.
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Džiugaitė-Tumėnienė, Rasa, and Domas Madeikis. "ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE GAP OF AN OFFICE BUILDING." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 13 (October 14, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2021.15292.
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The high share of global energy costs to create an indoor climate has been of increasing interest to the global community for several decades and is increasingly the focus of policy. This paper analyses the energy performance gap between actual energy consumption and energy demand obtained during the dynamic energy simulation and building certification. To identify the energy performance gap, an existing office of energy efficiency class B was selected as a case study. The simulation program IDA Indoor Climate and Energy was used to create a dynamic energy model, based on the designed documentation and the actual indoor climate parameters recorded by the building management system. The results of the case study showed that the accuracy and reliability of the results presented by the dynamic energy model of the building directly depend on the assumptions. The correct values of the internal heat gains, indoor climate parameters, human behavior, air quality levels at different times of the day and season, HVAC system operation parameters and operation modes, specific fan powers of ventilation systems, the seasonal energy efficiency of cooling equipment and characteristics of sun protection measures have to be selected.
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Shrubsole, C., I. G. Hamilton, N. Zimmermann, G. Papachristos, T. Broyd, E. Burman, D. Mumovic, Y. Zhu, B. Lin, and M. Davies. "Bridging the gap: The need for a systems thinking approach in understanding and addressing energy and environmental performance in buildings." Indoor and Built Environment 28, no. 1 (January 24, 2018): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17753513.
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Innovations in materials, construction techniques and technologies in building construction and refurbishment aim to reduce carbon emissions and produce low-energy buildings. However, in-use performance consistently misses design specifications, particularly those of operational energy use and indoor environmental quality. This performance gap risks reducing design, technology, sustainability, economic, health and well-being benefits. In this paper, we compare settings of the Chinese and the UK buildings sectors and relate their historical context, design, construction and operation issues impacting energy performance, indoor environmental quality, occupant health and well-being. We identify a series of key, common factors of ‘total’ building performance across these two settings: the application of building regulations, the balance between building cost and performance, skills, construction and operation. The dynamic and complex interactions of these factors are currently poorly understood and lead to building performance gaps. We contend that a systems approach in the development of suitable building assessment methods, technologies and tools could enable the formulation and implementation of more effective policies, regulations and practices. The paper illustrates the application of the approach to the UK and Chinese settings. A full application of a systems approach may help to provide a more dynamic understanding of how factor interactions impact the ‘total’ building performance gaps and help address its multiple causes.
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Jain, Nishesh, Esfand Burman, Dejan Mumovic, and Mike Davies. "Managing energy performance in buildings from design to operation using modelling and calibration." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 42, no. 5 (April 19, 2021): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01436244211008317.
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To manage the concerns regarding the energy performance gap in buildings, a structured and longitudinal performance assessment of buildings, covering design through to operation, is necessary. Modelling can form an integral part of this process by ensuring that a good practice design stage modelling is followed by an ongoing evaluation of operational stage performance using a robust calibration protocol. In this paper, we demonstrate, via a case study of an office building, how a good practice design stage model can be fine-tuned for operational stage using a new framework that helps validate the causes for deviations of actual performance from design intents. This paper maps the modelling based process of tracking building performance from design to operation, identifying the various types of performance gaps. Further, during the operational stage, the framework provides a systematic way to separate the effect of (i) operating conditions that are driven by the building’s actual function and occupancy as compared with the design assumptions, and (ii) the effect of potential technical issues that cause underperformance. As the identification of issues is based on energy modelling, the process requires use of advanced and well-documented simulation tools. The paper concludes with providing an outline of the software platform requirements needed to generate robust design models and their calibration for operational performance assessments. Practical application The paper’s findings are a useful guide for building industry professionals to manage the performance gap with appropriate accuracy through a robust methodology in an easy to use workflow. The methodological framework to analyse building energy performance in-use links best practice design stage modelling guidance with a robust operational stage investigation. It helps designers, contractors, building managers and other stakeholders with an understanding of procedures to follow to undertake an effective measurement and verification exercise.
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Jain, Nishesh, Esfand Burman, Craig Robertson, Samuel Stamp, Clive Shrubsole, Francesco Aletta, Edward Barrett, et al. "Building performance evaluation: Balancing energy and indoor environmental quality in a UK school building." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 41, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624419897397.
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There is a policy-driven focus, at present, on improving the energy performance of buildings. However, energy-related issues alone do not capture the full impact of buildings on occupants and the wider environment. The performance of a building also includes occupant wellbeing and indoor environmental quality. Specifically, in schools, indoor environmental quality (thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics) is an important aspect. Additionally, the issue of the ‘performance gap’, generally focused on energy, also affects indoor environmental quality parameters and needs to be addressed holistically. This paper reports on a holistic building performance evaluation covering aspects of energy, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics. It assesses the performance issues and inter-relationships between energy and indoor environmental quality in a recently built school campus in London. Based on the evidence collated from this case study and supplementary literature, the endemic issues and constraints within the construction industry are explored, such as inappropriate design calculations and resistance to new low-carbon technologies. Further, lessons for improved performance in the design, operation and maintenance of schools are highlighted such as factoring in the changing building use trends during design and the significance of optimal operations and maintenance of building systems for better energy and indoor environmental quality performance. This study shows that if the building design focus primarily remains on energy, unintended consequence of indoor environmental quality underperformance may occur where there are conflicts between energy and indoor environmental quality objectives. An integrated approach to building performance can help address this issue. Practical application: There are often conflicts between energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) objectives in building design and operation. Most building performance evaluations are primarily focused on one set of these performance criteria. This building performance evaluation was done with an integrated energy and IEQ perspective. The study identifies the causes of underperformance in energy and IEQ in a recently built school in London. Some of the findings from this study provide lessons that are relevant across the industry for the delivery of low-carbon and healthy buildings. These lessons include methods to further strengthen the policy frameworks and design protocols along with overall improvements in the processes followed during design, construction and operation of schools and other non-domestic buildings. The paper can also inform building designers, contractors and facility managers about the ways to reduce the performance gap and achieve energy targets without unintended consequences for indoor environment.
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Mojic, Igor, Meta Lehmann, Stefan van Velsen, and Michel Haller. "ImmoGap – Analysis of the performance gap of apartment buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104016.
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Within the project ImmoGap, the so-called performance gap for multifamily buildings was analysed. It contributes to a better classification and a clearer definition of the term “performance gap”. As a first step, a literature study on this topic was carried out. In principle, the “Performance Gap” is understood as an additional consumption of energy or a failure to meet energy benchmarks. The term “Performance Gap” suggests that a desired service is not provided. This is critical, because there are several reasons why a building consumes more energy than originally planned. In the project, the heating energy consumption of 65 multifamily buildings was compared with the design heating demand according to the Swiss standard SIA 380/1 (based on EN ISO 13790:2008). In contrast to other studies, the project team was able to access measurement data with a very high time resolution. On average, the heat demand calculated with standard use is exceeded by 44%. Four of the buildings show an additional consumption between 100% and 115%. Detailed investigations with simulations and measurements show that the additional consumption can largely be explained by the user behaviour regarding shading, ventilation and room temperature, which deviate from the standard. If the observed user behaviour was already used in the demand calculation, the examined buildings on average would not show any “performance gap”.
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Uriarte, Irati, Aitor Erkoreka, Pablo Eguia, Enrique Granada, and Koldo Martin-Escudero. "Estimation of the Heat Loss Coefficient of Two Occupied Residential Buildings through an Average Method." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 5724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215724.
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The existing performance gap between the design and the real energy consumption of a building could have three main origins: the occupants’ behaviour, the performance of the energy systems and the performance of the building envelope. Through the estimation of the in-use Heat Loss Coefficient (HLC), it is possible to characterise the building’s envelope energy performance under occupied conditions. In this research, the estimation of the HLC of two individual residential buildings located in Gainsborough and Loughborough (UK) was carried out using an average method. This average method was developed and successfully tested in previous research for an occupied four-story office building with very different characteristics to individual residential buildings. Furthermore, one of the analysed residential buildings is a new, well-insulated building, while the other represents the old, poorly insulated semidetached residential building typology. Thus, the monitored data provided were filtered in order to apply the abovementioned average method. Even without fulfilling all the average method requirements for these two residential buildings, the method provides reliable HLC values for both residential buildings. For the house in Gainsborough, the best estimated HLC value was 60.2 W/K, while the best approach for Loughborough was 366.6 W/K. Thus, despite the uncertainty sources found during the analysis, the method seems promising for its application to residential buildings.
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Jailani, Junaidah, Richard Reed, and Kimberley James. "Examining the perception of tenants in sustainable office buildings." Property Management 33, no. 4 (August 17, 2015): 386–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-05-2014-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address two major challenges faced by sustainable building owners: first, address the gap between an occupant’s expectations of sustainable building outcomes and what the building actually provides and second, overcome the lack of user knowledge about sustainability design and operation for a particular with regards to performance. Design/methodology/approach – This study used a focus group approach to investigate the gap between: user expectations and sustainable building performance. The study surveyed occupants of sustainable office buildings in Melbourne, Australia. Findings – There is no significant relationship between users’ expectations and users’ experience of sustainable building performance and users’ knowledge about sustainability and the building they were worked in. Research limitations/implications – The research was limited to sustainable office buildings. New office buildings seeking to incorporate sustainability which need to focus on the needs of tenants in order to maximise value. Practical implications – There is an urgent need to ensure sustainable office buildings meet the needs of present and future occupiers without compromising short and long-term occupier satisfaction levels with regards to sustainability and operation of the building. Social implications – Increasing the level of sustainability in office buildings has been a major trend over the past decade however the tenants need to be consulted in the post-occupancy phase. Originality/value – Little attention has been given in the property management literature to sustainable office buildings and value drivers. This is an original and innovative study, partly due to the recent developments in sustainable buildings.
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Robinson, Joanne F., Timothy J. Foxon, and Peter G. Taylor. "Performance gap analysis case study of a non-domestic building." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 169, no. 1 (February 2016): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.14.00055.
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Khoury, Jad, Zeinab Alameddine, and Pierre Hollmuller. "Understanding and bridging the energy performance gap in building retrofit." Energy Procedia 122 (September 2017): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.348.
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Coleman, Sylvia, and John B. Robinson. "Introducing the qualitative performance gap: stories about a sustainable building." Building Research & Information 46, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1366138.
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Patel, Hiral, and Stuart D. Green. "Beyond the performance gap: reclaiming building appraisal through archival research." Building Research & Information 48, no. 5 (October 10, 2019): 469–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2019.1672517.
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Maison, Bruce, Brian McDonald, and Marko Schotanus. "Pounding of San Francisco–Type Soft-Story Midblock Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 3 (August 2013): 1069–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000157.
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Presented is a study into the effects of pounding on the collapse performance of midblock wood-frame soft-story buildings. This study analyzed various pounding situations and found that it can change the collapse risk when compared to the risk of the same building having no adjacent buildings (no-pounding). Key factors include relative building strengths, weights, and separation (gap) distances. When the buildings had similar strengths, it was found that the risk was about the same as that for no-pounding, independent of building relative weights and/or gap size. When the strengths varied, it was found that pounding could change the risk of certain buildings. The risk increased in the stronger and decreased in the weaker buildings, and the risk was biased toward the no-pounding risk of the heavier buildings. The risk generally increased with larger building separation distances, but there were exceptions.
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Jain, Nishesh, Esfand Burman, Samuel Stamp, Dejan Mumovic, and Michael Davies. "Cross-sectoral assessment of the performance gap using calibrated building energy performance simulation." Energy and Buildings 224 (October 2020): 110271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110271.
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Cozza, Stefano, Jonathan Chambers, and Martin K. Patel. "The Energy Performance Gap in Swiss residential buildings: a roadmap for improvement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012143.
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Abstract This work deals with the Energy Performance Gap (EPG) in buildings, defined as the difference between actual and theoretical energy consumption. This paper investigates how to close the EPG of existing buildings in Switzerland, by which measures, until when, and at which costs. To address these questions an extensive literature review was conducted combined with qualitative interviews in order to better understand practitioners’ experience and to support the findings from the literature. Several approaches have been found to reduce the EPG. These include both measures to make the building consume as expected and to arrive at a more accurate calculation of the theoretical consumption. We highlight the most relevant solutions for the Swiss context.
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Osuizugbo, Innocent Chigozie. "Improving the Performance of Building Construction Firms through Addressing the Gap of Building Production Management: A New Production Model Approach." Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2020-0007.
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AbstractGap of building production management (BPM) is a serious issue that influences project success and building construction firms’ (BCFs) performance. Hence, the call for BCFs performance improvement using a new production model approach is a necessity. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the new production model concept as a method for enhancing the performance of BCFs through addressing the gap of BPM in Nigeria. To attain this aim, a research procedure was designed to achieve two objectives which include: (i) exploring the nature of Nigerian construction industry, gap of BPM and new production model concept; (ii) investigating the awareness and application of the new production model concept as a method for enhancing the performance of BCFs in the study area. To accomplish the aforementioned aim, a research method comprised of a literature review and questionnaire surveys was designed to address the objectives. The study identified unproductive/ineffective BPM, lack of buildability and maintainability analysis, professionalism mismatch, and unauthorized practices as the gap of BPM. This study revealed that the gap of BPM is the main reason behind building failures/collapses, bad debts, low productivity, low level of clients satisfaction, high labour turnovers, and barriers to economic fortune. The study also revealed poor cash flow, lack of experience in the construction field, unprofessionalism and a high number of unskilled employees in a company, lack of co-operation from subcontractors and suppliers and poor labour relations, as the top five causes of BPM gap. BCFs in Nigeria have adopted several approaches to arrest these issues, but the challenges still occur. Thus, the new production model concept that has not been well adopted by construction firms in Nigeria, and which emphasizes on-site production, and aims at enhancing production management is a key to tackling these issues. Based on the survey findings, the study recommended that the issue of the gap of BPM must be correctly identified and clearly understood so as to enable BCFs to bridge the production management gap which will influence their performance positively.
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Johnston, David, David Farmer, and Dominic Miles-Shenton. "Quantifying the aggregate thermal performance of UK holiday homes." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416681614.
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In the UK, there are approximately 330,000 holiday homes spread across a large number of mainly privately owned sites. These homes are often sited in exposed locations, are poorly insulated and are generally heated using expensive fuels, such as electricity or LPG. There is also a lack of empirical evidence available on the in situ energy performance of these homes. Consequently, it is not possible, given the existing evidence base, to determine whether these homes suffer from the same scale of building fabric thermal ‘ performance gaps’ (between assumed and realised in situ performance) that have been documented for newbuild UK housing. This paper presents the results obtained from undertaking detailed in situ thermal fabric tests on five new holiday homes. Whilst the size reported here is small, the results indicate that a ‘ performance gap’ exists for all of these homes. Results obtained indicate that this gap appears narrower than that documented for newbuild UK housing. The results also suggest that the scale of the ‘ gap’ may be more a consequence of the way in which the design intent of these homes has been determined, i.e. a ‘ prediction gap’. Practical application: This paper presents the results obtained from undertaking detailed building fabric thermal performance tests on a small sample of new holiday homes. The results of these tests indicate that although a building fabric thermal performance ‘ performance gap’ exists in all of the holiday homes tested, the results suggest that the ‘ gap’ is much smaller than that documented for new build UK housing and may be more of a consequence of the way in which the design intent of these homes has been determined, i.e. a ‘ prediction gap’, rather than a ‘ performance gap’ between assumed and realised in situ performance. These results could be used by industry to develop more appropriate prediction tools that are relevant to holiday homes.
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Kampelis, Nikolaos, Georgios I. Papayiannis, Dionysia Kolokotsa, Georgios N. Galanis, Daniela Isidori, Cristina Cristalli, and Athanasios N. Yannacopoulos. "An Integrated Energy Simulation Model for Buildings." Energies 13, no. 5 (March 4, 2020): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13051170.
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The operation of buildings is linked to approximately 36% of the global energy consumption, 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change. Assessing the energy consumption and efficiency of buildings is a complex task addressed by a variety of methods. Building energy modeling is among the dominant methodologies in evaluating the energy efficiency of buildings commonly applied for evaluating design and renovation energy efficiency measures. Although building energy modeling is a valuable tool, it is rarely the case that simulation results are assessed against the building’s actual energy performance. In this context, the simulation results of the HVAC energy consumption in the case of a smart industrial near-zero energy building are used to explore areas of uncertainty and deviation of the building energy model against measured data. Initial model results are improved based on a trial and error approach to minimize deviation based on key identified parameters. In addition, a novel approach based on functional shape modeling and Kalman filtering is developed and applied to further minimize systematic discrepancies. Results indicate a significant initial performance gap between the initial model and the actual energy consumption. The efficiency and the effectiveness of the developed integrated model is highlighted.
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Mehnert, Jan, Dirk Reiß, Stefan Plesser, and Matthias Hannen. "An algorithmic module toolkit to support quality management for building performance." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911105002.
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Data from building automation systems is so far used for the operation of building systems and components only. The following work shows how this data can be used to enhance the building’s performance by strategically detecting potential sources for building optimization. With this method, faults and optimization potentials of the building operation can be detected; thus, the quality gap regarding efficiency and comfort aspects between design and operation can then be reduced. Furthermore, the intelligent use of data enables the realization of economic savings to support facility management with regards to increasingly complex HVAC systems. Effective quality management – rapid, transparent and cost effective – is carried out with the aid of digital methods, which are already state of the art in other industries.
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Reginald, Ajiero Ikenna. "Integrating BIM with BMS in Energy Performance Assessment." International Journal of 3-D Information Modeling 4, no. 1 (January 2015): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ij3dim.2015010102.
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In recent times, energy performance assessment has gained a legislative imperative in that it constitutes an indispensable criterion for preparing Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs). Accordingly, production of EPC which is heralded by energy audits and simulations using BIM software programs heavily depends on data accuracy. Whereas, there have been several studies on Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Building Management System (BMS) autonomously, peer reviewed literature on both regimes in concert, remain unavailable or perhaps emerging; thus, constituting a gap in the use of BIM for energy analysis. Against this background, a university administrative building with a Gross Floor Area (GFA) of 2353.91m2 has been the object of a comprehensive energy performance assessment. The principal aim being to use data collected from BMS readings to assess the building's energy performance, produce its EPC and highlight energy conservation strategies that will improve the building's productivity without compromising occupants' comfort. This study therefore attempts to put the teeming theoretical efforts on BIM in energy management into a practical perspective.
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Mao, Zhaoyong, Guangyong Yang, Tianqi Zhang, and Wenlong Tian. "Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a Building-Integrated Savonius Turbine." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 2636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102636.
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The building-integrated wind turbine is a new technology for the utilization of wind energy in cities. Previous studies mainly focused on the wind turbines mounted on the roofs of buildings. This paper discusses the performance of Savonius wind turbines which are mounted on the edges of a high-rise building. A transient CFD method is used to investigate the performance of the turbine and the interaction flows between the turbine and the building. The influence of three main parameters, including the turbine gap, wind angle, and adjacent turbines, are considered. The variations of the turbine torque and power under different operating conditions are evaluated and explained in depth. It is found that the edge-mounted Savonius turbine has a higher coefficient of power than that operating in uniform flows; the average Cp of the turbine under 360-degree wind angles is 92.5% higher than the turbine operating in uniform flows. It is also found that the flow around the building has a great impact on turbine performance, especially when the turbine is located downwind of the building.
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Ahn, Ki-Uhn, Deuk-Woo Kim, Cheol-Soo Park, and Pieter de Wilde. "Predictability of occupant presence and performance gap in building energy simulation." Applied Energy 208 (December 2017): 1639–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.083.
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Gan, Guohui. "Effect of air gap on the performance of building-integrated photovoltaics." Energy 34, no. 7 (July 2009): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.003.
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Fedoruk, Laura E., Raymond J. Cole, John B. Robinson, and Alberto Cayuela. "Learning from failure: understanding the anticipated–achieved building energy performance gap." Building Research & Information 43, no. 6 (May 27, 2015): 750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2015.1036227.
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McElroy, David James, and Jan Rosenow. "Policy implications for the performance gap of low-carbon building technologies." Building Research & Information 47, no. 5 (May 14, 2018): 611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2018.1469285.
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Coley, David. "‘The building performance gap: Are modellers literate?’ – Response of the author." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 19, 2017): 760–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624417726437.
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Tuohy, Paul G., and Gavin B. Murphy. "Closing the gap in building performance: learning from BIM benchmark industries." Architectural Science Review 58, no. 1 (November 19, 2014): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2014.975780.
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Fajari, Muhammad Aji, and Ririt Aprilin Sumarsono. "Seismic Performance of Disjointed Horizontally Irregular Building by Remodeling the Column and Beam." E3S Web of Conferences 65 (2018): 08004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186508004.
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Introduction to the seismic parameter for structural analysis has increased the awareness of better quality for a building to reach safety purpose limit. Considerably, the configuration and shape of the building must be restricted to the regular one. This paper will harness horizontally irregular building to be remodeled into several regular buildings. Furthermore, linear dynamic analysis by using response spectra is harnessed for gaining behaviour of the buildings and capacity of structural members. Beams are chosen to be discontinuous at several corners to create separation on the building; hereinafter, console beam system is implemented. Next, the double column is utilized to obtain the separation of the horizontally irregular building. Entirely, the discontinuity issue of applying dilatation leads to the behaviour of the building and capacity of the structural member inside. Further discontinuity distance which is shown in a double column system can be settled down by applying dilatation in the accurate building axis so that the failure will not be severe or simply deducting the gap between twin columns. In contrary, console beam satisfactorily behaves in order to decrease horizontal irregularity even turn it into the regular building. Moreover, the capacity of the building can be significantly enhanced as the shear wall is installed.
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FU, Xiuzhang, and Mingzhu HAN. "Analysis of Natural Ventilation Performance Gap between Design Stage and Actual Operation of Office Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209010.
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Suitable natural ventilation in office buildings can not only reduce energy consumption of air conditioning, but also improve indoor air quality. In the architectural design stage, the effect of natural ventilation design is mainly simulated by CFD simulation software for indoor air speed, pressure, and age of air, etc.. However, during the actual building operation, the indoor natural ventilation effect will be affected by many factors, such as surrounding buildings, indoor layout, window position and open-close status, human behavior, etc., and the natural ventilation performance between design stage and actual operation is often different. In this paper, a typical office building was selected and FloVENT software was used to quantitatively analyse the influence of surrounding buildings, indoor layout, door/window opening conditions on indoor natural ventilation. Field measurement of indoor air flow rates in typical positions in office were carried out under different circumstances. In order to reduce the instantiate influence of outdoor wind speeds, a new index named Wind Speed Ratio(WSR) is put forward.Through comparative analysis of simulated data and measured data. the gap degree in natural ventilation performance between design stage and operation operation is discussed, and results show that the relative errors of the WSR, which could be considered to reflect the performance gap, are about 78.0%, 28.7% and 150% respectively, under corresponding condition settings of surrounding buildings, indoor layout, and door/window opening.