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1
Jones, Brad, Peter Dahl, and John Stokes. "Greening Existing Buildings with the LEED Rating System." Journal of Green Building 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.4.1.41.
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When considering the current situation of the built environment it becomes readily apparent that the LEED for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance (LEED-EBOM) Rating System is the most important of all the LEED Rating Systems. Historically its adoption in the industry has lagged behind the better known LEED for New Construction Rating System. In the effort to create more efficient, healthy, and financially sound buildings, LEED-EBOM accounts for two significant classes of buildings: buildings certified under the LEED Rating Systems geared toward design and construction, and buildings not previously certified. LEED-EBOM is a tool to measure the impact of a building's operations and provide a means to track performance over time. This information allows stakeholders to make informed decisions about operating policies that support energy efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and comfortable spaces for the occupants of the building. This article presents statistics about the existing building stock, provides an overview of the LEED-EBOM Rating System, and offers examples of successful implementation strategies drawn from over a dozen projects certified through the LEED-EB Rating Systems.
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Qu, Hong Mei, and Xiao San Tao. "Application of Internet of Things in Monitoring System of Intelligent Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 2832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.2832.
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The intelligent controlling system of intelligent building can apply Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for creating various controlling operations. The aim of this paper is the development of an intelligent monitoring system of intelligent building based on IoT. We introduce the working principle of the monitoring system, the hardware platform as well as its software collectivity frame. In addition, some key technologies for implement the monitoring system are described. The system can carry out various functions, such as fault detection, data processing, storage and alarming of the operating status parameters, querying history data, tracing real time instances by means of acquiring the operating status data from various testing sensors and the like. It also can record various types of operating parameters and send them to control platform by network. The system could effectively solve the problem of the monitoring and management of the operation tasks. Consequently it could greatly improve the efficiency of the management and controlling of the intelligent building.
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Jo, Hyeonseong, Jaehyun Nam, and Seungwon Shin. "NOSArmor: Building a Secure Network Operating System." Security and Communication Networks 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9178425.
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Software-Defined Networking (SDN), controlling underlying network devices (i.e., data plane) in a logically centralized manner, is now actively adopted in many real world networking environments. It is clear that a network administrator can easily understand and manage his networking environments with the help of SDN. In SDN, a network operating system (NOS), also known as an SDN controller, is the most critical component because it should be involved in all transactions for controlling network devices, and thus the security of NOS cannot be highly exaggerated. However, in spite of its importance, no previous works have thoroughly investigated the security of NOS. In this work, to address this problem, we present the NOSArmor, which integrates several security mechanisms, named as security building block (SBB), into a consolidated SDN controller. NOSArmor consists of eight SBBs and each of them addresses different security principles of network assets. For example, while role-based authorization focuses on securing confidentiality of internal storage from malicious applications, OpenFlow protocol verifier protects availability of core service in the controller from malformed control messages received from switches. In addition, NOSArmor shows competitive performance compared to existing other controllers (i.e., ONOS, Floodlight) with secureness of network assets.
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Novelli, N. E., J. Shultz, M. Aly Etman, K. Phillips, M. M. Derby, P. R. H. S. Stark, M. Jensen, and A. H. Dyson. "System-Scale Modeling of a Building-Integrated, Transparent Concentrating Photovoltaic and Thermal Collector." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2069, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2069/1/012117.
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Abstract The buildings sector is a principal contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, but consistently falls short of targets for harnessing on-site energy resources towards sustainable operation. Emerging integrated solar technologies could transform buildings and urban settings into resilient, self-sufficient, and healthy environments. But if effects of these technologies are not understood in the multiple contexts in which they operate (human-scale, building-scale, district-scale), their potential is difficult to project. To explore building-scale metabolization of solar energy, a previously-developed analytical model of a Building Envelope-Integrated, Transparent, Concentrating Photovoltaic and Thermal collector (BITCoPT) was run to project electrical and thermal energy and exergy production (cogeneration) in a range of orientations and operating temperatures. Simulated annual cogeneration efficiency was noted at 27% (exergy) at an operating temperature of 55°C, and up to 55% (energy) at 25°C. Exergetic efficiency remained nearly constant as operating temperatures increased through 75°C, indicating the thermal energy collected would be some heat-engine-based applications. Although the scope of this study excludes broader architectural benefits of daylighting (lighting load reduction), and reduction of solar gains (cooling loads), these results suggest BITCoPT merits further investigation for on-site net-zero and energy-positive commercial building design, and might contribute to expanding net-zero and energy-positive architecture opportunities.
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KARTASHOVA, Alinya O., Daria O. KORTYAEVA, Ksenia E. KULYASOVA, and Anna A. TSYNAEVA. "STUDY OF SPLIT-SYSTEM IN HEATING MODE." Urban construction and architecture 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2015.01.14.
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In this article there is a study of the heat pump for heating the premises of a public building (academic building of Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering). The aim of the work was to determine the parameters of the heat pump and the impact of his work on the microclimate parameters of heated space. As the heat pump was activated split-system, operating in the heating mode; analysis was performed changing the state of the working fluid (Freon-R410A) used in this split-system. The studies revealed that the use of the heat pump (split system, operating in heating mode) allows you to maintain optimum parameters of the indoor environment. With the help of the tests revealed that the use of split-system as a heating system reduces the inertia of the system to ensure the indoor environment. This leads to maintain a comfortable environment for human habitation when the external operating conditions typical of the autumn-spring period, and demonstrates the effectiveness of the use of split systems, the use of which may in residential and public buildings. Furthermore, was prepared a graph of the room temperature before and after the operation of a split system.
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Balasanian, G., O. Klymchuk, A. Semenii, Ye Babaiev, and L. Sachenko. "SIMULATION OF INTERMITTENT HEATING MODE OF THE EDUCATIONAL BUILDING." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 2, no. 64 (2021): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.2.64.2021.03.
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. The algorithm of operation of the heat supply system in the mode of intermittent heating which considers features of operation of the building is offered. The purpose of the work is to assess the effectiveness of the use of intermittent heating for the educational building of the thermal laboratory of the Odessa Polytechnic State University. Currently, a project is being implemented to disconnect heat supply from the University boiler room and transfer the building of the University's heating laboratory to autonomous heat supply based on a condensing wall-mounted gas boiler. The combined heating system with the use of different heating devices (radiators, fan coils, climate panel, “underfloor heating” system) allows to study the dynamics of heating the laboratory premises with different thermal insulation and shielding of external and internal walls. The factors of reduction of energy consumption in the mode of program heat supply are analyzed in the work. Modeling of modes of operation of the heat generator of the heat supply system operating in the mode of intermittent heating is executed. The mathematical model of dynamics of heating of air in rooms taking into account features of operating modes and various types of heating devices as a part of system of heat supply is offered. For different climatic conditions the mathematical modeling of operating modes of the heating system is carried out and indicators of efficiency of work of system are received. The potential of energy saving for administrative, educational, office buildings depending on the heat-accumulating properties of external and internal wall structures has been studied. The expediency of using the Pontryagin maximum principle to increase the efficiency of morning flooding of buildings with different ones has been confirmed. accumulation time constants.
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Grimshaw, A. S., and A. Natrajan. "Legion: Lessons Learned Building a Grid Operating System." Proceedings of the IEEE 93, no. 3 (March 2005): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2004.842764.
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Geddes, Linda. "Building the most basic operating system for life." New Scientist 220, no. 2940 (October 2013): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(13)62531-2.
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Haryani, Ariska Desy, Yatnanta Padma Devia, and Eva Arifi. "Evaluation of Natural Lighting System of Lecture Building." Rekayasa Sipil 15, no. 3 (October 30, 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2021.015.03.4.
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Visual comfort is one of the most important things that building need. A building with a proper passive design obtains fulfill the users visual comfort through natural lighting  on the other hand, a passive design that is less precise always requires energy to achieve the users visual comfort. Lecture building is one of the buildings that is effectively used 8 hours a day and 5 days on a week. The high operating hours cause visual comfort in the building becomes very important. The purpose of this study is to determine the performance of the building passive design in terms of lighting to comprehend various visual problems in the building. The method used in this research is quantitative comparative by comparing the value of  building lighting. Through the results of field measurements, building modeling simulations with Ecotect software, and SNI 03-6197-2000 parameter  several problems were found in the building's natural lighting system such as inadequacy of lighting on the facade with a southwest orientation, enormous lighting on the facade with a northeast orientation, uneven lighting causing various visual discomforts.
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Sobiech, Marian. "The safe use of building installations." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 66, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1889.
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The article describes the issues of technical solutions to contemporary installations used in modern buildings. Technical characteristics of installation systems refer to various sources of heat for building heating and domestic hot water. Description of the technical installation solutions also presents available materials, such as pipes, shutoff valves, regulatory, safety, control and measurement, as well as circulation pumps. In reference to the applicable installation materials there are presented potential threats in operation of the system in the case of the absence of professional service and maintenance during building exploitation. Keywords: construction, heating and ventilation installations, exploitation, operating and maintenance, use
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Liu, Mingsheng, David E. Claridge, and W. D. Turner. "Continuous CommissioningSM of Building Energy Systems." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 125, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1592538.
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Continuous Commissioning (CCSM) is an ongoing process to resolve operating problems, improve comfort, optimize energy use, and identify retrofits for existing commercial and institutional buildings and central plant facilities. CC focuses on optimizing/improving overall system control and operations for the building as it is currently utilized and on meeting existing facility needs. Innovative optimal engineering solutions are developed using engineering-based model analysis integrated with scientific field measurement. Integrated approaches are used to implement these solutions to ensure practical local and global system optimization and to ensure persistence of the improved operational schedules. Implementation of the CC process has typically decreased building energy consumption by 20% in well over 100 large buildings where it has been implemented. This paper presents the CC process, the primary CC techniques and measures, and a case study.
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Shi, Zhong Jin, Bing Xu, Bao Guo Zheng, and Xue Han Zhu. "The Energy-Saving Control of Combined Multi-Unit for Building Automatic System in the Subway." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3597.
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Multi-unit operation in building automatic system (BAS) is an important part for the equipment operation; it is essentially a distributed multi agent system (MAS). In this paper, Petri net is adopted to establish the control model about the equipment operation in BAS, know the operating characteristics and start-stop conditions of energy consumption equipment in the rail which are in under different circumstances. Based on the analysis of BAS and the theory of distributed intelligent systems, according to the actual environment and energy requirements, the start-stop arrays are selected dynamically as the basis for the units operating, and ultimately achieve energy-saving operation of multi-unit control purposes.
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Wei, Mengju, Yang Yang, Mengjin Hu, Yongli Wang, Siyi Tao, Minhan Zhou, Yang Ma, and Fuhao Song. "Optimal scheduling of building integrated energy system based on demand response." E3S Web of Conferences 185 (2020): 01068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018501068.
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With the development of renewable energy technology, integrating a variety of renewable energy integrated energy systems can effectively solve the problem of optimizing the scheduling of buildings with high energy consumption and fast growth rate. Based on the modeling and analysis of various energy equipment in the system, the integrated energy system of building buildings, based on the demand response compensation price, with the lowest construction operating cost as the goal function, establishes the optimization scheduling model of building-level integrated energy system based on demand response, and uses the particle group algorithm based on cloud model improvement to optimize the solution of the model. The study is introduced for simulation to compare the two different modes of participation in demand response, and the optimal performance of cloud model particle group algorithm and elementary particle group algorithm. The results show that the cloud model particle group algorithm model based on demand response can effectively save the operating cost of the building-level integrated energy system, and reduce the power grid side load peak and valley difference.
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Kalús, Daniel, Daniela Koudelková, Veronika Mučková, Martin Sokol, and Mária Kurčová. "Experience in Researching and Designing an Innovative Way of Operating Combined Building–Energy Systems Using Renewable Energy Sources." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2022): 10214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010214.
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This study describes our experience in researching and designing an innovative way of operating combined building–energy systems using renewable energy sources. We used the concepts of the ISOMAX integrated building–energy system’s patented technical solution, which we have long been exploring and have developed various novel and original solutions, as inspiration for our research. A consistent peak heat/cooling supply is a key component of the patented ISOMAX system, which has also been proven in its use in many buildings. Energy systems are no longer dependent on unreliable, unpredictable, and hard-to-forecast geothermal and solar energy because of the peak energy source. We had to improve the original design to guarantee the efficient, comfortable, and dependable operation of all the energy systems in the building. We increased the capacity of the ventilation system by including a peak heat/cooling source, a short-term heat/cooling storage tank, and the option of using an air handling unit with heat recovery or a water/air heat exchanger. The addition of terminal elements for heating, cooling, and ventilation systems was also made, along with including a solar system, a wind turbine, and the potential for waste heat recovery. Our study led to the creation of a unique operating model that, with the building management system, optimizes all of the energy systems and heating/cooling sources. The utility model SK 5749 Y1 analyzes the various alternatives in great detail.
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Wrana, Jan, and Wojciech Struzik. "Study Results and Obtaining High Ventilation Air Quality in Architecture for an Old Shopping Centre Public Utility Building with Modernised EL. Heating in Warsaw, District, Poland." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 032140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032140.
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Abstract The subject of this paper is the study of a public utility building, a shopping centre in Warsaw/Targówek, carried out as part of the programme of “Research for obtaining high air quality in architecture. The purpose of the study of the building is to utilise a new technology which will lead to reductions in electrical and heat energy consumption and cuts in CO2 emissions in the modernised Shopping Centre Public Utility Building in Warsaw. The building is equipped with systems for obtaining heat and cold from groundwater and is adapted to a low electrical energy consumption level with the lowest primary energy ratio in Poland. It is located in Warsaw and, in addition to the energy sourcing system, features a highly modern control system (BMS). The objective of the study is to demonstrate operating costs for a building with low exterior wall and roof insulation parameters. In addition, the building uses a heating system based solely on electrical heating due to its lack of access to gas and district heating. The conducted studies and analyses allowed a comparison of the operating costs of old buildings following modernisation with those of new buildings.
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Maželis, Titas, and Rasa Džiugaitė-Tumėnienė. "THE IMPACT OF AN OFFICE INDOOR CLIMATE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 14 (August 18, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2022.17220.
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This article presents the impact of changing the operating parameters of a building’s indoor climate systems on a building’s management system. The study is performed using the dynamic energy modelling program DesignBuilder. The created dynamic energy model is based on the documentation of an actual administrative building and the data recorded by the building management system. The developed model changes the operating modes and parameters of the components of microclimate systems. After the changes, simulations are performed to obtain new results for the building’s energy needs. These results are compared, and the impact of different parameters on energy consumption is analyzed. The study found that a proper setting of indoor climate performance can lead to a 26% reduction in heat and a 7% reduction in cooling costs, which does not adversely affect the comfort of the people.
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Karger, Paul, Suzanne McIntosh, Elaine Palmer, David Toll, and Samuel Weber. "Lessons Learned: Building the Caernarvon High-Assurance Operating System." IEEE Security & Privacy Magazine 9, no. 1 (January 2011): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2010.169.
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Fuller, R. J. "Operating Experiences with an Advanced Fabric Energy Storage System." Construction Economics and Building 4, no. 2 (November 18, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v4i2.2926.
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Despite their proven track record in the cold climate countries of northern Europe, there are no reports in the research literature of experiences using advanced fabric energy storage (FES) systems in countries where cooling rather than heating is the main priority. This paper reports some of the experiences with the first known advanced FES system in Australia made over the first full calendar year of operation. It is located in a three-storey building on a university campus in Victoria and has been in operation since mid-2002. Temperature, energy use and operational mode data were recorded during 2003. Airflow measurements through the FES system have been made in five areas of the building. On-going operating problems still exist with the system and this has prevented a conclusive evaluation of its suitability for the southern Australian climate.
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Reddy, T. A., S. Katipamula, J. K. Kissock, and D. E. Claridge. "The Functional Basis of Steady-State Thermal Energy Use in Air-Side HVAC Equipment." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 117, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847720.
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A proper understanding of the functional basis of energy use in residences has been crucial in spurring energy conservation in such building stock. In commercial buildings, however, such understanding is lacking, partly because there are numerous possible HVAC system types and control strategies, and partly because the detailed algorithms available to simulate energy use in various types of HVAC systems provide little insight into identifying ways of saving energy in existing buildings. The objective of this paper is to derive closed-form steady-state functional relations for air-side cooling and heating thermal energy use for four of the most widespread HVAC system types, namely terminal reheat and dual-duct, both under constant air volume and under variable air volume operation. Expressions are derived for hourly energy use as a function of climatic variables, building characteristics, and system parameters. The effects of economizer cycle and deck reset schedules are also treated. The expressions derived could be utilized to develop functionally accurate regression models of monitored energy use for retrofit savings determination and to ascertain whether the HVAC system is operating properly, as well as for parameter estimation from either short-term or long-term monitoring and for sensitivity analyses of how various physical and operating parameters affect energy use.
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Chen, Min, Min Jie Pang, and Hong Guang Fang. "Optimization of Public Building Energy Design Schemes Base on the Minimizing of Operating Energy Consumption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.21.
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Firstly, this paper introduced several kinds of frequently-used thermal insulation system, which included exterior wall insulation system, doors and windows insulation system and roof insulation system. Secondly, the principle and method of the consumption simulation of the public buildings are expatiated on, including software simulation principle, design process and the setting of related parameters. Thirdly, taking a public building in Nantong, Jiangsu province as an example, the operating energy consumption of different energy-saving design schemes are simulated with the Tangent Building Energy-saving Computation (TBEC) software, and the energy saving design schemes of the public building are optimized in the view of minimizing the energy consumption. At last some references of public building energy saving design are provided.
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Mancò, Giulia, Elisa Guelpa, and Vittorio Verda. "Optimal Integration of Renewable Sources and Latent Heat Storages for Residential Application." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175528.
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Given the large amount of energy required in the building sector, an interesting opportunity to reach future sustainable energy systems is the path towards low energy buildings. This work proposes an approach for optimally integrating building-scale energy technologies (both traditional and renewable) to enhance the transformation of the existing buildings (often energetically inefficient) in low-carbon systems. The approach promotes a transition sustainable from both the economic and environmental perspectives. Both operation and design optimization are considered with the aim of suggesting the best set of capacity of the technologies to be installed taking into account the expected operations. The building-scale technologies are integrated with proper storage units: Li-ion batteries and thermal storage (latent heat, that requires low installation space). As a dispatchable renewable technology, a biogas small-scale combined heat and power unit is included in the system. Once the key role played by this component in meeting the loads is proved, an analysis of the impact of the cost of the primary energy carrier of this technology on the system design is carried out. Two optimization approaches have been adopted (both based on non-linear programming). Results show that operation costs can be reduced by up to 29%. The adoption of a combined approach that takes into account both operation and design optimization lead to a reduction in installation and operating costs by up to 27%. In the analyzed cases, the use of the combined optimization confirms that latent heat storage is more suitable to be installed than electric storage (about −4.5% cost).
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Yu, Wei, Wei Teng Li, and Mei Juan Huo. "A Certain City Public Building Energy Consumption and Energy Saving of Economic Research and Statistics." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2842–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2842.
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In this paper, the main public buildings, Lang fang City, Hebei province, the research summary and statistical power to the city building a sewage treatment plant sewage source heat pump system operating on-site monitoring, the monitoring results of economic analysis with traditional heating methods from the initial investment and operation of both comprehensive economic analysis and comparison.
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Manusilp, Kebsiri, and David Banjerdpongchai. "Optimal Dispatch Strategy of Cogeneration with Thermal Energy Storage for Building Energy Management System." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 10, no. 2 (March 6, 2017): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2016102.64847.
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This paper presents optimal dispatch strategy of cogeneration with thermal energy storage (TES) for building energy management system (BEMS). In previous research related to cogeneration as a supply system, it is observed that there is some excessive heat from cogeneration operation released to the atmosphere. In order to improve energy efficiency, we therefore incorporate TES to utilize the excessive heat from cogeneration into two objective functions, i.e., total operating cost (TOC) and total carbon dioxide emission (TCOE). In particular, we aim to minimize TOC which is referred to economic optimal operation and to minimize TCOE which is referred to environmental optimal operation. Both optimal operations are subjected to energy dispatch strategy which TES constraint is taken into account. We demonstrate the dispatch strategy with a load profile of a large shopping mall as a test system and compare the results to that of previous dispatch of cogeneration without TES. The proposed strategy of cogeneration with TES can reduce TOC of the test system up to 4.15% and 1.85% for economic and environmental optimal operations, respectively. Furthermore, TCOE can be reduced up to 5.25% and 6.25% for economic and environmental optimal operations, respectively.
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Seyednezhad, Mohadeseh, and Hamidreza Najafi. "Solar-Powered Thermoelectric-Based Cooling and Heating System for Building Applications: A Parametric Study." Energies 14, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 5573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175573.
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Thermoelectric (TE) based cooling and heating systems offer significant advantages over conventional vapor compression systems including no need for refrigeration or major moving parts, high controllability, and scalability. The purpose of the present study is to provide an energy and economic assessment of the performance of a TE-based radiant cooling and heating system for building applications. It is considered that TE modules are integrated in the ceiling to lower/increase the ceiling temperature through the Peltier effect during the hot/cold season to provide thermal comfort for the occupants via radiation and convection. The study explores the possibility of using rooftop PV panels to produce electricity required for the operation of TE modules. An actual office building located in Melbourne, FL, USA is considered for a test study, and the hourly cooling and heating loads of the building are calculated through building energy simulation in eQuest. Various operating conditions, including different input voltages and temperature gradient across TE modules, are considered, and the system is sized to properly address the year-around cooling/heating demand. It is shown that a nominal cooling capacity of 112.8 W and a nominal PV capacity of 31.35 W per unit area of the building is required to achieve the target goal when the system operates at the optimal condition. An economic analysis is also performed, and estimated cost, as well as potential savings, are calculated for each operating condition. The optimal operating condition with minimum cost is selected accordingly. The results demonstrated that the initial cost of the proposed system is considerably higher than conventional heating/cooling systems. However, the system offers other benefits that can potentially make it an attractive option for building cooling/heating applications.
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Hao, Hong Qi, and Ming Li Song. "The Application of RFID Technology in Development Embedded Systems." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.333.
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A complete set of RFID system is composed of two parts by Reader and Transponder grounds of the action principle Reader launch of unlimited radio waves of a specific frequency energy to Transponder, to drive Transponder circuit ID Code sent internally. Part of the embedded system software is including the operating system software (requires real-time and multi-tasking operation) and application programming. The operating system controls the application programming and hardware interaction, and the application to control the operation and behavior of the system. The paper presents the application of RFID technology in development embedded systems. The experiment shows RFID is superior to ARM in building embedded system.
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Sun, Xiao Yu, and Rui Li. "Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Energy Saving Operation of Chillers in an Air Conditioning System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 2293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.2293.
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The chiller’s operating energy consumption accounts for large proportion in energy consumption of air conditioning system. There are kinds of strategies can be used in the multiple chillers system. When running according to the load control of the chiller, different starting point and operating condition will affect the total energy consumption. Different operating conditions are put forward for a building chilled water system. According to simulate and analysis different operating condition, the optimum operation condition is concluded.
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Sakai, Hirohisa. "New Human-centered Production System. Building an Integrated Human Management System." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS 22 (May 3, 2023): 406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23202.2023.22.43.
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Currently, Japanese companies are working to survive and develop "global production" to realize "the same quality and simultaneous start’, ’up" in the world. From such a background, the production operator is required to change from simple labor until now to an intelligent production operator, and it is important not only to carry out the decided standard work but also to train the operator who can conceive himself and self "kaizen" at an early stage. The author has defined them as intelligent operator and consider that "the evolution of technology and skill (man)" which makes "the advanced production system be used and guaranteed high quality in the manufacturing site" decides the success or failure of the global strategy. Therefore, the author has devised an integrated human management system "HI’, ’POS (Human Intelligence–Production Operating System" aiming at strategic operation to "global production", and demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed "HI’, ’POS" at an advanced company, Toyota.
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Leo Samuel, D. G., S. M. Shiva Nagendra, and M. P. Maiya. "An analysis of operating parameters in the cooling tower-based thermally activated building system." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 9 (May 10, 2017): 1175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x17704276.
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Thermally activated building system is not only energy efficient but also provides better thermal comfort compared to the conventional cooling systems. In this paper, COMSOL Multiphysics, a computational fluid dynamics tool, is used to simulate the performance of a cooling tower coupled with thermally activated building system for the hot and dry summer climatic conditions of New Delhi. The effects of three operating parameters, namely, temperature and inlet velocity of water and the number of cooling surfaces (area), on the performance of the system have been investigated. The results indicate that increasing the water inlet temperature from wet bulb temperature (WBT) to WBT + 6℃ would increase the operative temperature of the indoor space, a thermal comfort index, by 2℃. The increase in water inlet velocity from 0.2 to 1 m/s would decrease the diurnal average of operative temperature by 1.4℃. If only the roof was cooled, the diurnal average of operative temperature was 36.7℃. The diurnal average of operative temperature was reduced by 5.7℃ if all the building fabrics were cooled. In this case, with pipes connected in series from the floor first to walls and then to roof resulted in 2.9℃ lower operative temperature compared to that in the reverse sequence. Hence, the sequence in which the fabrics are cooled would have an appreciable influence on the performance of thermally activated building system.
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Cieslik, Wojciech, Filip Szwajca, Sławomir Rosolski, Michał Rutkowski, Katarzyna Pietrzak, and Jakub Wójtowicz. "Historical Buildings Potential to Power Urban Electromobility: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges for Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) Microgrids." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176296.
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The growing need for electric energy is forcing the construction industry to greater integrate energy production systems based on renewable energy sources. The energy ought to be used not only to support functions of the building but also to charge electric vehicles, whose number has been increasing for the last few years. However, implementation of RES (Renewable Energy Sources) systems in already existing buildings is problematic. Basing on an example of a historical building, the article presents the conversion of a facility into a nearly zero-energy building, where energy surplus may be used to charge EVs (Electric Vehicles). Interdisciplinary research describes energy consumption of the EV in real driving conditions, taking into consideration changing weather conditions and an option of energy being produced by buildings operating in an urban agglomeration: it stipulates the time needed to charge the vehicle, depending on the charging We removed dot, according to email in submitting system, please confirm.method, as well as an energy potential of adapting the solution in selected periods of building operation. The summary presents how electromobility can be supported by the construction industry.
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Ignjatović, Marko G., Bratislav D. Blagojević, Mirko M. Stojiljković, Aleksandar S. Anđelković, Milena B. Blagojević, and Dejan M. Mitrović. "Energy performance of air conditioned buildings based on short-term weather forecast." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 04045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911104045.
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One of the possible ways to improve balance between building energy consumption and occupant thermal comfort in existing buildings is to use simulation-assisted operation of HVAC systems. Simulation-assisted operation can be formulated as a type of operation that implements knowledge of future disturbance acting on the building and that enables operating the systems in such a way to fulfill given goals, which in nature can often be contradictory. The most important future conditions on building energy consumption are weather parameters and occupant behavior and expectations of thermal environment. In order to achieve this type of operation, optimization methods must be applied. Methodology to create HVAC system operation strategies on a daily basis is presented. Methodology is based on using building energy performance simulation software EnergyPlus, available weather data, global sensitivity analysis, and custom developed software with particle swarm optimization method applied over the moving horizon. Global sensitivity analysis is used in order to reduce number of independent variables for the optimization process. The methodology is applied to office part of real combined-type building located in Niš, Serbia. Use of sensitivity analysis shows that the reduced number of independent variables for the optimization would lead to similar thermal comfort and energy consumption, with significant computer runtime reduction.
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Do, Huyen, and Kristen S. Cetin. "Data-Driven Evaluation of Residential HVAC System Efficiency Using Energy and Environmental Data." Energies 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010188.
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In the U.S., the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is generally the largest electricity-consuming end-use in a residential building. However, homeowners are less likely to have their HVAC system serviced regularly, thus inefficiencies in operation are also more likely to occur. To address this challenge, this research works towards a non-intrusive data-driven assessment method using building assessors’ data, HVAC electricity demand data, and outdoor environmental data. Building assessors’ data is first used to estimate the HVAC system size, then estimate the electricity demand curve of the HVAC system. A comparison of the proposed electricity demand curve development method demonstrates strong agreement with physics-based HVAC model results. An HVAC efficiency rating is then proposed, which compares the model-predicted and actual performance data to define whether an HVAC system is operating as expected. As a case study, detailed data for 39 occupied, conditioned residential buildings in Austin, Texas, was used demonstrating the identification of the presence of potential HVAC inefficiencies. The results prove beneficial for utilities to help target residential HVAC systems in need of service or energy efficiency upgrades, as well as for homeowners as a continuous assessment tool for HVAC performance.
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Habib, Mustapha, Elmar Bollin, and Qian Wang. "Battery Energy Management System Using Edge-Driven Fuzzy Logic." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 19, 2023): 3539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083539.
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Building energy management systems (BEMSs), dedicated to sustainable buildings, may have additional duties, such as hosting efficient energy management systems (EMSs) algorithms. This duty can become crucial when operating renewable energy sources (RES) and eventual electric energy storage systems (ESSs). Sophisticated EMS approaches that aim to manage RES and ESSs in real time may need high computing capabilities that BEMSs typically cannot provide. This article addresses and validates a fuzzy logic-based EMS for the optimal management of photovoltaic (PV) systems with lead-acid ESSs using an edge computing technology. The proposed method is tested on a real smart grid prototype in comparison with a classical rule-based EMS for different weather conditions. The goal is to investigate the efficacy of islanding the building local network as a control command, along with ESS power control. The results show the implementation feasibility and performance of the fuzzy algorithm in the optimal management of ESSs in both operation modes: grid-connected and islanded modes.
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Liang, Chuan Zhi, and Meng Meng Lu. "Research on the Remote Monitoring System of Building Energy Consumption Based on GSM/GPRS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.782.
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The paper aim the remote monitoring system of energy consumption in buildings based on GSM/GPRS by a case, and introduces the system framework, operating mode, transmission technology, equipments and installation requirements, as well as illustrating software composition and function of the data center. The system can reflect classified electricity consumption in monitored buildings correctly. It not only understand situation of energy consumption in real-time, but also offers basic data for further energy auditing and energy efficiency assessment. The conclusion can develop management of building energy consumption and increase the building energy efficiency.
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Bai, Xue Lian, Ning Yi Liu, Ke Hui Cheng, and Yi Cheng Liu. "Field Testing of Water Source Heat Pump Systems in Chongqing of China." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.302.
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As an application technology of renewable energy resource, water source heat pump (WSHP) has been paid more attention on. WSHP have been practiced especially for saving building energy consumption in Chongqing of China since there is abound water resources. However, it was found that some systems were not operated very well without achieving expected energy efficiency. Taking three real projects which use WSHP for heating and cooling of buildings in Chongqing city to test in field, key parameters were measured and operation performances were analyzed. The influences of water temperature and partial load ratio on system energy efficiency were studied. Based on existing problems, strategies for improving system energy performance are suggested from aspects of design and operating. Dynamic load hourly simulation plays a key role to determine appropriately the size and the form of system. More efforts have to be put on water pumps arrangement to save energy consumed for water transportation which accounts for large part of system energy. The temperature difference and water quality of water source should be controlled according actual operating conditions. The integrated systems and operation strategies under partial load are also beneficial for efficiency improvement.
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DESHKO, VALERII, INNA BILOUS, IRYNA SUKHODUB, and TETYANA BOIKO. "ЕНЕРГОСПОЖИВАННЯ НАВЧАЛЬНИХ КОРПУСІВ УНІВЕРСИТЕТУ В УМОВАХ КАРАНТИННИХ ОБМЕЖЕНЬ УКРАЇНИ." Technologies and Engineering, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/2786-5371.2021.2.1.
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Target. To analyze the features of energy consumption of the building of the educational building No. 17 of the National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" in the conditions of quarantine restrictions in the implementation of energy-saving heating schemes.Methodology. Dynamic energetic modeling of a university academic building created in the DesignBuilder software environment under normal and quarantine modes.Results. Recommendations for the implementation of energy-saving modes of heating the building of the academic building of the university during the period of distance learning when introducing quarantine restrictions in Ukraine.Scientific novelty. An integrated approach has been developed to an in-depth analysis of energy consumption under conditions of partial use of the premises of educational buildings during the quarantine period. It is substantiated that the use of premises with partial operation of the building requires additional unit costs for heating needs.Practical significance. Simulation dynamic modeling of the building's energy consumption for heating for various modes of operation and employment / use of premises of educational buildings during the quarantine period in Ukraine, the results of the study will allow to obtain a set of energy characteristics of the building as a whole and its individual rooms / zones for hourly changes in internal operating conditions and external climatic conditions. The use of the proposed scheme of operation of the heating system of the building of the educational building allows to reduce energy consumption during the heating period by 8,5% compared to energy consumption during normal operation, which is economically feasible in conditions of partial occupancy of the building during quarantine restrictions (during lockdown) and an unpredictable macroeconomic situation on the energy market, causing a trend towards an increase in prices for basic energy resources.
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Kudriashov, Andrii, Tomasz Buratowski, Jerzy Garus, and Mariusz Giergiel. "3D Environment Exploration with SLAM for Autonomous Mobile Robot Control." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (August 2, 2021): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.40.
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In the paper a solution for building of 3D map of unknown terrain for the purposes of control of wheeled autonomous mobile robots operating in an isolated and hard-access area is described. The work environment is represented by a three-dimensional occupancy grid map built with SLAM techniques using LIDAR sensor system. Probabilistic methods such as adaptive Monte Carlo localization and extended Kalman filter are used to concurrently build a map of surroundings and a robot’s pose estimation. A robot’s displacement and orientation are obtained from odometry and inertial navigation system. All algorithms and sub-systems have been implemented and verified with Robot Operation System with a framework for exploration tasks in multi-level buildings
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Savchenko, Olena, and Zenon Savchenko. "Estimation of Solar Hot Water System Operation for a Residential Building." Energy Engineering and Control Systems 7, no. 1 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jeecs2021.01.001.
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Solar hot water supply systems can provide a significant part of the thermal energy needed in the residential sector. The use of solar hot water supply systems can reduce the consumption of traditional energy sources and, consequently, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this article is to assess the operation of the solar heating system operation to provide the needs of the hot water supply system of a residential building with thermal energy. The efficiency of a flat solar collector operating in a single-circuit thermosyphon system of solar heating of a residential building in Lviv has been established. The solar fraction of the hot water supply system of a residential building is determined depending on the volume of hot water consumed, in particular 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 l/day. It is established that the lower the need for hot water, the greater the solar fraction of the solar hot water supply system. Thus, the average annual solar fraction of the solar hot water supply system with a daily consumption of 50 l/day is 0.77, and with a daily consumption of 100 l/day the solar fraction is 0.39. The average value of the solar fraction for the solar hot water supply systems of the studied house is 0.55.
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Wang, Lei, Shi Wei Zhu, and Jun Feng Yu. "Transplant and Tailor of gSOAP Based on Embedded Linux." Applied Mechanics and Materials 303-306 (February 2013): 2445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.303-306.2445.
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In this paper, an open source web service software—gSOAP which is transplanted to the embedded Linux is proposed. Web service is not only an application entity for building applications, but also a distributed applications platform which runs operations interoperably. It can also execute all kinds of operating systems (OS) which support HTTP protocol. With the rapid development of the embedded system, lots of open-source software is transplanted to the embedded platform by embedded operating systems.
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Mietielov, Volodymyr, Oleksiі Marusenko, and Oleksandr Baskakov. "DEVELOPMENT OF A TEXT EDITOR FOR UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 4(14) (December 28, 2022): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2022.04.05.
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The task of developing and implementing a software application for creating, editing, displaying on the screen, as well as saving in the form of files of various formats, which in turn will be used in programming in languages such as C, C++, Python, and the Linux system language – Bash, is being considered. The developed software application is designed to enable the user to interact with files of various extensions, edit and save changes, work with the content of files for further development of software code in languages such as C, C++, Python. The software application can be used both as a console application and with the use of a graphical interface on UNIX and MS Windows operating systems. During development, the UNIX operating system was used, namely the Linux – Ubuntu distribution, which made it possible to use the created text editor on such operating systems as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Kali Linux, Raspberry Pi Ubuntu. A free cross–platform multimedia package of libraries – SFML was also used, which made it possible to use a text editor on the MS Windows platform. The source code of the SFML library is provided under the ZLIB/PNG Free Software Distribution License. During development, a method of processing input information, as well as saving it in a file of a separate format, was defined and implemented. The following programming languages were used: C, C++11, a convenient software application architecture was developed, which allows you to easily maintain and improve the program in the future. The use of a virtual machine was an integral part of the project. By using a virtual machine, many computer resources are utilized, such as: RAM, number of cores, data storage and discrete desktop acceleration in the desired operating system. A friendly graphical interface for user interaction has been implemented.
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Zhivov, Alexander M. "Parameters for Thermal Energy Systems Resilience." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 08001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124608001.
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To provide a building design that is robust, adaptable, and affordable, one must understand the aspects of the building’s geographic location that will impact equipment selections, operating hours, and maintenance needs. One must also consider the building’s “thermal resilience,” i.e., its ability to withstand a heating plant outage. Designing for resilience is of growing importance, especially for military and government installations that must maintain critical functions even during outages. Buildings with a fast rate of temperature degradation with the loss of heating system function have low resiliency; buildings with a slower rate of temperature degradation have higher resiliency. In extreme cold climates, resiliency can play an integral role in protecting property during an outage. A drop in indoor temperature can pose a risk of freezing plumbing, which can lead to burst pipes and interior flooding that can cause enormous and costly damage, and which can effect a loss of workspace in an office building. More resilient designs must consider not only building HVAC installations, but also building envelope and the whole energy infrastructure, including thermal capacity of concrete and brick walls, internal water pipes, critical system redundancy, outside insulation without weak points, and a centrally controlled, low carbon hot water heat supply. This paper describes a quantitative approach to evaluate a system’s resiliency based on analytical and experimental studies conducted under IEA EBC Annex 73 and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) project Technologies Integration to Achieve Resilient, Low-Energy Military Installations, to evaluate building energy performance in extreme climate conditions. This work recommends that more thermally resilient designs for buildings in cold climates include consideration of increased thermal resistance of the building envelope, improved whole-building airtightness, and higher thermal mass.
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Gaitan, Nicoleta Cristina, Ioan Ungurean, Costica Roman, and Catalin Francu. "An Optimizing Heat Consumption System Based on BMS." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073271.
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The recent trend is to transform existing buildings into smart, green, or passive buildings by adopting sustainable technologies to achieve increased life comfort and production efficiency through reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, and operating costs. Thus, existing buildings can be rehabilitated in order to have the lowest possible energy consumption. One of the highest demands on the energy consumption of buildings is the heating system used during the winter months. In this paper, we propose a management and control system for electrical and energy heating consumption, based on a BMS (building management system) that is used for the rehabilitation of the students’ dormitories on a university campus. This includes a cogeneration plant that can be controlled in order to produce electrical and heating energy, depending on the requirements needed to heat the building in the cold season. The system reduced the consumption of energy for heating by 13% and of electricity by 32%.
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Shakerin, Mohammad, Vilde Eikeskog, Yantong Li, Trond Thorgeir Harsem, Natasa Nord, and Haoran Li. "Investigation of Combined Heating and Cooling Systems with Short- and Long-Term Storages." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095709.
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Modern buildings in cold climates, like Norway, may have simultaneous heating and cooling demands. For these buildings, integrated heating and cooling systems with heat pumps, as well as short-term and long-term thermal storage, are promising solutions. Furthermore, combining this integrated system with renewables aids in the transition to future sustainable building energy systems. However, cost-effectively designing and operating such a complicated system is challenging and rarely addressed. Therefore, this research proposed an integrated heating and cooling system that incorporated a short-term water tank and a long-term borehole thermal storage. Meanwhile, three operating modes: heating, cooling, and free cooling were defined based on different heating and cooling load conditions. A detailed system model was developed in MATLAB using heat pump manufacture data as well as simulated and measured building loads. Following that, sensitivity studies were performed to investigate the impacts of ground properties, thermal storage size, setpoint temperature, heat pump characteristics, and load conditions. The findings identified the crucial factors that influence the system’s overall energy efficiency and the functioning of the key system components. Particularly, it revealed that low cooling to heating ratios caused an imbalance in charging and discharging, further reducing the ground temperature and degrading the heat pump’s performance.
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Medina, Washington, Francisco Novillo, Eduardo Chancay, and Juan Romero. "Mechanism to Estimate Effective Spectrum Availability Inside Smart Buildings." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 2, 2020): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081244.
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Smart cities and smart buildings must provide their customers with many services, including those associated with health, productivity, and energy efficiency, among others. Short-range wireless systems can provide all of these services, but the significant growth of wireless networks operating within a smart building (SB) can produce the phenomenon of spectrum shortages. Spectrum shortages could be resolved using Cognitive Radio (CR)-based systems to improve the efficiency of electromagnetic spectrum use by taking advantage of the reusable spectrum available in the building’s interior. This study proposes a mechanism using two interference conditions to quickly estimate the minimum amount of effective spectrum availability (ESA) inside an SB. The results show that an SB contains ESA distributed across 36% to 98% of the building’s area for reuse, as a function of the height of the building and of the distance from the base station (BS) of the primary system.
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Maxwell, Christopher J. "Building and operating a web-based reporting system: A case study." New Directions for Institutional Research 2008, no. 137 (2008): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ir.237.
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Dai, Ming He, Zhi Ping Zhou, and Xing Xue. "Test and Energy Consumption Analysis of Air-Conditioning Systems in Terminal Building of Guilin Liangjiang International Airport." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2652.
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In this paper, the operating conditions of air-conditioning systems in Terminal building of Guilin LiangJiang International Airport were tested and analysed. This paper mainly analyzes the influence of chilled water temperature on water chiller performance and derives the relationship of COP of water chiller and chilled water temperature difference between inlet and outlet , and provides reference for operation mode’s optimization of the air-conditioning system and energy consumption reduction of the whole building.
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Wang, Chun Bo, and Peng Yu. "The Application of Mutual Control Monitoring and Communication Technology in Intelligent Building Safety Mitigation System –The Design of Computer Communication Interface and Control Platform." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.860.
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With the development of intelligent building, building intelligence system integration has become the focus of the field of intelligent building. The mutual control mode communication technology can provide strategies against emergency. On the other hand, in order to effectively support the real-time control system, and improve the system of operation, we connect the system with a computer platform by using RS232 serial communication port, and use VC program design platform and ActiveX technology which introduced by Microsoft to produce a operating control platform of the mutual control mode communication machine.
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Rey-Hernández, Javier, Eloy Velasco-Gómez, Julio San José-Alonso, Ana Tejero-González, Sergio González-González, and Francisco Rey-Martínez. "Monitoring Data Study of the Performance of Renewable Energy Systems in a Near Zero Energy Building in Spain: A Case Study." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112979.
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The building sector is responsible for a substantial part of the energy consumption and corresponding CO2 emissions. The European Union has consequently developed various directives, among which the updated Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2018/844/EU stands out, aiming at minimizing the energy demand in buildings, improving the energy efficiency of their facilities and integrating renewable energies. The objective of the present study was to develop an analysis on the energy performance, related CO2 emissions and operating costs of the renewable energy technologies implemented within a multipurpose near Zero Energy Building (nZEB). The target building is an existing nZEB called LUCIA, located in Valladolid (Spain). Monitoring data provides the required information on the actual needs for electricity, cooling and heating. It is equipped with solar energy photovoltaic systems, a biomass boiler and a geothermal Earth to Air Heat Exchanger (EAHX) intended for meeting the ventilation thermal loads. All systems studied show favourable performances, but depend significantly on the particular characteristics of the building, the control algorithm and the climate of the location. Hence, design of these strategies for new nZEBs must consider all these factors. The combined use of the PhotoVoltaic PV System, the biomass and the EAHX reduces the CO2 emissions up to 123 to 170 tons/year in comparison with other fuels, entailing economic savings from the system operation of up to 43,000–50,000 €/year.
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Cheng, Zhiping, Xiang Li, Zhongwen Li, Jikai Si, Shuai Xu, and Rui Nie. "Optimal Scheduling Strategy of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Microgrid Considering Virtual Energy Storage." Applied Sciences 10, no. 18 (September 5, 2020): 6176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10186176.
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Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) is one of the most efficient ways to utilize renewable energy in buildings. However, the stochastic characteristic of PV power generation and load challenges the optimal dispatch of the BIPV. This paper proposes an optimal scheduling strategy of BIPV microgrid considering virtual energy storage (VES), which intends to further improve the operating economy of a BIPV microgrid. Firstly, existing research findings and gaps in this research area were analyzed. Then, the mathematical model of each unit in the system was created, meanwhile, the air conditioner-based VES (ACVES) model and electric water heater-based VES (EWHVES) model are built by exploiting the heat/cold storage capability of building and the electric water heater, respectively. Next, the optimal scheduling model considering the VES is designed. Finally, the optimal scheduling model is solved by CPLEX to obtain the optimal scheduling strategy that reduces the operating cost of the system. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can reduce the operating cost of the system. Furthermore, the VES shows the potential to replace the battery energy storage system.
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Devyanin, Petr Nikolaevich, Vladimir Iurevich Telezhnikov, and Alexey Vladimirovich Khoroshilov. "Building a methodology for secure system software development on the example of operating systems." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 33, no. 5 (2021): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2021-33(5)-2.
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System software is a cornerstone of any software system, so building secure system software in accordance with requirements of certification authorities and state-of-the-art practices is an important scientific and technical problem. One of possible approaches to cope with the problem is to build a methodology for secure system software development including advanced scientific technologies and industry best practices. The paper presents current results achieved in building such methodology in the following directions. The first one is regulatory framework improvement including development of GOST R specifications defining requirements to formal models of access control policies and their formal verification. The second direction is design and verification of formal models of corresponding security functional requirements. The third direction is application of new and well established technologies of static and run-time analysis of systems software. The considered technologies include static analysis, fuzzing, functional and unit testing as well as testing the system software against formal models of its functional security requirements. The forth direction is development of methods for acquisition of results of all kinds of the analysis and for its analytical processing. All the directions are illustrated by practical examples of application of the methodology to development of Astra Linux operating system distribution that is certified according to the highest evaluation assurance levels.
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Tran, Van Hung, Thanh Nhan Phan, and Momchil Vassilev. "An approach for reducing the air conditioning costs in office buildings in Vietnam." E3S Web of Conferences 327 (2021): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132701012.
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According to statistics from the Ho Chi Minh Energy Saving Center, the electricity costs of the air conditioning system for office buildings are about 70% of the electricity costs. There are many solutions that have been proposed to reduce the operating costs of the air conditioning systems, this article discusses a method of accumulating cold to reduce the cost of electricity for the air conditioning system of an office building.