Journal articles: 'Building materials – Surfaces'

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Juhasova Senitkova, Ingrid. "Interior Materials Combination and Perceived Indoor Air Quality." MATEC Web of Conferences 279 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927903001.

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The materials used in the buildings, either as surface structural materials or as furnishings, are mostly the sources of indoor air pollution. Interior surfaces are generally accepted as the main source of indoor TVOCs emissions. The poor indoor microclimate quality can cause the sick building syndrome, as well as negatively affects the people activities and wellbeing. In recent years the needs of indoor air quality and building performance improvement have been increasing. The indoor materials impact on perceived indoor air quality for various surface interior materials and its combination was studied within this paper. Traditional and progressive materials comparison reveals new fact regarding the TVOCs concentration. The task of the study was to investigate the possibility using individual material surfaces sorption ability. The chemical analysis and sensory assessments identifies health adverse of indoor air pollutants (TVOCs). Also we can use knowledge about the targeted use of sorption effect already in the building design phase. The results demonstrate the various sorption abilities of various indoor materials as well as various sorption ability of the same indoor material in various combinations.

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Zulfiqar, Usama, Muhammad Awais, Syed Zajif Hussain, Irshad Hussain, S. Wilayat Husain, and Tayyab Subhani. "Durable and self-healing superhydrophobic surfaces for building materials." Materials Letters 192 (April 2017): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.01.070.

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Raspopoulos, M., and S. Stavrou. "Frequency selective surfaces on building materials – air gap impact." Electronics Letters 43, no. 13 (2007): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20071126.

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Ekmanis, J., V. Zebergs, N. Zeltins, and V. Vrublevski. "Thermal Characteristics of New Building Materials and their Effect upon the Energy Efficiency." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10047-008-0014-6.

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Thermal Characteristics of New Building Materials and their Effect upon the Energy Efficiency The paper formulates the role of thermal inertia of the building materials in the energy supply of buildings and in solution of the energy efficiency problems. The evolution of construction entails the application of new building materials as well as of glazed surfaces in the envelopes of buildings. An analysis is made of the influence of the thermal resistance of building materials and their heat capacity on the thermal inertia indicators of buildings. An inertia scale of buildings has been developed for the choice of the heat supply capacities of buildings at low outdoor temperatures under extreme conditions of the Latvian climate. The ratio of the ventilation capacities has been analysed in the total heating balance at a low thermal inertia of buildings. The significance of innovative ventilation technologies for raising the energy efficiency has been considered.

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Bartlett, D. J. "The performance of building materials in australia." Journal of Coatings Technology 70, no. 10 (October 1998): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02730087.

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Kuzmichev, Andrey A., Valery N. Azarov, and Alexander V. Kuzmichev. "The Effect of Atmospheric Pollution on Building Materials in the Urban Environment." Journal of Materials and Applications 9, no. 2 (November 15, 2020): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jma.2020.9.2.70.

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Nowadays atmospheric pollution affects not only the urban environment in general, but building materials, which leads to their corrosion, in particular. The article discusses the regularities of the adhesion process of particulate matter (dust) on the vertical surfaces of buildings and structures, which are made of various building materials. On the basis of experimental studies, regression dependences of the adhesion of urban dust on different vertical surfaces from random determining factors were obtained. Thus, by studying the regularities of pollution of urban environment objects, made of various building materials, it is possible to achieve their preservation, since they demonstrate the architectural and design features of various historical periods of the country's development.

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Barreira, Eva, Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida, and Maria L. Simões. "Emissivity of Building Materials for Infrared Measurements." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21061961.

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Infrared thermography (IRT) is a technique increasingly used in building inspection. If in many applications it is sufficient to analyze the thermal patterns, others exist in which the exact determination of the surface temperature is a fundamental aspect. In these circumstances, the emissivity of the surfaces assumes special relevance, being probably the most important property in the definition of the boundary conditions. However, information on the uncertainty involved in its measurement, as well as the conditions that influence it, is scarce. This article presents an innovative contribution both to the characterization of the emissivity of various construction materials, and to the discussion of emissivity measurement procedures and the attendant uncertainty. In this sense, three experimental campaigns were carried out: T.I, preliminary tests to assess the initial conditions required for an accurate IRT measurement of the emissivity (reference tape and position of the camera); T.II, assessment of the emissivity of nine different building materials, in dry conditions, using the emissometer and the IRT and black tape methods; and T.III, assessment of the emissivity of three materials during the drying process. The results confirmed that emissivity is a crucial parameter for the accurate measurement of surface temperature. Emissivity measurements carried out with IRT (black tape method) and with the emissometer returned meaningful differences when compared with the values available in the literature. This disagreement led to surface temperature differences of up to 7 °C (emissometer versus reference values). This research also highlighted that the moisture content of the materials influences the emissivity values, with fluctuations that can be greater than 10%, and that the effect of moisture is visible even for low values of moisture content.

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Mosquera, Maria J., Luis A. M. Carrascosa, and Nabil Badreldin. "Producing superhydrophobic/oleophobic coatings on Cultural Heritage building materials." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0404.

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AbstractWater is the main vehicle of decay agents in Cultural Heritage building materials exposed to weathering. In this work, a simple method to produce superhydrophobic/oleophobic coatings building materials, including under outdoors conditions, has been developed. In addition, a study of the behavior of the developed coatings on different substrates (limestone, granite, concrete and wood) is reported. The addition of 40 nm-SiO2nanoparticles to a fluoroalkylsilane reduces surface energy and produces a Cassie-Baxter surface in all the materials evaluated. It promotes high static contact angle values of around 160°, and a contact angle hysteresis of around 3°, giving rise to repellence. The building surfaces also demonstrate an excellent self-cleaning performance. The coatings maintain the building materials esthetics as required in the Cultural Heritage field. Finally, the coating presents a long-lasting performance due to condensation reactions producing effective grafting to the four building materials evaluated.

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Volkova, S. N., A. V. Shleenko, V. V. Morozova, and E. E. Sivak. "Analysis of Linear Surfaces of Building Structures." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 24, no. 3 (December 6, 2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2020-24-3-111-120.

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Purpose of reseach is to analyze the practice in the application of surfaces formed by the movement of a straight line. It is known that among the second-order surfaces cones, cylinders, hyperboloids of one sheet and hyperbolic paraboloids, as well as lines represented in the polar coordinate system in the form of intricate shapes that can be represented in space by the above-mentioned surfaces, adding a third dimension, have rectilinear generators. The strength resulting from covering each point of the listed surfaces with straight lines from different families does not make the structure heavier but strengthens it and makes it light compared to monoliths without reinforcements made of other materials, in which stability is not based on Shukhov calculation formulas. Methods Finding families of rectilinear generators for second-order surfaces calculation of which is based on the separation of equations that represent a second-order surface as a difference of squares in one part of the equation and as a product with an arbitrary parameter in the other part. Results. Analyzing second-order surfaces, we came to the conclusion that cones, cylinders are prone to this method of Shukhov calculations; equation of the form F (x,y)=0 in space defines a cylindrical surface whose generators are parallel to axis oz. Similarly, F (x, z)=0 defines a cylindrical surface with generators parallel to axis oy and F (y;z)=0 is a cylindrical surface with generators parallel to axis ox. A hyperboloid of one sheet, hyperbolic paraboloid, i.e. 10 surfaces out of 14, make up more than 70%. Conclusion. As a result of applying these formulas for calculating reinforced building structures, city buildings will acquire a new appearance, which will create a comfortable environment for residents, as well as lead to saving construction material resources.

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Rempel, Alan W., and Alexandra R. Rempel. "Frost Resilience of Stabilized Earth Building Materials." Geosciences 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9080328.

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Earth-based building materials are increasingly valued in green design for their low embodied energy, humidity-buffering ability, and thermal stability. These materials perform well in warm dry climates, but greater understanding of long-term durability is needed for successful adoption in colder and/or wetter climates. The presence of stabilizers dramatically improves resistance to surface erosion from wind and rain, compared to unstabilized adobe and cob counterparts, and the influences of soil composition, fiber type, and diverse binders, on rain and wind surface erosion have been investigated in detail. Frost and freeze-thaw resistance, however, have been less well-studied, despite strong interest in stabilized earth materials in northern North America, Europe, and Asia. In particular, recent studies have relied on a widespread misunderstanding of the mechanism by which frost damage occurs in porous materials that will impede efforts to create valid models for material design and improvement. In addition, the influence of radiative thermal stresses on wall surfaces has been overlooked in favor of focus on ambient air temperatures. Here, we apply contemporary understanding of cracking by segregated ice growth to develop a macroscopic damage index that enables comparison between performance of different materials subject to different weather patterns. An examination of predicted damage patterns for two stabilized earth building materials and two conventional materials in twelve cities over two time periods reveals the dominant factors that govern frost vulnerability. We find that the frost resilience of earth building materials is comparable to that of the conventional materials we examined, and that assessments that neglect expected variations in water content by assuming full saturation are likely to yield misleading results. Over recent years, increased winter temperatures in several cities we examined predict reduced material vulnerability to frost damage, but we also find that accompanying increases in humidity levels have made some cities much more vulnerable.

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Choidis, Petros, Dimitrios Kraniotis, Ilari Lehtonen, and Bente Hellum. "A Modelling Approach for the Assessment of Climate Change Impact on the Fungal Colonization of Historic Timber Structures." Forests 12, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12070819.

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Climate change is anticipated to affect the degradation of the building materials in cultural heritage sites and buildings. For the aim of taking the necessary preventive measures, studies need to be carried out with the utmost possible precision regarding the building materials of each monument and the microclimate to which they are exposed. Within the present study, a methodology to investigate the mold risk of timber buildings is presented and applied in two historic constructions. The two case studies are located in Vestfold, Norway. Proper material properties are selected for the building elements by leveraging material properties from existing databases, measurements, and simulations of the hygrothermal performance of selected building components. Data from the REMO2015 driven by the global model MPI-ESM-LR are used in order to account for past, present, and future climate conditions. In addition, climate data from ERA5 reanalysis are used in order to assess the accuracy the MPI-ES-LR_REMO2015 model results. Whole building hygrothermal simulations are employed to calculate the temperature and the relative humidity on the timber surfaces. The transient hygrothermal condition and certain characteristics of the timber surfaces are used as inputs in the updated VTT mold model in order to predict the mold risk of certain building elements. Results show a significant increase of the mold risk of the untreated timber surfaces due to climate change. The treated surfaces have no mold risk at all. It is also observed that the most significant increase of the mold risk occurs in the north-oriented and the horizontal surfaces. It is underlined that the mold risk of the timber elements is overestimated by the MPI-ES-LR_REMO2015 model compared to ERA5 reanalysis. The importance of considering the surface temperature and humidity, and not the atmospheric temperature and humidity as boundary conditions in the mold growth model is also investigated and highlighted.

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Family, Roxana, and M. Mengüç. "Analysis of Sustainable Materials for Radiative Cooling Potential of Building Surfaces." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093049.

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The main goal of this paper is to explore the radiative cooling and solar heating potential of several materials for the built environment, based on their spectrally-selective properties. A material for solar heating, should have high spectral emissivity/absorptivity in the solar radiation band (within the wavelength range of 0.2–2 μm), and low emissivity/absorptivity at longer wavelengths. Radiative cooling applications require high spectral emissivity/absorptivity, within the atmospheric window band (8–13 μm), and a low emissivity/absorptivity in other bands. UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FTIR spectroscopy, are used to measure, the spectral absorption/emission spectra of six different types of materials. To evaluate the radiative cooling potential of the samples, the power of cooling is calculated. Heat transfer through most materials is not just a surface phenomenon, but it also needs a volumetric analysis. Therefore, a coupled radiation and conduction heat transfer analysis is used. Results are discussed for the selection of the best materials, for different applications on building surfaces.

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Liu, Xiaoyu, Zhishi Guo, Leslie E. Sparks, and Nancy F. Roache. "VOC Sink Behaviour on Building Materials – Model Evaluation." Indoor and Built Environment 20, no. 6 (July 8, 2011): 661–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x11409461.

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The event of 11 September 2001 underscored the need to study the vulnerability of buildings to weapons of mass destruction, including chemical, biological, physical and radiological agents. Should these agents be released inside a building, they would interact with interior surfaces, building materials and furnishings, and could remain for a long period in an indoor environment. This study provides insights into the sink effect and absorption mechanisms of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. In this study, the sink effect was investigated with building materials (e.g. painted gypsum wallboard, vinyl flooring, carpet and mortar) and VOCs, ethylbenzene, 1-butanol, decane and dodecane, which were used as surrogates of toxic chemicals. Vinyl flooring has the strongest sink for ethylbenzene and dodecane. The sink experimental data were employed to evaluate the Langmuir-isotherm and diffusion sink models. Test data were also compared to a no-sink model. The sorption and desorption rate constants for the Langmuir-isotherm model were obtained. Mass balance was analysed. There were strong correlations between equilibrium partition coefficients from the Langmuir-isotherm model and equilibrium partition coefficients and the effective diffusion coefficients from the sink diffusion model.

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Zhang, Yalong, Xuan Ma, Xiaodan Jiang, and Hisakazu Ogura. "Longitudinal Compensation Algorithm for the Stamping Fold Shift of Quadric Metal Curtain Walls." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 1584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2018.2458.

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Metal curtain walls are widely applied as decorative materials for the outer walls of large buildings. However, the application of such materials in curved building surfaces is relatively complicated. The whole curved surface is divided into several small surface patches according to a specific plan. Each surface patch is shaped by stamping with a certain-shaped plane metal plate. The calculation of the flat shape of a given surface patch is a key technology. Quadric surfaces are inextensible surfaces. Flat metal materials are folded when stamped into curved surfaces. Wrinkles are distributed unevenly because the curvature of surface patches is often asymmetric. Stress pushes wrinkles from high-density regions to low-density areas, at which point a uniform distribution pattern is reached under the limiting case. An accurate surface flattening method that compensates for fold shift is regarded as a difficult technology to develop. To address these problems, this study proposed an even flattening method for quadric surfaces. The proposed method simplifies the sheet metal forming technology and achieves satisfactory accuracy in the engineering process.

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Yuan, Jihui, Kazuo Emura, and Craig Farnham. "Potential for Application of Retroreflective Materials instead of Highly Reflective Materials for Urban Heat Island Mitigation." Urban Studies Research 2016 (February 17, 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3626294.

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Research on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation has been carried out globally. Several strategies have been proposed or developed to mitigate UHI, including highly reflective (HR) envelopes of buildings, green roofs, urban vegetation, shading, heat sinks, and air-conditioning efficiency. Among these techniques, HR envelopes have been extensively studied as an effective method to mitigate the UHI effect by reducing energy consumption. However, because most of HR materials are diffusive, HR envelopes applied to vertical surfaces can reflect both onto roads and nearby buildings. Additionally, HR roofs cannot reflect all incoming solar radiation to the sky if there are high buildings around it. Thus, HR materials applied as building envelopes have a limited effect against the solar contribution to the UHI. In order to solve this problem, retroreflective (RR) materials, which reflect the solar radiation back towards the source, have been studied and developed to be applied as building envelopes instead of HR materials. This paper summarizes several previous researches on HR envelopes and cool roofs and summarizes several current researches on RR materials. The potential for application of RR envelopes in cities is proposed with consideration of economic and environmental factors.

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Karoglou, M., A. Moropoulou, A. Giakoumaki, and M. K. Krokida. "Capillary rise kinetics of some building materials." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 284, no. 1 (April 2005): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.09.065.

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Yu, K. N. "Mitigation of indoor radon pollution in buildings in Hong Kong: Covering materials on internal building surfaces." Building and Environment 29, no. 1 (January 1994): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(94)90046-9.

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Juhasova Senitkova, Ingrid. "Interior surface materials as sources of indoor hygiene defects." MATEC Web of Conferences 146 (2018): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814603001.

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The building design and material selection has to respect the environmental requirements of indoor air quality and indoor hygiene parameters. As the first stage of building design is the most important for final indoor air quality more and more by clear constructional architecture the benefit of environmental safety, good indoor air quality for health and productivity are dominant. Nowadays the interior surface materials have received greatest attention as sources of indoor air pollution. The major pollutants in indoor air are volatile organic compounds emitted from materials and building products. Volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, are among the most complex and troubling indoor air pollutants. Manufactured and synthesized products often release large quantities of VOCs, some of the compounds they release, such as benzene, styrene, formaldehyde, and toluene, may be irritating, toxic, or even carcinogenic. VOCs emitted can become attached to other surfaces in the space, especially fabrics, and then be re-emitted over time. The impact of interior surface materials on air quality and indoor hygiene is discussed within the paper. The building design concerning to heath of occupants and hygienic performance regime can be realized only by interdisciplinary team of professionals respecting the environmental building and indoor design.

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Awrangjeb, M., and F. U. Siddiqui. "A NEW MASK FOR AUTOMATIC BUILDING DETECTION FROM HIGH DENSITY POINT CLOUD DATA AND MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W4 (November 13, 2017): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w4-89-2017.

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In complex urban and residential areas, there are buildings which are not only connected with and/or close to one another but also partially occluded by their surrounding vegetation. Moreover, there may be buildings whose roofs are made of transparent materials. In transparent buildings, there are point returns from both the ground (or materials inside the buildings) and the rooftop. These issues confuse the previously proposed building masks which are generated from either ground points or non-ground points. The normalised digital surface model (nDSM) is generated from the non-ground points and usually it is hard to find individual buildings and trees using the nDSM. In contrast, the primary building mask is produced using the ground points, thereby it misses the transparent rooftops. This paper proposes a new building mask based on the non-ground points. The dominant directions of non-ground lines extracted from the multispectral imagery are estimated. A dummy grid with the target mask resolution is rotated at each dominant direction to obtain the corresponding height values from the non-ground points. Three sub-masks are then generated from the height grid by estimating the gradient function. Two of these sub-masks capture planar surfaces whose height remain constant in along and across the dominant direction, respectively. The third sub-mask contains only the flat surfaces where the height (ideally) remains constant in all directions. All the sub-masks generated in all estimated dominant directions are combined to produce the candidate building mask. Although the application of the gradient function helps in removal of most of the vegetation, the final building mask is obtained through removal of planar vegetation, if any, and tiny isolated false candidates. Experimental results on three Australian data sets show that the proposed method can successfully remove vegetation, thereby separate buildings from occluding vegetation and detect buildings with transparent roof materials. While compared to existing building detection techniques, the proposed technique offers higher objectbased completeness, correctness and quality, specially in complex scenes with aforementioned issues. It is not only capable of detecting transparent buildings, but also small garden sheds which are sometimes as small as 5&thinsp;m<sup>2</sup> in area.

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Kazaryan, Ruben, and Vitaly Khvan. "Environmentally friendly building materials for residential high-rise construction." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102008.

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Materials, products and systems used as finishing of external surfaces and/or interior rooms when erecting or reconstructing buildings and structures should: protect the person in the room finished with these materials from the pathogenic effects of materials, products and building systems; if possible, do not exert pathological physiological and/or activity loads on people carrying out production or life activities in rooms finished with these materials and/or equipped with products and systems. As a result of the research, it was found that the source of 80% of the chemicals found in the air environment of the apartments is used construction and finishing materials. Currently, the quality of raw materials for building materials and the building materials and structures themselves are determined by GOST and Technical Specifications. A civil engineer is required to correctly select a material, product, or structure that has sufficient strength, reliability, and durability for specific conditions. Safe in themselves, finishing materials, products, and systems in the composition can acquire and demonstrate new properties. Therefore, the study of this problem is an urgent task of the near future and one of the directions of construction anthropotechnology, in particular, when implementing high-rise construction projects.

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Robine, E., D. Derangere, M. Attoui, and R. Moreau. "Aerobiocontamination testing procedure for evaluation of building materials and surfaces hygienic properties." Journal of Aerosol Science 29 (September 1998): S551—S552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(98)00282-1.

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Wang, Chao, Zhiqiang Wang, and Xi Zhang. "Superamphiphiles as Building Blocks for Supramolecular Engineering: Towards Functional Materials and Surfaces." Small 7, no. 10 (April 20, 2011): 1379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201002365.

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Binns, C., S. H. Baker, S. Louch, F. Sirotti, H. Cruguel, P. Prieto, S. C. Thornton, and J. D. Bellier. "Building high-performance magnetic materials out of gas-phase nanoclusters." Applied Surface Science 226, no. 1-3 (March 2004): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2003.11.069.

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Paula, A. J., and H. Koo. "Nanosized Building Blocks for Customizing Novel Antibiofilm Approaches." Journal of Dental Research 96, no. 2 (November 19, 2016): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034516679397.

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Recent advances in nanotechnology provide unparalleled flexibility to control the composition, size, shape, surface chemistry, and functionality of materials. Currently available engineering approaches allow precise synthesis of nanocompounds (e.g., nanoparticles, nanostructures, nanocrystals) with both top-down and bottom-up design principles at the submicron level. In this context, these “nanoelements” (NEs) or “nanosized building blocks” can 1) generate new nanocomposites with antibiofilm properties or 2) be used to coat existing surfaces (e.g., teeth) and exogenously introduced surfaces (e.g., restorative or implant materials) for prevention of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Furthermore, functionalized NEs 3) can be conceived as nanoparticles to carry and selectively release antimicrobial agents after attachment or within oral biofilms, resulting in their disruption. The latter mechanism includes “smart release” of agents when triggered by pathogenic microenvironments (e.g., acidic pH or low oxygen levels) for localized and controlled drug delivery to simultaneously kill bacteria and dismantle the biofilm matrix. Here we discuss inorganic, metallic, polymeric, and carbon-based NEs for their outstanding chemical flexibility, stability, and antibiofilm properties manifested when converted into bioactive materials, assembled on-site or delivered at biofilm-surface interfaces. Details are provided on the emerging concept of the rational design of NEs and recent technological breakthroughs for the development of a new generation of nanocoatings or functional nanoparticles for biofilm control in the oral cavity.

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Chico, Belén, Daniel de la Fuente, Elisabete Almeida, Manuel Morcillo, José Antonio González, and Eduardo Otero. "Lap-joint corrosion of precoated materials for building applications." Surface and Coatings Technology 190, no. 1 (January 2005): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.02.034.

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Wolff, Britta. "Hydrophobized Lime Plasters as Protective Surface in Wet Rooms in Monument Preservation." Advanced Materials Research 688 (May 2013): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.688.60.

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The use of lime plaster as a protection of building units against moisture is very common in the monument preservation, but controversially discussed. Historical buildings often demonstrate the problems of the two building materials, in particular the insufficient adherence between clay and lime in the course of time. Previous results of research brought out contradictory statements. The project especially focuses on the compressed, hydrophobic polished lime plaster Tadelakt, which can act as a protection of surfaces in wet rooms with climatically extreme conditions like increased humidity and high temperature. Reported are the results yielded in the research project which covers the investigations to improve the mechanical adherence and to analyze the chemical reaction between the both building materials.

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Ilinskaya, Olga, Alina Bayazitova, and Galina Yakovleva. "Biocorrosion of materials and sick building syndrome." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 3 (2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18040.

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The problem of biological damage of mineral building materials and structures based on them is multifaceted and covers all types of industry. The most destructive biocorrosion impacts are on building materials in cities with a large water area. Various types of microorganisms, including pathogens, and especially the filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, etc., occupy the surfaces of mineral building materials, cause their destruction, disturb the ecological balance of cities and endanger the human health. The term ‘sick building syndrome' (SBS) is used to describe a situation when the residents of a building experience acute health- or comfort-related effects that seem to be linked directly to the time spent in the building wherein no specific illness or cause can be identified. Biological contaminants, in particular micromycetes, can present one of the possible causes of SBS. Here, we assessed the biodeterioration level of structural materials on the basis of fine-grained concrete widely used in construction practice and architecture. First, we determined the strength characteristics of the material that has been biologically damaged; second, we identified the damaging micromycetes and analysed their metabolic activity related both to the induction of biocorrosion and to the impacts of fungi on human health. Applying a new integrated approach, which combines methods of molecular microbiology and genetic toxicology with standard methods for determining the strength of building structures, we confirmed the relation between biodestructive and pathogenic properties of micromycete isolates.

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Puumala, Maarit, Tiina Mattila, Kim Kaustell, and Pekka Jauhiainen. "The Influence of Surface Properties of Floor Materials on Ease of Cleaning in Production Animal Houses." Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no. 21 (January 31, 2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.76702.

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The conditions of animal buildings require to some extent different properties of building materials than in other buildings. Floor surfaces are of special interest, since they should stand strong mechanical and chemical stress and they should also, when used in laying areas for animals, be as comfortable as possible to lie on. Besides those properties the floors should be easy to clean. As the production units become bigger the time spend to non-productive work as cleaning should be minimized.Concrete and different kinds of epoxy and polyurethane coatings and compounds with different filling have been tested in laboratory. Friction of dry, wet and dirty surfaces has been measured with different methods. Also the roughness of dry and dirty surfaces has been measured with different methods. The reason for using different measuring methods has been to find out witch of the methods would describe best the desirable properties for floors in animal houses.On concretes friction and roughness and ease of cleaning on the other hand seem to be opposite properties. With plastics the ease of cleaning is also depending on the surface properties. The cleaning time per unit with plastics is much smaller than with concretes even if the measured roughness or friction is on the same level. Wearing affects the ease of cleaning both on concrete and on plastic surfaces.

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Cai, Wentong, Qinghua Song, Hansong Ji, and Munish Kumar Gupta. "Multi-Perspective Analysis of Building Orientation Effects on Microstructure, Mechanical and Surface Properties of SLM Ti6Al4V with Specific Geometry." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164392.

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Building orientation is important in selective laser melting (SLM) processes. Current studies only focus on the horizontal and vertical building orientations without considering different modes of horizontal orientations. In fact, for horizontal orientation, different surfaces of the sample that contact the substrate will affect the heat transfer mode and efficiency, and in turn affect the microstructure and material properties. In this paper, the effect of two modes of horizontal building orientations on microstructure, mechanical and surface properties of SLM Ti6Al4V was studied. Current research about building orientation is deficient because the geometry of samples or test surfaces are not strictly defined, which seriously influences the results due to their different heat transfer efficiency and mode. Therefore, the geometry of the samples and test surfaces were clearly defined, and its necessity was proved in this study. To achieve the research goal, three test samples were prepared: sample SLM-PB-S with the building orientation parallel to the substrate and the shorter side L1 contacts it, sample SLM-PB-L with the building orientation parallel to the substrate and the longer side L2 contacts it and sample SLM-VB with the building orientation vertical to the substrate. Subsequently, the microstructure, grain information, densification, residual stress, micro-hardness, tensile properties and surface topography of different samples were analyzed and compared. In the results, SLM-PB-S exhibited denser microstructure and better mechanical properties than SLM-PB-L, including smaller grain size, stronger texture, higher density, micro-hardness, tensile strength, plasticity and better surface quality. It originates from a higher cooling rate and shorter scanning time between layers during SLM-PB-S fabrication, leading to finer grains, lower porosity and better interlayer metallurgical bonding, thus resulting in better material properties. This study can provide a reference to select the proper building orientation in SLM.

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Penna, R., A. E. X. Oliveira, M. F. N. Ferreira, C. Johnson, A. Bosworth, and P. Marsden. "The influence of building materials on the residual action of BHC." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 80, no. 4 (December 1985): 443–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761985000400010.

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Residual insecticide activity of BHC vapors from various building materials in controlled humidity chambers in the laboratory were significantly different. Laboratory-reared, first instar nymphs of Dipetalogaster maximus were exposed to vapors of BHC which were being released from the treated surfaces of building materials taken from Mambaí, Goiás.

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Alves, C. "Neoformations on stony materials of modern building works." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 111–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001177.

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Stony materials applied in the built environment interact with diverse pollutants and can originate INORGANIC neoformations that can contribute to depreciation of these materials.Microscopy studies help to characterize the chemical and textural features of these neoformations hence contributing to the understanding of the decay processes. In a study of diverse modern constructions in towns of Northern and Central Portugal were identified diverse neoformation substances in stony materials that were sampled and subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. While, in a strict perspective, implying destructive procedures that require the removal of a sample, microscopy techniques require minute amounts and can study occurrences of neoformations that can be detected at the macroscopic level. Products clearly resulting of metals corrosion were not considered in this study.The dominant inorganic coatings and stains in the studied constructions are carbonate-rich whitish ones that can present diverse morphological features. Some of these carbonate-rich coatings have showed textural features defining a kind of urban travertine and the existence of several layers suggesting diverse episodes of solutions circulation and crystals precipitation, indicating the recurrence of the neoformation processes. Phosphates aggregates were also detected in several built surfaces, including indoor areas (Figure 1a,b). Another relatively common occurrence are efflorescences of more soluble salts, dominated by alkaline sulphates and carbonates (especially sodium sulphate) but were other salts such as alkaline nitrates (Figure 1c,d) and chlorides and magnesium sulphates have also been occasionally found. In some buildings it was possible to observe black crusts resulting from the fixation of atmospheric particles by gypsum aggregates. A very rare neoformation are silica-rich stains that in the situation presented in Figure 1e,f occur associate with calcium carbonate stains and metal corrosion products. The observed neoformations show a great geochemical and textural diversity in the surfaces of stony materials of modern built works, being evidences of diverse possible pollution sources that can interact under variable environmental conditions. Besides an important role that seems to be attributable to mortars materials (namely in relation to calcium carbonates and alkaline sulphates but that might also be the case for the phosphates in inside portions), there are also possible contributions from atmospheric pollutions (in the case of the black crusts) and the presence of alkaline nitrates could be indicative of organic sources as this connection is well established in older works. It has been admitted that alkaline nitrates in these modern works could either represent the persistence of contamination conditions from the past in the soils or the recurrence of the same polluting conditions. Also of particular interest are the textural informations indicating recurrence of neoformation episodes (relevant for possible cleaning interventions) and the chemical associations observed even in some very small samples.The author acknowledges the support of the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (PEST-OE/CTE/UI0697/2011, funding by the national budget of the Portuguese Republic).

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Fang, C. K., and T. H. Chuang. "Surface morphologies and erosion rates of metallic building materials after sandblasting." Wear 230, no. 2 (May 1999): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1648(99)00097-6.

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de la Flor, Francisco José Sánchez, Rafael Ortiz Cebolla, José Luis Molina Félix, and Servando Álvarez Domínguez. "Solar radiation calculation methodology for building exterior surfaces." Solar Energy 79, no. 5 (November 2005): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2004.12.007.

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Valentini, Federica, Alessia Diamanti, and Giuseppe Palleschi. "New bio-cleaning strategies on porous building materials affected by biodeterioration event." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 22 (September 2010): 6550–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.04.046.

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Kirillova, Alina, Claudia Marschelke, Jens Friedrichs, Carsten Werner, and Alla Synytska. "Hybrid Hairy Janus Particles as Building Blocks for Antibiofouling Surfaces." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 47 (November 17, 2016): 32591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10588.

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Jäntsch, Sandra, and Ulrich Diederichs. "Graffiti Protection on Concrete in the New Building and in the Renovation." Key Engineering Materials 898 (August 27, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.898.9.

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With the increase of graffiti since the beginning of the 1970s, the interest in proper removal and high-quality protection systems also have grown. To protect affected objects and buildings from damage caused by graffiti, anti-graffiti systems (AGS) can be used. In practice, it has already been shown that no AGS is suitable for all kind of surfaces. In this study, the effects of permanent anti-graffiti systems on various concrete surfaces are specifically investigated and evaluated with test series under natural weathering (over 3 years). The focus is put on functionality (visual influences) and durability (surface properties of the concrete).

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Gavariev, R. V., and I. A. Savin. "Research of the Mechanism of Destruction of Compression Molds for Casting under Pressure of Color Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.326.

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In the article various approaches to a research of the mechanism of destruction of form-building surfaces of compression molds for the casting under pressure (CUP) are considered. The main reasons for emergence of various defects of working surfaces of form-building details are defined. Method of calculation of the parameters allowing to define operability of concrete products are specified. The option of production of form-building surfaces with the raised operational characteristics drawing sheetings by method of phisical vapour deposition (PVD). is offered. Results of pilot studies on determination of optimum structure of a covering for a form-building surface are given.

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Nath, Bibhash, Wenge Ni-Meister, and Mutlu Özdoğan. "Fine-Scale Urban Heat Patterns in New York City Measured by ASTER Satellite—The Role of Complex Spatial Structures." Remote Sensing 13, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 3797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193797.

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Urban areas have very complex spatial structures. These spatial structures are primarily composed of a complex network of built environments, which evolve rapidly as the cities expand to meet the growing population’s demand and economic development. Therefore, studying the impact of spatial structures on urban heat patterns is extremely important for sustainable urban planning and growth. We investigated the relationship between surface temperature obtained by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER, at 90 m spatial resolution) and different urban components based on high-resolution QuickBird satellite imagery classification. We further investigated the relationships between ASTER-derived surface temperature and building footprint and land use information acquired by the New York City (NYC) Department of City Planning. The ASTER image reveals fine-scale urban heat patterns in the NYC metropolitan region. The impervious-medium and dark surfaces, along with bright covers, generate higher surface temperatures. Even with highly reflective urban surfaces, the presence of impervious materials leads to an increased surface temperature. At the same time, trees and shadows cast by buildings effectively reduce urban heat; on the contrary, grassland does not reduce or amplify urban heat. The data aggregated to the census tract reveals high-temperature hotspots in Queens, Brooklyn, and the Bronx region of NYC. These clusters are associated with industrial and manufacturing areas and multi-family walk-up buildings as dominant land use. The census tracts with more trees and higher building height variability showed cooling effects, consistent with shadows cast by high-rise buildings and trees. The results of this study can be valuable for urban heat island modeling on the impact of shadow generated by building heights variability and trees on small-scale surface temperature patterns since recent image reveals similar hotspot locations. This study further helps identify the risk areas to protect public health.

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Zhang, Xueyan, Jingyi Liang, Beibei Wang, Yang Lv, and Jingchao Xie. "Indoor Air Design Parameters of Air Conditioners for Mold-Prevention and Antibacterial in Island Residential Buildings." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 7316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197316.

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The climate characteristics of the islands in the Nansha Islands of China are a typical marine climate including high temperature, high relative humidity, high salt content, strong solar radiation, and long sunshine. These can provide suitable conditions for mold reproduction on the surface of the wall in a building. Therefore, mildew pollution on the wall for a long time can easily damage the building’s structure. It does not only directly affect the appearance of the building, but also indirectly affects the indoor environment and human health. In this paper, dominant fungi in the residential buildings on thee Nansha Islands of China are Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Cladosporium. Critical lines of temperature and relative humidity for mould growth on the interior surfaces of island residential building envelopes have been given and discussed. The results show that the risk of mould growth on the wall with different materials, from low to high, is reinforced concrete, aerated concrete block, coral aggregate, brick, and wood. Furthermore, in order to prevent the room regulated by air conditioner from being contaminated by mould, indoor air temperature should be set variable and controlled between 26 °C and 28 °C, the relative humidity should be changed between 50% and 80%.

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Mészárosová, Lenka, Eva Tůmová, and Rostislav Drochytka. "Epoxy Screed as Possible Protection of Floor Surfaces." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.166.

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Nowadays, there is a tendency to use as much of waste products as possible to produce building materials. Every waste product used eliminates the inconvenience associated with the waste disposal process. Consequently, the waste recovery process becomes not only ecological but also economical. Many waste materials, which have not been sufficiently used so far, could very well substitute materials that would otherwise have to be elaborately prepared.

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Keržič, Eli, Boštjan Lesar, and Miha Humar. "Influence of weathering on surface roughness of thermally modified wood." BioResources 16, no. 3 (May 4, 2021): 4675–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.4675-4692.

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Wood is one of the most important building materials. Thermally modified wood is entering the market and replacing wood preservatives and tropical wood species in some applications. Thermally modified wood is exposed to weathering similarly as other wood-based building materials. It has been reported that if thermally modified wood is exposed to weathering, its moisture performance might decrease fairly fast. Moisture performance reflects the material’s ability to remain dry and dry out fast when wet. The aim of this study was to determine whether this phenomenon is associated with crack formation or roughness. Norway spruce, thermally modified spruce, wax-treated thermally modified spruce, and European larch heartwood samples were exposed to artificial accelerated weathering and natural weathering for 9, 18, and 27 months. Samples were subsequently isolated, and their roughness was determined with a confocal laser scanning microscope on axial and longitudinal surfaces at 10× and 50× magnification. After weathering, roughness increased on both axial and longitudinal surfaces. This was evident from the profile 2D measurements (Ra) and surface 3D measurements (Sa). The effect of natural weathering on roughness was higher than artificial accelerated weathering, presumably due to synergistic effects of abiotic and biotic factors. This may be associated with Wenzel’s theory on the influence of roughness on the contact angles of water on the surface; namely, increased roughness will decrease the contact angle on hydrophilic surfaces.

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Facio, Dario S., Luis A. M. Carrascosa, and María J. Mosquera. "Producing lasting amphiphobic building surfaces with self-cleaning properties." Nanotechnology 28, no. 26 (June 6, 2017): 265601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa73a3.

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Dou, Ruifen, Yu Yang, Ping Zhang, Dingyong Zhong, Harald Fuchs, Yue Wang, and Lifeng Chi. "Building chessboard-like supramolecular structures on Au(111) surfaces." Nanotechnology 26, no. 38 (August 28, 2015): 385601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/38/385601.

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Tavukçuoğlu, Ayşe. "Non-Destructive Testing for Building Diagnostics and Monitoring: Experience Achieved with Case Studies." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901015.

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Building inspection on site, in other words in-situ examinations of buildings is a troublesome work that necessitates the use of non-destructive investigation (NDT) techniques. One of the main concerns of non-destructive testing studies is to improve in-situ use of NDT techniques for diagnostic and monitoring studies. The quantitative infrared thermography (QIRT) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements have distinct importance in that regard. The joint use of QIRT and ultrasonic testing allows in-situ evaluation and monitoring of historical structures and contemporary ones in relation to moisture, thermal, materials and structural failures while the buildings themselves remain intact. For instances, those methods are useful for detection of visible and invisible cracks, thermal bridges and damp zones in building materials, components and functional systems as well as for soundness assessment of materials and thermal performance assessment of building components. In addition, those methods are promising for moisture content analyses in materials and monitoring the success of conservation treatments or interventions in structures. The in-situ NDT studies for diagnostic purposes should start with the mapping of decay forms and scanning of building surfaces with infrared images. Quantitative analyses are shaped for data acquisition on site and at laboratory from representative sound and problem areas in structures or laboratory samples. Laboratory analyses are needed to support in-situ examinations and to establish the reference data for better interpretation of in situ data. Advances in laboratory tests using IRT and ultrasonic testing are guiding for in-situ materials investigations based on measurable parameters. The knowledge and experience on QIRT and ultrasonic testing are promising for the innovative studies on today’s materials technologies, building science and conservation/maintenance practices. Such studies demand a multi-disciplinary approach that leads to bring together knowledge on materials science and building science.

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Glosz, Karolina, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, and Tomasz Jarosz. "Siloxanes—Versatile Materials for Surface Functionalisation and Graft Copolymers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 17 (September 2, 2020): 6387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176387.

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Siloxanes are adaptable species that have found extensive applications as versatile materials for functionalising various surfaces and as building blocks for polymers and hybrid organic-inorganic systems. The primary goal of this review is to report on and briefly explain the most relevant recent developments related to siloxanes and their applications, particularly regarding surface modification and the synthesis of graft copolymers bearing siloxane or polysiloxane segments. The key strategies for both functionalisation and synthesis of siloxane-bearing polymers are highlighted, and the various trends in the development of siloxane-based materials and the intended directions of their applications are explored.

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Ksit, Barbara, and Michał Majcherek. "Green Construction in Building Renovation." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2016-0022.

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Abstract Modern materials and construction solutions draw more and more attention to ecology and building certification. Among the criteria appearing in revitalization, an important element is bringing plants back into heavily urbanized areas. In its natural form, this is not possible to carry out everywhere, often requiring large amounts of space. Nowadays, however, there are a number of green roofs and green wall systems, allowing “greener” construction without making significant changes in the urban environment. The article includes a presentation and analysis of selected solutions of biological surfaces known as green roofs and green walls, specifying various solutions and their most important features. The case study focuses primarily on material and design solutions, as well as the potential benefits, risks and limitations in their use. Plants structures on the surfaces of vertical and horizontal partitions continue to be a very interesting alternative to take into account when applying for grants, such as LEED or BREEAM certificates.

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Bouzid, S., and Z. Azari. "Impact Depth on Glass Surface Caused by Sand Particles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 146 (December 2011): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.146.197.

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Brittle materials in general and particularly glass are very sensitive to dynamic particles impacts of different nature. The ancient objects in glass (building, monuments) and some precious objects are subjected to atmospheric aggressions such as humidity, sand particles, hail,…etc.). Their surfaces are however, often exposed to severe climatic conditions in an environment where the sand wind is a daily phenomenon or beach wind. Many degradation processes due to erosion affect significantly surfaces of buildings that are part of the Cultural Heritage.

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Andrzejuk, Wojciech, Andrzej Szewczak, Stanisław Fic, and Grzegorz Łagód. "Wettability of Asphalt Concrete with Natural and Recycled Aggregates from Sanitary Ceramics." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173799.

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In line with the current trend of seeking alternative methods for modification of the existing building composites, such as mineral–asphalt mixtures (MAMs), the materials from concrete and ceramics recycling are being used in increasingly wider applications. When added to MAMs as an aggregate, ceramic building material, which has different properties than the raw material (clay), may significantly influence the aggregate properties, including the wettability, porosity, asphalt adhesion, and consequently the mixture durability. The material’s microstructure was found using SEM. The wetting properties of mineral–asphalt mixtures were determined by measuring the contact angles (CA) of their surfaces, using water as the measuring liquid. The total surface free energy (SFE) values were determined using the Neumann method. When analyzing the research results, it can be noticed that the chemical composition of the ceramic aggregate has a significant influence on the adhesion of asphalt to its surface due to the chemical affinity. Waste ceramic aggregate, despite its acidic pH value being connected with its elevated silica content, exhibits good adhesive properties.

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Deluka-Tibljaš, Aleksandra, Sanja Šurdonja, Sergije Babić, and Marijana Cuculić. "Analyses of urban pavement surface temperatures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 10, no. 3 (September 28, 2015): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.30.

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Heat islands are areas that have higher air temperatures than their surroundings. It has been proven that the use of certain types of pavement surface materials contributes to the occurrence of heat islands. The heat island effect is dominant in urban areas, mainly in city centres. To identify potentially favourable pavement surface materials that are suitable for the use on surfaces in urban areas, an extensive analysis of in-place material temperatures was conducted in the city centre of Rijeka (Croatia) during the summer of 2011 and 2012. The measurements included temperatures of pavement surfaces made of asphalt, concrete and stone. The analysis results identified local materials whose use help to reduce or mitigate the effect of additional heating in the urban environment caused by emission of heat from pavement surfaces. In terms of additional heating of urbanized areas, asphalt has proven to be significantly less favourable than other analysed materials. In addition to the materials selected for the use in wearing courses, their characteristics and the microclimates of the locations where they will be placed must be taken into consideration. Among the standard paving materials, in terms of heating and temperature, concrete is more favourable than asphalt because the differences between concrete surface temperatures and air temperatures are significantly smaller than between asphalt surface temperatures and air temperatures. Stone surfaces have proven to be the most favourable. The analysis results presented can be used to establish clear guidelines for using specific materials under specific conditions.

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Singh, Jagjit, Chuck Yu, and Jeong Tai Kim. "Building Pathology — Toxic Mould Remediation." Indoor and Built Environment 20, no. 1 (December 17, 2010): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x10392056.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide examples of strategies and procedures for remediation of buildings affected by toxic moulds. Four case studies are included in the paper. Moisture and inadequate ventilation are the keys to proliferation of toxic moulds and dispersion of spores in air. Prevention should always be the main objectives for any environmental management plan or service maintenance of a building. The management and remediation plan should include an adequate control of moisture, damp and ventilation in the building. The most effective strategy for remediating mould problems is by source control, preventing or limiting the generation of moulds, and the other is to remove the sources. There should be a detailed study to identify the sources of mould problems. The remediation could involve mothballing of a building to rectify defects including leaks and removal of damp materials; venting of underfloor or wall cavities and to improve the general airflow in the building. Remediation may involve vacuuming to remove spores in air and mould from surfaces. Other techniques include heat treatment, steam cleaning, biocides treatment, fumigation and UV treatment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Building materials – Surfaces'

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