Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building materials – Surfaces'

L'auto-assemblage moléculaire est désormais considéré comme l'une des approches les plus prometteuses pour la conception de matériaux à nanostructures complexes. Cependant, les récents progrès effectués ont aussi amené la nécessité d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes régissant la flexibilité des molécules. Il a ainsi été décidé d'étudier l'effet de la composition des briques moléculaires sur leur processus d'assemblage, et la labilité structurale des systèmes assemblés. De manière à pouvoir comparer rigoureusement les résultats expérimentaux, un seule morphologie de briques moléculaires, en forme de "bâtonnet", a été choisie et trois groupes distincts de molécules ont été sélectionnés : non-polaires, qui ne possèdent pas de dipôle important, monofonctionelles, lesquelles possèdent une terminaison polaire et une seconde non-polaire, et bifonctionelles, constituées d'un groupe polaire à chaque extrémité séparés par une chaine non-polaire Ainsi, l'influence des groupements dipolaires sur la labilité de la nanostructure finale du matériau a pu être explorée. Cette étude permet ainsi de mettre en exergue la remarquable diversité des flexibilités structurales qui peuvent être rencontrées dans les systèmes auto-assemblés. De plus, elle dévoile le potentiel des mouvements moléculaires locaux en tant qu'approche encourageante pour fonctionnaliser des structures auto-assemblées supposées inertes ou contraintes.

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 74-76).
This thesis explores tectonic possibilities of new material and forming techniques. The design process is catalyzed by experimenting different configurations of the material.This project attempts to develop inventive ways to use polymeric material. Incorporating both digital and hand based tools, the project will focus on the process of casting and molding polyurethane based rubber. Instead of looking at the macro level of a building, the thesis should be viewed as a research based project that investigates assemblies at the domain of building surface. Based on this premise, the goal is to find how the tectonic expression at the scale of architectural details can inspire creative use of the material. The framework of this thesis should be regarded as an open-ended process of discovery. Future research and innovation can be continued with respect to similar focus. The goal of this thesis is to engage design problems from innovations of material and techniques.
Joseph Chi-Chen Ho.
M.Arch.

In many events affecting our civil infrastructure, such as contamination or weathering, it is likely that only the surfaces of the affected building materials will be available for non-destructive measurements. In this work, we describe and analyze surface gas permeability measurements on a variety of natural and engineered building materials using two types of relatively new, non-destructive surface permeameters. It is shown that the surface gas permeability measurements correlate well with each other and could provide rapid estimates of macroscopic gas permeability and degradation of materials due to weathering. It is hypothesized that surface permeability can be used to predict macroscopic wicking of water. The results indicated that macroscopic wicking correlated reasonably well with surface permeability measurements of uniform materials with low permeabilities such as sandstones and clay brick.

One of prospective procedures of absorbing thermal energy and releasing it during the required time is the application of phase change materials known as PCMs in building envelopes. High thermal energy storage (TES) materials has been a technology that effects the energy efficiency of a building by contributing in using onsite resources and reducing cooling or heating loads. Currently, many TES systems are emerging and contributing in building assemblies, however using an appropriate type of TES in a specific building and climate requires an in-depth knowledge of their properties. This research aims to provide a thorough review of a broad range of thermal energy storage technologies including their potential application in buildings. Subsequently, a comparative study and simulation between a basecase and an optimized model by PCM is thoroughly considered to understand the effect of high thermal storage building's shell on energy efficiency and indoor thermal comfort. Specifically this study proposes that the incorporation of PCM into glazing system as a high thermal capacity system will improve windows thermal performance and thermal capacity to varying climatic conditions. The generated results by eQUEST energy modeling software demonstrates approximately 25% reduction in cooling loads during the summer and 10% reduction in heating loads during the winter for optimized office building by PCM in hot arid climate of Arizona. Besides, using PCM in glazing system will reduce heat gain through the windows by conduction phenomenon. The hourly results indicates the effect of PCM as a thermal energy storage system in building envelopes for building's energy efficiency and thermal regulation. However, several problems need to be tackled before LHTES can reliably and practically be applied. We conclude with some suggestions for future work.

A new tool (Infrasorb-12) for the screening of porosity is described, identifying high surface area materials in a very short time with high accuracy. Further, an example for the application of the tool in the discovery of new cobalt-based metal–organic frameworks is given
Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich

Ce travail de thèse décrit la préparation de deux types de films de polymères : i) des films nanocomposites à base de silice pyrogénée aux propriétés superhydrophobes et ii) des films LbL auto-assemblés, incluant tous deux des dérivés de poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentaflurostyrene) (PPFS), utilisés comme briques élémentaires. La stratégie utilisée ici consiste à exploiter les nombreux avantages que présente la réaction de substitution du fluor en position para du PPFS avec un thiol, pour générer de nouveaux dérivés aux propriétés ajustables. Ainsi, le premier volet de la thèse a consisté à introduire des chaînes de PPFS de façon covalente à la surface de silice pyrogénée par une stratégie dite de «grafting through» en utilisant la polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par le voir nitroxydes, en présence de PS-DEPN comme macroamorceur. La cinétique de polymérisation du PFS avec et sans particules silice a été étudiée dans divers solvants, différentes particules hybrides de silices modifiées en surface par une couronne de PPFS ont été préparé. Ensuite, un thiol perfluoré (perfluorodecanethiol:PFDT) a été utilisé pour modifier le PPFS, considéré dans ce cadre comme matrice hôte pour la préparation des nanocomposites et pour modifier le PPFS présent à la surface des particules de silice. A partir de là, un large panel de films nanocomposite a été préparé à partir des différentes combinaisons possibles de polymère hôte (PPFS ou PPFS-PFDT) et de charges inorganiques de silice (modifiées par le PPFS ou par le PPFS-PFDT). Les propriétés de mouillabilité ainsi que la morphologie de surface de chaque film ont été analysées et il en résulte que certains films présentent un caractère superhydrophobe. Le deuxième volet de la thèse a porté sur la modification du PPFS par des thiols porteurs de fonctions acide carboxylique, toujours par la réaction de substitution décrite précédemment. Différents dérivés de PPFS carboxylés de DS variés ont été synthétisés. Leur habilité à développer des liaisons hydrogène avec un polymère modèle accepteur de liaison H (la poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP)) a été étudiée. Il en ressort que dépendamment de la nature du solvant, des mélanges miscibles ou des complexes interpolymères ont ensuite été formés. Des solutions de complexes préformés ont été successivement déposées par spin-coating pour construire des films. De plus, des films multicouches LbL stabilisés par des liaisons H entre le PPFS carboxylé et la P4VP ont été élaborés and il a été démontré que la nature du solvant de dépôt, ainsi que le taux de modification du PPFS, impactent fortement le mécanisme de croissance, l’épaisseur du film et les caractéristiques de surface, en termes de topologie et de mouillabilité
This work describes the preparation of two kinds of thin polymer films : i) self-cleaning silica-based (nano)composites films and ii) LbL self-assembling films, both including poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentaflurostyrene) (PPFS) derivatives, as building blocks. The cornerstone of the approach is to exploit the thiol-para fluoro substitution reaction to PPFS chains in order to generate derivatives with tailored properties. In this frame, PPFS chains were anchored onto the surface of vinyl-functionalized fumed silica nanoparticles by nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) in presence of PS-DEPN as macro-initiator via a “grafting through” strategy. The kinetics of NMP of PFS were investigated in presence and without silica in various solvents and well-characterized hybrid silica particles containing different polymer grafting weight were declined. Then, perfluorodecanethiol (PFDT) was employed to modify PPFS, considered as the host polymer matrix, and to functionalize PPFS chains tethered to silica particles. A large panel of (nano)composite films from the different possible host matrix/silica particles combinations was prepared. The wettability and the surface morphology of each film were discussed, as a function of the host structure (PPFS or PPFS-PFDT with different DS) and silica (modified with PPFS or PPFS-PFDT), as well as the silica content. It results that superhydrophobic features can be reached. Subsequently, PPFS was modified by using carboxylic acid mercapto modifier via the thiol-para fluoro coupling. Various carboxylated PPFS derivatives differing in the degree of substitution (DS) were prepared and their ability to develop H-bonds in solution with a model strong H-bond acceptor partner (poly(4-vinyl pyridine) (P4VP)) was investigated. Dependently on the nature of the solvent, a miscible blend or interpolymer complexes (IPC) were achieved. IPC-containing solutions were used to successfully fabricate spin-assisted films. Furthermore, H-bonds mediated LbL self-assembly multilayer films involving carboxylated PPFS and P4VP were prepared and it was evidenced that the nature of the deposition solvent as well as the extent of the modification (quantified by the DS), impact the growth mechanism, the thickness and the surface features, in terms of topology and wettability

A new tool (Infrasorb-12) for the screening of porosity is described, identifying high surface area materials in a very short time with high accuracy. Further, an example for the application of the tool in the discovery of new cobalt-based metal–organic frameworks is given.
Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Les nouveaux bâtiments dans les zones urbaines sont divisés en zones commerciales et en zones habitables. Les magasins commerciaux se trouvent généralement au rez-de-chaussée, les résidences privées aux étages supérieurs. Cette utilisation a révélé des perturbations critiques dues au bruit généré par les chariots de livraison lorsque les bâtiments sont principalement occupés (par exemple tôt le matin). Ces chariots génèrent des vibrations à basse fréquence (moins de 100 Hz) qui se propagent facilement dans la structure du bâtiment et aux étages supérieurs, perturbant les habitants qui s'y trouvent. Si des travaux ont été réalisés pour étudier le bruit d'impact, peu de recherches ont été menées dans le domaine du bruit de roulement dans les bâtiments. Cette thèse présente un modèle original du bruit de roulement dans les bâtiments, prenant en compte les facteurs d'influence tels que la rugosité de la roue et du sol, les propriétés matérielles de la roue et du sol, la vitesse du chariot, et la charge sur le chariot. Les irrégularités discrètes, telles que les méplats des roues et les joints de sol, sont également prises en compte. Le modèle est capable de saisir les phénomènes physiques présents dans le contact de roulement à l'intérieur, ainsi que d'estimer l'avantage relatif du niveau sonore de l'ajout d'un revêtement de sol à un système de plancher donné. Le modèle peut être utilisé comme un outil pour étudier comment différents systèmes de revêtement de sol (y compris les systèmes multicouches) réagissent à l'excitation par roulement, dans le but de développer des solutions de construction à plusieurs étages qui sont mieux équipées pour combattre ce type de source de bruit
New buildings in urban areas are divided into commercial and residential areas. Commercial stores are generally located on the ground floor, private residences on the upper floors. This use has revealed critical disturbances due to noise generated by delivery carts when buildings are mainly occupied (e.g. early morning). These carts generate low frequency vibrations (less than 100 Hz) which easily propagate through the building structure and to the upper floors, disturbing the residents therein. While work has been done to study impact noise, little research has been done in the area of rolling noise in buildings. This thesis presents an original model for rolling noise in buildings: taking into account the influencing factors such as the roughness of the wheel and floor, the material properties of the wheel and floor, the speed of the trolley, and the load on the trolley. Discrete irregularities, such as wheel flats and floor joints, are also taken into account. The model is capable of capturing the physical phenomena present in the rolling contact indoors, as well as estimating the relative noise benefit of adding a floor covering to a given floor system. The model can be used as a tool to study how different flooring systems (including multi-layer systems) respond to rolling excitation, with the aim of developing multi-story building solutions that are better equipped to combat this type of noise source

The meaning of the architectural surface was thoroughly reconsidered by architects and historians in England and Europe between early and mid-nineteenth century. There were two major trends. The first one was historicist. Ornament and colour was considered important because it represented the origins of architecture. The second approach was rational and tectonic. It suggested that an honest surface had to be created by emphasizing the structure and by truthfully expressing materials. An unusual response to these debates was John Ruskin??s history of medieval and Renaissance architecture. This was published as The seven lamps of architecture (1849), and the three volume study, The stones of Venice (1851-1853). Ruskin??s writings were difficult to grasp. On the one hand, they were fragmented, historically inaccurate, and lacking in explanatory power. On the other hand, they emphasized surface ornament, without ever indicating its architectural ??use??. As a result, nineteenth and twentieth century historians and architects declared Ruskin??s writings as being irrelevant to architectural theory and practice. By examining Ruskin??s writings on architecture through the theoretical lens of dress, body, and gender, the thesis demonstrates that he proposed the theory of the adorned ??wall veil??.This was a two-part theory. Firstly, architecture was defined by the presence of planar walls. The masonry structure of these walls was masked and decorated by a seamless dress-like surface, consisting of relief and polychromatic ornaments. Secondly, Ruskin distinguished between the ideal and the corrupt dress. The ideal dress celebrated the spiritual aspects of the body (surface, skin, and colour). The corrupt dress represented the scientific image of the body (depth, bones and muscles, and form). The ideal dress was reflected by the surfaces of medieval buildings, and the corrupt dress was mirrored by the Renaissance architectural surface. Through these arguments, the thesis makes two major contributions. Firstly, it shows that Ruskin??s views were consistent with the architectural modernism of the twentieth century, in which the free fa??ade and the atectonic surface were key concerns. Secondly, it establishes that Gottfried Semper??s writings were not the sole origin of the debates on dress and architecture. It shows that Ruskin developed a critical theory of dress by synthesizing debates on gender, science, and spirituality. He used this theory to suggest a new approach towards architecture.

碩士
大同大學
工程管理碩士在職專班
102
Time is an important factor in the construction project management. Because construction processes are long and complex, unexpected environment factors will affect project time, quality and cost. Therefore, supply chain and materials management become important. Nowadays, because of the shortage of skilled labor workers, the automation of construction becomes prevailing. Masonry construction is an important part of building construction. Currently, masonry mortars are mixed from bags of cement, piles of sand and water at the jobsite. A proper mortar mixing is dependent on the experience of workers because various applications require different mortar mixing ratios. However, the cement is carelessly handled and stored at the construction site, much of cement is wasted, lost or is reduced in quality. Similar situation can be found in sand storage management. Thus, they become the sources of major material loss at the construction sites. This study aims to build up a Toyota management system for spray mortar using pre-mixed mortar through the strategic analysis of spray mortar at the jobsite, cement/sand purchasing, material management, and methods of construction.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
103
Indoor concentration of mold is affected by growth status of mold in building materials. Taiwan is in the subtropical monsoon climate zone which is high temperature and humidity. Recent actual detecting shows that the average indoor relative humidity is up to 80%, giving bacteria and fungi places to breed easily. Common mold pollution source is difficult to remove in air conditioning system and decoration materials. Domestic research on decoration materials and growth of mold is scant and faulty at present; on the other hand, foreign standards are only for textile products and paints. Therefore, the primary goal of this research is testing common indoor mold species’ (Aspergillius, Penicillium, Stachybotrys) growth for 35 kinds of interior wall decoration surface materials under the same environmental conditions. Furthermore, explore the growth of mold in different factors on building materials and building materials characteristics. Providing future users and traders with choices and references in interior decoration materials. This research can be summarized in the following conclusions: there is less mold growth state in building materials with antifungal composition or meticulous surface; the mold growth state is more serious in the test sample to the organic building materials; the growth of mold in the building materials area, growth rate and building materials is more significantly correlated with water absorption (R value is between 0.478 and 0.889); there are no positive correlations between the number and types of building materials and growing area of the growth of mold.

碩士
逢甲大學
航太與系統工程學系
101
Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are two-dimensional periodic structures with filtering characteristics which can be applied to circuit analog (CA) absorbers with dual functions of high-strength performance and broadband microwave absorption. By integrating a FSS sheet with a finite conductivity into common building material, a novel microwave absorbing building material can be fabricated to absorb wireless local area network (WLAN) signals operating at 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) and 5.2 GHz (IEEE 802.11a). In this study, a multifunctional plasterboard with fireproof, soundproof and EM wave absorbing properties was designed and investigated in 2-18 GHz. The dual-band absorption was found to be －17.5 dB at 2.4 GHz and －13.3 dB at 5.2 GHz for a 15-mm thick plasterboard. For the fabrication of the FSSs, a low-cost screen-printing technique using conductive carbon ink was investigated in order to replace the high-cost sputtering deposition method. For an as screen-printed FSS in the 15-mm thick plasterboard, the absorption has achieved －16.8 dB at 2.4 GHz and －16.0 dB at 5.2 GHz.

NMR is gaining increasing interest in civil engineering for applications regarding microstructure characterization as e.g., to determine pore sizes or to monitor moisture transport in porous materials. This study reveals the capability of NMR as a tool for pore size characterization. Therefore, we measured floor screed and synthetic materials at partial and full saturation. For most examined materials, the pore size distribution was successfully determined using either a reference or a calibration method. Since diffusion effects were observed for some samples in single-sided NMR measurements, further tests employing an NMR core analyzer were carried out in a homogeneous magnetic field. The finally obtained surface relaxivity of floor screed (50 μm/s) resulted to be much higher than suggested by literature.

博士
淡江大學
土木工程學系博士班
107
Because of the current advancement in computer graphics, parametric design and digital fabrication technology today, these digital tools and techniques can be applied to the development and exploration of new possibilities for many materials. However, it is a great challenge to create a complicated three-dimensional shape made with glass material by computer, and then produce and construct it in an informal manner in the real world. Through the practice and understanding of traditional glass making methods, there will be many interesting applications in an architectural space if the glass components are derived from the combination of traditional glass making methods and digital fabrication. By conceiving of new construction methods through glass units, the development of glass unit production will become more vigorous, which in turn will eliminate its dependence on traditional glass construction and forms. The combination of parametric design and digital fabrication makes the traditional glass construction more diversified, enriching the reinterpretation of the glass materials in terms of the units, components and compositions. This study will first build relevant knowledge regarding the development of glass materials, then simulate with parametric design, and finally produce glass units in a digital fabrication manner. The scheme of this study is as follows: 1. Build the background and knowledge on glass material studies based on a historical study, case analyses and literature review. 2. Understand the traditional glass making process, and perform glass material experiments. 3. Employ parametric design for simulating glass units, and use digital fabrication to develop physical glass units. 4. Develop components, joints, constitution, and construction of glass units to clarify relevant producing processes. 5. The implementation and on-site construction are for the future development of the construction and design of glass materials. In this study, the results of digital simulation and implementation of unit construction of glass materials are as follows: 1. The possibility of developing glass materials used in architectural space; 2. Making a breakthrough in the traditional glass production method and industrialized mass production methods by establishing the digital fabrication method of glass materials; 3. Combining parametric design and digital fabrication to develop glass units; 4. Designing new forms of architectural glass components, and experimenting with the processes of the parametric design and digital fabrication of glass materials; 5. Discussing the possibility of “re-materialization” of glass materials. The glass units made through digital design and fabrication can help glass materials break away from the unit forms and fabrication methods of sheet glass and hollow glass bricks in traditional architecture. This study hopes to discuss the feasibility of applying informal curved glass units on building surfaces through parametric design and digital fabrication. It is anticipated that by combining new technologies such as parametric design, digital fabrication, material features and construction, a new research direction for glass materials in building construction will be developed.

碩士
國立交通大學
機械工程系所
94
Fifteen building materials were selected and tested in the Cone Calorimeter and the surface test, respectively, and they were classified by Japanese classification and CNS 6532 accordingly. Tests in the Cone Calorimeter were performed in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, under a fixed incident heat flux 50kW/m2. The results from these two orientations show some differences existed in HRR and ignition time. For the flammable material, the measured average values of HRRav_180s, and THR in the horizontal orientation are higher than those in vertical one. The ignition time in horizontal orientation is found shorter. Those indicate that the classification using Cone Calorimeter test in horizontal orientation is stringent. In addition, 7 materials from the previously mentioned 15 ones are selected to test in SBI and classified by EU classification. Correlation based on test results of these materials by using these three different standards are given and discussed. It is found that the smoke generation rate and crack appearance are not included in the performance evaluations in Japanese and EU classifications that causes the different ranks in different test methods. The obtained results in SBI test are compared with the simulated FIGRA from Cone data. It is found that the correlation between SBI and cone calorimeter test in horizontal orientation is better than the corresponding one with the cone calorimeter test in vertical orientation. The correlation between tdθ value of surface test and THR600s of SBI test finds that the value of R2 is 0.75. Correlation between the CA value of surface test and maximum 60s mean value of SPR of SBI test gives the value of R2 is 0.92, indicating that the correlation between the surface and SBI tests are relatively well. From the comparison between HRRav_180s of Cone Calorimeter test in vertical orientation and tdθ value of the surface test, R2 for the correlation is 0.95. The correlated R2 value between Cone Calorimeter test in horizontal orientation and the surface test is 0.96. Apparently, the correlation between the Cone Calorimeter and the surface tests is relatively well. The correlation for ignition time between cone calorimeter test in vertical direction and the one in surface test is relatively well as well.

Orientação: Elói João Faria Figueiredo;co-orientação: Luís Quaresma
O tema desta dissertação surgiu da observação, durante atividade profissional do autor no Malawi, da impressionante capacidade estrutural dos materiais lateríticos encontrados na rodovia M1, que apesar de não cumprirem com os requisitos mínimos das especificações tradicionais, desempenhavam satisfatoriamente sua função, mesmo tendo a vida útil do pavimento há muito findado. Embora existam diversos estudos sobre as peculiaridades dos materiais lateríticos, não há um consenso quanto às razões do seu excepcional desempenho em pavimentos rodoviários. Tentou-se nesta dissertação estabelecer alguns fatores que justifiquem o bom e insatisfatório comportamento desses materiais, através da análise dos diversos resultados de ensaios laboratoriais e in situ realizados na rodovia M1 no Malawi, o caso de estudo desta dissertação. Salienta-se que a rodovia do caso de estudo pode ser basicamente dividida em duas secções: a primeira, com camadas de base e sub-base do pavimento compostas por materiais lateríticos, de baixo custo e reduzido impacto ambiental; e a segunda, com camada de base composta por agregado britado, de custo elevado. A primeira secção, apesar de não cumprir com as especificações tradicionais ou regionais, demostrou um desempenho similar ao da segunda secção, mesmo quando sujeita a volumes de tráfego consideravelmente superiores. São ainda analisadas nesta dissertação diversas publicações sobre este tema bem como algumas especificações desenvolvidas exclusivamente para os materiais lateríticos. Expõe-se ainda o facto de as especificações tradicionais negligenciarem certas características mecânicas peculiares aos materiais lateríticos. Através da quantidade significativa de resultados de ensaios apresentados e analisados no caso de estudo desta dissertação, da extensa pesquisa literária sobre as características dos materiais lateríticos e da análise de diversas especificações desenvolvidas para estes materiais, busca-se contribuir de forma cientifica para o desenvolvimento do tema deste trabalho.
The subject of this dissertation arose from the observation, during a professional assignment of the author in Malawi, of the impressive structural capacity of the lateritic materials found on the M1 highway, which, despite not meeting the minimum requirements of traditional specifications, performed satisfactorily, even though, the pavement design life was long over. Although there are several studies on the peculiarities of the lateritic materials, there is no consensus as to the reasons for their exceptional performance in road pavements. It was attempted on this dissertation to establish some factors that justify the good and unsatisfactory behaviour of these materials, through the analysis of the various results of laboratory and in situ tests carried out on the M1 highway in Malawi, the case study of this dissertation. It should be noted that the highway of the case study can be basically divided into two sections: the first, with the base and sub-base layers of the pavement composed of lateritic materials, of low cost and low environmental impact; and the second, with a high cost crushed stone aggregate base layer. The first section, although not complying with traditional or regional specifications, performed similarly to that of the second section, even when subjected to considerably higher traffic volumes. It was also analysed in this dissertation several publications on this topic as well as some specifications developed exclusively for the lateritic materials. It is also pointed out that the traditional specifications neglect certain mechanical characteristics peculiar to lateritic materials. Through the significant amount of test results presented and analysed in the case study of this dissertation, the extensive literature research on the characteristics of lateritic materials and the analysis of several specifications developed for these materials, this dissertation aims to contribute scientifically to the development of the Theme of this work.