Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building energy monitoring'
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Robinson, Darren. "Integrated building environmental performance monitoring." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263988.
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Massana, i. Raurich Joaquim. "Data-driven models for building energy efficiency monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482148.
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Nowadays, energy is absolutely necessary all over the world. Taking into account the advantages that it presents in transport and the needs of homes and industry, energy is transformed into electricity.
Bearing in mind the expansion of electricity, initiatives like Horizon 2020, pursue
the objective of a more sustainable future: reducing the emissions of carbon and electricity consumption and increasing the use of renewable energies. As an answer to the shortcomings of the traditional electrical network, such as large distances to the point of consumption, low levels of flexibility, low sustainability, low quality of energy, the difficulties of storing electricity, etc., Smart Grids (SG), a natural evolution of the classical network, has appeared.
One of the main components that will allow the SG to improve the traditional grid is the Energy Management System (EMS). The EMS is necessary to carry out the management of the power network system, and one of the main needs of the EMS is a prediction system: that is, to know in advance the electricity consumption. Besides, the utilities will also require predictions to manage the generation, maintenance and their investments. Therefore, it is necessary to dispose of the systems of prediction of the electrical consumption that, based on the available data, forecast the consumption of the next hours, days or months, in the most accurate way possible.
It is in this field where the present research is placed since, due to the proliferation of sensor networks and more powerful computers, more precise prediction systems have been developed.
Having said that, a complete study has been realized in the first work, taking into account the need to know, in depth, the state of the art, in relation to the load forecasting topic. On the basis of acquired knowledge, the installation of sensor networks, the collection of consumption data and modelling, using Autoregressive (AR) models, were performed in the second work. Once this model was defined, in the third work, another step was made, collecting new data, such as building occupancy, meteorology and indoor ambience, testing several paradigmatic models, such as Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR), and establishing which exogenous data improves the prediction accuracy of the models. Reaching this point, and having corroborated that the use of occupancy data improves the prediction, there was the necessity of generating techniques and methodologies, in order to have the occupancy data in advance. Therefore, several attributes of artificial occupancy were designed, in order to perform long-term hourly consumption predictions, in the fourth work.A dia d’avui l’energia és un bé completament necessari arreu del món. Degut als avantatges que presenta en el transport i a les necessitats de les llars i la indústria, l’energia és transformada en energia elèctrica. Tenint en compte la total expansió i domini de l’electricitat, iniciatives com Horitzó 2020, tenen per objectiu un futur més sostenible: reduint les emissions de carboni i el consum i incrementant l’ús de renovables. Partint dels defectes de la xarxa elèctrica clàssica, com són gran distància al punt de consum, poca flexibilitat, baixa sostenibilitat, baixa qualitat de l’energia, dificultats per a emmagatzemar energia, etc. apareixen les Smart Grid (SG), una evolució natural de la xarxa clàssica. Un dels principals elements que permetrà a les SG millorar les xarxes clàssiques és l’Energy Management System (EMS). Així doncs, per a que l’EMS pugui dur a terme la gestió dels diversos elements, una de les necessitats bàsiques dels EMS serà un sistema de predicció, o sigui, saber per endavant quin consum hi haurà en un entorn determinat. A més, les empreses subministradores d’electricitat també requeriran de prediccions per a gestionar la generació, el manteniment i fins i tot les inversions a llarg termini. Així doncs ens calen sistemes de predicció del consum elèctric que, partint de les dades disponibles, ens subministrin el consum que hi haurà d’aquí a unes hores, uns dies o uns mesos, de la manera més aproximada possible. És dins d’aquest camp on s’ubica la recerca que presentem. Degut a la proliferació de xarxes de sensors i computadors més potents, s’han pogut desenvolupar sistemes de predicció més precisos. A tall de resum, en el primer treball, i tenint en compte que s’havia de conèixer en profunditat l’estat de la qüestió en relació a la predicció del consum elèctric, es va fer una anàlisi completa de l’estat de l’art. Un cop fet això, i partint del coneixement adquirit, en el segon treball es va dur a terme la instal•lació de les xarxes de sensors, la recollida de dades de consum i el modelatge amb models lineals d’auto-regressió (AR). En el tercer treball, un cop fets els models es va anar un pas més enllà recollint dades d’ocupació, de meteorologia i ambient interior, provant diferents models paradigmàtics com Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) i Support Vector Regression (SVR) i establint quines dades exògenes milloren la predicció dels models. Arribat a aquest punt, i havent corroborat que l’ús de dades d’ocupació millora la predicció, es van generar tècniques per tal de disposar de les dades d’ocupació per endavant, o sigui a hores vista. D’aquesta manera es van dissenyar diferents atributs d’ocupació artificials, permetent-nos fer prediccions horàries de consum a llarg termini. Aquests conceptes s’expliquen en profunditat al quart treball.
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Fifield, Louis-James. "Monitoring UK hospital building type performance." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/24623.
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The British National Health Service (NHS) is one of the largest public services in the world and consequentially in 2004 it produced 25% of the total public sector carbon emissions for England. To meet national carbon targets the NHS must reduce its emissions; 26% by 2020, 64% by 2030, 80% by 2050 and is therefore interested in the development of strategies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from buildings. The NHS building stock consists of a range of building archetypes constructed over the past 100 years. The energy used for heating and cooling hospital premises is the source of 22% of all NHS carbon emissions. The individual buildings are distributed across hospital sites that often have centralised energy plants, which make it difficult to monitor energy consumption on an individual building level. This thesis develops a method for monitoring the energy consumption of individual hospital buildings. The method was implemented on three case study buildings at Bradford Royal infirmary (BRI); a 1920s Nightingale, a nucleus and a modern modular building. Lessons were gathered from these studies to advance the knowledge on monitoring in UK hospitals. One of the key findings was that empirical models based on measured data are useful for estimating individual buildings annual heating energy consumption. The results show that the mechanically ventilated nucleus building had the highest energy consumption (808.7kWh/m2), followed by the naturally ventilated Nightingale building (420.7kWh/m2) and then the mixed-mode modular building (289.0kWh/m2). The internal environment was optimal in the nucleus building, but the Nightingale and modular buildings underperformed, with the modular overheating in summer and both buildings failing to meet air quality recommendations. Taking energy consumption and summer thermal resilience into consideration the Nightingale building had the best performance, demonstrating the longevity of the traditional design. The work identified a number of useful hospital design features; well-insulated heavyweight building fabric, well-controlled space heating, use of heat recovery ventilation and installation of localised monitoring equipment. Further useful research into this area could involve: using dynamic thermal simulation to test recommended building design features, investigating the monitoring method on a wider sample of sites and investigating air quality monitoring in hospitals.
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Gulbinas, Rimas Viktoras. "Motivating and Quantifying Energy Efficient Behavior among Commercial Building Occupants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64867.
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The environmental and economic consequences of climate change are severe and are being exacerbated by increased global carbon emissions. In the United States, buildings account for over 40% of all domestic and 7.4% of all global CO2 emissions and therefore represent an important target for energy conservation initiatives. Even marginal energy savings across all buildings could have a profound effect on carbon emission mitigation. In order to realize the full potential of energy savings in the building sector, it is essential to maximize the energy efficiency of both buildings and the behavior of occupants who occupy them. In this vein, systems that collect and communicate building energy-use information to occupants (i.e. eco-feedback systems) have been demonstrated to motivate building occupants to significantly reduce overall building energy consumption. Furthermore, advancements in building sensor technologies and data processing capabilities have enabled the development of advanced eco-feedback systems that also allow building occupants to share energy-use data with one another and to collectively act to reduce energy consumption. In addition to monitoring building occupant energy-use, these systems are capable of collecting data about specific conservation actions taken by occupants and their interactions with different features of the eco-feedback system. However, despite recent advancements in eco-feedback and building sensor technologies, very few systems have been specifically designed to enable research on the effectiveness of different behavior-based energy conservation strategies in commercial buildings. Consequently, very little research has been conducted on how access to such systems impacts the energy-use behavior of building occupants. In this dissertation, I describe how my research over the past three years has advanced an understanding of how eco-feedback systems can impact the energy-use behavior of commercial building occupants. First, I present a novel eco-feedback system that I developed to connect building occupants over energy-use data and empower them to conserve energy while also collecting data that enables controlled studies to quantify the impacts of a wide variety of energy conservation strategies. Next, I present a commercial building study in which this eco-feedback system was used to investigate the effects of organizational network dynamics on the energy-use of individuals. I then introduce a new set of metrics based on individual energy-use data that enables the classification of individuals and building occupant networks based on their energy-use efficiency and predictability. I describe the principles behind the construction of these metrics and demonstrate how these quantitative measures can be used to increase the efficacy of behavior-based conservation campaigns by enabling targeted interventions. I conclude the dissertation with a discussion about the limitations of my research and the new research avenues that it has enabled.Ph. D.
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Day, Antony R. "An investigation into the estimation and weather normalisation of energy consumption in buildings using degree-days." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298021.
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Doylend, Nicholas. "Evaluating building energy performance : a lifecycle risk management methodology." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18022.
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There is widespread acceptance of the need to reduce energy consumption within the built environment. Despite this, there are often large discrepancies between the energy performance aspiration and operational reality of modern buildings. The application of existing mitigation measures appears to be piecemeal and lacks a whole-system approach to the problem. This Engineering Doctorate aims to identify common reasons for performance discrepancies and develop a methodology for risk mitigation. Existing literature was reviewed in detail to identify individual factors contributing to the risk of a building failing to meet performance aspirations. Risk factors thus identified were assembled into a taxonomy that forms the basis of a methodology for identifying and evaluating performance risk. A detailed case study was used to investigate performance at whole-building and sub-system levels. A probabilistic approach to estimating system energy consumption was also developed to provide a simple and workable improvement to industry best practice. Analysis of monitoring data revealed that, even after accounting for the absence of unregulated loads in the design estimates, annual operational energy consumption was over twice the design figure. A significant part of this discrepancy was due to the space heating sub-system, which used more than four times its estimated energy consumption, and the domestic hot water sub-system, which used more than twice. These discrepancies were the result of whole-system lifecycle risk factors ranging from design decisions and construction project management to occupant behaviour and staff training. Application of the probabilistic technique to the estimate of domestic hot water consumption revealed that the discrepancies observed could be predicted given the uncertainties in the design assumptions. The risk taxonomy was used to identify factors present in the results of the qualitative case study evaluation. This work has built on practical building evaluation techniques to develop a new way of evaluating both the uncertainty in energy performance estimates and the presence of lifecycle performance risks. These techniques form a risk management methodology that can be applied usefully throughout the project lifecycle.
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Skön, J. P. (Jukka-Pekka). "Intelligent information processing in building monitoring systems and applications." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526209913.
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Abstract Global warming has set in motion a trend for cutting energy costs to reduce the carbon footprint. Reducing energy consumption, cutting greenhouse gas emissions and eliminating energy wastage are among the main goals of the European Union (EU). The buildings sector is the largest user of energy and CO2 emitter in the EU, estimated at approximately 40% of the total consumption. According to the International Panel on Climate Change, 30% of the energy used in buildings could be reduced with net economic benefits by 2030. At the same time, indoor air quality is recognized more and more as a distinct health hazard. Because of these two factors, energy efficiency and healthy housing have become active topics in international research. The main aims of this thesis were to study and develop a wireless building monitoring and control system that will produce valuable information and services for end-users using computational methods. In addition, the technology developed in this thesis relies heavily on building automation systems (BAS) and some parts of the concept termed the “Internet of Things” (IoT). The data refining process used is called knowledge discovery from data (KDD) and contains methods for data acquisition, pre-processing, modeling, visualization and interpreting the results and then sharing the new information with the end-users. In this thesis, four examples of data analysis and knowledge deployment are presented. The results of the case studies show that innovative use of computational methods provides a good basis for researching and developing new information services. In addition, the data mining methods used, such as regression and clustering completed with efficient data pre-processing methods, have a great potential to process a large amount of multivariate data effectively. The innovative and effective use of digital information is a key element in the creation of new information services. The service business in the building sector is significant, but plenty of new possibilities await capable and advanced companies or organizations. In addition, end-users, such as building maintenance personnel and residents, should be taken into account in the early stage of the data refining process. Furthermore, more advantages can be gained by courageous co-operation between companies and organizations, by utilizing computational methods for data processing to produce valuable information and by using the latest technologies in the research and development of new innovationsTiivistelmä Rakennus- ja kiinteistösektori on suurin fossiilisilla polttoaineilla tuotetun energian käyttäjä. Noin 40 prosenttia kaikesta energiankulutuksesta liittyy rakennuksiin, rakentamiseen, rakennusmateriaaleihin ja rakennuksien ylläpitoon. Ilmastonmuutoksen ehkäisyssä rakennusten energiankäytön vähentämisellä on suuri merkitys ja rakennuksissa energiansäästöpotentiaali on suurin. Tämän seurauksena yhä tiiviimpi ja energiatehokkaampi rakentaminen asettaa haasteita hyvän sisäilman laadun turvaamiselle. Näistä seikoista johtuen sisäilman laadun tutkiminen ja jatkuvatoiminen mittaaminen on tärkeää. Väitöskirjan päätavoitteena on kuvata kehitetty energiankulutuksen ja sisäilman laadun monitorointijärjestelmä. Järjestelmän tuottamaa mittaustietoa on jalostettu eri loppukäyttäjiä palvelevaan muotoon. Tiedonjalostusprosessi koostuu tiedon keräämisestä, esikäsittelystä, tiedonlouhinnasta, visualisoinnista, tulosten tulkitsemisesta ja oleellisen tiedon välittämisestä loppukäyttäjille. Aineiston analysointiin on käytetty tiedonlouhintamenetelmiä, kuten esimerkiksi klusterointia ja ennustavaa mallintamista. Väitöskirjan toisena tavoitteena on tuoda esille jatkuvatoimiseen mittaamiseen liittyviä haasteita sekä rohkaista yrityksiä ja organisaatioita käyttämään tietovarantoja monipuolisemmin ja tehokkaammin. Väitöskirja pohjautuu viiteen julkaisuun, joissa kuvataan kehitetty monitorointijärjestelmä, osoitetaan tiedonjalostusprosessin toimivuus erilaisissa tapauksissa ja esitetään esimerkkejä kuhunkin prosessivaiheeseen soveltuvista laskennallisista menetelmistä. Julkaisuissa on kuvattu energiankulutuksen ja sisäilman laadun informaatiopalvelu sekä sisäilman laatuun liittyviä data-analyysejä omakoti- ja kerrostaloissa sekä koulurakennuksissa. Innovatiivinen digitaalisen tiedon hyödyntäminen on avainasemassa kehitettäessä uusia informaatiopalveluita. Kiinteistöalalle on kehitetty lukuisia informaatioon pohjautuvia palveluita, mutta ala tarjoaa edelleen hyviä liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia kyvykkäille ja kehittyneille yrityksille sekä organisaatioille
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Quigley, Ella S. "The energy and thermal performance of UK modular residential buildings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25127.
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This research concerns the in-use performance of light-gauge steel modular construction used for residential purposes. The aim was to investigate ways to reduce the in-use energy consumption of new buildings, while ensuring thermal comfort. Data were collected from two case study buildings in the UK, one in Loughborough and the other in London, using a variety of methods including building measurement, building monitoring, inspections, and a detailed review of the construction documentation. The case study buildings were monitored using EnOcean enabled wireless sensor networks and standalone temperature sensors. Monitoring data included electricity consumption in individual rooms, often by end use, space heating use, internal temperature and relative humidity, and external temperature. Building measurements included blower door tests to measure fabric air leakage rates, infrared thermal imaging to identify fabric defects and weaknesses, and ventilation system flowrate measurements. Inspections and the review of documentation allowed problems with design, manufacture and construction to be identified. A particular concern for thermally lightweight construction is the risk of overheating, therefore overheating analyses were undertaken. The research identified weaknesses in the design, construction and operation of the case study buildings resulting in increased energy use and poor thermal comfort, particularly overheating. The modular construction studied requires specific design changes to improve the fabric and building services, in order to reduce energy use. There are also specific recommendations for quality control on site to ensure critical stages are correctly completed, such as installing rigid insulation. There are also more general recommendations for how a company operates because this can influence performance; there ought to be greater attention to holistic design and greater collaboration with suppliers and contractors to determine robust solutions. Overheating was a problem in the London case study, and more research is required to understand the scale of the problem. Avoidance of overheating must be a focus in the design of new buildings. The findings suggest that once the problems with the design and quality control on site are rectified, offsite modular construction can be used to consistently and reliably provide low energy homes.
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Riou, Mael. "Monitoring and data acquisition system for the photovoltaic training facility on the engineering and energy building." Thesis, Riou, Mael (2012) Monitoring and data acquisition system for the photovoltaic training facility on the engineering and energy building. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13119/.
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Solar energy is developing fast in Australia, particularly with the installations of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. Increasing photovoltaic penetration levels causes; however, power quality issues to electricity network operators, due to intermittency of solar energy. In this report, we discuss the need for high resolution data on solar radiation and system performance to be used for solar energy forecasting in the short, medium and long term. This document proposes the implementation of a monitoring system for the Photovoltaic Training Facility on the rooftop of the Engineering & Energy Building at Murdoch University. The design process is described here to illustrate how the final system has been adapted to specific requirements for this facility. The design of the monitoring system has been chosen to address the issue of solar energy intermittency in addition to fulfilling general requirements for monitoring PV array performance. Because the facility is not yet commissioned, the study only focused on environmental data monitoring with recommendations for further work involving integration of inverters’ communication. The designed monitoring system consists of various environmental sensors including pyranometers, anemometers, RTD temperature sensors and a wind vane, as well as communication interfaces for the various inverters. Data acquisition was selected to be based on remote I/O modules from the Advantech’s ADAM 4000 Series that were satisfying the requirement of sampling at a rate less than 1 second. In addition, the report describes the development of two user interfaces using the Labview programming software to monitor data from the facility. Testing of programs through recording solar radiation over a 1 hour period confirmed the possibility to collect measurements of solar radiation fast enough so that intermittency of solar energy can be observed. Data will be documented and shared to provide a useful resource on Perth solar energy and PV intermittency.
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Hoque, Mohammed. "The application of condition based monitoring techniques for the evaluation of building energy performance and HVAC health." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-application-of-condition-based-monitoring-techniques-for-the-evaluation-of-building-energy-performance-and-hvac-health(e7459d62-06cf-4f32-bfd7-44c10f1ab8d6).html.
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Carbon emissions generated by the building sector have come under stricter limits with the amendments to Approved Document L: Conservation of Fuel and Power of the building regulations for England and Wales. Building designs are now checked to ensure that new constructions have the designed capabilities to operate with a higher standard of efficiency. However, there are currently no means of ensuring that the mandatory improvements in design and construction are actually translating into real life improvements during the actual operation of the building. Assessment methodologies such as the Display Energy Certificate are applied annually. The large interval between audits has the potential risk that poor performance may go unnoticed for prolonged periods of time. Real time assessment of energy performance that is linked to legislative requirements would aid the process of ensuring reductions in carbon emissions occur in reality. Evaluating the energy performance in real time is not a straight forward task; commercial buildings are complex nonlinear dynamic systems with a number of operating states, functions and features. These factors need to be taken into consideration for the fair appraisal of energy performance. Condition monitoring has been applied extensively to the field of machine health, in which the state of a system is determined through measuring the parameters that are indicative of its health. Within this thesis, a unique method of real time energy performance has been developed along with the implementation of two condition monitoring strategies for the purposes of state evaluation and fault detection and diagnosis. Kernel based dimensionality techniques have recently gained popularity as a means of modelling nonlinear systems. It was found that the application of nonlinear condition monitoring strategies for determination of building state was proficient in determining slow developing faults and abrupt changes in building state. However, the occurrences of non-acceptable incipient changes in state were harder to detect. Hence the state evaluation techniques were complemented with component level fault detection and diagnosis techniques. These techniques have the combined ability to address the requirement for assessing the state of operation within a building to allow for fair appraisal of the energy performance.
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He, Dawei. "An advanced non-intrusive load monitoring technique and its application in smart grid building energy management systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54951.
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The objective of the proposed research is to develop an intelligent load modeling, identification, and prediction technology to provide granular load energy consumption and performance details and drive building energy reduction, demand reduction, and proactive equipment maintenance. Electricity consumption in commercial and residential sectors accounts for about 70% of the total electricity generation in United States. Buildings are the most important consumers, and contribute to over 80% of the consumptions in these two sectors. To reduce electrical energy spending and carbon emission, several studies from Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL) and National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) prove that if equipped with the proper technologies, a commercial or a residential building can potentially improve energy savings of buildings by up to about 10% to 30% of their usage. However, the market acceptance of these new technologies today is still not sufficient, and the reason is generally acknowledged to be the lack of solution to quantify the contributions of these new technologies to the energy savings, and the invisibility of the loads in buildings. A non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) system is proposed in this dissertation, which can identify every individual load in buildings and record the energy consumption, time-of-day variations and other relevant statistics of the identified load, with no access to the individual component. The challenge of such a non-intrusive load monitoring is to find features that are unique for a particular load and then to match a measured feature of an unknown load against a database or library of known. Many problems exist in this procedure and the proposed research is going to focus on three directions to overcome the bottlenecks. They are respectively fundamental load studies for a model-driven feature extraction, adaptive identification algorithms for load space extendibility, and the practical simplifications for the real industrial applications. The simulation results show the great potentials of this new technology in building energy monitoring and management.
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Alajbegovic, Faruk, and Alen Imsirovic. "Uppföljning av energiprestanda samt boendes upplevelser av Portvakten Söder : Energy Monitoring and residents' perceptions of Portvakten Söder." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för bygg- och energiteknik (BE), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-26811.
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Portvakten Söder i Växjö, med sina två huskroppar och 64 lägenheter är de högsta passivhusen i Sverige med en trästomme. En energiuppföljning görs för år 2012. Skillnader kring projekterat och uppmätt värde behandlas och klargörs. Granskning av funktionalitet och värmeåtervinningsmängd av avloppsvärmeväxlaren utreds. Ett frågeformulär har skickats ut och sammanställts, där hyresgästerna delar med sig av sina upplevelser utav Portvakten Söder.
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Gerrish, Tristan. "Exploring the effectiveness of BIM for energy performance management of non-domestic buildings." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/25094.
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Following several years of research and development around the subject of BIM, its impact on the design and handover of buildings is now becoming visible across the construction industry. Changes in design procedures and information management methods indicate the potential for greater utilisation of a Common Data Environment in areas other than design. To identify how these changes are influencing the engineering design process, and adapt this process to the needs and requirements of building performance management requires consideration of multiple factors, relating mainly to the stakeholders and processes employed in these procedures. This thesis is the culmination of a four year Engineering Doctorate exploring how BIM could be used to support non-domestic building energy performance management. It begins with an introduction to the research aim and objectives, then presents a thorough review of the subject area and the methodologies employed for the research. Research is split between eight sequential tasks using literature review, interviews, data analysis and case-study application from which findings, conclusions and key recommendations are made. Findings demonstrate disparity between different information environments and provide insight into the necessary steps to enable connection between BIM and monitored building energy performance information. They highlight the following factors essential to providing an information environment suitable for BIM applied performance management: Skills in handling information and the interface between various environments; Technology capable of producing structured and accurate information, supporting efficient access for interconnection with other environments; and Processes that define the standards to which information is classified, stored and modified, with responsibility for its creation and modification made clear throughout the building life-cycle. A prototype method for the linking of BIM and monitored building energy performance data is demonstrated for a case-study building, encountering many of the technical barriers preventing replication on other projects. Methodological challenges are identified using review of existing building design and operation procedures. In conclusion the research found that BIM is still in its infancy, and while efforts are being made to apply it in novel ways to support efficient operation, several challenges remain. Opportunities for building energy performance improvement may be visualised using the modelling environment BIM provides, and the ability to interface with descriptive performance data suggests the future potential for BIM utilisation post-handover.
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Kreutzer, Nico. "Electric load in the domestic sector and its modulation by building integrated photovoltaic : findings of a detailed monitoring study of energy consumption in UK buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2010. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55877/.
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The future energy supply is highly likely to be a mix of central and decentralised energy sources, therefore knowledge of on-site generation, such as photovoltaic systems, and energy consumption patterns with a good degree of certainty will be necessary to ensure the current quality of supply that we enjoy at present from non-renewable resources. This thesis describes the outcome of a detailed electric energy monitoring campaign on 5 different sites in a total number of 81 households predominantly undertaken in the social housing sector in the United Kingdom. The 5 minute data (and 1 minute short term) have been derived during the Department of Trade and Industry Photovoltaic Domestic Field Trial Program, where over a period of two years electric energy consumption by the households and electric energy generation by their photovoltaic systems were monitored by the author as part of this study. The consumption data obtained underwent a detailed analysis in order to give an understanding of the characteristics of the electric load in terms of base load, peak load, the load fluctuation and the energy consumption. The measured electric load profiles were separated into weekday and weekend profiles, and summer and winter profiles were also derived. The results are presented as overall load profiles for the entire set of dwellings as site specific load profiles and, for a smaller number of dwellings, as dwelling specific load profiles. Another outcome of this research is the development of several publicly available measured annual data sets suitable for use in modelling (5 minute interval data). The findings of this energy consumption analysis and the long term real data sets can be used for computer modelling purposes in general, but particular in the field of on-site generation, where the need for available realistic data sets is immense. In order to create a link between the energy consumption characteristics and socio-economic factors an occupant survey was undertaken among the people living in the monitored dwellings. The survey included questions regarding the following aspects: the number of tenants living in the household, tenant's age, ownership of electrical appliances and the general times of use of appliances and occupancy in the household. The results of this survey, carried out in 46 dwellings, can be applied to improve electric load models in general and especially the parts of the models that present the social housing sector. The findings will also help to investigate the options of load shifting, based on the time of use analysis of the 17 appliances. This study has investigated the options of reducing the electric load in the domestic sector by building integrated PV-systems. Therefore the influence of simulated PV-generation profiles on the recorded electric load profiles was analysed. The outcome can help to size PV-systems when the direct use of the PV-energy in order to reduce losses in the public grid is desired. The findings of this study are also of use when knowledge is required on the electric demand of small networks when connected to a large PV-generator as opposed to the connection of one dwelling to one small PV-system. The results can be used to size storage systems (e.g. batteries) if a self sustaining schedule of dwellings is needed. The findings of this study were used in the International Energy Agency Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Annex 42 to provide the profiles needed for modeling the performance of Fuel Cells and Cogeneration systems in residential properties.
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Hamilton, Joseph Marshall. "Design and implementation of vibration data acquisition in Goodwin Hall for structural health monitoring, human motion, and energy harvesting research." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78108.
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From 2012 - 2015 a foundation for future research in Goodwin Hall was designed, tested,developed, and implemented through an instrumentation project supported by the College of Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. This required the design and implementation of a distributed, networked, and synchronized data acquisition system along with supporting hardware and software capable of measuring 227 accelerometers placed in 129 locations throughout the building. This system will provide a platform for research into a variety of topics, including structural health monitoring, building dynamics, human motion, and energy harvesting. Additionally, the system will be incorporated into the education curriculum by providing real-world data and hardware for students to interact with. This thesis covers the contributions of the author to the project.Master of Science
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BENEDETTELLI, MARIANGELA. "Optimization of building performance via model-based predictive control." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/252888.
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Il controllo predittivo basato su modello (MPC) è una tecnica di controllo avanzata che ha svolto un ruolo importante nella gestione di molti processi nel settore industriale. Oggi, nell’ottica di una gestione energetica efficiente degli edifici, l’utilizzo di questa strategia si sta dimostrando una soluzione promettente per ridurre al minimo i consumi e i costi energetici complessivi. Tuttavia, gli studi sulla sua fattibilità tecnica in edifici esistenti sono ancora in una fase iniziale.
Pertanto, il risultato principale di questa tesi è la progettazione e lo sviluppo di un prototipo hardware e software per la verifica sul campo di un sistema di controllo predittivo, basato su modello, integrando un modello predittivo virtuale della porzione dell'edificio in esame, il controllore e l'interfaccia grafica per i dispositivi di monitoraggio e regolazione utilizzati. Inoltre, particolare attenzione è stata posta sulla fattibilità tecnica relativa all'implementazione di un tipico sistema MPC, che include un sottosistema di monitoraggio, un set di acquisizione dati e un metodo di identificazione del sistema per ottenere il modello per il controllore, mediante un approccio di modellazione grey-box. La fase di modellazione e l'approccio empirico sviluppato sono presentati nella prima parte di questa tesi di ricerca, mentre la parte centrale riguarda: lo sviluppo del prototipo di controllo predittivo, basato su modello, all'interno di uno strumento virtuale del software LabVIEW e la descrizione del test sperimentale, effettuato durante la stagione di riscaldamento, garantendo la normale operatività dell’edificio durante l'intero periodo di monitoraggio.
Infine, è presentato lo studio sviluppato in ambiente di simulazione per indagare il potenziale della logica di controllo per la valutazione di scenari di riqualificazione. Il focus è sulla definizione dei principali componenti del simulatore MPC e sui risultati ottenuti testando uno degli scenari di intervento.Model Predictive Control (MPC) is an advanced control technique which has played an important role in the management of many processes in the industry sector. Nowadays, in the perspective of an efficient building energy management, the exploitation of this strategy is proving to be a promising solution for minimising overall energy consumptions and costs. However, investigations on the feasibility of the technique in real existing buildings are at an initial stage. Hence, the main outcome of this dissertation is the design and development of a prototype hardware and software set up for on-field testing of a model-based predictive control system, integrating a virtual predictive model of the portion of the building under investigation, the controller and the interface to the monitoring and regulation devices used. Moreover, this research is addressed to investigate the technical feasibility of the development and deployment of a typical MPC system, which includes a monitoring sub-system, a data acquisition set up and a system identification method to obtain the model for the controller by means of a grey-box modelling approach. The modelling phase and the empirical approach developed are presented in the first part of this research thesis, while the core part concerns: the development of the MPC prototype, within a virtual instrument of LabVIEW software and the description of the experimental test, which was carried out during heating season, ensuring normal building operation during the entire monitoring period. Finally, this dissertation presents the study developed in simulation environment to investigate the potential of the control logic for the evaluation of retrofitting scenarios. The focus is on the definition of the main MPC simulator components and on the results obtained by testing one of the intervention scenarios.
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Yao, Fang. "Interference mitigation strategy design and applications for wireless sensor networks." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7193.
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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.15.4 standard presents a very useful technology for implementing low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks. Its main focus, which is to applications requiring simple wireless connectivity with relaxed throughout and latency requirements, makes it suitable for connecting devices that have not been networked, such as industrial and control instrumentation equipments, agricultural equipments, vehicular equipments, and home appliances. Its usage of the license-free 2.4 GHz frequency band makes the technique successful for fast and worldwide market deployments. However, concerns about interference have arisen due to the presence of other wireless technologies using the same spectrum. Although the IEEE 802.15.4 standard has provided some mechanisms, to enhance capability to coexist with other wireless devices operating on the same frequency band, including Carrier Sensor Multiple Access (CSMA), Clear Channel Assessment (CCA), channel alignment, and low duty cycle, it is essential to design and implement adjustable mechanisms for an IEEE 802.15.4 based system integrated into a practical application to deal with interference which changes randomly over time. Among the potential interfering systems (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cordless phones, microwave ovens, wireless headsets, etc) which work on the same Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) frequency band, Wi-Fi systems (IEEE 802.11 technique) have attracted most concerns because of their high transmission power and large deployment in both residential and office environments. This thesis aims to propose a methodology for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless systems to adopt proper adjustment in order to mitigate the effect of interference caused by IEEE 802.11 systems through energy detection, channel agility and data recovery. The contribution of this thesis consists of five parts. Firstly, a strategy is proposed to enable IEEE 802.15.4 systems to maintain normal communications using the means of consecutive transmissions, when the system s default mechanism of retransmission is insufficient to ensure successful rate due to the occurrence of Wi-Fi interference. Secondly, a novel strategy is proposed to use a feasible way for IEEE 802.15.4 systems to estimate the interference pattern, and accordingly adjust system parameters for the purpose of achieving optimized communication effectiveness during time of interference without relying on hardware changes and IEEE 802.15.4 protocol modifications. Thirdly, a data recovery mechanism is proposed for transport control to be applied for recovering lost data by associating with the proposed strategies to ensure the data integrity when IEEE 802.15.4 systems are suffering from interference. Fourthly, a practical case is studied to discuss how to design a sustainable system for home automation application constructed on the basis of IEEE 802.15.4 technique. Finally, a comprehensive design is proposed to enable the implementation of an interference mitigation strategy for IEEE 802.15.4 based ad hoc WSNs within a structure of building fire safety monitoring system. The proposed strategies and system designs are demonstrated mainly through theoretical analysis and experimental tests. The results obtained from the experimental tests have verified that the interference caused by an IEEE 802.11 system on an IEEE 802.15.4 system can be effectively mitigated through adjusting IEEE 802.15.4 system s parameters cooperating with interference pattern estimation. The proposed methods are suitable to be integrated into a system-level solution for an IEEE 802.15.4 system to deal with interference, which is also applicable to those wireless systems facing similar interference issues to enable the development of efficient mitigation strategies.
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Лукашенко, Євгеній Олексійович. "Енергоефективність системи «Джерело теплоти – людина – огороджувальні конструкції» на прикладі житлової будівлі." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46529.
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Обсяг магістерської роботи – 92 аркушів, кількість рисунків – 32, таблиць – 34 .
Актуальність теми дослідження пов’язана з постійним підвищенням тарифів на комунальні послуги, заохоченням людей до заощадження, а отже, потребою в нових способах зниження енергоспоживання. Основними засобами зниження енергоспоживання є більш раціональне та ефективне використання ресурсів та термомодернізація. Житловий фонд в Україні є однією з найбільш енергоємних галузей, тому зрозуміло, що впровадженню заходів у цій сфері слід віддавати пріоритет.
Мета дослідження – визначення показників енергоефективнсті та рівня теплового комфорту гуртожитку.
Об’єкт дослідження – 10-поверхова житлова будівля за адресою вул. Борщагівська, 173/187 , м. Київ.
Предмет дослідження – енергоспоживання будівлі, теплотехнічні характеристики огороджувальних конструкцій будівлі, характеристики інженерних мереж.
Наукова новизна досягнутих результатів полягає у розробці методичних аспектів і методів аналізу, оцінки та моніторингу показників енергоефективності житлових будинків. Розроблено моделювання з 3D-візуалізацією та детальним аналізом для розрахунку фотоелектричних систем у поєднанні з електроприладами, акумуляторними системами.
Матеріали магістерської дисертації можуть бути використані при підготовці і викладанні дисциплін «Енергозбереження будівель і споруд» та «Методи енергомоніторингу та енергоаудиту будівель» для студентів спеціальності
141 «Електроенергетика, електротехніка та електромеханіка»,
144 «Теплоенергетика».
Тематика досліджень, проведених у магістерській дисертації, представляє практичний інтерес і рекомендується ПрАТ «Вімм-Білль-Данн Україна» до впровадження на реальному об’єкті – житловій 10-поверховій будівлі за адресою вул. Борщагівська, 173/187 , м. Київ.
Апробація результатів дослідження::
Основні результати за тематикою роботи обговорювалися та доповідалися на науково- технічних конференціях. Опубліковані тези:
1. IІ науково-технічна конференція магістрантів ІЕЕ (17 листопада 2021 р.).The volume of master's work - 92 sheets, the number of drawings - 32, tables - 34. The relevance of the research topic is related to the constant increase in utility tariffs, encouraging people to save, and hence the need for new ways to reduce energy consumption. The main means of reducing energy consumption are more rational and efficient use of resources and thermal modernization. Housing in Ukraine is one of the most energy-intensive industries, so it is clear that the implementation of measures in this area should be given priority.The purpose of the study is to determine the indicators of energy efficiency and the level of thermal comfort of the dormitory. The object of study - a 10-storey residential building at vul. Borshchahivska, 173/187, Kyiv. The subject of research - energy consumption of the building, thermal characteristics of the enclosing structures of the building, the characteristics of engineering networks. The scientific novelty of the achieved results is the development of methodological aspects and methods of analysis, evaluation and monitoring of energy efficiency indicators of residential buildings. A model of dynamic modeling with 3D-visualization and detailed shading analysis for the calculation of photovoltaic systems in combination with electrical appliances, battery systems has been developed. Materials of the master's dissertation can be used at preparation and teaching of disciplines "Energy saving of buildings and constructions" and "Methods of energy monitoring and energy audit of buildings" for students of a specialty 141 "Electric power, electrical engineering and electromechanics", 144 "Heat energy". The subject of research conducted in the master's dissertation is of practical interest and is recommended by LLC "ESCO Ukraine" for implementation on real objects - a 10-storey residential building at vul. Borshchahivska, 173/187, Kyiv. Approbation of research results: The main results on the topic of the work were discussed and reported at scientific and technical conferences. Published theses: 1. II scientific and technical conference of IEE undergraduates (November 17, 2021).
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Asadi, Esmaeel. "RISK-INFORMED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF BUILDING STRUCTURES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1575381834399844.
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Johansson, Ola, and Mikael Ulverås. "Energieffektivisering genom fastighetsautomation : Grundläggande teori, svensk marknadsöversikt och exempel på verklig installation." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31199.
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För att uppnå Sveriges miljömål begränsad klimatpåverkan behöver åtgärder göras för att minska energianvändningen inom bostads- och servicesektorn, vilken stod för drygt en tredjedel av Sveriges totala energianvändning år 2014. Dålig styrning av värme-, ventilations- och kylsystem är ofta en bidragande orsak till onödigt hög energianvändning inom hushåll och lokalbyggnader. Med hjälp av fastighetsautomation samlas byggnadens tekniska system i ett styr- och övervakningssystem, vilket kan användas för att optimera styrningen. Dock är marknaden för fastighetsautomation dåligt kartlagd och information saknas angående styrsystemens funktioner och användningsområden. Rapporten inleds med grundläggande teori för att skapa ökad förståelse för senare delar. Därefter har en undersökning gjorts för ett antal företags styrsystem i syfte att klargöra dess funktioner, användningsområden samt vilken energibesparing styrsystemen ger upphov till. I rapporten beskrivs också tillvägagångssättet för en verklig installation i lokalbyggnaden Kv Slottet 4 och hur energianvändning samt inneklimat har påverkats efter att styrsystemet installerats. Resultatet för den svenska marknadsöversikten visar på att fastighetsautomation är etablerat inom byggnadstyperna flerbostadshus och lokalbyggnader medan småhus är en outforskad marknad. Vanliga funktioner som implementeras i styrsystem är drifttidsstyrning, prognosstyrning och effektbegränsning. Undersökningen har visat att fastighetsautomation ger upphov till energibesparingar på i snitt 10 – 40 %. Besparingen varierar dock och beror på flera faktorer som byggnadstyp, geografisk placering och tidigare styrning. Företagen använder också olika metoder för att beräkna energibesparingen varför det är problematiskt att rättvist jämföra besparingen för olika styrsystem. Energibesparingen för de olika byggnadstyperna och installationssystemen har i många fall varit svåra att få tillgång till. Generellt gäller att de företag som tillhandahåller obligatoriskt driftavtal har bättre koll på den besparing som styrsystemet ger upphov till. I examensarbetet har fyra företag kartlagts men för en mer djupgående analys över den svenska marknaden bör fler företag undersökas. Efter installationen av det automatiska styrsystemet Ecopilot® på Kv Slottet 4 erhölls en värmeenergibesparing för vald period på upp till 20,6 MWh, vilket motsvarar en procentuell besparing på 53 %. Energibesparingen varierar dock till viss del beroende på vilken beräkningsmetod som används. Byggnadens totala elbesparing uppgick till 6,5 MWh, vilket motsvarar 20 % minskning av elanvändningen för undersökt period. Den beräknade energibesparingen kan inte helt tillskrivas Ecopilot® eftersom ett annat driftfall rådde under jämförd period än det som var precis innan installationen. Via styrsystemets gränssnitt kunde emellertid en sänkt energianvändning härledas till Ecopilot®. Bland annat tack vare effektivare reglering, samkörning av installationssystem, effektivare värmeåtervinning, sänkta ventilationsflöden samt lägre inomhus- och flödestemperaturer. Intervjuer med verksamma personer i byggnaden påvisar att ingen skillnad har märkts på inomhusklimatet före och efter installationen av Ecopilot®, varken med avseende på det termiska klimatet eller på luftkvaliten. För större säkerhet gällande styrsystemets inverkan på inomhusklimatet och energianvändningen bör en längre tidsperiod utvärderas.Sweden has a number of environmental objectives, of which one is reduced climate impact. To achieve this goal measures have to be taken in order to reduce building energy use in residential and services sectors, sectors that accounted for over one third of Sweden’s total energy use in 2014. Poor regulation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is a common reason for often unnecessary high energy use in residential buildings and non-residential premises. Building automation integrates the buildings technical systems, such as HVAC, into one centralized system for monitoring and controlling, which then can be used to optimize the regulation for these systems. The market is however poorly mapped and information is missing regarding functions and area of use for these control systems. This report begins with a description of basic theory that is relevant for understanding parts later on. An analysis has then been made for a number of different building automation systems to clarify their functions, area of use, and potentials in energy savings. The report also describes the procedure for a real installation on Kv Slottet 4 and how the energy use and indoor climate has been affected after the building automation system has been installed. Results regarding the Swedish market overview shows that building automation is established in apartment buildings and non-residential premises while building automation is still unused in smaller houses. Some of the most common functions that are implemented in control systems are time clock operation, forecast control and power limitation. The analysis has shown that building automation can lead to energy savings between 10 to 40 %. The size of the saved energy depends on a number of factors like type of building, geographical location and former regulation of HVAC. The building automation companies are using different methods to calculate the energy saving why it is a problem to fairly compare different control systems. The information on energy savings for different type of buildings and technical systems are in many cases hard to get hold of. Generally speaking, the companies that provide mandatory agreements for operating the control system have more detailed information regarding energy savings. Four different companies were covered in this report. More companies should be mapped in order to make a more profound analysis. After the installation of Ecopilot® on Kv Slottet 4, a heat reduction of up to 20.6 MWh for the chosen period of time was achieved. That corresponds to a relative energy saving of 53 %. The energy saving varies depending on what method is used for calculation. The buildings total energy savings for electricity was 6.5 MWh, which corresponds to a 20 % reduction. The calculated energy saving is not all due to the building automation system but there has been some reduction. Ecopilot® has lowered the energy use by more efficient regulation, co-operating heating and cooling, more efficient heat recovery, lowered ventilation flows, and lowered temperatures. No change in indoor climate has been noticed by the people that were interviewed. The control system should be evaluated for a longer period of time to ensure how much it affects the indoor climate and the energy use in the building.
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Wang, Yi. "Damage assessment in asymmetric buildings using vibration techniques." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120475/1/Yi_Wang_Thesis.pdf.
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This research presents a step forward in the area of structural health monitoring by developing the scientific basis for a method to detect and locate damage in asymmetric building structures accurately and efficiently. The method is based on the changes in the vibration characteristics of asymmetric buildings such as natural frequencies and associated mode shapes. The thesis first investigated the difference in vibration behavior between symmetric and asymmetric buildings and compared the capability of different damage detection methods that uses the vibration characteristics. Then a modified method (MMSE) and an improved method (MCA-DI) were proposed based on the comparative study and verified through experimental testing of a laboratory scale asymmetric setback structure model.
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Boström, Jenny, and Maria Danielsson. "En studie av byggnadsnämndens kontroll och tillsyn vid uppförande av flerbostadshus." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Technology and Design, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5514.
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When a new building is constructed, or some changes are taking place in the already existing building, it is required according to PBL chapter 8 that the developer applies for planning permissions at the building committee in that municipality where the real estate is located. In the planning permission, the documents of the current building are examined.
The developer will appoint a quality manager that helps the developer to ensure that all necessary controls are done and that the requirements in these are met. The developer has the final responsibility to ensure that the building is built according to all requirements and rules. The building committee establishes a control plan that shows which controls have to be carried out and which certificates and documents have to be sent in during the time of the construction.
This study aims to finding out which documents that will be submitted at the construction of a new building, according to the laws found in PBL, if these documents are required and if they are examined of the municipalities before the building is approved.
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Stuart, Graeme. "Monitoring energy performance in local authority buildings." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4964.
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Energy management has been an important function of organisations since the oil crisis of the mid 1970’s led to hugely increased costs of energy. Although the financial costs of energy are still important, the growing recognition of the environmental costs of fossil-fuel energy is becoming more important. Legislation is also a key driver. The UK has set an ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction target of 80% of 1990 levels by 2050 in response to a strong international commitment to reduce GHG emissions globally. This work is concerned with the management of energy consumption in buildings through the analysis of energy consumption data. Buildings are a key source of emissions with a wide range of energy-consuming equipment, such as photocopiers or refrigerators, boilers, air-conditioning plant and lighting, delivering services to the building occupants. Energy wastage can be identified through an understanding of consumption patterns and in particular, of changes in these patterns over time. Changes in consumption patterns may have any number of causes; a fault in heating controls; a boiler or lighting replacement scheme; or a change in working practice entirely unrelated to energy management. Standard data analysis techniques such as degree-day modelling and CUSUM provide a means to measure and monitor consumption patterns. These techniques were designed for use with monthly billing data. Modern energy metering systems automatically generate data at half-hourly or better resolution. Standard techniques are not designed to capture the detailed information contained in this comparatively high-resolution data. The introduction of automated metering also introduces the need for automated analysis. This work assumes that consumption patterns are generally consistent in the short-term but will inevitably change. A novel statistical method is developed which builds automated event detection into a novel consumption modelling algorithm. Understanding these changes to consumption patterns is critical to energy management. Leicester City Council has provided half-hourly data from over 300 buildings covering up to seven years of consumption (a total of nearly 50 million meter readings). Automatic event detection pinpoints and quantifies over 5,000 statistically significant events in the Leicester dataset. It is shown that the total impact of these events is a decrease in overall consumption. Viewing consumption patterns in this way allows for a new, event-oriented approach to energy management where large datasets are automatically and rapidly analysed to produce summary meta-data describing their salient features. These event-oriented meta-data can be used to navigate the raw data event by event and are highly complementary to strategic energy management.
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RIFAI, Nabil. "Monitoring the energy consumption in buildings in B2B sector." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-183387.
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This report discusses the ambition of EDF, a French electricity provider, to offer new services to its customers. With the emergence of the smart grid that will be operational in 2020 in France, there are several opportunities that have to be taken. One of them is to be able to offer a suitable monitoring system to its customer. This study tried to emphasize the important aspects and features that are required in such a system. Several solutions that are currently being commercialized in France have been analyzed. A grading has been made according to the technical functionalities and the business models have been analyzed. Recommendations for EDF have also been made in order to help the company to choose the right monitoring system.
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Danielski, Itai. "Energy performance of residential buildings : projecting, monitoring and evaluating." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-27175.
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Energy security and climate change mitigation have been discussed in Sweden since the oil crisis in the 1970s. Sweden has since then increased its share of renewable energy resources to reach the highest level among the EU member states, but is still among the countries with the highest primary energy use per capita. Not least because of that, increasing energy efficiency is important and it is part of the Swedish long term environmental objectives. Large potential for improving energy efficiency can be found in the building sector, mainly in the existing building stock but also in new constructions. Buildings hold high costs for construction, service and maintenance. Still, their energy efficiency and thermal performance are rarely validated after construction or renovation. As energy efficiency become an important aspects in building design there is a need for accurate tools for assessing the energy performance both before and after building construction. In this thesis criteria for energy efficiency in new residential buildings are studied. Several building design aspects are discussed with regards to final energy efficiency, energy supply-demand interactions and social aspects. The results of this thesis are based on energy modelling, energy measurements and one questionnaire survey. Several existing residential buildings were used as case studies. The results show that pre-occupancy calculations of specific final energy demand in residential buildings is too rough an indicator to explicitly steer towards lower final energy use in the building sector. Even post occupancy monitoring of specific final energy demand does not always provide a representative image of the energy efficiency of buildings and may result with large variation among buildings with similar thermal efficiency. A post occupancy method of assessing thermal efficiency of building fabrics using thermography is presented. The thermal efficiency of buildings can be increased by design with low shape factor. The shape factor was found to have a significant effect on the final energy demand of buildings and on the use of primary energy. In Nordic climates, atria in multi-storey apartment buildings is a design that have a potential to increase both energy efficiency (by lower shape factor) and enhance social interactions among the occupants.
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Fitzgerald, Darryl Edward. "Development of an energy monitoring practice framework to profile energy use in residential buildings." Thesis, Fitzgerald, Darryl Edward (2021) Development of an energy monitoring practice framework to profile energy use in residential buildings. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61564/.
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Energy monitoring is pivotal to undertaking energy consumption and efficiency studies in residential buildings. Residential building account for approximately 25% of final energy demand. However, many of the promised gains from energy monitoring have yet to be realised. Key to this issue is the lack of an energy monitoring practice framework that can provide accurate and repeatable long-term load profile data for use in energy management systems. The lack of such a framework was recently highlighted by ISO 50001:2018 through the inclusion of monitoring performance evaluation in the 2018 revision of the standard. In this research a practice framework was developed and validated based on an energy measurement, monitoring, and processing conceptual hierarchy. The energy practice framework emphasises the links between the measurement, monitoring and load profile data processing functions integral to an energy monitoring process. To validate the application of the practice framework a building electrical energy simulator and tester (BEEST) was designed and constructed so that load profile time-series data could be simultaneously collected, communicated, and stored by multiple commercial energy monitoring devices. The physically simulated load profile time-series data from multiple simulations and across multiple different energy monitoring devices was examined using extracted statistical, structural and frequency domain features to gauge load profile accuracy and repeatability. The load profiles extracted features were also tested for accuracy and repeatability through the application of cluster analysis. Research results showed variations in energy monitoring practice caused significant inaccuracy and low precision in monitored load profile features. In particular precision of extracted feature (e.g., frequency domain data) can vary more than ±100%. The research showed that mapping energy monitoring practice to a known framework provides a basis on which load profile data can be compared and profiled.
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Pradeep, Kumar Harshvardhan. "Multi-sensor-based occupancy monitoring for energy efficient smart buildings based on internet of things." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10096079.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects embedded with sensors and connectivity. The ubiquitous nature of IoT nodes will allow the deployment of embedded sensors, actuators, cameras, mobile phones, and Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) in buildings for monitoring the condition of the building and the well being of the occupants. The current project presents the design and implementation of a sensor network within the IoT framework, using infrared (IR) sensors to monitor the number of visitors in the building and their distribution across predetermined zones. Using IR sensor data the Demand-Controlled Ventilation (DCV) units on each floor are controlled based on zone occupancies. The occupancy data are displayed on a mobile phone or PC using a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) module. The devices in the experimental implementation of this network include IR, temperature, and CO2 sensors, interfaced to a microcontroller. Experimental testing shows that the network performs flawlessly and reliably.
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Wawerka, Robert. "Budova s téměř nulovou spotřebou energie: případová studie rekonstrukce konvenčního rodinného domu v Dánsku." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355637.
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This doctoral thesis proposes a new method of energy retrofitting of existing residential buildings towards nearly zero-energy status. The topic of energy retrofitting of existing buildings is widely discussed and lamented within the European Union and the Member states and is enshrined in the Directive 2010/31/EU. This research is in line with the European Union strategy Europe 2020 which sets targets for climate change and energy sustainability. The thesis describes the study of building energy performance of a pilot energy retrofitted residential building towards nearly zero-energy where progressive design technologies, such as energy modelling, monitoring, building optimisation and verification were used. This case study helped to formulate the recommendations on the effectiveness of various passive and active design methods together with renewable energy systems and after the extensive research it contributes to model and verify the future expectation and energy efficiency requirements of the residential market.
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Harris, Nora Elizabeth. "Barriers and Cognitive Biases in the Monitoring-Based Commissioning Process." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81102.
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Many buildings underperform leading to up to 20% energy waste. Case studies on monitoring-based commissioning (MBCx) have shown that using energy management and information systems (EMIS) for continuous energy monitoring and analysis enables the identification of issues that cause energy waste and verifies energy conservation measures. However, MBCx is underutilized by organizations leading to an energy efficiency gap between the energy saving potential of technologies like EMIS and observed savings. This energy efficiency gap can be attributed to general barriers to MBCx and barriers caused specifically by cognitive bias in the decision-making process. Using qualitative data from over 40 organizations implementing and practicing MBCx, this manuscript provides a better understanding of these barriers. Chapter 1 synthesizes and codes the qualitative data to develop a framework of variables acting as barriers and enablers to MBCx. The framework highlights commonly experienced barriers like data configuration, and also variables with conflicting results like payback/return on investment, which was experienced as a barrier to some organizations and enabler to others. Chapter 2 examines the barriers to MBCx through a behavioral decision science lens and finds evidence of cognitive biases, specifically, risk aversion, social norms, choice overload, status quo bias, information overload, professional bias, and temporal discounting. The success of choice architecture in other energy efficiency decisions is used to offer suggestions for ways to overcome these cognitive biases. This manuscript can be used by practitioners to better understand potential barriers to MBCx and by researchers to prioritize gaps and find methods to overcome the barriers to MBCx.Master of Science
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Pinarer, Ozgun. "Sustainable Declarative Monitoring Architecture : Energy optimization of interactions between application service oriented queries and wireless sensor devices : Application to Smart Buildings." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI126/document.
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La dernière décennie a montré un intérêt croissant pour les bâtiments intelligents. Les bâtiments traditionnels sont les principaux consommateurs d’une partie importante des ressources énergétiques, d'où le besoin de bâtiments intelligents a alors émergé. Ces nouveaux bâtiments doivent être conçus selon des normes de construction durables pour consommer moins. Ces bâtiments intelligents sont devenus l’un des principaux domaines d’application des environnements pervasifs. En effet, une infrastructure basique de construction de bâtiment intelligent se compose notamment d’un ensemble de capteurs sans fil. Les capteurs basiques permettent l’acquisition, la transmission et la réception de données. La consommation d’énergie élevée de l’ensemble de ces appareils est un des problèmes les plus difficiles et fait donc l’objet d’études dans ce domaine de la recherche. Les capteurs sont autonomes en termes d’énergie. Etant donné que la consommation d’énergie a un fort impact sur la durée de vie du service, il existe plusieurs approches dans la littérature. Cependant, les approches existantes sont souvent adaptées à une seule application de surveillance et reposent sur des configurations statiques pour les capteurs. Dans cette thèse, nous contribuons à la définition d’une architecture de surveillance déclaratif durable par l’optimisation énergétique des interactions entre requêtes applicative orientées service et réseau de capteurs sans fil. Nous avons choisi le bâtiment intelligent comme cas d’application et nous étudions donc un système de surveillance d’un bâtiment intelligent. Du point de vue logiciel, un système de surveillance peut être défini comme un ensemble d’applications qui exploitent les mesures des capteurs en temps réel. Ces applications sont exprimées dans un langage déclaratif sous la forme de requêtes continues sur les flux de données des capteurs. Par conséquent, un système de multi-applications nécessite la gestion de plusieurs demandes de flux de données suivant différentes fréquences d’acq/tx de données pour le même capteur sans fil, avec des exigences dynamiques requises par les applications. Comme une configuration statique ne peut pas optimiser la consommation d’énergie du système, nous proposons une approche intitulée Smart-Service Stream-oriented Sensor Management (3SoSM) afin d’optimiser les interactions entre les exigences des applications et l’environnement des capteurs sans fil, en temps réel. 3SoSM offre une configuration dynamique des capteurs pour réduire la consommation d’énergie tout en satisfaisant les exigences des applications en temps réel. Nous avons conduit un ensemble d’expérimentations effectuées avec un simulateur de réseau de capteurs sans fil qui ont permis de valider notre approche quant à l’optimisation de la consommation d’énergie des capteurs, et donc l’augmentation de la durée de vie de ces capteurs, en réduisant notamment les communications non nécessairesRecent researches and analysis reports declare that high energy consumption of buildings is major problem in developed countries. As a result, they show concretely that building energy management systems (BEMS) and deployed wireless sensor network environments are important for energy efficiency of building operations. In the literature, existing smart building management systems focus on energy consumption of the building, hardware deployed inside/outside of the building and network communication issues. They adopt static configurations for wireless sensor devices and proposed models are fitted to a single application. In this study, we propose a sustainable declarative monitoring architecture that focus on the energy optimisation of interactions between application service oriented queries and wireless sensor devices. We consider the monitoring system as a set of applications that exploit sensor measures in real time such as HVAC automation and control systems, real time supervision, security. These applications can be configured dynamically by the users or by the supervisor. In our approach, we take a data point of view: applications are declaratively expressed as a set of continuous queries on the sensor data stream. To achieve our objective of energy aware optimization of the monitoring architecture, we formalize sensor device configuration and fit data acquisition and data transmission to actual applications requirements. We present a complete monitoring architecture and an algorithm that handles dynamic sensor configuration. We introduce a platform that covers physical and also simulated wireless sensor devices
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Jones, Rory V. "An investigation of the socio-economic, technical and appliance related factors affecting high electrical energy demand in UK homes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14477.
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The amount of electricity used in individual UK homes varies considerably. Previous UK energy research has identified that high electricity consuming homes not only use more electricity, compared with others, but appear to be consuming even more electricity over time. Furthermore, there is additional evidence which shows that high consuming dwellings also have a greater potential to make energy savings than those who consume less. It has been suggested that future UK energy policy might focus on reducing the demand of high electricity consumers in order to reduce overall CO2 emissions. Therefore, understanding what drives high usage in domestic buildings is essential to support informed decisions. This thesis asserts that to improve knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting high electrical energy consumption in UK domestic buildings, it is necessary to combine an analysis of the occupants socio-economic characteristics, dwelling technical characteristics and appliance related aspects, with detailed monitoring of the ownership, power demand and occupants use of electrical appliances. Using a sample of 315 UK homes, the influence of socio-economic, technical and appliance related characteristics on the probability of a household being a high electrical energy consumer was investigated (Odds ratio analysis). Detailed appliance monitoring data was collected from 27 UK homes to establish the contributions of appliance ownership, power demand and use to high electrical energy demand (Appliance Electricity Use Survey). The current research found similar skewed electricity distributions towards high electricity consumers for both the 315 and 27 home cohorts. Conflicting results were however obtained from the two household samples with regard to whether high electricity consumers are increasing electrical energy demand over time. The results of the odds ratio analysis and Appliance Electricity Use Survey suggest that high electricity consumption in domestic buildings is related to a combination of the socio-economic characteristics of the building occupants, technical characteristics of the dwelling and the ownership, power demand and use of electrical appliances.
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Henriet, Simon. "On solving the non intrusive load monitoring problem in large buildings : analyses, simulations and factorization based unsupervised learning." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAT007.
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La prise de conscience des conséquences du réchauffement climatique a permis de lancer un mouvement de réduction de l'utilisation d'énergie. Sans pour autant stopper toute utilisation d'énergie, le faire de façon la plus efficace possible en réduisant le gaspillage apparaît comme une solution évidente. L'électricité utilisée dans les bâtiments représente une part importante de la consommation d’énergie et doit donc être utilisée de manière efficace. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de pouvoir mesurer et suivre la consommation électrique de chaque appareil au sein d'un bâtiment. Depuis 30 ans, une méthode de suivi des consommations électriques, Non Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), propose à partir d’un unique compteur mesurant la consommation totale du bâtiment, de déterminer la contribution de chaque appareil électrique. Cette méthode est basée sur un algorithme de désagrégation des consommations électriques et permet de s’affranchir de l’utilisation d’un compteur de mesure pour chaque appareil électrique du bâtiment. Cette thèse aborde les problèmes algorithmiques que présente le NILM. De manière générale, la problématique est celle de la séparation de sources. Les différentes sources à estimer correspondent ici à la consommation électrique des différents appareils branchés sur un même réseau. La mesure réalisée, aussi appelée observation mélangée, correspond à la somme de toutes les consommations. Ainsi, les principales difficultés du NILM sont : (i) la standardisation de la formulation, (ii) le caractère mal-posé du problème (perte d'information), (iii) les connaissances insuffisantes sur les signaux et (iv) l'implémentation d'un algorithme d'apprentissage. L'objectif principale de cette thèse est de traiter le NILM dans le cadre des grands bâtiments (commerciaux, bureaux, industriels) en utilisant des mesures hautes fréquences du courant et de la tension. Cependant les maisons individuelles et leurs propres types d’appareils électriques ne sont pas exclus de cette étude. Cette thèse est structurée en deux grandes parties.Dans une première partie nous abordons le problème du manque de connaissance des signaux de consommation électriques, à la fois ceux des grands bâtiments et ceux des différents appareils utilisés. La littérature concernant le NILM est principalement orienté sur l'étude des mesures basses fréquences de consommations dans les maisons. Nous proposons ici une analyse statistique des mesures de consommations. Nos résultats nous permettent de proposer une nouvelle classification des appareils électriques en fonction de leur caractéristiques de courant et également de définir des hypothèses pour la résolution du problème de séparation des sources. Le manque de données de consommations disponibles est également un frein pour le développement du NILM. Pour répondre à cela nous développons un modèle génératif permettant de simuler des données hautes fréquences de courant électrique de bâtiments. A partir d'un nombre limité de données réelles nous réalisons des simulations de bâtiments que nous partageons dans la base de données SHED.Dans une seconde partie, nous abordons le problème de la séparation de source. Grâce à nos résultats d'analyse et par manque de données, nous traitons ce problème à l'aide de techniques d'apprentissage non-supervisées. Pour proposons une nouvelle méthode appartenant à la famille des factorisations de matrice appelée Independent-Variation Matrix Factorization (IVMF), qui permet d'exprimer une matrice d'observation de courant comme le produit de deux matrices: les signatures et les activations. IVMF est le premier algorithme décrit pour le traitement du NILM dans le cadre de données hautes fréquences et de grands bâtiments. Enfin, nous montrons que IVMF atteint de meilleurs résultats pour le problème du NILM que des méthodes classiques de séparation de source comme l'Analyse en Composantes Indépendantes ou encore la Factorisation de Matrice Semi Non-négativeWith the increasing awareness about the problem of climate change and the high level of energy consumption, a need for energy efficiency has emerged especially for electric power consumptions in buildings. To spur energy savings, industrials have been looking for measurement methods to monitor power consumptions. Appliance load monitoring has thus become an active research field. Monitoring and understanding the electrical consumption of appliances can also be useful for predictive maintenance, power quality analyses, demand forecasting or occupancy detection. Thirty years ago, a method called Non Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) has been introduced. It consists of estimating individual appliance energy consumptions from the measurement of the total consumption of the building. Its main advantage over traditional sub-metering methods is to use a single electric power meter at the main breaker of the building and then use a disaggregation algorithm to separate the contributions of each appliance. The goal of this thesis is to address the algorithmic challenge offered by NILM. The NILM problem can be formulated as a source separation problem, where the sources are the individual electric consumptions and the mixed observation is simply the sum of individual consumptions. Its main difficulties are: (i) the standardization of the formulation, (ii) the ill-posedness of the problem, (iii) the lack of knowledge and (iv) the machine learning algorithm design. All our contributions follow from the principal objective that is to solve the NILM problem for huge systems such as commercial or industrial buildings using high frequency current and voltage measurements. However, houses and the specific equipment found inside these buildings are not excluded of the study. This thesis is split into two parts.In the first part, we tackle the lack of knowledge and datasets for NILM in commercial buildings. First of all, the NILM community has mostly focused on both residential NILM application and using low frequency data provided by power meter installed by utility providers. To tackle the lack of knowledge on higher frequency data and on other kind of buildings such as commercial or industrial installations, we propose a statistical analysis based on public and private datasets. Our study on the rank of current matrix conducted for individual devices will serve as the base of a new device taxonomy and to prior assumptions on the rest of this thesis. Secondly, we address the lack of datasets especially for commercial buildings by developping an algorithm for generating synthetic current data based on a modelization of the current flowing through an electrical device. To encourage research on commercial buildings we release a synthesized dataset called SHED that can be used to evaluate NILM algorithms.In the second part, we deal with the NILM software challenges by exploring unsupervised source separation techniques. To overcome the unaddressed difficulties of processing high frequency current signals that are measured in large buildings, we propose a novel technique called Independent-Variation Matrix Factorization (IVMF), which expresses an observation matrix as the product of two matrices: the "signature" and the "activation". Motivated by the nature of the current signals, it uses a regularization term on the temporal variations of the activation matrix and a positivity constraint, and the columns of the signature matrix are constrained to lie in a specific set. To solve the resulting optimization problem, we rely on an alternating minimization strategy involving dual optimization and quasi-Newton algorithms. IVMF is the first proposed algorithm especially designed for high frequency NILM in huge buildings. We finally show that IVMF outperforms competing methods (Independent Component Analysis, Semi Non-negative Matrix Factorization) on NILM datasets
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Thirkill, Adam. "Evaluating the uncertainty in the performance of small scale renewables." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/19122.
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The successful delivery of low-carbon housing (both new and retrofitted) is a key aspect of the UK s commitment to an 80% reduction in carbon emissions by 2050. In this context, the inclusion of small-scale building-integrated renewable energy technologies is an important component of low carbon design strategies, and is subject to numerous regulation and incentive schemes (including the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI)) set up by government to encourage uptake and set minimum performance benchmarks. Unfortunately there are numerous examples of in-use energy and carbon performance shortfalls for new and retrofitted buildings this is termed the performance gap . Technical and human factors associated with building subsystem performance, which are often not considered in design tools used to predict performance, are the root cause of performance uncertainty. The research presented in this doctoral thesis aims to develop and apply a novel probabilistic method of evaluating the performance uncertainty of solar thermal systems installed in the UK. Analysis of measured data from a group of low carbon retrofitted dwellings revealed that the majority of buildings failed to meet the designed-for carbon emissions target with an average percentage difference of 60%. An in-depth case study technical evaluation of one of these dwellings showed significant dysfunction associated with the combined ASHP/solar thermal heating system, resulting in a performance gap of 94%, illustrating that the performance gap can be regarded as a whole-system problem, comprising a number of subsystem causal factors. Using a detailed dataset obtained from the UK s largest field trial of domestic solar thermal systems, a cross-cutting evaluation of predicted vs. measured performance similarly revealed a discrepancy with a mean percentage difference in predicted and measured annual yield of -24%. Having defined the nature and extent of underperformance for solar thermal technology in the UK, causal factors influencing performance were mapped and the associated uncertainty quantified using a novel knowledge-based Bayesian network (BN). In addition, the BN approach along with Monte Carlo sampling was applied to the well-established BREDEM model in order to quantify performance uncertainty of solar thermal systems by producing distributions of annual yield. As such, the modified BN-based BREDEM model represents a significant improvement in the prediction of performance of small-scale renewable energy technologies. Finally, financial analysis applied to the probabilistic predictions of annual yield revealed that the current UK RHI scheme is unlikely to result in positive returns on investment for solar thermal systems unless the duration of the payments is extended or electricity is the primary source of heating.
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Сотник, Ірина Миколаївна, Ирина Николаевна Сотник, Iryna Mykolaivna Sotnyk, Микола Іванович Сотник, Николай Иванович Сотник, and Mykola Ivanovych Sotnyk. "Система моніторингу теплоспоживання будівель як інструмент підвищення енергоефективності регіонального господарства." Thesis, Видавництво Львівської політехніки, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41048.
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Досліджено динаміку енергоємності ВВП України за 2000-2013 рр. у порівнянні з розвиненими країнами світу. Обґрунтовано необхідність зростання енергоефективності держави через підвищення енергоефективності економіки її регіонів. Розглянуто можливі шляхи вирішення цієї проблем на прикладі регіонального енергозберігаючого проекту з імплементації системи моніторингу теплоспоживання будівель у м. Суми.Исследована динамика энергоемкости ВВП Украины в 2000-2013 гг. в сравнении с развитыми странами мира. Обоснована необходимость роста энергоэффективности государства через повышение энергоэффективности экономики его регионов. Рассмотрены возможные пути решения этой проблемы на примере регионального энергосберегающего проекта по имплементации системы мониторинга теплопотребления зданий в г. Сумы.
The dynamics of energy intensity of Ukrainian GDP in 2000-2013 compared with developed countries is discovered. The necessity to increase energy efficiency of the state through increasing energy efficiency of its regional economies is substantiated. The possible solutions of this problem are proposed by the example of regional energy saving project for the implementation of the monitoring system of buildings heat consumption in Sumy.
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Pasqualetto, Michele. "Sistema di monitoraggio energetico di edifici." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423620.
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The project developed during the PhD period aims to design, develop, implement and verify an innovative system of sensors and algorithms of data processing, which makes it possible for an accurate survey and assessment of the main environmental and energy parameters in buildings.
The work has been included in the project SIMEA (Integrated/Distributed Energy Monitoring and Environmental), funded by the Region of Veneto in the "Strategic Plan for Scientific Research, Technological Development and Innovation 2008-2010".
The sensor system is designed to produce the energy/operating building profile to be used for:
- the purpose of certification of buildings;
- the process of energy audits to improve the working conditions and comfort;
- to promote the maximization of resources through an intelligent automatic control.
The theory concerning the energy efficiency of buildings is based on a compromise between comfort and consumption and, in fact, all the regulations are aimed to decrease (decrease) the power consumption without compromising the comfort of the internal environment in which people are living.
For this purpose, in the project of thesis have been considered, among others, UNI EN 15251:2007 which has the purpose to define which are the components to ensure the indoor comfort and UNI EN 15603:2008 which explains in detail the types of energy certifications. The sensor system developed is based on the latter regulation.
The technical literature presents several studies aimed at defining the effective energy assessment of the building and if it can be certified with a methodology based on performing calculations or measurements made in situ. It can be concluded that the procedures are not discriminating but complementary: methods of calculation are used for an assessment of the standard type, implemented by software tools, while the monitoring system are used for assessment of the real consumption.
The sensor system developed tries to satisfy the need to use a methodology based on monitoring the real behavior of building-plant but supported, for assessment of the energy consumption, by a calculation software validated at international level.
The hardware part of the monitoring system is formed by a series of sensors for the measurement of various thermohygrometric parameters and is divided into two networks that differ by type and objectives: the structure in the fixed network (wired) and the structure in the mobile network (wireless).
The development of the PhD project made it possible for monitoring with the system of sensors installed; this system permits not only the calculation of current consumption but also to define a short-term forecasts for the next day. In particular, the forecasts have been carried out in two modes:
- estimation of consumption with air conditioning on and the setpoint temperature;
- estimation of the temperature in free evolution with the conditioning system off.
The final part of the work was devoted to the validation of the predictions made and the use of the sensor network for other purposes that could expand the potential of the monitoring system developed.Il lavoro sviluppato nell’ambito del dottorato di ricerca ha l’obiettivo di progettare, sviluppare, realizzare e verificare un sistema innovativo di sensori, e relativi algoritmi di elaborazione dei dati, che permetta di effettuare una rilevazione e una valutazione precise dei principali parametri ambientali ed energetici negli edifici. Il progetto è stato inserito all’interno di un progetto sovvenzionato dalla Regione Veneto nell’ambito del “Piano strategico per la ricerca scientifica, lo sviluppo tecnologico e l'innovazione 2008-2010” denominato SIMEA (Sistema Integrato/distribuito di Monitoraggio Energetico ed Ambientale). La rete di sensori ha lo scopo di produrre il profilo energetico/operativo dell’edificio per essere successivamente utilizzato: - ai fini della certificazione, per elaborare degli audit energetici in modo da migliorare le condizioni operative e di comfort; - per incentivare l’utilizzo ottimizzato delle risorse attraverso un controllo automatico intelligente; - per ricavare informazioni utili alle procedure di manutenzione. La teoria riguardante l’energetica degli edifici si basa sul sottile compromesso tra comfort e consumi e, infatti, tutte le normative sono volte a cercare di abbassare i consumi non compromettendo il comfort dell’ambiente interno dentro cui le persone vivono. A questo scopo, nel lavoro di tesi sono state considerate, tra le altre, la norma UNI EN 15251:2007 che definisce quali sono le componenti per assicurare il comfort indoor e la UNI EN 15603:2008 che specifica le tipologie di certificazione energetica; ed è proprio a quest’ultima che si riferisce il sistema di sensori sviluppato. La letteratura tecnica presenta numerosi studi volti a definire l’effettiva valutazione energetica di un edificio e se questa possa essere certificata con una metodologia basata su esecuzione di calcoli oppure su misure eseguite in loco. Si può concludere che i procedimenti non sono discriminanti ma complementari: i metodi di calcolo servono per una valutazione di tipo standard, implementata spesso da strumenti software, mentre i monitoraggi sono utilizzati per una valutazione reale dei consumi. Il sistema di sensori sviluppato cerca di soddisfare l’esigenza di utilizzare una metodologia basata sullo sfruttamento dei monitoraggi per la valutazione ad hoc del comportamento reale edificio-impianto ma supportato, per la valutazione del consumo energetico, da un software di calcolo validato a livello internazionale. La parte hardware del sistema di monitoraggio è formata da una serie di sensori per la misura delle varie grandezze termoigrometriche ed è diviso in due reti che differiscono per tipologia e obiettivi: la struttura a rete fissa, cablata, e la struttura a rete mobile, wireless. Lo sviluppo del progetto di dottorato ha permesso di utilizzare i monitoraggi eseguiti con il sistema di sensori installato, non solo per il calcolo dei consumi attuali ma per realizzare anche delle previsioni a breve termine, ovvero per il giorno successivo. In particolare le previsioni effettuate sono state eseguite in due modalità: - stima dei consumi con impianto di climatizzazione acceso e temperatura di setpoint impostata; - stima della temperatura in evoluzione libera con impianto spento. La parte conclusiva del lavoro è stata dedicata alla validazione delle previsioni eseguite nonché all’utilizzo della rete di sensori per altri scopi che potessero ampliare le potenzialità della sistema di monitoraggio sviluppato.
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Giraldo, soto Catalina. "Optimisation des techniques de surveillance et développement de l'analyse de données pour la caractérisation in-situ du comportement énergétique réel de l'enveloppe du bâtiment." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0041.
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L’objectif général de ce projet est de progresser dans la fiabilité et l’optimisation des systèmes de surveillance et de contrôle pour l’estimation et le découplage des HLC, afin de pouvoir définir un Kit de Surveillance énergétique minimum pour les bâtiments résidentiels ou tertiaires. Ces kits de suivi doivent être aussi discrets que possible et doivent permettre de suivre de manière fiable un minimum de données qui, associées à une analyse correcte, doivent permettre de caractériser le comportement réel de l’enveloppe du bâtiment.Après la présentation des méthodes existantes pour l’estimation et le découplage des HLC en service, l’analyse de l’état de l’art sur l’utilisation des systèmes de surveillance et de contrôle pour la caractérisation énergétique de l’enveloppe du bâtiment en service, est effectuée. Grâce à cette analyse sur les Systèmes de Surveillance et de Contrôle, il a été constaté que dans la littérature existante, l’incertitude générale de la température intérieure et extérieure (lorsqu’elle est présentée) est toujours considérée comme la précision du fabricant. Utiliser uniquement cette précision comme incertitude globale pour ces deux mesures importantes pourrait conduire à une forte sous‑estimation de leur incertitude réelle et cette sous‑estimation se propagerait dans la valeur estimée des HLC.Afin d’analyser en profondeur cette question, qui pourrait générer de sérieux problèmes de fiabilité́ des valeurs HLC, un système de surveillance tridimensionnelle a été conçu et mis en place dans les bureaux d’un bâtiment tertiaire. Afin d’analyser l’incertitude globale de la mesure de la température de l’air intérieur, quatre zones thermiques du bâtiment ont été surveillées avec une approche tridimensionnelle. Pour analyser l’incertitude générale de la mesure de la température de l’air extérieur, une approche similaire a été appliquée autour de l’enveloppe du bâtiment.Les résultats de cette analyse ont permis d’identifier le meilleur emplacement des capteurs de température intérieure et extérieure dans le bâtiment surveillé. De même, les écarts entre la valeur de la précision du capteur donnée par le fabricant et la valeur expérimentale de la précision de la chaîne de mesure ont été analysés. La principale contribution de cette thèse se trouve dans cette analyse où une méthodologie a été développée pour quantifier l’incertitude globale de mesure des variables intensives dans les bâtiments en service, comme la température de l’air intérieur et la température de l’air extérieur. Cette méthodologie permet non seulement d’obtenir la valeur globale de l’incertitude des mesures (appelée Incertitude de Mesure), qui contient toutes les sources d’incertitude, mais permet également de découpler cette incertitude dans l’incertitude associée aux erreurs aléatoires et aux erreurs systématiques. Ce découplage sépare la valeur de la variance associée à l’incertitude globale (Incertitude de Mesure) en la somme de deux variances, l’une associée aux erreurs systématiques (nommée Incertitude de Mesure Capteur dans cette étude) et l’autre associée aux erreurs aléatoires (nommée Incertitude de Mesure Spatiale).D’autre part, sur la base de l’analyse de la méthode de Co‑heating et de la méthode des Moyennes pour estimer le HLC, un Système de Surveillance et de Contrôle extrêmement détaillé a été conçu et mis en œuvre dans un immeuble résidentiel. L’objectif de ce système est de pouvoir analyser quel est l’ensemble minimum de capteurs nécessaires pour estimer et découpler les valeurs HLC d’un bâtiment en service avec une fiabilité́ suffisanteThe general objective of this doctoral thesis project is to advance in the reliability and optimisation of Monitoring and Control Systems for HLC estimation and decoupling, in order to be able to define a minimum energy Monitoring Kit for residential or tertiary buildings in the future. These monitoring kits should be as unobtrusive as possible and should allow the minimum amount of data to be reliably monitored which, together with a correct analysis, should allow the real behaviour of the building envelope to be characterised.Thus after presenting the existing in-use HLC estimation and decoupling methods, the analysis of the State of the Art on monitoring and control systems for in-use building envelope energy characterisation is performed. Thanks to this review on monitoring and control systems analysis, it has been found that the overall uncertainty of indoor and outdoor temperature (when presented) is always considered to be the manufacturer’s accuracy in the existing literature. Using only the manufacturer accuracy as the overall uncertainty for these two important measurements required for the in-use HLC estimation, might lead to strongly underestimating their real uncertainty and this underestimation would be propagated to the estimated HLC values. To deeply analyse this topic, which could generate serious reliability issues for the estimated HLC values, a three dimensional monitoring system has been designed and deployed in an office building. To analyse the overall uncertainty of the indoor air temperature measurement, four thermal zones within the office building have been monitored with a three dimensional approach. To analyse the overall uncertainty of the outdoor air temperature measurement, a three dimensional monitoring approach has also been implemented around the building envelope.Furthermore, the results of this analysis have allowed the identification of the best location for the indoor and outdoor temperature sensors on the monitored building. Besides, the quantification of the discrepancies between the value of the sensor accuracy given by the manufacturer and the experimental value of the sensor accuracy plus the monitoring and control system has also been analysed. Here, the main contribution of this thesis can be found: the methodology developed to allow the quantification of the overall uncertainty of intensive variable measurements such as indoor air temperature and outdoor air temperature on in-use buildings. This methodology not only allows us to obtain the overall value of these measurements’ uncertainty containing all sources of uncertainty (called Measurement Uncertainty), but also allows us to decouple the Measurement Uncertainty into the uncertainty associated to the random and systematic errors. This decoupling separates the value of the variance associated with the overall uncertainty into the sum of two variances, one variance associated with the uncertainty related to the systematic errors (called in the study, Sensor Measurement Uncertainty) and another associated with the uncertainty related to the random errors (called in the study, Measurement’s Spatial Uncertainty).On the other hand, from the analysis of the Co-heating and Average method to estimate the HLC, an extremely detailed monitoring system has been designed and implemented in a residential building. The aim of this extremely detailed monitoring system is to be able to analyse what the minimum required set of sensors to estimate and decouple the in-use HLC values with a sufficient reliability. The selected sensors have the greatest possible accuracy that could be found for building sector applications. A detailed economic analysis is also included for this extremely detailed monitoring
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Ping-Chi, Shen, and 沈秉錡. "The Study of BACnet Communication Protocol and Building Energy Monitoring." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09516349130035026174.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
冷凍與低溫科技研究所
91
This study is based on BACnet communication protocol that was published by ASHRAE. The relationships between the DDC (Direct Digital Control) applications and network communication protocol are discussed. The backgrounds and frameworks of BACnet, including its protocol on “Objects, Properties, and Services” are described. Visual Basic programming was used to design a communication program to communicate with DDC that conforms to BACnet protocol. Database management programming was then used to collect data from DDC systems. In addition, the integrated concept of BACnet is applied to the building energy monitoring. The energy consumption data were collected by digital power meters, and communicated via BACnet protocol so to integrate the building energy database. The building energy database includes the energy consumption of various equipments in the building, presented as Energy Use Intensity (EUI) and Demand Use Intensity (DUI). Analyzing monitoring data could help to understand the energy consumption trends, and in the analysis of energy saving potentials and control strategies for the building. An example, energy monitoring system was used to acquire the energy consumption of various equipments of a supermarket, and presented as EUI and DUI. In this example was used gateway to translate and communicate two different protocols — BACnet and Modbus.
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Chien, Tzu-Yang, and 簡子陽. "Location-aware Nonintrusive Load Monitoring for Building Energy Management System." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/02498447124065407895.
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碩士國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
104
Nonintrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) system is an innovative approach for monitoring electrical loads by analyzing the aggregated signatures such as voltage, current, active power, and reactive power from the main power supply. One of the products based on NILM is Building Energy Management System (BEMS), which helps user to understand the energy consumption of their building. However, there are two major problems if NILM is applied to BEMS directly. First, the extra power consumption of electric power transmission lines of building cannot be ignored and it influences the accuracy of the energy disaggregation. Second, NILM cannot distinguish two appliance instances if they have the same signatures. In this paper, we propose a location-based NILM technology to solve the problems mentioned above. Together with a smart training tool and a visualized app, we demonstrate that location-based NILM can considerably enhance the functionalities of BEMS. User can establish the topology model with smart training tool in minimal manual operations, and they can easily understand the improved disaggregation result with the visualized app.
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Edwards, Katherine Rosenau. "Rennebohm Hall building simulation and analysis of energy monitoring potential." 2006. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/70216054.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-138).
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Moreira, Cátia Isabel Martins. "A DSL for querying building data streams of energy, eeather and occupation data." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/14383.
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The superfluous consumption of energy is faced by the modern society as a Socio-Economical and Environmental problem of the present days. This situation is worsening given that it is becoming clear that the tendency is to increase energy price every year. It is also noticeable that people, not necessarily proficient in technology, are not able to know where savings can be achieved, due to the absence of accessible awareness mechanisms.
One of the home user concerns is to balance the need of reducing energy consumption, while producing the same activity with all the comfort and work efficiency. The common techniques to reduce the consumption are to use a less wasteful equipment, altering the equipment program to a more economical one or disconnecting appliances that are not necessary at the moment. However, there is no direct feedback from this performed actions, which leads to the situation where the user is not aware of the influence that these techniques have in the electrical bill.
With the intension to give some control over the home consumption, Energy Management Systems (EMS) were developed. These systems allow the access to the consumption information and help understanding the energy waste. However, some studies have proven that these systems have a clear mismatch between the information that is presented and the one the user finds useful for his daily life, leading to demotivation of use.
In order to create a solution more oriented towards the user’s demands, a specially tailored language (DSL) was implemented. This solution allows the user to acquire the information he considers useful, through the construction of questions about his energy consumption. The development of this language, following the Model Driven Development (MDD) approach, took into consideration the ideas of facility managers and home users in the phases of design and validation. These opinions were gathered through meetings with experts and a survey, which was conducted to the purpose of collecting statistics about what home users want to know.
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(5930687), Jinglin Jiang. "Investigating How Energy Use Patterns Shape Indoor Nanoaerosol Dynamics in a Net-Zero Energy House." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textAbstract:
Research on net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) has been largely centered around improving building energy performance, while little attention has been given to indoor air quality. A critically important class of indoor air pollutants are nanoaerosols – airborne particulate matter smaller than 100 nm in size. Nanoaerosols penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and are associated with deleterious toxicological and human health outcomes. An important step towards improving indoor air quality in NZEBs is understanding how occupants, their activities, and building systems affect the emissions and fate of nanoaerosols. New developments in smart energy monitoring systems and smart thermostats offer a unique opportunity to track occupant activity patterns and the operational status of residential HVAC systems. In this study, we conducted a one-month field campaign in an occupied residential NZEB, the Purdue ReNEWW House, to explore how energy use profiles and smart thermostat data can be used to characterize indoor nanoaerosol dynamics. A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer and Optical Particle Sizer were used to measure indoor aerosol concentrations and size distributions from 10 to 10,000 nm. AC current sensors were used to monitor electricity consumption of kitchen appliances (cooktop, oven, toaster, microwave, kitchen hood), the air handling unit (AHU), and the energy recovery ventilator (ERV). Two Ecobee smart thermostats informed the fractional amount of supply airflow directed to the basement and main floor. The nanoaerosol concentrations and energy use profiles were integrated with an aerosol physics-based material balance model to quantify nanoaerosol source and loss processes. Cooking activities were found to dominate the emissions of indoor nanoaerosols, often elevating indoor nanoaerosol concentrations beyond 104 cm-3. The emission rates for different cooking appliances varied from 1011 h-1 to 1014 h-1. Loss rates were found to be significantly different between AHU/ERV off and on conditions, with median loss rates of 1.43 h-1 to 3.68 h-1, respectively. Probability density functions of the source and loss rates for different scenarios will be used in Monte Carlo simulations to predict indoor nanoaerosol concentrations in NZEBs using only energy consumption and smart thermostat data.
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Wu, Zong-Jheng, and 吳宗錚. "Design of A Wireless Sensor and Control Module with Energy-Saving Strategy for Monitoring Sensing Parameters Inside Constructions of Building." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/91475643734929589104.
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碩士逢甲大學
自動控制工程所
99
The thesis proposes a power saving strategy used in long time monitoring the temperature and humidity of the building. Because of the sleep mode and standby mode of electronic components can’t match the energy demand used for a long time monitor system in the embedded wireless transmission module. In addition, the measurement system transmits temperature and humidity information about building without high frequency. (In the thesis, the sampling period is thirty minutes.) In general, the sleep mode and standby mode of transmission module cause the main cell electrical consumption. How to reduce cell consumption in sleep mode is research priority. Because of the sensing circuit embedded in the building and the life of the building with several decades, power saving for cell is quite important of the self-made system in this study. The micro controller unit control analogy switches to shut down unused power of the electronic components could reduce the electrical consumption. Simultaneously, the sleep time for transmission module is adjustable, which achieve the purpose of increasing the useful life.
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Mataloto, Bruno Miguel Gonçalves. "IoT*(Ambisense): Smart environment monitoring using LoRa." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20267.
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In this work, IoT* (AmbiSense), we present our developed IoT system as a solution for Building and Energy Management using visualization tools to identify heuristics and create automatic savings. Our developed prototypes communicate using LoRa, one of the latest IoT technologies, and are composed of a set of battery-operated sensors tied to a System on Chip. These sensors acquire environmental data such as temperature, humidity, luminosity, air quality, and also motion.
For small to medium-size buildings where system management is possible, a multiplatform dashboard provides visualization templates with real-time data, allowing to identify patterns and extract heuristics that lead to savings using a set of pre-defined actions or manual intervention. LoBEMS (LoRa Building and Energy Management System), was validated in a kindergarten school during a three-year period. As an outcome, the evaluation of the proposed platform resulted in a 20% energy saving and a major improvement of the environment quality and comfort inside the school.
For larger buildings where system management is not possible, we created a 3D visualization tool, that presents the system collected data and warnings in an interactive model of the building. This scenario was validated at ISCTE-IUL University Campus, where it was necessary to introduce the community interaction to achieve savings.
As a requested application case, our system was also validated at the University Data Center, where the system templates were used to detect anomalies and suggest changes.
Our flexible system approach can easily be deployed to any building facility without requiring large investments or complex system deployments.Nesta dissertação de mestrado, IoT * (AmbiSense), é apresentado um sistema IoT desenvolvido como uma solução para Gestão de Edifícios e Energia recorrendo a ferramentas de visualização para identificar heurísticas e criar poupanças automáticas. Os protótipos desenvolvidos comunicam utilizando LoRa, e são compostos por um conjunto de sensores ligados a um microcontrolador alimentado por bateria. Os sensores adquirem dados como temperatura, humidade, luminosidade, qualidade do ar e movimento. Para edifícios de pequena e média dimensão onde a gestão do sistema é possível, um dashboard fornece templates de visualização com dados em tempo real, permitindo extrair heurísticas, que introduzem poupanças através de um conjunto de ações predefinidas ou intervenção manual. O sistema LoBEMS (LoRa Building and Energy Management System), foi validado numa escola local durante um período de três anos. A avaliação do sistema resultou numa poupança de energia de 20% e uma melhoria significativa da qualidade do ambiente e conforto no interior da escola. Para edifícios de maior dimensão onde a gestão do sistema não é possível, criámos uma ferramenta de visualização 3D, que apresenta os dados e alertas do sistema, num modelo interativo do edifício. Este cenário foi validado no campus do ISCTE-IUL, onde foi necessária a interação da Comunidade para obter poupanças. Foi nos também solicitada uma validação do sistema no centro de dados da Universidade, onde os templates do sistema foram utilizados para detetar anomalias e sugerir alterações. A flexibilidade do sistema permite a sua implementação em qualquer edifício, sem exigir um grande investimento ou implementações complexas.
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Nan-Ting, Wang, and 王南丁. "Green Buildings on Campus with Energy Saving and Monitoring." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98555879835967658546.
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碩士崑山科技大學
電機工程研究所
95
To hold down power consumption in preparation for upcoming period of high price of electricity, the thesis focuses on energy-saving constructions, from the viewpoint of a resource manager, the buildings must be constructed with the energy-saving concept from the beginning, and further become less power constructions. It is necessary to implement actively and effectively energy management for existing buildings. By modifying the type of electricity consumed, the electricity charge can be reduced and avoid power waste of electricity. This thesis presents the best scheme and management mode in electric saving for schools. Take example of National Tainan Art College, they had integrated successfully in consolidating methods of economical buildings and power-saving monitor to evaluate benefit of the power-saving program. They also make analysis comparison with other schools in energy consuming. The program also meets with the purpose of overload adjust at peak hours and balance electricity area structure of Taiwan Power Company. In this way to minimize the numbers of new electric plants and the inconvenience caused by electric restriction policy, so all users in Taiwan and Taiwan Power Company will be at a win-win base.
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Freitas, Adriano Gonçalo Lopes da Silva. "Projecto de gestão de energia do edifício da Penteada na Universidade da Madeira." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/1554.
Full textAbstract:
Today, the management of energy resources is increasingly seen as one of the major challenges of humanity. With the successive increase in the cost of energy in Portugal, it is essential to monitor and take necessary and important actions for the effective reduction of energy consumption.
This master thesis describes the development and testes the monitoring energy system at the building of Penteada at the University of Madeira, using low-cost generic components and open source software for its implementation and use does not represent additional costs.
In this work is made the monitoring energy consumption in the building of Penteada at the University of Madeira, through the installation of multiple current sensors at strategic points, where passes the totality of energy consumed in order to collect the energy consumption in the building and use them to construct a data base for future reference, contributing to compare the intake at different times and obtain a saving in terms of costs and power consumption.
We resorted to the mbed microcontroller to do the processing and delivery in real-time the data obtained through the current sensors, and the microchip CAN (Controller Area Network) to create a physical network to support the sending of data between various microcontrollers mbed and the computer (with the database).Hoje em dia a gestão dos recursos energéticos é considerada cada vez mais como um dos principais desafios da humanidade. Com o aumento sucessivo do custo da energia em Portugal, é essencial monitorizar e tomar as acções necessárias e importantes para a redução efectiva dos consumos energético. Esta tese de mestrado descreve o desenvolvimento e o teste de um sistema de monitorização de energia no edifício da Penteada da Universidade da Madeira, usando componentes genéricos de baixo custo e software aberto, para que a sua implementação e uso não represente custos adicionais. Neste trabalho é feita a monitorização dos consumos energéticos realizados no edifício da Penteada da Universidade da Madeira, através da instalação de vários sensores de corrente em pontos estratégicos, por onde passa a energia consumida na sua totalidade, de forma a recolher os dados de consumo energético do edifício e usálos para a construção de uma base de dados para referência futura, contribuindo para comparar os consumos em períodos diferentes e obter uma poupança em termos de custos e consumo de energia. Recorreu-se ao microcontrolador mbed para fazer o processamento e envio em tempo real dos dados obtidos através dos sensores de corrente, e ao microchip CAN (Controller Area Network) de forma a criar uma rede física para suportar o envio dos dados entre os vários microcontroladores mbed e o computador (com a base de dados).
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Sousa, Osvaldo Miguel Fonseca e. "Gestão Técnica do Edifício do Departamento de Engenharia Civil." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/40470.
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"Analysis Methods for Post Occupancy Evaluation of Energy-Use in High Performance Buildings Using Short-Term Monitoring." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.9245.
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abstract: The green building movement has been an effective catalyst in reducing energy demands of buildings and a large number of `green' certified buildings have been in operation for several years. Whether these buildings are actually performing as intended, and if not, identifying specific causes for this discrepancy falls into the general realm of post-occupancy evaluation (POE). POE involves evaluating building performance in terms of energy-use, indoor environmental quality, acoustics and water-use; the first aspect i.e. energy-use is addressed in this thesis. Normally, a full year or more of energy-use and weather data is required to determine the actual post-occupancy energy-use of buildings. In many cases, either measured building performance data is not available or the time and cost implications may not make it feasible to invest in monitoring the building for a whole year. Knowledge about the minimum amount of measured data needed to accurately capture the behavior of the building over the entire year can be immensely beneficial. This research identifies simple modeling techniques to determine best time of the year to begin in-situ monitoring of building energy-use, and the least amount of data required for generating acceptable long-term predictions. Four analysis procedures are studied. The short-term monitoring for long-term prediction (SMLP) approach and dry-bulb temperature analysis (DBTA) approach allow determining the best time and duration of the year for in-situ monitoring to be performed based only on the ambient temperature data of the location. Multivariate change-point (MCP) modeling uses simulated/monitored data to determine best monitoring period of the year. This is also used to validate the SMLP and DBTA approaches. The hybrid inverse modeling method-1 predicts energy-use by combining a short dataset of monitored internal loads with a year of utility-bills, and hybrid inverse method-2 predicts long term building performance using utility-bills only. The results obtained show that often less than three to four months of monitored data is adequate for estimating the annual building energy use, provided that the monitoring is initiated at the right time, and the seasonal as well as daily variations are adequately captured by the short dataset. The predictive accuracy of the short data-sets is found to be strongly influenced by the closeness of the dataset's mean temperature to the annual average temperature. The analysis methods studied would be very useful for energy professionals involved in POE.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Architecture 2011
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Lopes, Tiago Filipe Estanqueiro. "Gestão energética em Edifícios de Serviços - Sector da Banca." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83329.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaEm Portugal, o setor dos edifícios representa quase 30% dos consumos totais de energia, sendo que 12% diz respeito a edifícios de serviços. No ano de 2016, a maior parte dos certificados energéticos emitidos para este tipo de edifícios indicavam a classificação de C, (Bernardo, 2015; INE e DGEG, 2011; ADENE, 2016b). O elevado potencial de poupança energética neste tipo de edifícios incentiva a implementação de medidas de melhoria de eficiência energética, quer relacionadas com os elementos passivos do edifício quer com os seus sistemas ativos quer, ainda, com os sistemas e procedimentos de gestão de energia, O trabalho aqui apresentado tem como principal objetivo a identificação de oportunidades de melhoria de eficiência energética das agências de uma dada Instituição Bancária. O mesmo decorreu sob a forma de estágio inserido na equipa de gestão de energia da empresa Virtual Power Solutions, num projeto já em execução pela mesma. Dado envolver dezenas de agências com áreas destintas, os consumos de cada uma foram normalizados recorrendo ao indicador consumo específico de energia (kWh/m2).A análise dos consumos para os sistemas de AVAC (Aquecimento, Ventilação e Ar Condicionado) foi efetuado em separado para períodos de inverno e de verão, sendo posteriormente subdividido por zonas climáticas das respetivas agências. Foi possível concluir que o consumo médio de energia pelo AVAC é mais crítico no período de verão. Os consumos específicos de energia pela iluminação apresentam uma grande dispersão de valores, causada por algumas agências cujo o consumo específico de energia respeitante à iluminação é muito elevado. Visitaram-se algumas das agências com maior consumo específico de energia, para as quais são propostas medidas de melhoria. Estas apresentam payback simples com valores que variam entre 1 e 2 anos.Foi também realizado uma pequena análise a outros tipos de equipamentos existentes nas agências. Foi identificado uma grande percentagem de consumo de energia de equipamentos em standby, havendo também aí um grande potencial de poupança energética.De modo a gerar poupanças a curto prazo, foi levado a cabo um plano de deslastre de cargas dos sistemas de AVAC. Assim, foi possível realizar algumas análises, tais como a influência da zona climática nas poupanças de energia conseguidas.
In Portugal, the buildings sector accounts for almost 30% of total energy consumption, of which 12% refers to service buildings. In 2016, most of the energy certificates issued for this type of buildings indicated the classification of C. The high potential of energy saving in this type of buildings encourages the implementation of energy efficiency improvement measures, whether related to the passive elements of the building either with its active systems or with energy management systems and procedures.The main objective of the work is to identify opportunities for improving the energy efficiency of the agencies of a given Banking Institution. The same happened in the form of internship inserted in the energy manager team of Virtual Power Solutions. As it involved dozens of agencies with designated areas, the consumption of each was normalized using a specific energy consumption indicator (kWh/m2).An analysis of the HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) was carried out separately for winter and summer periods, being subdivided by climatic zones of the respective agencies. It was possible to conclude that the average of specific consumption by the HVAC is more critical in the summer period.The specific consumption of energy by illumination presents a great dispersion of values, caused by some agencies whose specific consumption of energy regarding the illumination is very high. We visited some of the agencies with the highest specific energy consumption, for which improvement measures are proposed. These have simple payback values ranging from 1 to 2 years.A small analysis was also done on other types of equipment in the agencies. A large percentage of the energy consumption of standby equipment has been identified. There is also a great potential for energy savings.In order to generate savings in the short term, a load shedding plan of the HVAC systems was carried out. Thus, it was possible to perform some analysis, such as the influence of the climatic zone on the energy savings achieved.