Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building Energy Efficiency Policies'
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BONAVERO, FEDERICA. "URBAN RETROFIT DESIGN Codes and Labels for Building Energy Efficiency." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2710812.
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Buildings are a major contributor to energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions, and their energy-efficient renovation has been widely accepted as a cornerstone in the low-carbon transition of Europe’s cities.
Through an investigation into the policies and practices for the retrofitting of residential buildings, the research draws on the experience gained by leading member states and exemplary retrofit projects to highlight their most innovative aspects and practical implications from a design perspective.
To this aim, the research starts by presenting facts and figures about the current state of the building stock across Europe, and discussing the most relevant European directives and policy instruments for national implementation (i.e. Building Energy Codes, Building Energy Labels and related incentives). Then, it proceeds by describing the regulatory framework for building retrofitting in three reference countries (i.e. Denmark, France and Germany) and analysing a number of retrofit projects involving post-war multi-family buildings and estates. Finally, it summarizes and systemizes findings from the case studies, identifying a set of retrofit measures that have proven to be effective in meeting energy efficiency requirements while improving urban quality of life.
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Hamad, Samar. "Influence of Energy Benchmarking Policies on the Energy Performance of Existing Buildings." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5196.
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Energy benchmarking and disclosure policies exist in several local and state governments to manage the energy consumption of existing buildings and encourage energy efficient retrofits and upgrades, yet little is known about whether these efforts have improved overall energy efficiency. The purpose of this repeated-measures study was to examine the influence of New York City's (NYC's) Benchmarking Law (LL84) on the energy performance of the city's existing commercial buildings through investigating whether the energy performance of the city's existing commercial buildings significantly improved after the implementation of this policy. The study was based on Ostrom's institutional analysis and development framework. Paired-sample t tests were performed to statistically analyze the annually disclosed energy benchmarking data for 1,072 of NYC's existing commercial buildings that were benchmarked in both 2011 and 2016. Compared to 2011, the study results revealed statistically significant improvements in the energy performance of NYC's commercial buildings by 2016. On average, their site energy use intensity (EUI) significantly reduced by 5%, source EUI significantly decreased by 10%, greenhouse gas emissions significantly dropped by 12%, and ENERGY STAR performance rating significantly improved by 5%. However, these improvements were primarily achieved in 2012, 1 year after the city's energy benchmarking data were publicly disclosed. Additional measures should be considered to maintain continuous energy savings and greenhouse gas mitigation patterns. Positive social change implications include the potential to promote energy-efficient upgrades and inspire the adoption of sustainable building concepts.
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Chmutina, Ksenia. "Theory-based evaluation of the implementation of energy efficiency policies for commercial buildings in China." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28290/.
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This work investigates the current situation of energy efficiency policies for commercial buildings in China and evaluates their effectiveness using theory-based policy evaluation methodology. The thesis covers three main research areas: a discussion of energy efficiency improvement measures suitable for commercial buildings in the Chinese national context; a technical support for the theory-based policy evaluation presented in a form of four detailed case studies following the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings GB20189-2005 (the Standard); and a discussion of the effectiveness of this Standard that was evaluated using theory-based policy evaluation. Future improvements for the energy efficiency in commercial building in China are suggested. Four case studies in different climate zones are used to examine the technical and economical effectiveness of the Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings GB20 189-2005, and investigate the main problems of buildings as energy consumers. The results show that the case study buildings have poor thermal insulation qualities as well as low energy efficiencies of lighting and equipment. The implementation of the Standard allows for the achievement of its individual targets aimed at the thermal insulation quality improvements as well as being cost effective. For a further energy consumption reduction, installation of renewable energy technologies is simulated, however it is limited by economic constraints. The theory-based policy evaluation shows that the Standard is an important tool in energy efficiency encouragement for commercial buildings in China. However, its effectiveness is negatively affected by a lack of monitoring system and a lack of awareness among the involved parties. Improvement of building energy efficiency is the quickest and the most effective way of creating energy savings in buildings. In order to make a better use of the Standard, the Chinese government should stimulate more interest among construction companies and building owners by creating carrot and stick policies.
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Teodoro, Maria Inês Tavares de Matos. "O código de obras como instrumento regulatório de eficiência energética em edificações residenciais: proposições para o município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-20072012-121526/.
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A conjuntura nacional de crescimento econômico e populacional aliada aos programas habitacionais de combate ao déficit de moradias deixa antever o contínuo aumento da demanda energética no setor residencial, que deve ser alvo de políticas públicas de promoção de eficiência energética. O objetivo da presente dissertação é investigar o potencial do Código de Obras e Edificações (COE) do Município de São Paulo enquanto instrumento regulatório de promoção de eficiência energética e apresentar sugestões com vista à revisão do atual documento. Para tal dividiu-se a pesquisa em três temas: fatores que explicam o consumo energético (direto e indireto) das edificações e estratégias de minimização desse consumo; caracterização dos códigos de eficiência energética em edificações (CEEE), com destaque para o Código de Obras, e panorama internacional e brasileiro relativamente à sua adoção; caracterização do consumo energético do Município de São Paulo e análise dos requisitos de eficiência energética no atual COE. Atendendo à elevada taxa de novas construções e ao estoque de edifícios obsoletos com potencial de retrofitting defende-se que o Código de Obras, pela sua abrangência e obrigatoriedade, constitui um instrumento regulatório adequado à promoção da eficiência energética no setor de edificações no Município de São Paulo e sugere-se a revisão do atual COE com vista à introdução de requisitos de eficiência energética. Entre as sugestões apresentadas contam-se a segmentação das medidas dirigidas às moradias de interesse social e às chamadas edificações de mercado, definição de limites máximos para o valor de transmitância térmica dos elementos opacos da envoltória (paredes e cobertura) em ambientes condicionados e não condicionados e a exigência de um nível mínimo de eficiência energética para edificações e equipamentos instalados. Como contribuição da presente pesquisa cabe ainda destacar o cálculo da intensidade energética por unidade de área construída nos setores residencial e comercial no Município de São Paulo, indicador em falta na literatura e dados oficiais publicados.The national economic and population growth in association with the housing programs to combat housing deficit are expected to result in future increase of energy demand in the residential sector. Considering the already high contribution of the building sector in the electricity consumption of Brazil, the development of policy measures aiming to promote energy efficiency in the sector should be encouraged. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential of the Building Code (BC) of São Paulo municipality as a regulatory instrument to promote energy efficiency and make suggestions to revise it. To this end, the paper is divided in three parts: factors that explain the energy consumption (direct and indirect) of buildings and strategies to minimize it; characterization of Building Energy Efficiency Codes (BEEC) and the Brazilian and international panorama regarding its adoption; energy consumption of São Paulo municipality and analysis of energy efficiency requirements in the current BC. As a mandatory and comprehensive regulatory instrument, Building Codes are adequate do promote energy efficiency given the local reality of high annual rates of construction and the significant stock of old buildings which could benefit from retrofitting. Suggestions to a revision process of the BC of São Paulo Municipality include segmentation of energy efficient requirements according to social economic profile of buildings, definition of overall heat transfer coefficient values (U-factor) for building envelope components (walls and roof) of conditioned and non-conditioned areas, and definition of minimum energy efficiency levels for buildings and equipments. Additional contribution of this research includes estimation of electricity use per square meter of building floor area, for the residential and commercial sectors in São Paulo municipality.
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Santos, Arthur Henrique Cursino dos. "Eficiência energética e a contribuição dos gases combustíveis: análise de caso das políticas de avaliação de edificações." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-20092011-114448/.
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A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) elegeu a eficiência energética como a ação mais significativa para garantir o suprimento de energia das economias em desenvolvimento e minimizar os impactos do aquecimento global. No Brasil, o Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem (PBE) de eficiência energética foi iniciado em 1984 pelo Inmetro. Fazem parte do PBE duas Portarias, aprovadas em 2010, para avaliação da eficiência energética das edificações comerciais e residenciais. O objetivo dessa pesquisa é contribuir com a racionalização energética no país através da análise dessas Portarias frente a um panorama internacional, assim como avaliar as contribuições que os gases combustíveis podem oferecer na melhoria da eficiência das edificações e na substituição da eletrotermia para aquecimento de água no sistema energético nacional. Para isso foram identificados padrões comuns nas regulamentações internacionais e calculados os fatores de conversão da energia final em primária no Brasil, tanto da eletricidade, quanto dos gases combustíveis. A aplicação dos fatores de conversão, assim como dos fatores de emissões de CO2-E nos usos finais da energia comprovou que os gases possuem um papel importante para redução do consumo de energia primária nos processos de aquecimento de água e cogeração. Verificaram-se ainda como esses fatores poderão evoluir nas próximas décadas, de acordo com as previsões oficiais da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (EPE), demonstrando que a importância do uso direto dos gases combustíveis tende a crescer.The United Nations (UN) has chosen energy efficiency as the most significant action to ensure energy supply in developing economies and mitigate the impacts of global warming. In Brazil, the Brazilian Energy Efficiency Labeling Program (PBE) was launched in 1984 by Inmetro. Two Regulations, adopted in 2010, to evaluate the energy efficiency of commercial and residential buildings, are part of PBE. The objective of this research is to contribute to the National Energy Efficiency Program through the analysis of these Regulations against an international outlook and through the evaluation of the contributions that the fuel gases can offer in improving the efficiency of buildings and replacing electrical heating in the national energy system. To achieve this, common patterns in the international regulations were identified and the primary energy conversion factors were calculated to the electricity and gas fuels produced in Brazil. The application of the conversion factors and the emission factors of CO2-E in the final uses of energy in buildings showed that the fuel gases have an important role in reducing the consumption of primary energy in the process of water heating and cogeneration. The evolution of these factors in the next decades were also estimated, according to official forecasts of the Energy Research Company (EPE), demonstrating that the importance of the direct use of the fuel gases will increase.
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Causo, Aline Ferreira Tripodi 1985. "Mecanismos políticos para promoção da eficiência energética e geração renovável em edificações : um estudo de caso da Alemanha e aplicações para o Brasil." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264693.
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Orientador: Gilberto de Martino JannuzziDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Causo_AlineFerreiraTripodi_M.pdf: 1711222 bytes, checksum: 3360c02834221402fcdb4f050e1c82d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Os choques do petróleo nos anos 1970, o crescente debate sobre as mudanças climáticas e a crise energética ocorrida no Brasil, em 2001, são questões que apontam para a importância da implementação do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos, o qual agrega opções de expansão da oferta com alternativas de gestão da demanda e conservação de energia. As edificações representam grande parte do consumo energético e, no caso brasileiro, por exemplo, é responsável por 44% da demanda de energia elétrica, consumo que deve crescer nos próximos anos dado o contexto econômico e social do país. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo, então, apresentar, a partir de revisão da literatura, os principais instrumentos políticos para promoção de eficiência energética e geração renovável em edifícios e discutir possíveis aplicações de novos mecanismos e melhorias nas políticas existentes no Brasil. Em razão do reconhecimento internacional da Alemanha por suas políticas de incentivo à geração renovável e à eficiência energética, optou-se por fazer um estudo de caso deste país, com o intuito de compreender pontos importantes para a aplicação de mecanismos políticos no caso brasileiro, sobretudo com relação aos impactos a eles associados e à superação de barreiras. Como resultado principal, o trabalho expôs oportunidades de mecanismos políticos para serem implementados ou aprimorados no Brasil, visando a uma redução no consumo de energia das edificações brasileiras e a postergação da necessidade de investimentos na expansão da oferta energética, contribuindo para um desenvolvimento mais sustentável do país
Abstract: The oil shocks in the 70s, the climate change's debates and the energy crisis in Brazil, in the year 2001, demonstrate the importance of implementing the Integrated Resource Planning, which considers the expansion of energy's supply as well as alternatives of demand side management that contributes to energy savings. The building sector represents a major part of energy consumption. In Brazil, for instance, buildings consume 44% of all electricity and this demand tends to increase in the next years due to the social and economic context in the country. This dissertation aimed to present, based on a literature review, the main policy mechanisms used to promote energy efficiency and renewable generation in the building sector. It also sought to discuss possible applications of these instruments in Brazil as well as improvements in the existing policies. Based on Germany's international recognition on implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy policies, it was decided to do a case study of this country in order to capture relevant aspects for the implementation of policy mechanisms in the brazilian case, especially those related to instruments impacts and barriers addressed. The main outcome of this research was the discussion about opportunities for implementing and improving policy mechanisms in Brazil, aiming at saving energy in the building sector and postponing the need to invest in energy supply expansion, which could contribute for a more sustainable development in the country
Mestrado
Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos
Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Teodoro, Maria Inês Tavares de Matos. "Energia embutida na construção de edificações no Brasil: contribuições para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas a partir de um estudo de caso em Mato Grosso do Sul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-01022018-151533/.
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O consumo de energia embutida nas edificações acontece ao longo do seu ciclo de vida nas atividades relacionadas com a construção e manutenção. Trata-se de um consumo de cálculo complexo uma vez que o seu valor está contabilizado em outros setores econômicos como o setor industrial de produção de materiais construção e o setor de transportes. A contribuição da energia embutida nas edificações do Brasil chega a 40% do seu ciclo de vida energético. Para além disso as necessidades de infraestrutura no país, em particular no setor residencial, deverão resultar em elevados consumos energéticos para a sua construção, contribuindo para pressionar as necessidades de expansão dos sistemas de oferta de energia. Neste contexto, o objetivo central desta pesquisa é calcular a energia embutida na construção de um condomínio residencial na cidade de Campo Grande no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Para tal foi utilizada um metodologia baseada em Avaliação de Ciclo de Vida Energético (ACVE) tendo sido considerados dois cenários que diferem quanto à eficiência energética na etapa do transporte. Obteve-se um consumo de energia embutida inicial por unidade de área de 4,99 GJ/m2 para o cenário 1 e 5,52 GJ/m2 para o cenário 2, com participações de energia não renovável de 61,2% e 64,2%, respectivamente. No cenário 1 a etapa de fabricação dos materiais respondeu por 96,1% do consumo de energia embutida, o transporte contribuiu com 3,2% e a construção com 0,7%. Já no cenário 2, a participação de cada etapa foi de 86,8%, 12,6% e 0,6% respectivamente. Os resultados do estudo de caso apresentado e o panorama elaborado sobre a energia embutida nas edificações brasileiras realizado nesta tese reforçam a necessidade de incluir a energia embutida como critério de eficiência energética no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que contribuam para reduzir o consumo de energia no setor de edificações.The embodied energy in buildings is an energy consumption that happens throughout its life cycle in the activities related to construction and maintenance. Embodied energy calculation is a complex process since its value is accounted for in other economic sectors such as the manufacture of building materials and transportation. The contribution of embodied energy in Brazilian buildings reaches 40% of its energy consumption life cycle. In addition, infrastructure needs in the country, particularly in the residential sector, should result in high energy consumption for its construction, contributing to put pressure on the expansion needs of the energy supply system. In this context, the main objective of this research is to calculate the embodied energy in the construction of a residential condominium in the city of Campo Grande in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. A methodology based on Life Cycle Energy Assessment (LCEA) was used considering two scenarios that differ in terms of energy efficiency at the transportation stage. Initial Embodied Energy per unit area was 4.99 GJ/m2 for scenario 1 and 5.52 GJ/m2 for scenario 2, with a non-renewable energy share of 61.2% and 64, 2%, respectively. In scenario 1, the material manufacturing stage accounted for 96.1% of the initial embodied energy value, transportation contributed with a share of 3.2% and the construction stage with 0.7%. In scenario 2, the share of each stage was 86.8%, 12.6% and 0.6%, respectively. The results of the presented case study and the elaborated panorama on the embodied energy in Brazilian buildings carried out in this thesis reinforce the need to include embodied energy as a criterion of energy efficiency in the development of public policies that contribute to reduce energy consumption in the building sector.
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Xiao, Naiyuan. "Energy-efficiency building envelope technologies." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17697.
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In recent years, the excessive emission of greenhouse gas CO2, it causing globalwarming, already poses a serious threat to human survival. The problem catches theattention all over the world, and promoting the development of building energyefficiency. In order to the sustainable development of human beings, in 1992 theUnited Nations framework convention on climate change (UFCCC) organizationpublished the Kyoto protocol. In the Kyoto protocol, the European countriescommitted that during 2008 and 2012 they would reduce the amount of greenhouseemissions to 8% compare to 1990.[2] Building envelope technologies can helphouseholder reduce the energy consumption use in the building. Building envelopetechnologies used in the project Brogåden – Alingsås which save the energyconsumption from 204 kWh/ m2a to 95 kWh/ m2a in Sweden. While the cost just838SEK/m² or 8% of the total building costs. In China the envelope technologies usedin the project student apartment in Shandong building university save the energyconsumption about 72% compare with the old student apartments.
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Gibbs, Vance Scott. "State building energy efficiency determination using energy audits." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009m/gibbs.pdf.
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Galimova, Veronica, and Diane Pétilon. "Building Efficiency Improvementand Renewable Energy IntegrationProject." Thesis, KTH, Uthålliga byggnadssystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-127711.
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Brue, Perez Albert. "Essays on the economics of energy efficiency policies." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2017. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3695/.
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This work presented in this thesis aims to provide a better understanding of how agents respond to policy incentives to encourage energy efficiency improvements. First of all, the way agents respond to policy incentives crucially depends on heterogeneity in characteristics determining their responsiveness to taxes and subsidies. Second, agents’ heterogeneous responses to policy can undermine the cost-effectiveness of subsidies. Third, under conditions where the policy targeting is poor or agents are not very responsive to the traditional market-based instruments other policy instruments based on information provision or nudges may be more effective. I propose a theoretical model on optimal tax and subsidy combinations to correct externalities from energy consumption and underinvestment in energy efficient technologies. I show that when agents misperceive their true energy efficiency, the targeting efficiency of policies based on subsidies is poor and consumers selection into adoption is adverse. Adverse selection arises because those more likely to adopt consume less energy and overvalue the benefit from adoption. In the second chapter, I present a discussion on energy policies in the United Kingdom and analyse the energy consumption and energy efficiency measures adoption patterns using data for households in England and Wales. This sets the stage for Chapter 3, where I present an empirical study to test whether selection into adoption is adverse or not. I find that early technology adopters consume more energy before adoption and experience higher energy consumption drops upon adoption. Thus, supporting the idea that consumers’ heterogeneity plays a major role to explain the observed adoption patterns. The results suggest that adoption decisions are driven by heterogeneity in preferences rather than heterogeneity in beliefs. Hence, overall selection is not adverse and this suggests the role of misperceptions is dominated by the effect of preferences heterogeneity. This does not preclude, however, that biased beliefs may have a role at determining the adoption patterns and responses to policy interventions.
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Logan, Joel Clifton. "Energy efficiency enhancements to a low energy high performance building." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Romaní, Picas Joaquim. "Improvement of building energy efficiency with radiant walls." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461942.
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Els edificis suposen una part molt significant del consum energètic i de les emissions de CO2 a nivell global. Resoldre aquest problema requereix de la implementació de tecnologies d'eficiència energètica i de la integració d'energies renovables. En aquest context, els mur radiants són una tecnologia capaç d'afrontar aquests reptes. La avaluació del potencial d'aquest sistema s'ha dut a terme amb la experimentació d'una caseta amb murs radiant connectada a un sistema geotèrmic. Els resultats mostren la capacitat del sistema per reduir el consum energètic i desplaçar el pics de demanda, destacant també la sensibilitat als paràmetres de control. Les dades experimentals han servit per desenvolupar un model numèric del mur radiant, el qual s'ha fet servir per un estudi paramètric dels paràmetres de disseny. Finalment, aquest s'ha integrat a un model d'una habitació per estudiar diferents conceptes de control que maximitzin l'aprofitament de la producció d'uns panells fotovoltaics.Los edificios suponen una fracción significativa del consumo energético y de emisiones de CO2 globales. Resolver este problema requiere implementar tecnologías de eficiencia energética e integrar energías renovables. En este contexto, los muros radiantes son una tecnología capaz de lidiar con estos retos. La evaluación del potencial del sistema se ha llevado a cabo con la experimentación de un cubículo con muros radiantes conectados a un sistema geotérmico. Los resultados muestran la capacidad del sistema para reducir el consumo energético y desplazar los picos de demanda, destacando también la sensibilidad a los parámetros de control. Los datos experimentales sirvieron para desarrollar un modelo numérico del muro radiante, el cual se ha usado para un estudio paramétrico de los parámetros de diseño. Finalmente, este se ha integrado a un modelo de cubículo para estudiar diferentes conceptos de control que maximicen el aprovechamiento de la producción de unos paneles fotovoltaicos.
Buildings represent a significant fraction of the global energy use and CO2 emissions. Solving this issue require the implementation of energy efficiency technologies and the integration of renewable energies. In this context, radiant walls are a technology capable of dealing with these challenges. The evaluation of this system was carried out with the experimentation of a radiant wall cubicle coupled to a geothermal system. The results showed the capability of the system for reducing the energy and shifting the peak loads, highlighting the sensitivity to control parameters. The experimental data was used for the development of a numerical model of the radiant wall, which was used in a parametric study of the design parameters. Finally, the numeric model was integrated in a cubicle model in order to study different control concepts that maximized the use of the energy produced by photovoltaic panels.
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Massana, i. Raurich Joaquim. "Data-driven models for building energy efficiency monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/482148.
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Nowadays, energy is absolutely necessary all over the world. Taking into account the advantages that it presents in transport and the needs of homes and industry, energy is transformed into electricity.
Bearing in mind the expansion of electricity, initiatives like Horizon 2020, pursue
the objective of a more sustainable future: reducing the emissions of carbon and electricity consumption and increasing the use of renewable energies. As an answer to the shortcomings of the traditional electrical network, such as large distances to the point of consumption, low levels of flexibility, low sustainability, low quality of energy, the difficulties of storing electricity, etc., Smart Grids (SG), a natural evolution of the classical network, has appeared.
One of the main components that will allow the SG to improve the traditional grid is the Energy Management System (EMS). The EMS is necessary to carry out the management of the power network system, and one of the main needs of the EMS is a prediction system: that is, to know in advance the electricity consumption. Besides, the utilities will also require predictions to manage the generation, maintenance and their investments. Therefore, it is necessary to dispose of the systems of prediction of the electrical consumption that, based on the available data, forecast the consumption of the next hours, days or months, in the most accurate way possible.
It is in this field where the present research is placed since, due to the proliferation of sensor networks and more powerful computers, more precise prediction systems have been developed.
Having said that, a complete study has been realized in the first work, taking into account the need to know, in depth, the state of the art, in relation to the load forecasting topic. On the basis of acquired knowledge, the installation of sensor networks, the collection of consumption data and modelling, using Autoregressive (AR) models, were performed in the second work. Once this model was defined, in the third work, another step was made, collecting new data, such as building occupancy, meteorology and indoor ambience, testing several paradigmatic models, such as Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Regression (SVR), and establishing which exogenous data improves the prediction accuracy of the models. Reaching this point, and having corroborated that the use of occupancy data improves the prediction, there was the necessity of generating techniques and methodologies, in order to have the occupancy data in advance. Therefore, several attributes of artificial occupancy were designed, in order to perform long-term hourly consumption predictions, in the fourth work.A dia d’avui l’energia és un bé completament necessari arreu del món. Degut als avantatges que presenta en el transport i a les necessitats de les llars i la indústria, l’energia és transformada en energia elèctrica. Tenint en compte la total expansió i domini de l’electricitat, iniciatives com Horitzó 2020, tenen per objectiu un futur més sostenible: reduint les emissions de carboni i el consum i incrementant l’ús de renovables. Partint dels defectes de la xarxa elèctrica clàssica, com són gran distància al punt de consum, poca flexibilitat, baixa sostenibilitat, baixa qualitat de l’energia, dificultats per a emmagatzemar energia, etc. apareixen les Smart Grid (SG), una evolució natural de la xarxa clàssica. Un dels principals elements que permetrà a les SG millorar les xarxes clàssiques és l’Energy Management System (EMS). Així doncs, per a que l’EMS pugui dur a terme la gestió dels diversos elements, una de les necessitats bàsiques dels EMS serà un sistema de predicció, o sigui, saber per endavant quin consum hi haurà en un entorn determinat. A més, les empreses subministradores d’electricitat també requeriran de prediccions per a gestionar la generació, el manteniment i fins i tot les inversions a llarg termini. Així doncs ens calen sistemes de predicció del consum elèctric que, partint de les dades disponibles, ens subministrin el consum que hi haurà d’aquí a unes hores, uns dies o uns mesos, de la manera més aproximada possible. És dins d’aquest camp on s’ubica la recerca que presentem. Degut a la proliferació de xarxes de sensors i computadors més potents, s’han pogut desenvolupar sistemes de predicció més precisos. A tall de resum, en el primer treball, i tenint en compte que s’havia de conèixer en profunditat l’estat de la qüestió en relació a la predicció del consum elèctric, es va fer una anàlisi completa de l’estat de l’art. Un cop fet això, i partint del coneixement adquirit, en el segon treball es va dur a terme la instal•lació de les xarxes de sensors, la recollida de dades de consum i el modelatge amb models lineals d’auto-regressió (AR). En el tercer treball, un cop fets els models es va anar un pas més enllà recollint dades d’ocupació, de meteorologia i ambient interior, provant diferents models paradigmàtics com Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) i Support Vector Regression (SVR) i establint quines dades exògenes milloren la predicció dels models. Arribat a aquest punt, i havent corroborat que l’ús de dades d’ocupació millora la predicció, es van generar tècniques per tal de disposar de les dades d’ocupació per endavant, o sigui a hores vista. D’aquesta manera es van dissenyar diferents atributs d’ocupació artificials, permetent-nos fer prediccions horàries de consum a llarg termini. Aquests conceptes s’expliquen en profunditat al quart treball.
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MELO, LUCIANA MONTICELLI DE. "BUILDINGS ENERGY EFFICIENCY–BUILDING OPTIMIZATION USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31949@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O crescente consumo de energia é preocupante, principalmente pelo uso de sistemas de condicionamento de ar e de iluminação artificial. Nas edificações modernas, os projetos arquitetônicos vêm negligenciando os fatores que proporcionam o conforto ambiental. Baseando-se nos conceitos da arquitetura sustentável, esta dissertação propõe e modela um sistema que otimiza os parâmetros da edificação que influenciarão no consumo de energia elétrica, nos custos com a construção e na emissão de poluentes pela edificação. Propõe-se um modelo de algoritmos genéticos que, juntamente com um programa de simulação de energia, EnergyPlus, constitui o modelo evolucionário desenvolvido neste trabalho. Este modelo otimiza parâmetros como: dimensionamento de aberturas e de pédireito; orientação da edificação; condicionamento do ar; disposição de árvores no entorno da edificação; etc . O modelo evolucionário tem sua ação e eficácia testados em estudo de casos - edificações desenhadas por projetista -, em que se alteram: espessura das paredes, altura de pé direito, largura de janelas, orientação quanto ao Norte geográfico, localização de elementos sombreantes (árvores), uso ou não de bloqueadores solares. Estes fatores influenciarão no conforto térmico da edificação e, consequentemente, no consumo elétrico dos sistemas de condicionamento de ar e de iluminação artificial, que por sua vez, influenciam os parâmetros que se pretende otimizar. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as otimizações feitas pelo modelo evolucionário foram efetivas, minimizando o consumo de energia pelos sistemas de condicionamento de ar e de iluminação artificial em comparação com os resultados obtidos com as edificações originais fornecidas pelo projetista.
The continuous rising on energy consumption is a concerning issue, especially regarding the use of air conditioning systems and artificial lighting. In modern buildings, architectural designs are neglecting the factors that provide environmental comfort in a natural way. Based on concepts of sustainable architecture, this work proposes and models a system that optimizes the parameters of a building that influence the consumption of electricity, the costs with the building itself, and the emission of pollutants by these buildings. For this purpose a genetic algorithm model is proposed, which works together with an energy simulation program called EnergyPlus, both comprising the evolutionary model developed in this work. This model is able to optimize parameters like: dimensions of windows and ceiling height; orientation of a building; air conditioning; location of trees around a building; etc. The evolutionary model has its efficiency tested in case studies - buildings originally designed by a designer -, and the following specifications provided by the designer have been changed by the evolutionary model: wall thickness, ceiling height, windows width, building orientation, location of elements that perform shading function (trees), the use (or not) of sun blockers. These factors influence the building s heat comfort and therefore the energy consumption of air conditioning systems and artificial lighting which, in turn, influence the parameters that are meant to be optimized. The results show that the optimizations made by the evolutionary model were effective, minimizing the energy consumption for air conditioning systems and artificial light in comparison with the results obtained with the original buildings provided by the designer.
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Shi, Hongsen. "Building Energy Efficiency Improvement and Thermal Comfort Diagnosis." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555110595177379.
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Gilligan, Brian Michael. "Optimization of the building energy efficiency retrofit process /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Wren, Duncan E. "Computer simulation of intelligent building facades." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7351.
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The economic and environmental benefits secured through the increased integration of photovoltaic (PV) technology into the built environment are undeniable and provide the principal motivation for this research. Present delays in the technology transfer of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) can be attributed to the following; material cost, performance guarantee, increased installation complexity and unfamiliar technology. It is well understood that the temperature of a PV material receiving solar irradiation, will increase with solar intensity, while reducing in electrical efficiency. It therefore makes economic sense to minimise the increase in PV material temperature and maximise electrical energy yield. Through the addition of a convecting fluid, flowing over the surface of heated PV material, heat transfer will be induced. With the added benefit of warm air capture from an integrated photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) collector, the economic benefits are increased. But, to ensure maximum utilisation of both thermal and electrical energy production, a significantly more complex control system has to be employed than that for a PV system on its own. Modelling the energy flows within a multifunctional PVT building facade presents a problem of considerable complexity. Previous work in this area has centred on performing finite element analysis of the system in order to find solutions to complex algorithms. It requires considerable computational power to perform these calculations and often the results produced are much more detailed than required. Within this thesis, a fully operational PVT facade model is presented, giving the potential for improved multifunctional facade design. This new model has been developed into a software program for use within the TRNSYS environment. By using the TRNSYS software, a detailed building model has been created and integrated with the new PVT facade model. Simulations were then undertaken to evaluate the energy transfers between internal and external environments and the electrical and thermal energy capturing capabilities of the facade. Simulated results have been evaluated against experimental data taken from a fully operational PVT facade. The results conclude that the presented model simulates the energy flows around, through and within the facade (radiative, conductive, convective and electrical) very well. Performance enhancing development work is due to take place on the operational facade analysed in this work, very soon. This new facade model will be used as a tool to evaluate the proposed changes to the building prior to this development work being undertaken.
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Shaw, Catherine Alexandra. "Which types of state energy efficiency policies are most effective?" Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/444547720/viewonline.
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Heier, Johan. "Energy Efficiency through Thermal Energy Storage : Possibilities for the Swedish Building Stock." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-118734.
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The need for heating and cooling in buildings constitutes a considerable part of the total energy use in a country and reducing this need is of outmost importance in order to reach national and international goals for reducing energy use and emissions. One important way of reaching these goals is to increase the proportion of renewable energy used for heating and cooling of buildings. Perhaps the largest obstacle with this is the often occurring mismatch between the availability of renewable energy and the need for heating or cooling, hindering this energy to be used directly. This is one of the problems that can be solved by using thermal energy storage (TES) in order to save the heat or cold from when it is available to when it is needed. This thesis is focusing on the combination of TES techniques and buildings to achieve increased energy efficiency for heating and cooling. Various techniques used for TES as well as the combination of TES in buildings have been investigated and summarized through an extensive literature review. A survey of the Swedish building stock was also performed in order to define building types common in Sweden. Within the scope of this thesis, the survey resulted in the selection of three building types, two single family houses and one office building, out of which the two residential buildings were used in a simulation case study of passive TES with increased thermal mass (both sensible and latent). The second case study presented in the thesis is an evaluation of an existing seasonal borehole storage of solar heat for a residential community. In this case, real measurement data was used in the evaluation and in comparisons with earlier evaluations. The literature reviews showed that using TES opens up potential for reduced energy demand and reduced peak heating and cooling loads as well as possibilities for an increased share of renewable energy to cover the energy demand. By using passive storage through increased thermal mass of a building it is also possible to reduce variations in the indoor temperature and especially reduce excess temperatures during warm periods, which could result in avoiding active cooling in a building that would otherwise need it. The analysis of the combination of TES and building types confirmed that TES has a significant potential for increased energy efficiency in buildings but also highlighted the fact that there is still much research required before some of the technologies can become commercially available. In the simulation case study it was concluded that only a small reduction in heating demand is possible with increased thermal mass, but that the time with indoor temperatures above 24 °C can be reduced by up to 20%. The case study of the borehole storage system showed that although the storage system worked as planned, heat losses in the rest of the system as well as some problems with the system operation resulted in a lower solar fraction than projected. The work presented within this thesis has shown that TES is already used successfully for many building applications (e.g. domestic hot water stores and water tanks for storing solar heat) but that there still is much potential in further use of TES. There are, however, barriers such as a need for more research for some storage technologies as well as storage materials, especially phase change material storage and thermochemical storage.Behovet av värme och kyla i byggnader utgör en betydande del av ett lands totala energianvändning och att reducera detta behov är av yttersta vikt för att nå nationella samt internationella mål för minskad energianvändning och minskade utsläpp. En viktig väg för att nå dessa mål är att öka andelen förnyelsebar energi för kylning och uppvärmning av byggnader. Det kanske största hindret med detta är det faktum att det ofta råder obalans mellan tillgången på förnyelsebar energi och behovet av värme och kyla, vilket gör att denna energi inte kan utnyttjas direkt. Detta är ett av problemen som kan lösas genom att använda termisk energilagring (TES) för att lagra värme eller kyla från när det finns tillgängligt till dess att det behövs. Denna avhandling fokuserar på kombinationen av TES och byggnader för att nå högre energieffektivitet för uppvärmning och kylning. Olika tekniker för energilagring, samt även kombinationen av TES och byggnader, har undersökts och sammanfattats genom en omfattande litteraturstudie. För att kunna identifiera byggnadstyper vanliga i Sverige gjordes även en kartläggning av det svenska byggnadsbeståndet. Inom ramen för denna avhandling resulterade kartläggningen i valet av tre typbyggnader, två småhus samt en kontorsbyggnad, utav vilka de två småhusen användes i en simuleringsfallstudie av passiv TES genom ökad termisk massa (både sensibel och latent). Den andra fallstudien som presenteras i denna avhandling är en utvärdering av ett existerande borrhålslager för säsongslagring av solvärme i ett bostadsområde. I detta fall användes verkliga mätdata i utvärderingen samt i jämförelser med tidigare utvärderingar. Litteraturstudien visade att användningen av TES öppnar upp möjligheter för minskat energibehov och minskade topplaster för värme och kyla samt även möjligheter till en ökad andel förnyelsebar energi för att täcka energibehovet. Genom att använda passiv lagring genom ökad termisk massa i byggnaden är det även möjligt att minska variationer i inomhustemperaturen och speciellt minska övertemperaturer under varma perioder; något som kan leda till att byggnader som normalt behöver aktiv kylning kan klara sig utan sådan. Analysen av kombinationen av TES och byggnadstyper bekräftade att TES har en betydande potential för ökad energieffektivitet i byggnader, men belyste även det faktum att det fortfarande krävs mycket forskning innan vissa av lagringsteknikerna kan bli kommersiellt tillgängliga. I simuleringsfallstudien drogs slutsatsen att en ökad termisk massa endast kan bidra till en liten minskning i värmebehovet, men att tiden med inomhustemperaturer över 24 °C kan minskas med upp till 20 %. Fallstudien av borrhålslagret visade att även om själva lagringssystemet fungerade som planerat så ledde värmeförluster i resten av systemet, samt vissa problem med driften av systemet, till en lägre solfraktion än beräknat. Arbetet inom denna avhandling har visat att TES redan används med framgång i många byggnadsapplikationer (t.ex. varmvattenberedare eller ackumulatortankar för lagring av solvärme) men att det fortfarande finns en stor potential i en utökad användning av TES. Det finns dock hinder såsom behovet av mer forskning för både vissa lagringstekniker samt lagringsmaterial, i synnerhet för lagring med fasändringsmaterial och termokemisk lagring.
QC 20130225
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Agarwal, Yuvraj. "Building aggressively duty-cycled platforms to achieve energy efficiency." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3369624.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 15, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 152-160).
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Amendolara, Maria Grazia. "Energy efficiency retrofit. A comparative analysis of different strategies to optimise the energy efficiency of a building." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
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The building sector is one of the key consumers of energy in Europe; consequently, European Union has enacted several directives dealing, directly and indirectly, with energy efficiency in building aiming to reduce the buildings energy use. Hence, retrofitting of the current built environment offers significant opportunities to decrease energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Aim of this paper is to investigate the potential of energy-efficient retrofitting strategies of existing buildings. The approach is structured according to three main phases: (a) the building performance assessment at the state-of-art; (b) the analysis of results to identify the possible retrofitting strategies; (c) the investigation of potential energy saving measures.
The case study is an accommodation of the University of Milan, located in a residential area of Milan (Northern Italian city). The building behaviour is analysed to detect the most dispersant structures and the plants systems with the lowest efficiency. Afterwards, several simulations are implemented on Edilcima ® to estimate in which extent different typologies of retrofitting contribute to the whole energy performance. The global performance index in reference to non-renewable sources, i.e. the total energy consumed by the air-conditioned zones per square meter of surface every year, is used as indicator to compare the outcomes.
The results show that, with reference to the existing conditions of the case study, by coupling the insulation of the most dispersing surfaces, the replacement of less efficient plants and the installation of a rooftop photovoltaic system, it is possible to decrease the whole primary energy consumption approximately by 30.52%.
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Msimanga, Bongani. "Exploring the impacts of renewable energy and energy efficiency policies on the mining sector." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96668.
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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Worldwide, energy has been, and continues to be, key to economic development. However, the current global consensus is that energy-related carbon dioxide emissions would, at current rates, put the world onto a potentially catastrophic trajectory which could lead to global warming of 5 degree Celsius or more compared to pre-industrial times. There is a critical need for a low-carbon development or a move away from conventional fossil fuels energy sources. This study explores impacts of policies that South Africa developed in order to champion sustainable energy strategies based on energy efficiency and non-conventional energy sources, including renewable energy. The mining sector, because of its energy-intensive nature, was chosen. In order to achieve this objective three approaches were carried out: (i) a critical review of literature on energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) ; (ii) two case-studies that demonstrate the impacts of the policies; and (iii) action research on a sample of mines using survey questionnaire and interviewing. The research results show that the need to have security in energy and the need to be competitive and grow revenue are significant in deciding to carry out EE and RE initiatives in the mining sector. The results also show that safety followed by production are the priorities and are accompanied by a range of other demands, such as cost reduction and legislative requirements. It is, therefore, within this context that EE and RE initiative will always be carried out in the mining sector. The research concludes that, under the current market framework, South African EE and RE policies are not as effective as hoped they would be. The research, therefore, recommends that a percentage of the mines’ revenue could be dedicated to EE and RE initiatives. In addition, South Africa needs to come up with a new type of productive endeavour that would lead to less extractive industries, including mines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Energie is, was en sal wereldwyd altyd die sleutel wees tot ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Nieteenstaande, word dit wereldwyd aanvaar dat die huidige energie opwekking se koolstofdioksied vrystelling moontlik kan lei tot aardverwarming van 5 grade Celsius of meer wanneer vergelyk met word met pre-industriële tye. Daar is ‘n kritiese behoefte aan lae koolstofdioksied vrystelling ontwikkelings of ‘n beperking van konvensionele fossielbrandstof energiebronne. Hierdie studie analiseer die impak van die Suid Afrikaanse beleid wat ontwikkel is om volhoubare energie te bevorder wat effektief en onkonvensioneel is, insluitend hernubare energie. Die mynsektor, as ‘n groot verbruiker van energie, vorm die kern van die studie. Die studie is voltooi in drie fases naamlik: (1) kritiese oorsig van die literatuur oor energiedoeltreffendheid (EE) en hernubare energie (RE); (2) twee gevallestudies wat die impak van die beleid bevestig; en (3) praktiese navorsing deur middel van vraelyste en persoonlike onderhoude met seker myne. Die navorsing bevestig dat die behoefte aan bestendige energie teen kompeterende pryse wat die mynsektor in staat stel om inkomste te groei ,‘n beduidende invloed het op die besluit om EE of RE inisiatiewe te onderneem. Die resultate bevestig verder dat beroepsveiligheid en produksie uitsette die eerste prioriteite vir die myne is. Dit word verder beinvloed deur kostebesparings en wetlike vereistes. Enige EE en RE inisiatiewe wat onderneem word sal in hierdie konteks plaasvind. Die navorsing kom tot die slotsom dat, onder huidige marktoestande, Suid Afrika se EE en RE beleid nie so effektief is as waarop daar gehoop is nie. Die navorsing beveel derhalwe aan dat ‘n persentasie van myne se inkomste geoormerk moet word vir EE en RE inisiatiewe. Verder meer , Suid Afrika moet strewe na tipes produksie wat minder natuurlike grondstowwe onttrek, insluitend die myne.
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CALILI, RODRIGO FLORA. "ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICIES IN BRAZIL: AN ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT UNDER UNCERTAINTY APPROACH." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=23849@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
DOUTORADO SANDUÍCHE NO EXTERIOR
A eficiência energética (EE) terá um papel cada vez mais importante para garantir o futuro das novas gerações. Assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é estimar o quanto o PNEf (Plano Nacional de Eficiência Energética), publicado pelo governo brasileiro no final de 2011 irá economizar ao longo dos próximos 5 anos, evitando a construção de usinas de energia adicionais, bem como reduzindo a emissão de gases de efeito estufa na atmosfera. É também objetivo deste trabalho definir as premissas e formular diretrizes para que um possível leilão de eficiência energética seja implantado no Brasil. O custo marginal de operacão é calculado no planejamento de médio prazo do despacho para o sistema hidro-térmico brasileiro utilizando Programação Dinâmica Dual Estocástica. Foi incorporado no modelo do despacho hidro-térmico as políticas de eficiência energética de forma estocástica, havendo assim, vários cenários para a demanda de energia elétrica. Demonstrou-se que, mesmo para uma modesta redução do consumo com políticas de eficiência energética (menor que 1 porcento por ano), há uma economia nos próximos 5 anos em torno de 237 milhões de reais no cenário conservador e 268 milhões de reais no cenário otimista. Em comparação, a nova usina hidrelétrica Belo Monte irá custar em torno de 26 bilhões de reais a serem pagos ao longo de um período de 30 anos (ou seja, 867 milhões de reais em 1 anos). Conclui-se que, políticas de eficiência energética são preferíveis à construção de uma nova usina, mesmo sendo esta de fonte hidráulica.
Energy efficiency will play an increasingly important role in future generations. The aim of this work is to estimate how much the PNEf (National Plan for Energy Efficiency) launched by the Brazilian government in 2011 will save over the next 5 years by avoiding the construction of additional power plants, as well as the amount of the CO2 emission. Besides, it is the aim of this work introduces the premises and guidelines of a possible demand side bidding in Brazil. The marginal operating cost is computed for medium term planning of the dispatching of power plants in the hydro-thermal system using Stochastic Dynamic Dual Programming, after incorporating stochastic energy efficiencies into the demand for electricity. We demonstrate that even for a modest improvement in energy efficiency (less than 1 percent per year), the savings over the next 5 years range from 237 million reais in the conservative scenario to 268 million reais in the optimistic scenario. By comparison the new Belo Monte hydro-electric plant will cost 26 billion reais to be repaid over a 30 year period (i.e. 867 million reais in 1 years). So in Brazil energy efficiency policies are preferable to building a new power plant.
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Steen, Englund Jessika. "Prediction of Energy Use of a Swedish Secondary School Building : Building Energy Simulation, Validation, Occupancy Behaviour and Potential Energy-Efficiency Measures." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-33313.
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Residential and public buildings account for about 40% of the annual energy use in Europe. Many buildings are in urgent need of renovation, and reductions in energy demand in the built environment are of high importance in both Europe and Sweden. Building energy simulation (BES) tools are often used to predict building performance. However, it can be a challenge to create a reliable BES model that predicts the real building performance accurately. BES modelling is always associated with uncertainties, and modelling occupancy behaviour is a challenging task. This research presents a case study of a BES model of a school building from the 1960s in Gävle, Sweden, comprising an example of a validation strategy and a study of energy use and potential energy-efficiency measures (EEMs). The results show that collection of input data based on evidence, stepwise validation (for unoccupied and occupied cases), and the use of a backcasting method (which predicts varying occupancy behaviour and airing) is an appropriate strategy to create a reliable BES model of the studied school building. Several field measurements and data logging in the building management system were executed, in order to collect input data and for validation of the predicted results. Through the stepwise validation, the building’s technical and thermal performance was validated during an unoccupied period. The backcasting method demonstrates a strategy on how to predict the effect of the varying occupancy behaviour and airing activities in the school building, based on comparisons of BES model predictions and field measurement data. After applying the backcasting method to the model, it was validated during an occupied period. The annual predicted specific energy use was 73 kWh/m2 for heating of the studied building. The distribution of heat losses indicates that the best potential EEMs are changing to efficient windows, additional insulation of the external walls, improved envelope airtightness and new controls of the mechanical ventilation system.Byggnadssektorn står för ungefär 40 % av den årliga energianvändningen i Europa. Många byggnader är i stort behov av renovering och en minskning av energibehovet inom den byggda miljön är av stor vikt i både Europa och Sverige. För att undersöka byggnaders energianvändning används ofta simuleringsverktyg, men det kan vara utmanande att skapa pålitliga simuleringsmodeller som tillräckligt noggrant predikterar den verkliga byggnadens energianvändning. Simulering av byggnaders energianvändning är alltid förknippat med osäkerheter och att simulera människors beteendemönster är en stor utmaning. Den här forskningen innefattar en fallstudie med en simuleringsmodell av en skolbyggnad, byggd under 1960 talet och belägen i Gävle, inkluderat ett exempel på en valideringsstrategi och en studie av energianvändning och potentiella energieffektiviseringsåtgärder i byggnaden. Resultaten visar att insamling av indata baserade på evidens, stegvis validering (obemannad och bemannad) och användande av en backcasting-metod (vilket predikterar varierande brukarbeteende och vädring) är en lämplig strategi för att skapa en pålitlig energisimuleringsmodell för den studerade skolbyggnaden. Flertalet fältmätningar genomfördes och data loggades i systemet för fastighetsautomation, för att samla indata och för validering av de predikterade resultaten. Genom den stegvisa valideringen kunde byggnadens tekniska och termiska prestanda valideras för en obemannad period. Backcasting-metoden visar en strategi för hur man kan prediktera varierande brukarbeteende och vädringsaktiviteter i skolbyggnaden, baserat på jämförelser av modellens prediktioner och data från fältmätningar. När backcasting-metoden tillämpats i energisimuleringsmodellen, kunde modellen valideras för en bemannad period. Den årliga predikterade specifika energianvändningen för uppvärmningen är 73 kWh/m2. Fördelningen av värmeförluster i byggnaden indikerar att de bästa potentiella energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna är byte till fönster med bättre U-värde, tilläggsisolering av ytterväggarna, bättre lufttäthet i byggnadsskalet och ny styrning av det mekaniska ventilationssystemet.
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Yu, Wenhe. "Approaches to energy efficiency in China’s large-scale public building." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58641.
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In recent years, the energy shortage has become a barrier to social development as there is a shortage of resources, especially non-renewable resources. In order to improve the current situation of human settlement for future generations, a series of environmental protection activities and rational utilizations of natural resources have been carried out at a global level on the theme of "Sustainable Development". Along with the quantitative growth of Chinese public buildings, especially the Large-Scale Public Buildings, the levels of energy consumption are rising and this phenomenon has been seen as a key point of energy management from a national view. This paper discusses the realities of energy consumption and the energy-saving policies of public buildings in the world’s major developed countries, and sums up the current condition of Chinese energy consumption in relation to public buildings. With regard to these factors, this paper tries to find approaches for solving the existing problems in each construction section. Less developed construction technology in China leads to a waste of materials and labor force. There is a lack of professional personnel to handle the operational management and a lack of consideration for energy efficiency in the designing process. There is not a suitable framework for compiling statistics and data on energy consumption. There are still many management problems such as inadequate policy standards in operability or implementation, unclear positioning in governmental management, ineffective incentive or punitive mechanisms, and a defective state system which results directly in an undeveloped service system for energy efficiency. Based on all of the problems listed above, this paper suggests solutions in four areas, namely Policy, Energy Statistics, Management and Education, in order to give academic support for the overhaul of Large-Scale Public Buildings towards greater energy efficiency in China.
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Wenhe, Yu. "Approaches to energy efficiency in China’s large-scale public building." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33523.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, the energy shortage has become a barrier to social development as there is a shortage of resources, especially non-renewable resources. In order to improve the current situation of human settlement for future generations, a series of environmental protection activities and rational utilizations of natural resources have been carried out at a global level on the theme of "Sustainable Development". Along with the quantitative growth of Chinese public buildings, especially the Large-Scale Public Buildings, the levels of energy consumption are rising and this phenomenon has been seen as a key point of energy management from a national view. This paper discusses the realities of energy consumption and the energy-saving policies of public buildings in the world’s major developed countries, and sums up the current condition of Chinese energy consumption in relation to public buildings. With regard to these factors, this paper tries to find approaches for solving the existing problems in each construction section. Less developed construction technology in China leads to a waste of materials and labor force. There is a lack of professional personnel to handle the operational management and a lack of consideration for energy efficiency in the designing process. There is not a suitable framework for compiling statistics and data on energy consumption. There are still many management problems such as inadequate policy standards in operability or implementation, unclear positioning in governmental management, ineffective incentive or punitive mechanisms, and a defective state system which results directly in an undeveloped service system for energy efficiency. Based on all of the problems listed above, this paper suggests solutions in four areas, namely Policy, Energy Statistics, Management and Education, in order to give academic support for the overhaul of Large-Scale Public Buildings towards greater energy efficiency in China.www.ima.kth.se
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Sousanabadi, Farahani Abolfazl, and Mohammadhassan Mohammadi. "Analysis and optimization of building energy efficiency in Hammarby Sjöstad." Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-137748.
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It is often considered that building performance in an operational phase is not as good as its designed performance. In fact, approximately 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption is accounted existing buildings. Therefore, it would be of a great importance to analyze and optimize the existing buildings performance by taking total energy consumption and comfort situation into consideration. This is possible through measuring and analyzing the current building performance. Hammarby Sjöstad is a high profile example of sustainable city development which has been chosen as a case study in this research project because most of the operational buildings located there have not reached their projected efficiency during the design phase. Therefore, the main objective of this research study is to investigate this problem and formulate cost-effective, high performance solutions in order to increase the overall efficiency of the buildings in Hammarby area. In this study a “Case Study” methodology has been performed with literature studies, in-depth interviews, seminars and gathering of quantitative data, concerning the operational goals of the environmental program of Hammarby Sjöstad. To gather the required data, meetings with different organizations were scheduled. More than 15 important parameters were gathered for more than 100 buildings in Hammarby Sjöstad. Going through all the data, some relations were discovered which led to interesting yet simple solutions for the low energy efficiency of the buildings in the area. Patterns were recognized however they had to be evaluated and their accuracy had to be tested. Moreover, to further evaluate the performance of the buildings, Energy audits were done with the help of an energy expert. The aforementioned buildings were visited and their performance was checked in detail to further prove the pattern results. Different parameters were considered during the visits including the architecture, technical installations and maintenance. Meanwhile, by taking advantage of the DesignBuilder software, a number of simulations were performed in order to further examine the previous findings. Finally, some practical recommendations and also conclusions are presented.
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Lewis, Angela. "A framework for improving building operations decisions for energy efficiency." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.567592.
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Energy efficiency of commercial and institutional buildings is a topic that continues to gain interest as sustainability, green and high performance buildings attract the attention of building owners, facility managers, engineers, architects and other professionals within the built environment. To support this area of interest, tools are needed. The aim of this research is to develop and test the A Framework to Improving Building Operations Decisions for Energy Efficiency. The Framework was developed through an analysis of existing literature, case studies and questionnaire findings, and insight from industry experts. The Framework links energy and maintenance management decisions for heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HV AC) systems to help facility managers and others within the built environment transition from reactive to pro active practices to support sustainability and energy efficiency goals. Review of existing literature found that energy and maintenance management practices are often researched and applied in practice separately. However, as evidenced by current practices, even if the most energy efficient equipment is installed, without proper maintenance, it will not remain energy efficient. Thus, the Framework seeks to help decision makers consider both energy and maintenance management within the same decision making process. The Framework consists of a Needs Assessment, Framework Architecture, Decision Support System and Implementation Evaluator. The Needs Assessment is a decision tree to quickly evaluate if the Framework will be useful to a potential user. The Framework Architecture provides a visual representation of the independency between energy and maintenance management. The Decision Support System, the main part of the Framework, consists of a set of multiple choice questions, a series of processing algorithms and a Recommendations Report. To use the Decision Support System, a user answers the set of questions. After the researcher uses a set of algorithms to processes the user's responses, the user receives a Recommendations Report. The Recommendations Report contains 1) three recommended actions that the user can evaluate and determine if the actions can be implemented within his/her facility to improve energy and/or maintenance management practices and 2) a Proactive/Reactive IV Score. This quantitative score compares how pro active or reactive the practices at the facility the question set was completed for to perceived best in class practices. The Decision Support System was tested by 56 industry participants and evaluated by 31 of the test participants. The [mal part of the Framework, the Implementation Evaluator, is a process map to help Framework users evaluate and implement the Framework recommendations and move towards continuous improvement within their facility management organization. The results of the Framework testing found the Framework was helpful or very helpful to over 60 percent of evaluators, and that the framework was especially helpful for making combined energy and maintenance management decisions. However, like many testing process involving user evaluations, it is important to acknowledge that the results likely reflect a non-response bias, as well as an optimum bias. Contributions to knowledge resulting from the research include identifying and documenting the interdependency between energy and maintenance management; documentation of 35 energy, maintenance and human factors practices and documenting the importance of goal setting and use of goals to support. effective energy and maintenance management. Some of the practices documented include the development of a maintenance plan, the need to regularly calibrate sensors and meters, the use of metrics for energy and maintenance management decision making, benchmarking energy performance and providing energy and maintenance training. v
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Li, Wu M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Improving energy efficiency in a pharmaceutical manufacturing environment -- office building." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55229.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-96).
Reducing energy consumption without compromising the quality of products in a pharmaceutical manufacturing environment and maintaining the comfort of employees is of critical important in maintaining the financial viability and competence of the company. Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system was identified as the major energy consumer in both office building and manufacturing building. The step response model of the office indoor temperature to the operating states of the Air Handling Unit (AHU) was developed. Combined with the working schedule of employees, the AHU operation schedule in the office building was modified to accommodate the working schedule of employees while reducing waste. Motion detection lighting control was implemented in the office area to reduce waste by turning off unnecessary lighting automatically. As a result of new AHU operation schedule, AHU motor electricity usage can be reduced by 10,868 kWh/year and chilled water consumption can be reduced by 79,403 kWh/year. Motion detection lighting control could also result in estimated savings of 54,082 kWh/year.
by Wu Li.
M.Eng.
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Skogfeldt, Alexander. "Energy efficiency measures and energy pricing : The effect of different price schemes on energy efficiency measures." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325895.
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This project investigates the relationship between energy efficiency measures in the Swedish building stock and different price schemes based on energy prices. Data from different categories was gathered and used in a regression model. They were based on what type of pricing and fees that are behind the energy prices for electricity and district heating. These predictors were used to get an equation of the temperature corrected energy use which can be linked to how much energy efficiency measures have been implemented over the investigated time period. The result for the main equation, that includes all the studied building types, indicated that it is possible to predict energy efficiency measures with different price schemes,and therefore it is possible to increase the rate at which measures are implemented. It showed that there is a negative relationship between energy consumption and theprice of energy from district heating. If the price of district heating increases the temperature corrected energy use decreases. The other relationships between predictors and the dependent variable were positive. It also described the geographical location as a statistically significant variable, regarding all climate zones in Sweden.
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Cook, Jonathan A. "Transitioning to a clean energy future| Essays on policies for renewables, transportation, and energy efficiency." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3614186.
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The emergence of climate change as one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century has placed the task of reducing GHG emissions at the forefront of city, state and national government agendas around the world. Strategies for transitioning to a clean energy future almost universally involve increasing the share of electricity generated from renewable sources, reducing emissions from the transportation sector and improving energy efficiency. This dissertation contains three essays that address policy questions within each of these areas (renewables, efficiency and transportation), focusing both on past experiences thus far as well as considerations for future policies. The first chapter examines the Danish wind power industry and the role of government policies in shaping the decisions of wind turbine owners. A structural dynamic model is constructed in which owners decide whether and when to add new turbines to a pre-existing stock, scrap an existing turbine, or replace old turbines with newer versions during a period of rapid technological improvement and several changes to government wind energy policies. Results from the model indicate that the growth and development of the Danish wind industry was primarily driven by government policies as opposed to technological improvements. The second chapter explores the spatial and distributional impacts of climate policies in the transportation sector. California VMT and fuel consumption distributions are not symmetric and can vary significantly within transit planning regions. Results show that analyzing a policy using mean VMT or fuel consumption and assuming a symmetric distribution would generally lead to errors of 20-40% when considering the costs of a climate policy for a “typical” household. The final chapter addresses the role of publicly-funded energy efficiency programs in electricity markets. In the absence of energy efficiency programs, individual households and businesses may underinvest in energy efficiency because of inefficient retail pricing, pollution and learning externalities, imperfect information and the prevalence of principal-agent problems. California's cap-and-trade program and likely transition to dynamic pricing will correct some of these market failures, but information problems and distributional concerns will remain and warrant programs that encourage additional investments in efficiency.
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Bhattacharjee, Suchismita. "Analytical Framework to Study Energy Efficiency Policy Portfolios across Countries/States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28386.
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Energy conservation and implementation of effective energy efficiency policies have become imperative to curbing the escalating consumption of energy. The imbalance in the supply and demand of a country's energy has increased the importance of implementing energy efficiency policies. Proper replication of strategic energy efficiency policies that are known to be successful in one country, along with development of new approaches, can be helpful in developing the energy policy portfolio of another country. Some OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development) countries like Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States have benefited from their energy policies during the most recent energy crisis. The motivation of this research is to provide a tool for developing countries, which are still in the stage of formulating their energy efficiency policies, to compare energy efficiency policy portfolios across countries. These countries can improve their energy efficiency policy portfolios based on lessons learned from the developed countries.
The research develops a framework to compare energy efficiency policy portfolios across countries / states. Although this framework can be adopted for any type of energy policy, targeting any sector with few modifications, the current focus is on policies that target the residential building sector to reduce energy consumption. The research begins with identification of the functional domains that influence human behavior–people, economy, environment and technology–followed by identification of the factors affecting household energy consumption. It uses the four functional domains as the evaluation framework's four axes. The various factors affecting household energy consumption are positioned in the framework based on association with the functional domains. The energy efficiency policies implemented in a country are positioned in the same framework based on the pattern of diffusion of each type of policy. In addition, a prototype method is developed to identify the factors targeted by each energy efficiency policy implemented in a country. This evaluation method allows for a uniform assessment process of how energy efficiency policies target specific socio-economic factors that are known to affect energy consumption. The proposed framework will facilitate the work of policy makers and other decision makers with a powerful tool for evaluating and comparing their individual policies, or their complete portfolio of energy efficiency policies, to those from other states or countries, and to benefit from the lessons learned.Ph. D.
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Thollander, Patrik. "Towards Increased Energy Efficiency in Swedish Industry : Barriers, Driving Forces & Policies." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14907.
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Industrial energy efficiency is one of the most important means of reducing the threat of increased global warming. A higheruse of electricity than their European competitors, together with increased energy costs due to increasing energy prices in Swedish industry have negative impacts on results and competitiveness. Of great importance are thus different means which promote energy efficiency such as industrial energy policy instruments. However, cost-effective energy efficiency measuresare not always undertaken. In order to formulate and adopt accurate industrial energy end-use polices, it is thus of importanceto identify the barriers that inhibit the implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. It is also of importance to identify the factors which promote the implementation. The aim of this thesis is to analyze industrial energy systems andmore specifically study factors that promote or inhibit energy end-use efficiency in Swedish industrial companies. Results from this thesis show that the implementation of technical energy efficiency measures is a major means for both energy-intensive and non-energy-intensive Swedish companies to overcome the threat of rising energy prices, for example for electricity. While energy efficiency measures in the non-energy-intensive industry are related mainly to support processes, measures in the studied energy-intensive Swedish foundry industry are related to both support and production processes. In the various case studies of barriers and driving forces, the most significant barriers to energy efficiency - with largevariations for some of the barriers among the studied cases - were found to be: technical risk such as risk of productiondisruptions; lack of time or other priorities; lack of access to capital; cost of production disruption/hassle/inconvenience; other priorities for capital investments; technology considered inappropriate at the site; difficulty/cost of obtaininginformation about the energy use of purchased equipment; and lack of budget funding. The largest driving forces, apart fromcost reductions resulting from lowered energy use, were found to be the existence of a long-term energy strategy and peoplewith real ambition. These driving forces did not, unlike the results of barriers to energy efficiency, vary widely across thestudied sectors. Investment decision support such as optimization has shown to add more information for larger capital-intensive investmentsin energy-intensive industrial SMEs. The thesis also showed that energy audits are an effective means, in terms of publicmoney spent per kWh saved, of providing the industry with information on potential energy efficiency measures. Based on the results presented in this thesis, a policy approach towards non-energy-intensive companies and industrial SMEsshould primarily include providing energy audits free of charge and involve the local authority energy consultants.Industriell energieffektivisering är ett av de viktigaste sätten att reducera hotet om en globaluppvärmning. En högre relativ elanvändning, i jämförelse med europeiska konkurrenter, tillsammans med stigande energikostnader beroende av stigande energipriser för den svenskaindustrin, riskerar leda till försämrad lönsamhet och försämrad konkurrenskraft. Det är såledesav stor vikt att främja energieffektivisering, exempelvis genom olika typer av styrmedel. Lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärder genomförs emellertid inte alltid, till följd av olikahinder för energieffektivisering. För att kunna formulera precisa styrmedel är det därför avstor vikt att dessa hinder som förhindrar implementering av energieffektiviserande åtgärder,identifieras. Det är också av stor vikt att identifiera drivkrafterna. Syftet med denna avhandling är att analysera industriella energisystem och mera specifikt studera faktorer somfrämjar och förhindrar effektiv slutanvändning av energi i svensk industri. Resultaten visar att hotet om stigande energikostnader, exempelvis beträffande elektricitet,både för icke energiintensiv och för energiintensiv svensk tillverkningsindustri, kan reduceraskraftigt om energieffektiv teknik implementeras. Medan åtgärder i icke energiintensiv industrifrämst är relaterade till stödprocesser så visar sig åtgärderna i den studerade svenska energiintensiva gjuteriindustrin vara relaterade till både stöd- och produktionsprocesser. I fallstudierna beträffande hinder och drivkrafter visade sig de största hindren vara - med storavariationer mellan fallen - tekniska risker såsom risk för produktionsstörningar och avbrott; brist på tid/andra prioriteringar; brist på kapital; kostnader för produktionsstörningar; ickeenergirelaterade investeringar prioriteras högre; tekniken passar ej för företaget;svårigheter/kostnader att erhålla korrekt information beträffande energianvändningen av deninköpta utrustningen; och brist på budgetmedel. De största drivkrafterna var, utöver kostnadsminskningar till följd av minskad energianvändning, förekomsten av en långsiktigenergistrategi och en eldsjäl. Drivkrafterna varierade inte, till skillnad mot hindren, så mycketmellan de olika undersökta fallen. Beslutsstöd såsom exempelvis optimering har visat sig kunna ge ökad information vid störremer kapitalintensiva investeringar i energiintensiva små- och medelstora företag. Vidare har energianalyser visat sig vara ett effektivt sätt, i termer av besparad kWh per statligt insattkrona, att ge industrin information beträffande möjliga energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Resultat från avhandlingen indikerar att ett stöd gentemot icke energiintensiva och små och medelstora företag framförallt bör inkludera statligt finansierade energianalyser med denlokala energirådgivaren som en deltagande aktör.
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Gulbinas, Rimas Viktoras. "Motivating and Quantifying Energy Efficient Behavior among Commercial Building Occupants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64867.
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The environmental and economic consequences of climate change are severe and are being exacerbated by increased global carbon emissions. In the United States, buildings account for over 40% of all domestic and 7.4% of all global CO2 emissions and therefore represent an important target for energy conservation initiatives. Even marginal energy savings across all buildings could have a profound effect on carbon emission mitigation. In order to realize the full potential of energy savings in the building sector, it is essential to maximize the energy efficiency of both buildings and the behavior of occupants who occupy them. In this vein, systems that collect and communicate building energy-use information to occupants (i.e. eco-feedback systems) have been demonstrated to motivate building occupants to significantly reduce overall building energy consumption. Furthermore, advancements in building sensor technologies and data processing capabilities have enabled the development of advanced eco-feedback systems that also allow building occupants to share energy-use data with one another and to collectively act to reduce energy consumption. In addition to monitoring building occupant energy-use, these systems are capable of collecting data about specific conservation actions taken by occupants and their interactions with different features of the eco-feedback system. However, despite recent advancements in eco-feedback and building sensor technologies, very few systems have been specifically designed to enable research on the effectiveness of different behavior-based energy conservation strategies in commercial buildings. Consequently, very little research has been conducted on how access to such systems impacts the energy-use behavior of building occupants. In this dissertation, I describe how my research over the past three years has advanced an understanding of how eco-feedback systems can impact the energy-use behavior of commercial building occupants. First, I present a novel eco-feedback system that I developed to connect building occupants over energy-use data and empower them to conserve energy while also collecting data that enables controlled studies to quantify the impacts of a wide variety of energy conservation strategies. Next, I present a commercial building study in which this eco-feedback system was used to investigate the effects of organizational network dynamics on the energy-use of individuals. I then introduce a new set of metrics based on individual energy-use data that enables the classification of individuals and building occupant networks based on their energy-use efficiency and predictability. I describe the principles behind the construction of these metrics and demonstrate how these quantitative measures can be used to increase the efficacy of behavior-based conservation campaigns by enabling targeted interventions. I conclude the dissertation with a discussion about the limitations of my research and the new research avenues that it has enabled.Ph. D.
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Asheim, Jonathan. "The Future of Energy Efficiency in Marine Corps Forward Operating Bases." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608583.
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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone ProjectMarine Corps forward operating bases (FOBs) operate in austere conditions where the reliance on resupply from main bases is a necessity. A FOB in Afghanistan requires at least 300 gallons of diesel fuel a day, in which each gallon delivered requires 7 gallons of fuel to get it there by convoy. Extensive resupply convoys offer a tactical disadvantage, especially when there is one Marine casualty for every 50 convoys. Private sector innovations in energy efficiency can offer a solution to inefficient energy use and Marine casualties from IEDs – improvised explosive devices. Data analysis of private sector innovations in the fields of flexible solar, fuel cells, and atmospheric water generation, provide direction into the future of sustainable forward operating base design. Each of the proposed innovations outscore current systems by vast margins in a weighted energy efficiency scale and therefore have the potential to elevate the energy efficiency of forward operating bases. Energy efficiency, in the case of the Marine Corps, is a combat multiplier. If they are able to free themselves from the burden of their increased energy use, they gain the ability to operate more aggressively, push deeper, and fight as a lighter, more lethal force.
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Hagene, Brian Matthew. "REDESIGN OF HVAC SYSTEM TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EDUCATIONAL BUILDING." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/826.
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An energy modeling software was used to analyze the current building configuration and simulations were performed in an attempt to redesign the current HVAC system of an educational building to improve the energy efficiency of the building, exceed current building code requirements, and meet the building's cooling and heating load. The different HVAC systems simulated were: Dual Air Duct, Variable-Air Volume (VAV), and Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS). Each system was modeled in four operation schedules including: current system operation, fan control, lighting control, and lighting and fan control. These operation schedules are to represent how efficient the building would be in different controlled settings. Results were obtained regarding the energy requirements of the different HVAC systems. For the educational building both VAV and DOAS systems offer 48.8% and 57.9%, respectively, in annual savings in energy use, achieved by adding controls to the lights and fans of both systems reducing energy consumed by ventilation fans. The time of a simple payback period for a new VAV and DOAS system is 10.2 and 9.35 years, respectively, and may remove any considerations to implement a new HVAC system. Based on these findings, educational buildings using Dual Duct should consider using DOAS systems.
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Simmons, Brian Spencer. "Lowest cost building technology selection for energy efficient design." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/45941.
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The thesis project explores the use of an optimization methodology for selecting the lowest monetary cost combinations of technologies to meet a set operational energy efficiency targets for buildings. The optimization approach, which is operated on a normative energy model, is compared with existing prescriptive methodologies for selecting technology combinations and a metric is developed for ranking their effectiveness; the E/C Ratio. The energy savings/ cost ratio is also the objective function that the optimization algorithm is set to maximize. The optimization routine is coded in to a custom MATLAB script and is used in two case studies to optimize a proto-typical Korean apartment and office building. The optimization methodology finds technology combinations that are much more cost effective than the prescriptive methodology at meeting an energy savings target and can generically be applied to other buildings given a palette of technology alternatives and the corresponding cost data.
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Brodin, Nils, and Johan Hanberg. "Efficient Power : A discourse analysis of energy efficiency policies from Finland and Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, Globala studier, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36429.
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Han, Yilong. "Urban Building Networks' Thermal-Energy Dynamics: Exploring, Mitigating, and Optimizing Inter-Building Effects." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/72956.
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Cities occupy 2% of the earth's surface, and yet consume 75% of the world's resources. As a major contributor to rapidly growing global energy expenditures, urban buildings are often designed and operated inefficiently despite their significant contributions to carbon emissions, triggering environmental deterioration locally and worldwide. Moreover, ongoing industrialization and urbanization pose challenges for achieving a more sustained and resilient built environment. The goal of this PhD research is to advance our understanding of urban building networks' thermal-energy dynamics in order to achieve sustainable energy conservation in the built environment. Considering buildings as networks rather than as stand-alone entities highlights the inextricably linked and interwoven relationship between urban micro-climates and buildings. With this approach, I strive to explore, mitigate, and optimize the mutual influences of the Inter-Building Effect (IBE) in dense urban settings through numerical and empirical analyses. My research also draws inspiration for investigating solutions to complex engineering problems from nature, as I seek to understand synergies between building and biological systems to discover innovative connections and integrate biology to transform buildings through sustainable building network designs. This dissertation contains three interdependent projects to explore, mitigate and optimize the IBE, respectively. I first developed a systematic approach to separately assess the complex interactions that constitute the IBE in dense urban settings and conducted cross-regional analyses in a dynamic simulation environment. Having disaggregated, quantified and understood the effects of mutual shading and mutual reflection within a network of buildings, I then, in the second project, examined different measures to mitigate the negative IBE impact under certain circumstances (e.g. directional reflective optical properties of building facades and thermal storage technologies). These two projects extended prior work that examined the potential for a biological system retroreflective surface to reduce IBE in urban building networks. Therefore, in my third project, I introduced a broad framework that draws parallels between natural and built environment systems through a levels-of-organization perspective leading to the search for an optimal status of the IBE. Inspired from a self-regulating phenomenon of plant density, I presented and discussed an approach to determine optimal urban building network density as an example for how this framework can support cross-level assessment. The findings expand and deepen our understanding of the IBE and provide insights on the strategies to mitigate the negative mutual impact within dense urban building networks. This research contributes a unique and holistic perspective on the interdependencies in the urban building network system. To design density-optimal building networks will become increasingly important to sustainable urban development and smart growth as clusters of dense urban settings continue to grow due to rapid urbanization and population migration in the next few decades.Ph. D.
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Alulayet, Mansour A. "Exploring measures to improve the energy efficiency of office building in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17137.
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Saudi Arabia has developed a prescriptive energy building code to achieve low energy consumption in office buildings through setting minimum requirements for each building envelope characteristics. This thesis argues that new measures are needed to improve the energy efficiency office buildings in Saudi Arabia to meet new targets worldwide and in the region. To understand what measures should be used the thesis investigates the Saudi energy building code set of requirements for office buildings. By understanding, how significant the external heat loads from the extreme climatic conditions can affect the Saudi building energy performance. As a consequence of the climate, the building envelope parameters and the building typology significantly influences the active energy systems in the building. It is argued that the Saudi energy building code can evolve to a stronger tool for high-performance buildings by moving to performance-based code. The methodology to address these issues was setting a full simulation series starting from a real office building data for calibration, then developing a group of reference buildings for the simulation runs. The simulations were examining the building envelope variables. A sensitivity analysis of building envelope variables and development of energy provisions for windows where needed. The SBC expected to achieve a worldwide energy efficacy level in office buildings. However, the findings have presented that by tweaking the façade requirements the total energy consumption dropped from 150 to 106 kWh/m2 a year. Improvements in technologies and cost efficiency buildings, energy could drop to as low as 81.5 kWh/m2 a year, to go further internal loads need to be investigated.
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Lidberg, Tina. "Influences from Building Energy Efficiency Refurbishment on a Regional District Heating System." Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-26499.
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Improving energy performance of existing buildings is an important part in decreasing energy use and in turn reduce the greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity and the primary energy use. To be able to evaluate how energy refurbishment influences the greenhouse gas emissions and the primary energy use a wider system perspective is needed that puts the building in its context. This thesis deals with energy refurbishment packages performed on multi-family buildings within district heated areas and how they influence greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use when the district heating use is altered. A simulated building is used to evaluate several energy refurbishment packages. The results are used as input data for models of district heating systems to cost optimize the district heating production. The results from the cost optimization are used to evaluate the impact on greenhouse gas emissions and primary energy use. The results show a difference between measures that saves district heating without increasing the use of electricity and measures that increases the use of electricity while district heating is saved. For example, a building refurbishment package including only building envelope improvements saves the same amount of district heating as a package including only mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. Despite this, the emissions of greenhouse gases and the use of primary energy is to a greater extent reduced in the first package because the use of electricity remains unchanged. Comparing energy refurbishment packages performed on the same building, but within different district heating systems, show the importance of the design of the district heating system. Depending on the fuel types used and to which extent electricity is co-produced in the district heating system, the results of implementing the energy refurbishment packages vary. The largest reduction of greenhouse gases and primary energy use occurs when a refurbishment package is performed on a building in a district heating system with high share of biofuel and no electricity production.Att förbättra energiprestanda hos befintliga byggnader är en viktig del i arbetet med att minska energianvändningen och i sin tur minska utsläpp av växthusgaser orsakade av mänsklig aktivitet samt att minska användningen av primärenergi. För att kunna utvärdera hur energieffektivisering av byggnader påverkar växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergianvändning behövs ett brett systemperspektiv som sätter byggnaden i sitt sammanhang. Denna avhandling handlar om hur paket av energieffektiviseringsåtgärder som utförs på flerfamiljshus inom fjärrvärmeuppvärmda områden påverkar växthusgasutsläpp och primärenergianvändning när fjärrvärmeanvändningen förändras. Resultaten visar på skillnader mellan åtgärder som sparar fjärrvärme utan att öka användningen av el och åtgärder som ökar användningen av el medan fjärrvärme sparas. Till exempel sparar ett energieffektiviseringspaket som endast omfattar byggnadsskalsförbättringar samma mängd fjärrvärme som ett paket som endast omfattar installation av mekanisk ventilation med värmeåtervinning. Trots detta minskar utsläppen av växthusgaser och användningen av primärenergi i större utsträckning i det första paketet på grund av att elanvändningen förblir oförändrad. Vikten av fjärrvärmesystemets utformning visas då en byggnad där olika energieffektiviseringspaket testats, flyttas runt till olika fjärrvärmesystem. Beroende på vilka bränsletyper som används och i vilken utsträckning som el produceras i fjärrvärmesystemet så varierar resultaten. Den största minskningen av växthusgaser uppstår när ett renoveringspaket utförs på en byggnad i ett fjärrvärmesystem med hög andel biobränsle och ingen elproduktion.
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Kubulenso, Saga, and Gisela Norman. "Energy efficiency in apartment buildings : A study in how energy consumption in apartment buildings have changed in recent years." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-210734.
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This report covers the development in energy efficiency regarding apartment buildings inSweden. The purpose was to investigate the energy efficiency measures done in the last 20 years. The chosen subjects were heat supply, domestic hot water, insulation, windows and ventilation. Each subject was thoroughly investigated. Regulations were compared to measures taken. The chosen subjects have been examined regarding energy efficiency. However, the largerchanges in each area happened as a result of the oil crisis in the 1970’s. The measures done inthe last 20 years mainly focuses on the behaviour of the resident. Energy efficiency in the futuremainly focuses on technology to help the user save energy without changing their behaviour. There are further technical development opportunities regarding heat supply.
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Masip-Sanchis, Ximo. "Energetic study of a residential building in Skutskär and savings proposal." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-21665.
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This project consists on the Energy audit carried out on a residential building in Skutskär, property of the company Älvkarlebyhus, which is placed in the Älvkarleby municipality, belonging to Uppsala County in Sweden. The aim of the Energy audit is to obtain how much Energy is used, when is it used and how is it used. As well as the costs of the Energy use. The aim of the Energy audit also consists in reduces the Energy use applying efficiency measures. The audit carried out consist on identifying the heat losses and heat gains of the building, thus establishing an Energy balance that will reflect the Energy state of the building and finally propose some efficiency measures that could be applied. With this purpose, a strong method was developed in order to obtain as accurate results as possible. This method studies separately each component of the balance in order to get a better approach. The idea when working and present the results is to manage all the information in an easy way and present it in an easily understandable way for everyone, thus was used a spreadsheet. The expected results have been achieved; the difference between the heat losses and gains is of 0 MWh, which represents the balance 0 and all the values obtained are according to the experience values, which achieve the expected results. The total heat gain of the balance accounts for 1575,23 MWh. It is compounded by the District heating consumption which accounts 742,22 MWh that represents the 47 % of the heat gain and by the free heating which accounts for 832,79 MWh that represents the 53 %. The free heating is compounded by solar radiation which accounts for 643,36 MWh representing 41 % and for Internal heating which accounts for 189,43 MWh that represents 12 %. The total heat loss of the balance accounts for 1575,23 MWh. It is compounded by transmission losses which accounts for 875,46 MWh that represents 56 %, mechanical ventilation which accounts for 369,89 MWh that represents the 23 %, natural ventilation which account for 182,88 MWh that represents 12 % and hot tap water which account for 147 and represents 9 %. The efficiency measures will improve the Energy use in the buildings; especially in the cases were the Energy usage is too high, as in the case of transmission losses. Thus, the efficiency measures will be proposed mainly to alleviate the high values but also to improve other inefficient uses of the Energy. There are some efficiency measures proposed for every component of the balance and there is also some recommendation for the company in order to implement the most attractive ones, taking into account its profitability. These measures are only proposed and not studied deeply because of the main limitation of this thesis. Therefore, it is recommended to continue the study in order to examine and analyse deeply each measure, according to the energetic survey already done.
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Azimi, Samaneh. "Energy efficiency adoption of low-income households in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/236798/1/Samaneh%2BAzimi%2BThesis%281%29.pdf.
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Low-income housing constitutes an important but frequently overlooked, role in energy use reduction. Monetary and non-monetary barriers persist for low-income households to participate in energy efficiency programs and adopt energy-efficient lifestyles. This study examines the potential for increasing the adoption of energy efficiency measures by overcoming the energy efficiency barriers of low-income households in Australia. It developed a model to determine the relationship between barriers and energy efficiency adoption of low-income households and proposed various strategies to aid policymakers in overcoming the constraints that prohibit low-income households from adopting an energy-efficient lifestyle.
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Weigel, Brent Anthony. "Development of a commercial building/site evaluation framework for minimizing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of transportation and building systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44735.
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In urbanized areas, building and transportation systems generally comprise the majority of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption. Realization of global environmental sustainability depends upon efficiency improvements of building and transportation systems in the built environment. The selection of efficient buildings and locations can help to improve the efficient utilization of transportation and building systems. Green building design and rating frameworks provide some guidance and incentive for the development of more efficient building and transportation systems. However, current frameworks are based primarily on prescriptive, component standards, rather than performance-based, whole-building evaluations. This research develops a commercial building/site evaluation framework for the minimization of GHG emissions and energy consumption of transportation and building systems through building/site selection.
The framework examines, under uncertainty, multiple dimensions of building/site operation efficiencies: transportation access to/from a building site; heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and domestic hot water; interior and exterior lighting; occupant conveyances; and energy supply. With respect to transportation systems, the framework leverages regional travel demand model data to estimate the activity associated with home-based work and non-home-based work trips. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to quantify the dispersion in the estimated trip distances, travel times, and mode choice. The travel activity estimates are linked with a variety of existing calculation resources for quantifying energy consumption and GHG emissions. With respect to building systems, the framework utilizes a building energy simulation approach to estimate energy consumption and GHG emissions. The building system calculation procedures include a sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo analysis to account for the impacts of input parameter uncertainty on estimated building performance. The framework incorporates a life cycle approach to performance evaluation, thereby incorporating functional units of building/site performance (e.g energy use intensity).
The evaluation framework is applied to four case studies of commercial office development in the Atlanta, GA metropolitan region that represent a potential range of building/site alternatives for a 100-employee firm in an urbanized area. The research results indicate that whole-building energy and GHG emissions are sensitive to building/site location, and that site-related transportation is the major determinant of performance. The framework and findings may be used to support the development of quantitative performance evaluations for building/site selection in green building rating systems and other efficiency incentive programs designed to encourage more efficient utilization and development of the built environment.
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Chan, Ming-yee, and 陳明義. "The impact of energy efficiency regulation on building design in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253659.
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Blush, Aaron. "Impact of ASHRAE standard 189.1-2009 on building energy efficiency and performance." Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6909.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
Fred L. Hasler
The purpose of this report is to provide an introduction to the new ASHRAE Standard 189.1-2009, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings. The report will include an overview of the standard to detail what the purpose, scope and requirements for high-performance buildings will be. The entire standard will be overviewed, but the focus of this paper is in the areas of energy efficiency and building performance. Next, the report will examine further impacts that the standard will have on the building design and construction industry. Chapter 3 includes the impact on other standards, specification writing and coordination of the design and construction teams. A case study of an office building is performed to compare a baseline building meeting ASHRAE Standard 90.1 to a building meeting the minimum standards of ASHRAE Standard 189.1. The case study compares the total annual energy use of the two projects to determine an expected energy savings. Based on this information, recommendations about the new standard will be discussed. Universities and government entities should require ASHRAE Standard 189.1 for new construction projects, to show willingness to provide sustainability in buildings. Finally, conclusions about how the standard will change and impact industry will be addressed. These conclusions will include issues with adopting ASHRAE Standard 189.1 as code as well as discussion on the LEED rating system.
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Chan, Ming-yee. "The impact of energy efficiency regulation on building design in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18735721.
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Zimmerman, Austin. "Sustainability-Efficiency Paradox: The Efficacy of State Energy Plans in Building a More Sustainable Energy Future." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/88.
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State energy plans are created at the request of a sitting governor or State Legislature in order to provide guidance set goals for the state’s energy sector. These plans will be critical indicators of energy trends such as the future market share of coal, natural gas, and renewables. If the future of energy in the United States is to be remotely sustainable, low-carbon policies must headline state plans. The strength of a state’s energy plan in terms of sustainability is directly related to that state’s willingness to prioritize and commit to incorporating energy sources that produce negligible carbon emissions. Questions about the role of efficiency can be answered by the political need for short-run payoffs that do not necessarily align with the long-term goals of sustainability (Kern & Smith, 2008). The nature of the American political system is that representatives want to be able to bring immediate results to their constituents, results that are usually shown in the short-run by efficiency programs. While the state energy plans in question (California, Arizona, Pennsylvania, Iowa, South Carolina, and Virginia) engage with sustainability at varying levels of strength, they deal mostly in weak sustainability by failing to commit to renewables. Historical reliance on energy efficiency and its accompanying theories of growth has created a climate in which state energy plans do not generally realize their enormous potential to lead the national transition away from fossil fuels.