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1
Sitanggang, Fernanda, Shanty Silitonga, and Putri P. Napitupulu. "KAJIAN SKALA PADA BANGUNAN TRADISIONAL ANGKOLA (Studi Kasus : Museum GKPA, Silangge)." ALUR : Jurnal Arsitektur 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54367/alur.v2i2.532.
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This research raises the scale study of traditional angkola buildings with a case study of the GKPA Museum, Silangge. This building consists of the elements making up the space, both indoor and outdoor. The building blocks in the building include: the head of the building (ni orbo horns, closed capillaries, dadap na tolu, and lisplank), the building body (doors, windows, vents, and poles), and the legs of the building (foundations, columns, and stairs). While the building elements outside the building include: buildings with supporting functions (Debora orphanage and Debora orphanage study room), Debora orphanage field, and some vegetation around the Angkola Museum. The scale that will be examined in this study is the human scale (human as a benchmark) of the elements forming the outer space of traditional Angkola buildings. The scale study will be carried out by analyzing the human scale of the building with a predetermined observation point. This study was classified in research that uses descriptive methods with qualitative analysis. Data analysis with descriptive analysis techniques that use benchmarks. Evaluation research that aims to assess the extent to which the variables studied are in accordance with predetermined benchmarks. The benefit of this research is finding a scale study found in Angkola's traditional building, whether the building is classified as good with the scale of the outer space that exists in the elements of the building's outer space.
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Halushko, Valentina, Alexandr Meneiliuk, and Stanislav Kyryliuk. "Determination of cracking causes in building structural elements." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 09038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125809038.
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The article deals with the problems of buildings built many years ago, in which current and major repairs were not carried out in an appropriate manner. At the same time, buildings experience various deformations, such as yield, heel, subsidence, deflections, bends, twists, distortions, horizontal displacements. The survey of residential buildings built in the 80s is described and the analysis of the results of the survey of one of these buildings is carried out. The theoretical problem of the distribution of moisture in depth and various degrees of soil moisture has been solved. The reasons for the appearance of cracks in structures and cracks between individual building elements are also determined. The survey of a 9-storey brick residential building, built in the late 80s, which is in the period of normal operation, is considered. At the same time, the considered building is operated with significant deviations from regulatory requirements. The causes of cracks in individual structures and cracks between individual elements in the building are found. The problem of the distribution of moisture in depth with local soaking is solved on the basis of a numerical method, and the character of soil moistening at different depths with different degrees of moistening and characteristics of the base soil is obtained.
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Aigbavboa, Clinton, and Wellington Didibhuku Thwala. "PERFORMANCE OF A GREEN BUILDING'S INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ON BUILDING OCCUPANTS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Green Building 14, no. 1 (January 2019): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.14.1.131.
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Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is important to the health, comfort, and well-being of building occupants. Unsatisfactory IEQ is associated with a number of phenomena, most notably, sick building syndrome (SBS), building-related illnesses (BRIs), and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), which have major negative effects on productivity. However, green building investors (owners) are not only concerned about reducing the negative impact of their buildings on the environment, but also about the potentially negative impact green buildings can have on their employees' productivity. This research sets out to address, through a questionnaire survey in South Africa, what constitutes the determinants of green building occupants' satisfaction with the IEQ elements of a green building and the health implications of a building's IEQ on the building occupants. Data analysis (involving a one-sample t-test) reveals some interesting findings in regard to what constitutes the determinants of green building occupants' satisfaction with the IEQ elements and the health implications of the IEQ elements of a five-star green rated building in South Africa. Findings from the survey revealed that the occupants of the building were not satisfied with the green building's IEQ, most especially the ineffectiveness of blocking natural and artificial lighting. Also, it was revealed that the IEQ with particular reference to the noise level and ventilation of the space has some serious health implications for the building occupants. The occupants' evaluation revealed that the major health issues from which they suffer include fatigue, headache, common cold, coughing, and influenza, and these affect their productivity and performance. Since building occupants are a rich source of information about IEQ assessment and its effect on productivity, the study can be used to assess the performance of green buildings, identify areas needing improvement, and provide useful feedback to designers and operators about specific aspects of green building design features and operating strategies that need improvement. This study adds to the body of knowledge on green buildings' IEQ performance.
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Kumar C M, Ravi, Vimal Choudhary, K. S. Babu Narayan, and D. Venkat Reddy. "Moment Curvature Characteristics for Structural Elements of RC Building." Journal on Today's Ideas - Tomorrow's Technologies 2, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jotitt.2014.21002.
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D. Purba, I. Imran, M. Moestopo, A. Watanabe, T. Hikino, and D. Siringoringo. "Structures with Added Buckling Restrained Brace Elements." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.182231.
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The number of high rise building has increased significantly as supporting infrastructure in many big cities in Indonesia. Most of the high rise buildings in Indonesia are constructed using reinforced concrete (r/c) moment resisting frame systems. However, due to the high seismicity of many of the regions of Indonesia, the use of moment resisting frames as single system, especially for tall buildings, are restricted. This structural system is in general quite flexible, and therefore excessive lateral drifts are experienced under seismic forces. In practice, adding buckling restrained brace (BRB) can be used to limit the lateral drift in high rise buildings. The objective of this paper is to present a study on the use of BRB elements in high rise r/c frame buildings to evaluate their seismic performance. In this paper, a 20 story office building located in a high seismicity region is modeled into two basic distinctions, i.e. building with BRB and without BRB. The adopted system of BRB is UBB (Unbonded Brace) type. The seismic response of the buildings is obtained by conducting non-linear time history analysis with seven scaled ground motions. Then, the performance of these buildings are evaluated and compared. Based on the findings, some recommendations are proposed for the use of BRB in the design of high rise r/c frame buildings located in regions with high seismicity.
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Ingeli, Rastislav, Katarína Minarovičová, and Miroslav Čekon. "Architectural Elements with Respect to the Energy Performance of Buildings." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.561.
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Buildings account for 40% of the primary energy use and 24%of the generation of green house gases worldwide. Therefore, a reduction of the specific energy demand of buildings and increased use of renewable energy are important measures of climate change mitigation. On the 18th of May 2010 a recast of the EPBD was approved which further clarifies the intention that buildings shall have a low energy demand. The recast of the EPBD specifies that by the end of 2020 all new buildings shall be “nearly zero-energy buildings”. A nearly zero-energy building is defined as a building with a very high energy performance and very simple shape. The current focusing on the energy efficiency of the building operation may lead to uniform cuboid architecture with heavy insulated building envelopes. The paper deals with the influence of energy concept on architectural elements (and their properties as shape, material, colour, texture etc.)
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Švigelj, Aleš, Marko Lazić, Alenka Fikfak, and Tomaž Novljan. "Does Building Identity Still Exist? Does The Building Identity Needs to be Redefined?" Igra ustvarjalnosti - Creativy Game 2023, no. 11 (December 5, 2023): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/iu-cg.2023.11.040-047.
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The article presents the redefinition of the continuity and visibility of the elements of building identity in recent buildings, in the context of the architectural regions and landscapes defined by Prof. Peter Fister in the 1990s. The mass of »self-build« interventions in the 1980s led to a break in the continuity of the transfer of traditional elements of the built heritage to new buildings - both at the level of the individual building and at the level of the settlement. The article describes the process of discovering and, with the help of modern software tools, evaluating those examples of recent construction where, despite the influence of various trends, it was possible to identify the preservation of traditional building identity elements. The research at the settlement and single building level was carried out in the area of Prebold in the Savinjsko-kozjanska architectural region, while the study of individual buildings included examples of good practice from the whole territory of Slovenia. At the same time, Fister’s »inventory cards« were upgraded in terms of content, which now more systematically define the position of the building within the settlement and its volumetric and planar visual elements, which are the carriers of identity.
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Kulikov, Vladimir, Olga Stafeeva, Grigoriy Belousov, and Svyatoslav Kulikov. "Formalization of automation for determining the amplitude-frequency characteristics of building elements." Construction and Architecture 11, no. 4 (October 5, 2023): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2023-11-4-13-13.
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The amplitude-frequency characteristics of vibrations of structural elements of buildings and structures are important design parameters when analyzing changes in the stress-strain state of a building during operation, including during surveys and monitoring of the technical condition of the building. Standardization of the method for determining the values of these parameters is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8.009 to ensure compliance with the requirements of GOST 31937 and GOST 32019. The vibrations of a building are a superposition of their own and forced vibrations caused by various internal (operation of household appliances and various technical systems of the building) and external (urban transport, construction sites, etc.) influences. To determine the values of the period, as a rule, the building's own vibrations are recorded, caused by the natural dynamic natural and man-made background of the city (if there is equipment sensitive to the levels of natural dynamic impact), therefore, no additional effects are exerted on the building during the measurement process. Industrial buildings are characterized by the presence and movement of heavy technological equipment inside buildings. Stresses during fluctuations have an alternating character, therefore they can cause fatigue of the material from which the structure is made. This, in turn, leads to the destruction of individual elements of the structure and, as a result, to accidents. The paper presents a dynamic calculation of the elements of the structure consisting of several stages: the dynamic characteristics of the nodes of the joints of the constructs with each other are determined; the dynamic degrees of freedom are determined; the theoretical calculation for vibrations is formalized.
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Hroncová, Darina, Alexander Gmiterko, Peter Frankovský, and Eva Dzurišová. "Building Elements of Bond Graphs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 816 (November 2015): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.816.339.
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The aim of the thesis is to describe of building elements Bond Graph methodology for modeling dynamic systems. Technique of Bond Graph methodology for modeling dynamic systems is demonstrated and its place in the process of modeling of mechanic and electric system and its behavior is discussed. The building elements of bond graphs as source effort and flow, capacitor, resistor, inductor, gyrator and transformer are described.
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Shapira, Aviad. "Octree Subdivision of Building Elements." Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 7, no. 4 (October 1993): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0887-3801(1993)7:4(439).
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Ewing, R., M. Hochella, I. Parsons, and P. Tremblay. "Elements: Building a New Bridge." Elements 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gselements.1.1.3.
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Khurasani, Ekramuddin. "Nation Building Elements in Afghanistan." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 5, no. 3 (March 11, 2023): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2023.5.3.7.
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A nation is a collection of people who have common culture, history and values so that these values can cause cohesion and solidarity among different groups in a country. Transitional factors such as culture and language, common race, common history, religion, etc., play a role in the formation of a nation. These factors are among the things that cause the formation of a nation. A nation-building is a sociological approach that is realized as a result of the fading of ethnic, racial, and gender distinctions. Today, nation-building is used as one of the important tools in different societies for the solidarity and integration of ethnic groups. Various factors play a role in the process of nation-building, and these factors have both strengthening and inhibiting roles. When national-civil nationalism is strengthened in the process of nation-building, the process of nation-building is realized, but with the strengthening of ethnic and religious nationalism, the process of nation-building faces a dead end. Countries that have been able to build a nation have been able to form a single nation by strengthening nationalism. But in countries where there is ethnic and religious nationalism, the process of nation-building faces many challenges. Therefore, the realization of the nation-building process in heterogeneous societies is one of the important tools for the cohesion and solidarity of different ethnic groups, and with the realization of this process, social distinctions disappear, and all citizens enjoy the same privileges and equal rights in a country. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, the tools and methods of nation-building in Afghanistan have been examined.
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Bandara, R. M. P. S., and R. A. Attalage. "Optimization of Building Performance in Terms of Envelope Elements through Combined Energy Modelling and Generic Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 2447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.2447.
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Buildings account for approximately 40% of the global energy consumption and 36% of total carbon dioxide emissions. At present many efforts are underway to reduce energy consumption and carbon footprint of buildings by optimizing their performance. Building envelope elements have a major impact on the performance of buildings. However, the best combination of the building envelope elements for optimizing the performance of buildings is difficult to determine and is not known. Building performance analysis is mostly done through energy modelling by using a whole building simulation tool. However, this is a slow and a tedious process, and generally only a few cases are evaluated in a large range of possible scenarios. By combining a generic optimization scheme with energy modelling, the best combination of building envelope elements can be determined and, thereby, it is possible to optimize the performance of buildings successfully subject to predefined constraints. This paper describes how the performance of an office building located in the suburbs of Colombo, Sri Lanka is optimized in terms of building envelope elements through combined energy modelling and generic optimization. The optimized envelope design with its efficient utilization of daylight, not only reduces the annual energy consumption substantially, but also leads to better thermal comfort for the occupants.
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Y.M. Abdlebasset, E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed, and S. A. Mourad. "High-Rise Buildings with Transfer Floors: Linear Versus Nonlinear Seismic Analysis." Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 16 (January 1, 2016): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.16206.
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In many high-rise buildings, architectural requirements may result in a variable configuration for the vertical structural elements between the stories of the building. To accommodate such vertical elements’ discontinuity, a "transfer" floor conveying vertical and lateral loads between upper and lower stories must be introduced. A drawback of the transfer floor is the sudden change in the building's lateral stiffness at its level: the structure becomes susceptible to the formation of a soft-storey mechanism under moderate to severe earthquakes. These buildings generally showed conventional elastic behaviour for frequent earthquake but suffer extensive crack in the vicinity of the transfer floors for rare earthquake. For design purposes, current numerical modelling of high-rise building adopts reduced stiffness for the vertical elements for strength analysis and full stiffness for serviceability and drift analysis: a tradition that needs to be verified. A 3-D numerical model is built-up for a high-rise building with such vertical irregularities and analysed using elastic response spectrum and nonlinear time-history analysis techniques. The effect of the transfer floors on the buildings’ drift and seismic-generated internal forces is investigated where judgment for adopting a full or reduced stiffness for the vertical elements is scrutinized.
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Gbenga John, O., K. Forth, S. Theißen, and A. Borrmann. "Estimating the Circularity of Building Elements using Building Information Modelling." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012043.
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Abstract The circular economy (CE) aims at a transformation towards a sustainable economic system whose growth is decoupled from the availability of finite resources. Due to the resource intensity of the construction sector, it is one of the main sectors where the CE concept is being applied. Central to the concept of circular buildings (CB) is to close the technical use-cycle of building components, which is influenced by their detachability. Building detachability is the extent to which building components can be deconstructed without damage. The scope of this research addresses the integration of its assessment using Building Information Modelling (BIM). This study includes an analysis of existing building circularity assessments (BCA) and their integration potential using BIM. Next, we propose a framework to automate the evaluation of building detachability using BIM. This framework entails the utilization of business process models and notations (BPMN) for delineating the detachability assessment procedure and deriving the model information requirements for the assessment by developing attribute matrices. The research process evidences that an accurate interpretation of established detachability assessment requisites facilitates enhanced integration and automation within the BIM method. Nevertheless, the need for better standardization of the conventional assessment requirements emerges as a pertinent concern. However, by leveraging project-specific ‘employer’s information requirements (EIR) and BIM execution plan (BEP), the outlined workflow can be integrated into BIM-based projects.
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Su, Bin, Peter McPherson, Renata Jadresin Milic, Xinxin Wang, Sameh Shamout, and Yifeng Liang. "Field Study to Compare and Evaluate Summer Thermal Comfort of School Buildings with Different Moderate Thermal Mass in Their Building Elements." Buildings 13, no. 12 (November 22, 2023): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122913.
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Previous studies show that moderate thermal mass in school building elements can positively impact the winter indoor thermal environment in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters. Based on a field study, this research contributes new physical data of the summer indoor thermal environment of Auckland school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements to add to the previous winter field-study data and demonstrates that a school building with moderate thermal mass is adequate in a temperate climate with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers. This field study compared and evaluated the summer indoor thermal environment of classrooms with different moderate thermal mass in their building elements during the summer school term and the summer school holidays. This study found that a classroom with thermal mass in its building elements has 19% to 21% more time in summer than a classroom without any thermal mass in its building elements when indoor air temperatures are within the thermal comfort zone, which was solely impacted by the building’s thermal performance. This study established a suitable research method to analyse the field-study data and identify the differences in the indoor thermal environments of the school buildings with different designs of moderate thermal mass in their building elements.
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Guerra de Oliveira, Sara, Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, and Andrej Tibaut. "Optimizing H-BIM Workflow for Interventions on Historical Building Elements." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 9703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159703.
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Intervention projects for historical buildings depend on the quality of multidisciplinary data sets; their collection, structure, and semantics. Building information model (BIM) based workflows for historical buildings accumulate some of the data sets in a shared information model that contains the building’s geometry assemblies with associated attributes (such as material). A BIM model of any building can be a source of data for different engineering assessments, for example, solar and wind exposure and seismic vulnerability, but for historic buildings it is particularly important for interventions like conservation, rehabilitation, and improvements such as refurbishment and retrofitting. When the BIM model is abstracted to a semantic model, enabling the use of semantic technologies such as reasoning and querying, semantic links can be established to other historical contexts. The semantic technologies help historic building experts to aggregate data into meaningful form. Ontologies provide them with an accurate knowledge representation of the concepts, relationships, and rules related to the historic building. In the paper, we are proposing an improved workflow for the transformation of a heritage BIM model to a semantic model. In the BIM part the workflow demonstrates how the fully parametric modelling of historical building components is relevant, for example, in terms of reusability and adaptation to a different context. In the semantic model part, ontology reuse, reasoning, and querying mechanisms are applied to validate the usability of the proposed workflow. The presented work will improve knowledge-sharing and reuse among stakeholders involved in historic building projects.
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Valerievna, Drobchenko Natalia, and Khusainova Tamanno Bakhtiyor kizi. "RATE OF BUILDING SECURITY ELEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL TERRITORIES FOREIGN EXPERIENCE." American Journal Of Applied Science And Technology 02, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajast/volume02issue05-16.
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This article discusses foreign experience regulation and regulation, which shows that regulation are set specifically for each city and, as a rule, for the site and contain indicators similar to those contained in domestic rules land use and development. These indicators regulate the intensity the use of residential areas and the type of development, depending on position in the structure of the city. In some cases, there are standards for the provision of the living environment with parking spaces, landscaping and places for recreation and games. Great importance is given to questions compliance with the context of development and privacy of residential spaces.
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Vinay, Potharaboyena, and Kurimilla Srilaxmi. "Structural Analysis and Design of Structural Elements of A Building." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-3 (April 30, 2018): 1132–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd11237.
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Villaverde, Roberto, Manuel Aguirre, and Charles Hamilton. "Aseismic Roof Isolation System Built with Steel Oval Elements: Exploratory Study." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1850528.
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Presented herein are the details of and results from an experimental study conducted to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a proposed roof isolation system whose purpose is to reduce earthquake damage in buildings. The proposed isolation system entails the detachment of a building's roof from the rest of the building through the insertion of sliding bearings and the attachment of oval-shaped steel elements between the building's roof and the structure below. The objective is to form a simple resonant oscillator with a building's roof and these oval elements, with the roof providing the mass of the oscillator and the oval elements its spring and damper. An additional intention is to make the steel oval elements undergo a large number of inelastic deformation cycles and dissipate, as a result, a large portion of the energy transmitted to a building during an earthquake. The study involves the testing of a small steel frame on a shaking table alternatively with and without the proposed roof isolation system and a comparison of the story drifts and floor accelerations attained in each case. In the conducted tests, the suggested isolation technique effectively reduces the seismic response of the frame. It is concluded, thus, that the proposed roof isolation system has the potential for the development of an inexpensive and effective way to reduce earthquake damage in some buildings and merits further study.
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Kracka, Modestas, and Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas. "PANEL BUILDING REFURBISHMENT ELEMENTS EFFECTIVE SELECTION BY APPLYING MULTIPLE-CRITERIA METHODS." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 17, no. 2 (June 27, 2013): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2013.808283.
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Sustainable development has taken on a new concept: building maintenance, materials production, buildings demolition to determine the amount of energy and resources. This paper presents the process of effective selection of building elements for renovation which are important for energy effectiveness of buildings. Multi-criteria MOORA and MULTIMOORA methods has been adapt for problems solving with interval data. The paper presents a theoretical model of practice design renovation solutions evaluated. The theoretical model can also be applied to practical solutions to assess new construction planning stage, and other life-building processes.
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Zhao, Xuefeng, Lingli Huang, Zhe Sun, Xiongtao Fan, and Meng Zhang. "Compliance Checking on Topological Spatial Relationships of Building Elements Based on Building Information Models and Ontology." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 10901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410901.
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Compliance checking on the topological spatial relationships of building elements is vital for ensuring the safety and the quality of buildings. However, the complex topological spatial relationships of buildings are not usually expressed in the design scheme directly. Manual checking is still needed to analyze the design scheme and extract the spatial relationships. Such manual checking is always time consuming and prone to error. Therefore, this study has proposed a compliance checking method based on a building information model (BIM) and building ontologies for the automatic checking of topological spatial relationships. Firstly, the topological spatial relationships are well captured and represented according to the location relation of building elements. The checking rules are further established based on regulations. Then, the design information is extracted from the design model, mainly including the location information of building elements. Next, the review ontology is developed, and the design information is organized based on the ontology. Finally, the checking is completed based on the ontology and checking rules. The authors have validated the proposed method through a case study. The results show that the proposed method could help to achieve automatic compliance checking on topological spatial relationships of building elements.
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Kurowska, Aleksandra, and Beata Nowogońska. "Influence of the Decision to Select Renovated Elements in a Heritage Building on Further Stages of the Aging Process of the Building—A Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 24 (December 18, 2023): 16926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416926.
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The successful use of buildings requires experience, interdisciplinary knowledge and skills. Wrong decisions made by building owners or managers to implement repair projects have a negative impact on the aging of buildings, which is closely related to sustainable development. Renovation projects in more degraded buildings must be carried out to a greater extent, which has a negative impact on the environment in the form of more building waste. This article presents the results of research on the impact of refurbishment decisions on the technical conditions of buildings. The development of an optimal building renovation strategy will result in a safe and comfortable building. A comparative analysis of the impact of the choice of repair building elements on further aging changes in the building was carried out. The reason for the subject is the frequent consideration by managers of the hierarchy of building elements that improve the technical condition of the building, the reason for which is the lack of financial resources to carry out overall renovation works. To date, two refurbishment strategies have been adopted, as well as assumptions about the building’s material and structural solutions and the building’s service life. Theoretical assumptions were applied to determine the repair needs of the Bialkow palace. The method shows the superiority of the impact of structural elements over non-structural elements in improving the technical condition of a building. Developing a renovation plan with the implementation of the presented strategy will significantly reduce the technical condition of the entire building with a moderate budget, limiting the occurrence of a building disaster and the serious carbon footprint associated with the demolition of the property.
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Verzhbovskiy, Gennady B., and Alexey A. Reshetnikov. "System of Volume Elements for the Buildings Erection." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.461.
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A system of volume elements “Rossi” designed for the erection of low-rise buildings and structures, as well as self-supporting walls of monolithic frame houses is considered. A distinctive feature of the proposed products is the possibility of building facilities without the use of wet processes. The advantages of this system, possible materials for the manufacture of elements as well as the requirements for the main dimensions of the building are described.
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Nagar, Ankur. "Stability Analysis of High Rise Buildings by altering the Beam Members." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39008.
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Abstract: A structure can be build with different building elements. These building elements are basic part to resist the various loads and stress acting on it. The Beam is on the basic and essential elements under it to resist the bending behaviour on the structure. The project deals with four different types of 17 storied structures are modelled by altering beam members having rectangular shape i.e. G+16 storied building with 3.50 meters height for each story is modelled and analysed. The plan dimension of all four buildings is kept same i.e. 15.15 m x 46.35 m each. These buildings are designed in accordance with the Indian Code of Practice for the design of earthquake resistant buildings. Base of the building were fixed. The height of the buildings is considered constant throughout the structure. The buildings are modelled using ETABSvr.2018. The model has been studied in the earthquake zone IV and soil type II. Keywords: ETABSvr.2018, Beam, zone IV, Soil Type II, altering beam members
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Marzouk, Mohamed, Maryam ElSharkawy, Pakinam Elsayed, and Aya Eissa. "Resolving deterioration of heritage building elements using an expert system." International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, no. 5 (June 18, 2020): 721–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2019-0106.
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PurposeThe maintenance of original building materials is crucial to extending their lifetime and avoiding their repeated replacement in heritage buildings. In order to maintain the identity of built heritage and resolve possible deterioration over the years, special expertise is required to avoid possible materials decay and to preserve building elements in a way that allows them to function efficiently as originally intended.Design/methodology/approachAn expert system is created to identify the most effective method of repair for each specific building material and to propose the appropriate conservation methods for resolving different types of damages. Artificial intelligence is used to provide a systematic problem-solving technique that saves time and provides the most efficient conservation and preservation method for heritage building elements.FindingsThose expert systems could be generalized on similar historical structures to be used as a systematic guide for examining material, evaluating deterioration state and objectively suggesting their related repair techniques. Further deteriorated materials in heritage buildings should be investigated, such as stone and timber staircases, to provide a guide for usage by restoration and conservation authorities.Originality/valueUsing a user-friendly method, with special considerations to three major problematic building elements in terms of decay and material dysfunction in heritage structures, timber doors, iron gates, and ceiling paintings are selected for diagnosis and repair in an Egyptian heritage building.
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Khan, Jam Shahzaib, Rozana Zakaria, Eeydzah Aminudin, Nur Izie Adiana Abidin, Mohd Affifuddin Mahyuddin, and Rosli Ahmad. "Embedded Life Cycle Costing Elements in Green Building Rating Tool." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091284.
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Green Building rating tools are the essential need of this era, to cope up with the sustainable development goals, climate change, and natural resource degradation through buildings. Realization of green building incentives decently increased within past few decades with abrupt declination in real estate markets and economic depletion has decelerated the interest of investors towards the green building projects. This research calculates influence of costing elements in MyCREST (IS-design) using questionnaire survey distributed amongst qualified professionals (QP’S) of green buildings and expert practitioners. Firstly, factor score and then weightage factor was performed to produce the final result with weightage output for evaluating weighatge and ranking of the relevant criteria of MyCREST and life cycle cost elements respectively. It is found that the criteria of storm water management has weighatge of 0.236 as highest and criteria environmental management plan (EMP) as 0.061 as lowest. Research also identified another perspective by finding association of cost element at design stage of MyCREST and found that management cost is highly associated at design stage with the value of 87.7%. The outcome of this research will add value to green building development and map road towards sustainable development using green building tools to uplift quality of life. Furthermore, this paves a way to integrate various stages of MyCREST with life cycle costing tool to potentially contribute in evaluating cost association through green building rating tool.
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Charde, Meghana, and Rajiv Gupta. "Effect of energy efficient building elements on summer cooling of buildings." Energy and Buildings 67 (December 2013): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.08.054.
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Ala-Juusela, Mia, Hassam ur Rehman, Mari Hukkalainen, and Francesco Reda. "Positive Energy Building Definition with the Framework, Elements and Challenges of the Concept." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 6260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196260.
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Buildings account for 36% of the final energy demand and 39% of CO2 emissions worldwide. Targets for increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and reducing building related emissions is an important part of the energy policy to reach the Paris agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. While nearly zero energy buildings are the new norm in the EU, the research is advancing towards positive energy buildings, which contribute to the surrounding community by providing emission-free energy. This paper suggests a definition for positive energy building and presents the framework, elements, and challenges of the concept. In a positive energy building, the annual renewable energy production in the building site exceeds the energy demand of the building. This increases two-way interactions with energy grids, requiring a broader approach compared to zero energy buildings. The role of energy flexibility grows when the share of fluctuating renewable energy increases. The presented framework is designed with balancing two important perspectives: technical and user-centric approaches. It can be accommodated to different operational conditions, regulations, and climates. Potential challenges and opportunities are also discussed, such as the present issues in the building’s balancing boundary, electric vehicle integration, and smart readiness indicators.
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Bergmans, Ivar, Silu Bhochhibhoya, and John Van Oorschot. "Assessing the circular re-design of prefabricated building envelope elements for carbon neutral renovation." Journal of Facade Design and Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 23, 2023): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/jfde.2023.2.a4.
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Buildings and the construction industry at large are significant contributors to the catastrophic climate breakdown. The built environment is responsible for 37% of the total global carbon emission, of which about a third arises from the energy used to produce building and construction materials, usually referred to as embodied carbon. One of the key strategies to reduce the environmental impact of buildings is to significantly improve their energy efficiency, which is referred to as deep renovation. Prefabricated building envelope elements intended to prevent heat loss through the building envelope are considered a key deep-renovation technology. Connecting prefabricated elements to a building reflects a potential stream of waste if applied linearly with severe negative environmental impact in terms of natural resource depletion and exposure to pollutants. This article reports on a quantitative Design for Disassembly (Dfd) indicator to assess future recovery potential and, subsequently, its impact on embodied carbon emission of the circular redesign of three different prefabricated building envelope elements. Although none of the redesigned elements are yet considered 100% circular, the development of these three prefabricated building envelope elements showcases that the environmental impact can be substantially reduced following a well-structured and dedicated innovation process. The reduction of the environmental impact is indicated by lower quantities of embodied carbon up to 50% and an improved design for disassembly, reflecting a higher reuse potential of building materials and components. Several limitations and directions for further research were identified to advance the development of circular, prefabricated deep-renovation building envelope elements.
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Stan Ivan, Felicia-Elena, Radu Cristian Dinu, and Adelaida-Mihaela Duinea. "Modeling of Thermal Transfer Parameters by Transparent Construction Elements." Annals of the University of Craiova Electrical Engineering Series 46 (December 22, 2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52846/aucee.2022.05.
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The article presents a case study on the modeling of heat transfer parameters through transparent construction elements. Conducting experimental studies on the scale of an entire building is very complex, on the one hand due to the size and geometric complexity of the studied objectives and, on the other hand, due to numerous random factors (climatic conditions or how the buildings are operated). In order to be able to carry out a study on the real behavior of the buildings, models are made for them, taking into account the real mode of operation of the installations related to these constructions. The present article consists in making a modeling for a simple exterior window, with a single sheet of glass that separates the interior space of an enclosure (rooms) from the exterior environment. The modeling will be performed both for the case of a building located inside a locality and for the case of the location of the building outside the locality.
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Putro, Arianto Dwi, and Lutfi Prayogi. "Penerapan Konsep Bangunan Pintar Pada New Media Tower Universitas Multimedia Nusantara." Journal of Architectural Design and Development 2, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jad.v2i2.4969.
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At this time the world has experienced extraordinary developments, one of which is in the technological aspect. The technology is currently very sophisticated, including in architecture. This is a competition in completing the complete building facilities. In order to achieve an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly building. Control systems and sensors in the form of technology can affect the building work system so that it can produce buildings that have advanced technology. The purpose of this research is to provide an insight into designing buildings with a smart building approach to produce buildings that are energy efficient, make it easier for building users, maintain building security, and are sustainable. The research method used is descriptive method. The object of this research was carried out in the building of educational facilities, namely Multimedia Nusantara University. Smart building is applied through several principles and consists of various aspects related to mechanical and electrical devices and security systems in buildings. All of these devices are controlled in a building automation system so that the building produces energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings. Smart buildings also have several architectural elements as elements that support the performance of the smart building system itself so that it can work optimally in realizing energy-efficient buildings.
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Sari, Oryza Lhara, Basyaruddin Basyaruddin, and Uswatun Khasanah. "Building Maintenance Priority Decision Support System Using the Method Profile Matching." ASTONJADRO 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2024): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v13i1.14495.
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Along with the increasing age of a building, maintenance activities become things that need to be done to minimize damage that occurs such as damage to the ceiling or ceramics. Therefore, this study aims to determine the priority of building elements in the treatment of architectural components in buildings A and B ITK campus using Profile Matching method. Based on the results of analysis and observations in the field, the elements that are the main priority in the architectural component of Building A are ceiling elements, the second priority element is sanitary elements, the third priority element is floor elements and door and window elements, the fourth priority element is painting elements, and the last priority element is Wall pair elements. Whereas in the architectural component of Building B, the main priority elements are ceiling elements and sanitary elements, the second priority element is the wall pair element, the third priority element is the floor element and the door and window element, and the last priority element is the painting element.
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Lee, Jongsik. "Analysis Model of Cost-Effectiveness for Value Evaluation of Building Elements." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6350178.
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As various building materials have been developed, the combination of materials that make up the building elements has also increased exponentially. The materials making up the elements of the building will affect the performance of the building and the LCC. In order to improve the value of buildings in Korea, value engineering has been mandated in public construction projects with a project cost of over 10 billion won since 2000. The value index for systems (materials, elements, facilities, etc.) constituting buildings is calculated. However, the method for calculating the value index has not yet been normalized. The performance evaluation of the building systems (materials, elements, facilities, etc.) used in the current work and the method of calculating the value index for converting the LCC into a grade may vary depending on how the range of the grade is set. Even if the objects being evaluated are the same, there arises a problem that the results change depending on the value evaluation method. Therefore, this study tried to develop a value evaluation method that could draw consistent value evaluation results. For this purpose, this study presents a cost-effectiveness analysis model for the physical performance of the building elements and the value evaluation of LCC. Since the various physical performances of the building elements have different properties, normalization is required for comparison of physical performance values. In order to normalize the LCC and the 14 different physical performances of the building elements, a numerical model was designed using a linear transformation method and a vector normalization method. The cost-effectiveness analysis model proposed in this study was applied to two types of floor elements applicable to apartments in Korea, in order to evaluate the value and verify the consistency of this study’s model. The cost-effectiveness analysis model proposed in this study can help to derive reliable results when it comes to value evaluation for various existing building element compositions.
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Zhang, Xiao Rui. "Cultural Continuity of the Traditional Elements in Architecture." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 2993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.2993.
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The way of “building high hathpaces” occupies a unique position in traditional Chinese architecture. According to the research, the ancient hathpace can not only increase the volume, raise the building height, make the buildings look more magnificent, but also help ascend for look far and widen your horizon, meanwhile, be beneficial to damp-proofing and ventilation for the hathpace itself. This is the thousands of years’ intelligence gathering of Chinese traditional architecture. In the design of “Hathpace of Stone Drum Pavilion in Baoji”, the designers take “inheriting Chinese architectural and cultural heritage” as its aim, use modern aesthetic view to elaborate the measurement and proportion, consequently, surpass the boundary of age and style, and refine the historical and cultural quintessence by innovating and developing which is wrapped up in traditional architecture. Meanwhile, material is the basic quality of architecture. The culture differences in the building of various nationalities and times came on materials. So, the using of stone can increase historical culture and feature of urban texture for “building high hathpaces”. A new approach to formal language, contemporary materials, and building technology will make “Hathpace of Stone Drum Pavilion in Baoji” become information carrier of traditional culture, communication platform between traditional building Stone Drum Pavilion and modern city, and unique building cultural phenomenon for the city of Baoji who will retain its graceful bearing and display the culture in Chou-Qin Dynasties, moreover, provide a new way of thinking for how to inherit the culture of traditional architecture.
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Sturm, Michael, Bernhard Gems, Florian Keller, Bruno Mazzorana, Sven Fuchs, Maria Papathoma-Köhle, and Markus Aufleger. "Experimental measurements of flood-induced impact forces on exposed elements." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005005.
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Torrential flood hazards are a major threat for inhabited alluvial fans. They have the potential to relocate large amounts of sediment from the upper catchments to settlement areas on the alluvial fans where typically distributary processes take place. The approaching water-sediment-mixture impacting on building walls are part of a set of damage-generating mechanisms and may cause severe damages to buildings and infrastructure. It is difficult to predict the magnitude and temporal forces on buildings due to the complex flow patterns and sediment deposition processes around obstacles on the floodplain. Our work focuses on experimental measurements of impact forces of flood events on buildings at a 1:30 scale model. It covers the alluvial fan of the Schnannerbach torrent (Austria) with a set of building structures which are equipped with force measurement devices. The measured impact forces are correlated to the approaching flow heights. Influencing factors on the impacts forces such as surrounding buildings on the floodplain and the presence of openings in the building envelope are also analysed. The influence of different hydraulic flow patterns on the impact forces and regression analyses for an estimation of impact forces are presented.
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Chizhova, M., A. Gurianov, M. Hess, T. Luhmann, A. Brunn, and U. Stilla. "SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF BUILDING ELEMENTS USING POINT CLOUD HASHING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2 (May 30, 2018): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-241-2018.
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For the interpretation of point clouds, the semantic definition of extracted segments from point clouds or images is a common problem. Usually, the semantic of geometrical pre-segmented point cloud elements are determined using probabilistic networks and scene databases. The proposed semantic segmentation method is based on the psychological human interpretation of geometric objects, especially on fundamental rules of primary comprehension. Starting from these rules the buildings could be quite well and simply classified by a human operator (e.g. architect) into different building types and structural elements (dome, nave, transept etc.), including particular building parts which are visually detected. The key part of the procedure is a novel method based on hashing where point cloud projections are transformed into binary pixel representations. A segmentation approach released on the example of classical Orthodox churches is suitable for other buildings and objects characterized through a particular typology in its construction (e.g. industrial objects in standardized enviroments with strict component design allowing clear semantic modelling).
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Vijayalaks, M. M., E. Natarajan ., and V. Shanmugasundaram . "Thermal Behaviour of Building Wall Elements." Journal of Applied Sciences 6, no. 15 (July 15, 2006): 3128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2006.3128.3133.
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Bolduc, Michael, and Andrew Bell. "Existing aeroacoustic issues of building elements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5068177.
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Can, A., E. Buyruk, and M. Kucuk. "Thermally activated building elements for cooling." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 5, no. 1 (2005): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2005.006506.
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Sharma, V. C., and A. Sharma. "Solar properties of some building elements." Energy 14, no. 12 (December 1989): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-5442(89)90034-0.
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Al-Sanea, Sami A. "Thermal performance of building roof elements." Building and Environment 37, no. 7 (July 2002): 665–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1323(01)00077-4.
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Ha, K. H., and M. Desbois. "Finite elements for tall building analysis." Computers & Structures 33, no. 1 (January 1989): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(89)90147-8.
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Baik, A., A. Alitany, J. Boehm, and S. Robson. "Jeddah Historical Building Information Modelling "JHBIM" – Object Library." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-5 (May 28, 2014): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-5-41-2014.
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The theory of using Building Information Modelling "BIM" has been used in several Heritage places in the worldwide, in the case of conserving, documenting, managing, and creating full engineering drawings and information. However, one of the most serious issues that facing many experts in order to use the Historical Building Information Modelling "HBIM", is creating the complicated architectural elements of these Historical buildings. In fact, many of these outstanding architectural elements have been designed and created in the site to fit the exact location. Similarly, this issue has been faced the experts in Old Jeddah in order to use the BIM method for Old Jeddah historical Building. Moreover, The Saudi Arabian City has a long history as it contains large number of historic houses and buildings that were built since the 16th century. Furthermore, the BIM model of the historical building in Old Jeddah always take a lot of time, due to the unique of Hijazi architectural elements and no such elements library, which have been took a lot of time to be modelled. This paper will focus on building the Hijazi architectural elements library based on laser scanner and image survey data. This solution will reduce the time to complete the HBIM model and offering in depth and rich digital architectural elements library to be used in any heritage projects in Al-Balad district, Jeddah City.
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Moňoková, Andrea, and Silvia Vilčeková. "Sustainable Construction - Environmental Impacts Assessment of Architectural Elements and Building Services." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 47 (March 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.47.77.
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Increasing concerns about negative environmental impacts of building structures call for higher demands on the design of environmental friendly buildings. This article is aimed at assessing the overall environmental impact of buildings throughout its life cycle as well as on environmental impact of all building materials and building services for single-family homes. This analysis examines the role of utilized green environmental technologies for the following selected impact categories: GWP - global warming potential, EP - eutrophication potential, AP - acidification potential POCP and photochemical ozone formation potential expressed in kg CO2eq, PO43-eq, SO2eq and ethylene within the “Cradle to gate with options” boundary. The LCA assessment methodology and eToolLCD software have been used to model the effects of houses’ life cycle.
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Konior, Jarosław, Marek Sawicki, and Mariusz Szóstak. "Influence of Age on the Technical Wear of Tenement Houses." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010297.
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The research presented in the article, which includes methods, models, and conclusions, contains synthetic and analytical model solutions concerning the problems of the technical maintenance and wear of residential buildings with a traditional construction. The cause and effect relationships between the occurrence of damage in the elements of tenement houses (treated as proof of their maintenance conditions), and the size of the technical wear of these elements were determined using a representative and purposefully selected sample of 102 residential buildings erected during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Wroclaw’s “Downtown” district. Quantitative damage analysis, which was carried out using empirical (visual) methods of assessing the technical condition of a building, indicates the type and size of damage to the building’s elements that are characteristic for the relevant maintenance conditions. Research concerning the cause–effect relationships (“damage–technical wear”) in observed states allows for a numerical approach to the impact of building maintenance conditions on the degree of the technical wear of its components. The maintenance and exploitation conditions determine the degree of the technical wear of the elements of an old residential building. The exploitation condition of these buildings is manifested by damage to elements caused by water and moisture penetration, which is especially important for poorly maintained buildings. The article shows that the age of the elements of an old residential building with a traditional construction is of secondary importance in the process of the intensity of losing its serviceability value. It was calculated that no more than 30% of the damage of building components is explained by the passage of time, and it is therefore not age that determines the course of the technical wear of the elements of the analyzed tenement houses.
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Zuraidi, Siti Nor Fatimah, Mohammad Ashraf Abdul Rahman, and Zainal Abidin Akasah. "The Development of Condition Assessment for Heritage Building." E3S Web of Conferences 65 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186501007.
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This study examines the criteria and properties of the elements in the legacy of buildings. Using the Hierarchy Analysis Method (AHP), new instruments are developed based on the criteria and attributes that have been identified for the legacy building elements. The new instrument is given to industry professionals and academicians to get their opinions. This study shows the number of attributes of the score for the criteria. The results show that new instruments are developed and used as tools for assessing the elements of heritage building conditions. This new instrument can be proposed to the National Heritage Department to be used as a guideline for assessing the heritage buildings in the future.
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Victoria, Michele Florencia, Srinath Perera, Alan Davies, and Nirodha Fernando. "Carbon and cost critical elements: a comparative analysis of two office buildings." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 7, no. 5 (November 16, 2017): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-12-2016-0086.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare cost and carbon critical elements of two office buildings, and to help achieve an optimum balance between the capital cost (CC) and embodied carbon (EC) of buildings. Design/methodology/approach Case study approach was employed to study cost and carbon critical elements of two office buildings as it allows an in-depth and holistic investigation. Elemental estimates of CC and EC were prepared from BoQs of the two buildings by obtaining rates from the UK Building Blackbook. Pareto principle (80:20 rule) was used to identify carbon and cost critical elements of the two buildings, and the significance hierarchies of building elements were compared. Findings Substructure, frame and services were identified as both carbon and cost critical elements responsible for more than 70 per cent of the total CC and EC of both buildings. Stairs and ramps, internal doors and fittings, furnishings and equipment were identified to be the least carbon- and cost-significant elements contributing less than 2 per cent of total CC and EC in both buildings. The hierarchy of cost and carbon significance varies between buildings due to the difference in the specification and design. Originality/value The increasing significance of dual currency (cost and carbon) demands cost and carbon management during the early stages of projects. Hence, this paper suggests that focusing on carbon and cost-intensive building elements is a way forward to keep both cost and carbon under control during the early stages of projects.
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Krus, Yurii. "Eastern European Experience in the Application of Multilayer Reinforced Concrete Elements of External Wall Fencing." International Science Journal of Engineering & Agriculture 1, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46299/j.isjea.20220102.2.
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The capital building field is constantly updating the tasks: to reduce material consumption, cost and complexity of building, the mass of buildings and structures; significantly improve thermal protection; to increase the level of industrialization of building and factory readiness of prefabricated constructions; to improve the architectural and operational qualities of buildings and structures. Practical realization of the set tasks entails the the necessity to expand the use effective kinds of building materials and constructions, improving their properties. The field of effective three-layer constructions in civil, industrial and agricultural building is wide and multifaceted, as it covers almost all constructive elements of buildings, the solution of which depends on the functional requirements imposed on buildings and structures, local climatic and geological conditions, availability of building materials, level of development industrial base, etc. Already behind the idea itself of layered reinforced concrete constructiones have significant advantages: 1) the ability to select the materials of the layers taking into account the effective use of their main functional qualities; 2) reducing the cost and outlay of cement; 3) weight reduction of separate constructions and buildings and/or structures as a whole; 4) reducing heat consumption and increasing heat transfer resistance without thickening the construction; 5) improving the temperature-humidity regime in the room, etc. The purpose of this article is to perform a brief overview of research, proposals for standardization of design developments conducted during the most active implementation in Eastern European building practice of three-layer reinforced concrete constructions for fencing by the heat, air and waterproofing properties, strength, deformations and crack resistance, as well as their manufacturing technology. The article takes into account the results of research, field observations, materials for the development of new proposals, accumulated in many research and design departments of Eastern Europe in the period from the late 60’s to mid-80’s of the 20th century (Research Institute of Building Constructions, Kyiv Zonal Research Institute of Experimental Design, Ukrainian Research and Design Institute of Civil Rural Construction (Ukraine); Central Research Institute of Building Constructions named after V.A. Kucherenko, All-Union Research Institute of Fire Safety, All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Reinforced Concrete, Central Research and Design Institute of Residential and Public Buildings, Central Research and Design and Experimental Institute of Industrial Buildings and Structures, Central Research Institute of Experimental Design of Commercial and Domestic Buildings and Tourist Complexes (Russia), etc.).
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Xiao, Shi Yun, and Yun Fei Sun. "Numerical Analysis of the Rural Building due to Flood Impact." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 1857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.1857.
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The impacting action of flood destroyed dramatically the rural buildings. In this paper, the rural building was analyzed numerically to investigate the destruction of rural building due to the flood impact. The rural building was discretized into 7950 8-node block elements and 4098 Goodman elements to simulate the brick and mortar respectively. The rule impact loading of flood on rural building was calculated using the criterion of gravity similarity according to test results. Finally, the stress, the displacement and the failure process of the rural building are studied. Firstly, the mortar element locates on the wall between the door and the window failure and more and more mortar and brick elements failure with the increasing loading. Finally, the right wall was damaged because the door and the right window decreased its stiffness. Because the failure mortar and brick elements decrease the stiffness of the structure, the displacements of the rural building increased nonlinearly with the increasing loading.