Relevant bibliographies by topics / Building- Earthquake

Academic literature on the topic 'Building- Earthquake'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Building- Earthquake"

1

Munthe, Agyanata Tua, and Abdul Gafur. "Comparative Analysis Study Of ATC-40 and SNI 1726-2012 Guidelines for Beam Structure Performance and Column Trans Studio Apartments Applications Using Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis Methods." Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 1, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci1169.

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The earthquake that often hit Indonesia caused thousands of lives and caused damage to buildings. These earthquakes often occur because Indonesia is in two regions, namely the Pacific earthquake path (Circum Pacific Earthquake Belt) and the Asian earthquake lane (Trans Asiatic Earthquake Belt). Earthquake disasters cause damage to building structures. When an earthquake occurs, it is expected that the building can accept earthquake force at a certain level without significant damage to its structure. In general, earthquake analysis is divided into two major parts, namely static earthquake analysis and dynamic earthquake analysis. In buildings that are very high, irregular, multilevel, and buildings that require enormous accuracy are used dynamic analysis planning, which consists of a variety of spectral response analysis and dynamic time response dynamic analysis. This study aims to determine the building's security in terms of displacement, drift, and base shear. The method used is a dynamic analysis of the response spectrum using the ETABS program. The maximum total drift in the X direction is 0.0200475 m and in the Y direction is 0.020405 m, so the building is safe against ultimate boundary performance (0.02h) and service boundary performance {(0.03 / R) x h}. So that the displacement in the building does not exceed the maximum displacement, the building is safe from earthquake plans.
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2

Munthe, Agyanata Tua, and Abdul Gafur. "Comparative Analysis Study of ATC-40 and SNI 1726-2012 Guidelines For Beam Structure Performance and Column Trans Studio Apartments Applications Using Dynamic Response Spectrum Analysis Methods." Journal of World Conference (JWC) 2, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/prd.v2i2.204.

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The earthquake that often hit Indonesia caused thousands of lives and caused damage to buildings. These earthquakes often occur because Indonesia is in two regions, namely the Pacific earthquake path (Circum Pacific Earthquake Belt) and the Asian earthquake lane (Trans Asiatic Earthquake Belt). Earthquake disasters cause damage to building structures. When an earthquake occurs, it is expected that the building can accept earthquake force at a certain level without significant damage to its structure. In general, earthquake analysis is divided into two major parts, namely static earthquake analysis and dynamic earthquake analysis. In buildings that are very high, irregular, multilevel, and buildings that require enormous accuracy are used dynamic analysis planning, which consists of a variety of spectral response analysis and dynamic time response dynamic analysis. This study aims to determine the building's security in terms of displacement, drift, and base shear. The method used is a dynamic analysis of the response spectrum using the ETABS program. The maximum total drift in the X direction is 0.0200475 m and in the Y direction is 0.020405 m, so the building is safe against ultimate boundary performance (0.02h) and service boundary performance {(0.03 / R) x h}. So that the displacement in the building does not exceed the maximum displacement, the building is safe from earthquake plans.
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3

Dwi Pratama, Andhika Ronald, Jojok Widodo Soetjipto, and Krisnamurti Krisnamurti. "Evaluation of Building Vulnerability to Earthquake Using Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) Method." Jurnal Teknik Sipil dan Perencanaan 23, no. 2 (October 28, 2021): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jtsp.v23i2.31399.

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Indonesia is one of the countries prone to earthquakes. One of the earthquake disasters that occurred several years ago hit Palu and Donggala on September 28, 2018. It caused severe damage to infrastructure. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate buildings vulnerable to earthquakes as a form of prevention. One of the buildings in Jember, the dr. Soebandi hospital, experienced cracks in the walls during an earthquake measuring 6.0 on the Richter scale in Nusa Dua Bali on July 16, 2019. This study carried out the risk assessment of the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes using the Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) method from FEMA P-154. RVS is a method to identify a building that is potentially vulnerable to earthquake hazards based on visual observations from the exterior and interior of the building. The results of the evaluation using the RVS method showed that the dr. Soebandi hospital is categorized as safe and not prone to earthquakes, with a potential vulnerability percentage of 0.0126%. Based on these results, the building does not require special treatment to anticipate earthquakes; however, maintaining the occupants' safety and extending the building's life requires routine maintenance.
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Galloway, B. D., and H. J. Hare. "A review of post-earthquake building control policies with respect to the recovery of the Christchurch CBD." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.3.105-116.

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The Canterbury earthquake sequence was particularly disruptive for building owners and businesses located within the CBD. The initial damage to buildings in the relatively moderate September 2010 earthquake was surpassed by the significantly more damaging February 2011 event, challenging the way in which engineers have traditionally considered earthquake recovery. Internationally, re-occupation of buildings following an earthquake has been based on the need to get businesses operating from buildings that are rapidly identified as having suffered minor structural damage. However, following the February 2011 earthquake, the shift in risk profile was reflected by limiting re-occupation unless it could be shown that the building also had a minimum capacity to resist earthquakes. This challenges the balance between continuing function and safety in the traditional post-earthquake evaluation process. The timeframe for commencement of repairs has a significant impact on the speed of recovery. The importance of well defined regulations was highlighted in the well insured Christchurch building market, where legal arguments halted repairs in many instances. There is also a clear need for a modified, streamlined building consent process for the repair of earthquake damaged buildings. This paper looks at the various building control policies enacted during the Canterbury earthquakes, and their effectiveness in aiding the recovery of the Christchurch CBD.
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Pang, Guo Li, Dan Qi Chen, and Meng Huang. "Research on Building Earthquake Disaster Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 1228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.1228.

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In this paper, we present a building earthquake disaster simulation system. The system can estimate the destruction of buildings by different earthquakes, and analyze the quake-proof ability of different buildings. Moreover, based on the multi-input method of certain dynamical analysis, the system uses 3D, GIS, and VS.NET, and implements a building earthquake disaster simulation platform, which can present the destroyed results visually.
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Istiono, Heri, Eka Susanti, Jaka Propika, and Azhar Yusuf Ramadhan. "Study comparison P-Delta Effect analysis depends on height variation of the building." Journal of Civil Engineering, Planning and Design 1, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jcepd.2022.v1i1.3055.

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Indonesia is an area where three active plates meet, so many areas are prone to earthquakes. To anticipate this and minimize casualties due to earthquakes, earthquake-resistant buildings are needed. Earthquake resistant buildings are the most important thing that needs to be considered, a building structure must be designed to be able to withstand lateral loads such as earthquakes within the limits set by the code/standard. The result of the earthquake load will produce an additional effect on the multi-storey building, namely the P-Delta effect. In this study, the effect of these effects will be analyzed on non-rise buildings and high-rise buildings. Analysis of the P-Delta effect will be calculated on the modeling of three buildings for non-rise buildings (Building models A, B and C) and three highrise building models (Building models D, E and F) and get the results that the P-Delta Effect has an impact on changes structural performance level in Model E Building (56 meters) from Immediate Occupancy to Life Safety
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Ambatkar, Ms Sayali. "Design and Analysis of Earthquake Resistant Building (Three Storeyed R.C.C. School Building) using STAAD.PRO." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 2846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35427.

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The field of Earthquake Engineering has existed in our country for over 35 years now. Indian earthquake engineers have made significant contributions to the seismic safety of several important structures in the country. However, as the recent earthquakes have shown, the performance of normal structures during past Indian earthquakes has been less satisfactory. This is mainly due to the lack of awareness amongst most practising engineers of the special provisions that need to be followed in earthquake resistant design and thereafter in construction. In India, the multi-storied building is constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally proposed asymmetrical plan configuration. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can be generate the most destructive forces on structure. Buildings should be made Safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural member in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basic Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This paper studies the Earthquake Resisting Building.
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Clifton, George Charles, and Gregory A. MacRae. "Lessons from the Field; Steel Structure Performance in Earthquakes in New Zealand from 2010 to 2016." Key Engineering Materials 763 (February 2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.61.

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First the Canterbury earthquake series of 2010/2012 and then the Kaikoura Earthquake of 2016 have significantly impacted the building stock in central and southern New Zealand, subjecting a wide range of buildings and building components to earthquake shaking ranging from moderate to severe. The economic and social costs of these earthquakes have been severe, but the lessons learned on how buildings and building systems designed and detailed to New Zealand provisions have performed have been invaluable. We have learned more about this from these earthquakes then from the many reconnaissance trips undertaken to overseas earthquakes over the 50 years of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering. This paper focusses on the performance of steel framed buildings in two major New Zealand cities, Christchurch and Wellington, with greatest emphasis on multi-storey buildings, but also covering light steel framed housing. It addresses such issues as the magnitude and structural impact of the earthquake series, how the various systems performed against the design expectations and briefly covers some of the research underway to quantify where there were differences between the observed performance and the expected performance.
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Maison, Bruce F., Kazuhiko Kasai, and Yoji Ooki. "Relative Performance of Kobe and Northridge WSMF Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 4 (November 2006): 1081–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2359743.

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Seismic behaviors of a five-story welded steel moment-frame (WSMF) office building in Kobe, Japan, and a six-story WSMF office building in Northridge, California, are compared. Both experienced earthquake damage (1995 Kobe and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, respectively). Computer models of the buildings are formulated, having the ability to simulate damage in terms of fractured moment connections. Analyses are conducted to assess building response during the earthquakes. The calibrated models are then analyzed using a suite of earthquake records to compare building performance under consistent demands. The Kobe building is found to be more rugged than the Northridge building. Analysis suggests it would experience much less damage than the Northridge building from shaking equivalent to 2,500-year earthquake for a generic Los Angeles site. Superior performance of the Kobe building is attributed to its relatively greater stiffness and strength. The results provide insight into the difference in seismic fragility expected for this class of mid-rise WSMF buildings in Japan and the United States.
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PAMUNGKAS, Adjie, Kesumaning Dyah LARASATI, and Data IRANATA. "Architectural and Structural Requirements on Building Permits to Reduce Earthquake Risk. The Case of Surabaya, Indonesia." Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 12, no. 2 (December 26, 2021): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jssp.2021.2.04.

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The Indonesian Earthquake Centre has discovered two fault zones in Surabaya, causing a 6.5 magnitude earthquake in 2017. Since Indonesia lies in the ring of fire area, the national government has stipulated several earthquake-building regulations. However, with no history of significant earthquakes, Surabaya has no strict local building regulations to reduce the new risk. Previous studies indicate that simple buildings in Surabaya are the most vulnerable during any earthquake events. Simple buildings, as permanent and semi-permanent constructions, dominate in the category of residential buildings in Surabaya. Furthermore, vulnerable buildings are the primary cause of fatalities and injuries during earthquake events. Consequently, the revision of current local building regulations is the key milestone to reduce the earthquake risk in Surabaya. This paper evaluates current local and national building regulations by using content analysis of in-depth interviews and focus group discussion data, and then proposes adjustments to the local regulations to increasing the resilience degree of constructions in Surabaya. The modifications on current local regulations are mainly related to the shape of the building and the material used for façades and building safety analysis (load factor analysis and collapse scenarios).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building- Earthquake"

1

Ito, Eri. "Integrated Earthquake Risk Evaluation for Mega-Thrust Earthquakes." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263356.

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Salman, Firas, and Mouhammed Hussain. "Earthquake Resistant Wooden House." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-5908.

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Wood-stud shear walls are commonly used to provide lateral stability against horizontal forces in wood houses. Therefore, accurate predictions of the deformation properties of shear walls are necessary in order to improve the design of wood frame houses against earthquake loading. The aim of this thesis is to increase damping capacity of wood-stud shear walls and hence improve wood frame houses resistance against earthquake.

The starting point has been the laboratory experiments of nail joint’s deformation properties. Purpose of the experiments was to determine material properties of a nail joint. The material properties have later been used as material input data in the finite element (FE) model of wood-stud shear wall elements under alternating lateral loading.  FE results have shown that wood-stud shear wall element’s damping capacity is mainly dependent on nail joints properties, number of nail joints, wall dimension and the use of middle studs.


Skjuvväggar av trä används ofta för att ge stabilitet åt horisontalbelastade träshustommar. Därför är kunskaper om skjuvväggars deformationsegenskaper nödvändiga för att kunna förbättra utformningen av trästommar utsatta för jordbävningslaster. Syftet med detta examenarbete är att visa på olika sätt som ökar skjuvväggars absorberande energi eller dämpningskapacitet och som därigenom ger möjligheter att förbättra trästommars motstånd mot jordbävningslaster.

 

Utgångspunkten har varit laboratorieexperimenten avseende spikförbandens deformationsegenskaper. Syftet med experimenten var att bestämma materialegenskaper för två olika spikförband. Materialsambanden användes därefter som indata i finita element (FE) modeller av skjuvväggselement utsatta för växlande sidobelastning. FE resultaten har visat att skjuvväggars totala dämpningskapacitet beror i huvudsak på spikförbandets materialegenskaper, antal spikförband, väggdimensionen och användningen av mellanreglar.

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McHattie, Samuel Alexander. "Seismic Response of the UC Physics Building in the Canterbury Earthquakes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil and Natural Resource Engineering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8801.

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The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the seismic response of the UC Physics Building based on recorded ground motions during the Canterbury earthquakes, and to use the recorded response to evaluate the efficacy of various conventional structural analysis modelling assumptions. The recorded instrument data is examined and analysed to determine how the UC Physics Building performed during the earthquake-induced ground motions. Ten of the largest earthquake events from the 2010-11 Canterbury earthquake sequence are selected in order to understand the seismic response under various levels of demand. Peak response amplitude values are found which characterise the demand from each event. Spectral analysis techniques are utilised to find the natural periods of the structure in each orthogonal direction. Significant torsional and rocking responses are also identified from the recorded ground motions. In addition, the observed building response is used to scrutinise the adequacy of NZ design code prescriptions for fundamental period, response spectra, floor acceleration and effective member stiffness. The efficacy of conventional numerical modelling assumptions for representing the UC Physics Building are examined using the observed building response. The numerical models comprise of the following: a one dimensional multi degree of freedom model, a two dimensional model along each axis of the building and a three dimensional model. Both moderate and strong ground motion records are used to examine the response and subsequently clarify the importance of linear and non-linear responses and the inclusion of base flexibility. The effects of soil-structure interaction are found to be significant in the transverse direction but not the longitudinal direction. Non-linear models predict minor in-elastic behaviour in both directions during the 4 September 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake. The observed torsional response is found to be accurately captured by the three dimensional model by considering the interaction between the UC Physics Building and the adjacent structure. With the inclusion of adequate numerical modelling assumptions, the structural response is able to be predicted to within 10% for the majority of the earthquake events considered.
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Koc, Ersan. "Commitment Building For Earthquake Risk Management: Reconciling." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612619/index.pdf.

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To a large extent, natural phenomenon like earthquakes, floods, lanslides and etc may seem &ldquo
natural events&rdquo
which are out of human control. In fact, the sociopolitical structure is the main cause of earth tremors which turn into disasters. What is notable and striking is that, because of institutional and social vulnerabilities and little or misguided efforts for disaster loss mitigation, natural events may turn into disasters resulting negative and devastating consequences. Institutional vulnerabilities connote a lack of local administrations&rsquo
capacity for disaster mitigation planning, furthermore awareness for accreting local stakeholders for disaster loss reduction. Social vulnerabilities, refers to miss-knowledge and lack of awareness for disasters in the society. In Turkey, it is hard to say that there has never been efforts for disaster loss reduction, whereas
the main focus of the state agencies has been on post-disaster emergency relief, literally wound healing for decades. Generally speaking, localities which experience a disaster may encounter significant losses in development, hence a significant decrease in local capacities which takes enormous resources to restore. The housing stock and urban fabric, which inherit an historical background weaved by missguided disaster policy that only focus on post-disaster emergency relief phase, pictures the extent of the problem in Turkey. In addition, both &ldquo
institutional errors which lead to underachievement in disaster policy and practice&rdquo
and &ldquo
opportunities for building robust and resilient forms of institutions&rdquo
come into local agenda. Errors, which might have been altered by long term and comprehensive modes of local planning for disasters, may lead to underachievement by local agents. To achieve such a model, we are in need to carry out qualitative and quantitative data collecting and analyzing techniques in different phases. The two analysis techniques are in-depth interviews (IDI) and drawing Concept Maps that will be conducted in the analyses process with local respondents selected by snowball technique.
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Vitoontus, Soravit. "Risk assessment of building inventories exposed to large scale natural hazards." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43676.

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Earthquakes are among the most devastating and unpredictable of natural hazards that affect civil infrastructure and have the potential for causing numerous casualties and significant economic losses over large areas. Every region that has the potential for great earthquakes should have an integrated plan for a seismic design and risk mitigation for civil infrastructure. This plan should include methods for estimating the vulnerability of building inventories and for forecasting economic losses resulting from future events. This study describes a methodology to assess risk to distributed civil infrastructure due to large-scale natural hazards with large geographical footprints, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, and provides a detailed analysis and assessment of building losses due to earthquake. The distinguishing feature of this research, in contrast to previous loss estimation methods incorporated in systems such as HAZUS-MH, is that it considers the correlation in stochastic demand on building inventories due to the hazard, as well as correlation in building response and damage due to common materials, construction technologies, codes and code enforcement. These sources of correlation have been neglected, for the most part, in previous research. The present study has revealed that the neglect of these sources of correlation leads to an underestimation of the estimates of variance in loss and in the probable maximum loss (PML) used as a basis for underwriting risks. The methodology is illustrated with a seismic risk assessment of building inventories representing different occupancy classes in Shelby County, TN, considering both scenario earthquakes and earthquakes specified probabilistically. It is shown that losses to building inventories estimated under the common assumption that the individual losses can be treated as statistically independent may underestimate the PML by a factor of range from 1.7 to 3.0, depending on which structural and nonstructural elements are included in the assessment. A sensitivity analysis reveals the statistics and sources of correlation that are most significant for loss estimation, and points the way forward for supporting data acquisition and synthesis.
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Maples, Kenneth. "Optimal Control of a Building During an Earthquake." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2006. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/hmc_theses/184.

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In this thesis I develop a mathematical model for an apartment building during an earthquake. The movement of the building is restricted to a plane and twisting motions have been assumed negligible. A control system for the building is developed using optimal control techniques. For a quadratic objective functional, the existence of an optimal control is determined and numerical results are generated that show that the controller significantly lowers the chaotic oscillations in the building. The numerical work was done with the Miser3 package for Matlab. Relaxation of different constraints are considered, including multiple controls, varying stories, and different objective functionals.
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Hill, John C. "Building in the earthquake zone : American antifoundational theory." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261013.

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Arbabian, H. "Changes in building construction in an earthquake country." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532983.

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Sanchez-Silva, Mauricio. "A systems approach to earthquake vulnerability assessment." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294584.

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Kim, Jin Kyung. "A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Post-Earthquake Fire Performance of Buildings." Digital WPI, 2014. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/306.

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Earthquakes can severely damage building structural and nonstructural systems and components, including active and passive fire protection and egress systems. If the occurrence of such damage is not anticipated at the design stage, the impact of a post-earthquake fire could be significant, as building and fire protection systems may not perform as expected. Unfortunately, even though both the seismic and fire engineering communities utilize performance-based approaches for designing well-performing and resilient buildings under earthquake and fire hazards respectively, each discipline carries out their associated building performance analyses independently. As a result, fire protection engineers have little guidance as to how to estimate structural and nonstructural building systems and component damage as inputs to help them develop post-earthquake building fire scenarios. To help bridge this gap, a conceptual framework is developed that illustrates how performance-based approaches for earthquake and fire engineering analysis and design can become more integrated for the development of post-earthquake fire scenarios. Using a fictional building in an earthquake prone area as an example, the conceptual framework is implemented to show (a) how earthquake-induced damage to building fire protection systems could be estimated using an earthquake performance assessment tool, (b) how the damage estimates might be translated into physical damage parameters in a way that is meaningful for developing post-earthquake building fire scenarios, (c) how the damage states might be implemented in terms of fire and egress modeling input parameters, and (d) how this information could be used to and compare post-earthquake building fire safety performance to a normal(undamaged) building fire conditions.
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Books on the topic "Building- Earthquake"

1

Çelebi, Mehmet. Building safer structures. Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Çelebi, Mehmet. Building safer structures. Menlo Park, CA: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Fisher, D. Joseph. Earthquake: A team-building simulation. AnnArbor, Mich: Orion International, 1990.

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Fisher, D. Joseph. Earthquake: A team-building simulation. Ann Arbor, Mich: Orion International, 1990.

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(Japan), Kensetsushō Kenchiku Kenkyūjo, ed. A survey report for building damages due to the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. [Tokyo]: Building Research Institute, Ministry of Construction, 1996.

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Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1987 Wairakei, N.Z.). Proceedings: Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Wairakei, New Zealand, 5-8 August 1987. [Wellington]: New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering, 1987.

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Earthquake resistant building design and construction. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier, 1987.

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Greenn and Norman E. Green. Earthquake resistant building design and construction. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1997.

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Ballast, David Kent. Advances in seismic building design. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1988.

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Arya, Anand S. Earthquake disaster reduction: Masonry building, design, and construction. New Delhi: National Institute of Disaster Management in association with KW Publishers, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Building- Earthquake"

1

Matsumoto, H., K. Ariizumi, K. Yamanouchi, H. Kuniyoshi, O. Chiba, and M. Watakabe. "Earthquake observation of deeply embedded building structure." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 421–28. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-054.

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Ilki, A., O. F. Halici, M. Comert, and C. Demir. "The Modified Post-earthquake Damage Assessment Methodology for TCIP (TCIP-DAM-2020)." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 85–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_5.

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AbstractPost-Earthquake damage assessment has always been one of the major challenges that both engineers and authorities face after disastrous earthquakes all around the world. Considering the number of buildings in need of inspection and the insufficient number of qualified inspectors, the availability of a thorough, quantitative and rapidly applicable damage assessment methodology is vitally important after such events. At the beginning of the new millennia, an assessment system satisfying these needs was developed for the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP, known as DASK in Turkey) to evaluate the damages in reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. Since its enforcement, this assessment method has been successfully used after several earthquakes that took place in Turkey, such as 2011 Van Earthquake, 2011 Kutahya Earthquake, 2019 Istanbul Earthquake and 2020 Elazig Earthquake to decide the future of damaged structures to be either ‘repaired’ or ‘demolished’. Throughout the years, the number of research activities focusing on the reparability of earthquake-damaged structures has increased, which is a purposeful parameter in the determination of buildings’ future after earthquakes. Accordingly, TCIP initiated a research project with a sole aim to regulate and reevaluate the damage assessment algorithm based on the results of state-of-the-art scientific research. This chapter presents the new version of the damage assessment methodology for reinforced concrete structures which was developed for TCIP (TCIP-DAM-2020). In addition, an application of the developed damage assessment algorithm on an earthquake-damaged reinforced concrete building which was struck by Kocaeli (1999) earthquake is presented.
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Gülkan, P., and Robert K. Reitherman. "Building Codes and Standards." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_393-1.

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Gülkan, P., and Robert K. Reitherman. "Building Codes and Standards." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 338–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35344-4_393.

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Paz, Mario. "Seismic resistant design of building: multinational codes and programs." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 759–66. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-096.

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Tso, W. K. "Overview of seismic provision changes in national building code of Canada, 1990." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 743–50. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-094.

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Sucuoğlu, Halûk, and Sinan Akkar. "Response of Building Frames to Earthquake Ground Motions." In Basic Earthquake Engineering, 145–201. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01026-7_5.

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Dashti, Shideh. "Liquefaction: Performance of Building Foundation Systems." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_16-1.

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Varley, Nick. "Rockfall Seismicity Accompanying Dome-Building Eruptions." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_48-1.

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Dashti, Shideh. "Liquefaction: Performance of Building Foundation Systems." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1329–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35344-4_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Building- Earthquake"

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Elnashai, Amr, and Do-Soo Moon. "COUPLING OF HIGHRISE BUILDING EARTHQUAKE RETROFIT AND BUILDING INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (BIM) SYSTEM." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.71.

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Highrise buildings that have structural irregularities are in general more susceptible to damage from earthquakes. Such damage is primarily due to the coupling of torsional and translational vibrational response whereby the building twists even though it is being excited in translational modes only. For optimal earthquake design and retrofit of such structures, several cycles of iterations of structural analysis followed by design change are often needed. To provide efficiency and accuracy of iterative assessment-adjustment cycles in the design process, this study proposes an integrated seismic design and assessment framework. The ‘Revit Structure’ platform from Autodesk, a prominent member of the Building Informational Modeling software family, and ZEUS-NL from Mid-America Earthquake Center, one of the most advanced earthquake simulation programs, are utilized for seismic design and analysis tools, respectively. An advanced bi-directional linkage interface is developed so that two distinct and complex computer codes can exchange essential structural or non-structural member data in both directions without any loss of information. This coupled approach also provides improved earthquake analysis and design guidelines which can address damaging torsional effects. The feasibility of the proposed framework and its components are successfully evaluated and verified through an application example. It is observed and verified that more reliable and better seismic design for irregular buildings can be achieved using the proposed framework.
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Salvatori, Antonello. "BEHAVIOUR OF SEISMIC ISOLATED BUILDING DURING CENTRAL ITALY 2016 – 2017 EARTHQUAKES." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.129.

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The seismic sequence during years 2016 and 2017 involved a great area In Central Italy, involving four regions and more than 100.000 buildings. Many main shock events occurred, namely Amatrice earthquake (Mw 6.0 on August 24th, 2016), Valnerina earthquakes (Mw 5.9 and 5.4 on October 26th, 2016), Norcia earthquake (Mw 6.5 on October 30th 2016), and Montereale – Capitignano earthquakes (Mw 5.0, 5.5 on January 18th 2017) About 80.000 buildings were damaged in the seismic events. In particular, some areas were involved also in the 2009 seismic events (L’Aquila earthquake). After L’Aquila earthquake, during reconstruction period, many buildings with base isolation (both existing and new ones) have been realized in the city area. Furthermore, collapsed buildings, or heavily damaged buildings, were demolished and reconstructed with base isolation (both in foundation and above first elevation columns). The isolation systems were generally composed by both rubber high damping isolators, and plane friction isolators (sliding). Some buildings, which reported less structural damage during 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, were retrofitted with isolation systems, both with rubber high damping isolators, and plane friction isolators. All these isolated buildings were completed before year 2016, that is before the new strong seismic events in Central Italy. Several different dynamic and seismic behaviour were observed in those buildings, depending upon isolation system (noticeable differences have been observed between curved sliding isolators and rubber high damping isolators) and upon soil – structure interaction. Significant displacement has been observed caused by soft soil, and inverse velocity seismic soil profile. Also, frequency response influenced isolated building behaviour. In the work several buildings are examined, analysing the seismic behaviour both in the 2009 earthquake (with no isolation system) and during 2016 – 2017 seismic events (with isolation system).
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Brzev, Svetlana, Predrag Blagojević, and Radovan Cvetković. "SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF POST-WWII MID-RISE UNREINFORCED MASONRY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN THE BALKANS." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.90.

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There is a significant building stock of the existing low- and mid-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings constructed after World War II in Serbia and neighbouring countries. Numerous buildings of this typology collapsed in the devastating 1963 Skopje, North Macedonia earthquake, causing fatalities, injuries, and property losses, and experienced damage in a few recent earthquakes in the region, including the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake and the 2020 Petrinja, Croatia earthquake. These buildings are 3- to 5-storey high, have URM walls and rigid reinforced concrete (RC) or semi-prefabricated concrete and masonry floor slabs, usually with a RC ring beam at each floor level. The paper will provide an overview of seismic retrofitting approaches for these buildings, starting from provisions of design codes which were previously followed in Serbia and former Yugoslavia as well as Eurocode 8 (Part 3). Conventional seismic retrofitting technologies based on RC wall overlays which were applied in past earthquakes, including the 2010 Kraljevo earthquake, will be presented and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. Finally, a case study of a building in Kraljevo which was damaged in the 2010 earthquake and subsequently retrofitted, will be presented, including the results of seismic analysis and design solution. The paper should be of interest to engineers and academics interested in seismic retrofitting of masonry buildings.
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Shala, Alush, and Jelena Bleiziffer. "IMPROVEMENT OF BUILDING’S WALLS BEARING CAPACITY AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.89.

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Strengthening and increasing the capacity of load-bearing walls of buildings after an earthquake is a challenge that requires special study. A viable option is strengthening using standard cement-based materials. This paper will first present and discuss the buildings with load-bearing walls that have shown earthquake survival ability, as well as some methods to improve their performance. The example that is used for discussion is a building that has suffered significant damage from the 2019 earthquake in Albania. The paper will present the calculation of the performance and load-carrying capacity of this building with the load-bearing walls made of clay and silicate bricks after an earthquake of magnitude M=6.2 Richter. The building comprises load-bearing walls and was built in the 1960s-70s. The materials characteristics used in calculations are derived from laboratory tests and on-site non-destructive testing. The results obtained from the calculation of the building before and after the earthquake and after the reinforcing of the building will be compared. The strengthening of walls is made using cement-based materials. The calculations are performed using SAP2000 and ETABS software and include static and dynamic performance. The results of the calculations will be analyzed to conclude the effectiveness of the rehabilitation of the buildings. The environmental and socio-economic impacts on society from the strengthening of buildings damaged by earthquakes will also be presented.
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Gjorgjiev, Igor, Aleksandar Zhurovski, and Borjan Petreski. "THE INFLUENCE OF SECTION SIDES RATIO OF RECTANGULAR COLUMN ON SEISMIC RESPONSE OF RC BUILDING." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.20.

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The response of structures exposed to earthquakes is mainly defined by the stiffness, capacity and ductility of the structural elements which is governed by their dimensions and the material properties. The buildings’ seismic performance is essential for their earthquake resilience especially beyond safety point defined by the building code. The main philosophy of modern codes is to increase the earthquake resiliency of the buildings. Unfortunately, Macedonia is one of the last European countries where designing the structures according to outdated codes is allowed. The older national seismic codes have not been modified in view of the implementation of the most recent knowledge. In this sense, there are no strict limits to prevent the design of rectangular columns with an unsuitable ratio of the section sides. Mainly, due to the need for greater open space and flat interior walls, the columns are designed as rectangular where the lower section side is oriented along a larger span. This results in decrease of the global structural capacity in that direction affecting its response under earthquake excitation. In order to investigate the influence of the ratio of section sides of a rectangular column on seismic performance of building structures, an existing RC frame structure was chosen for analysis. The results of the performed seismic assessment of the selected structure by nonlinear static analysis, emphasize the importance of choosing square shaped columns or rectangular columns with appropriate arrangement in plan even for low-rise buildings. Based on the analysis’ results, we conclude that designers need to pay more attention when choosing columns’ cross section dimensions and orientation to achieve an acceptable building resilience against earthquakes.
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Brzev, Svetlana, Jovana Borozan, Marko Marinković, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko, Nikola Blagojević, Milica Petrović, Veljko Koković, Borko Bulajić, and Božidar Stojadinović. "CLASSIFICATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCK IN SERBIA." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.100.

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Developing a classification system (taxonomy) for buildings is a critical step for seismic risk assessment studies. Such a system can be used to characterize a building portfolio within urban/rural settlements or building stock for the entire country. Serbia is located in a region characterized by a moderate seismic hazard. In the last century, 10 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 and higher occurred in Serbia, the strongest (M 6.0) in 1922. The strongest earthquake in the 21st century (Mw 5.5), with an epicenter close to Kraljevo, occurred in November 2010 and caused significant damage to residential buildings. In 2019, members of the Serbian Association for Earthquake Engineering (SUZI-SAEE) contributed to the SERA project and its goal to develop a seismic risk model for Europe. A taxonomy of residential buildings in Serbia was developed based on previous national and regional building stock studies. The proposed taxonomy includes the Lateral Load-Resisting System (LLRS) (e.g., wall, frame, dual wall-frame system) and material of the LLRS (e.g., masonry, concrete, wood) as the main attributes. The type of floor diaphragm (rigid or flexible) has been specified only for masonry typologies with unreinforced masonry walls, while building height and date of construction have been implicitly considered. According to the proposed taxonomy, there are 9 residential building typologies in Serbia; out of those, 5 typologies are related to masonry structures, 3 are related to RC structures, and one is related to wood structures. This paper describes the proposed taxonomy and outlines the characteristic features of different building typologies and their relevance for estimating seismic vulnerability and risk. A comparison of the proposed taxonomy for Serbia and published taxonomies for Croatia is also presented.
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Marshall, Justin D., Jim C. Barnes, Nathan C. Gould, Kishor Jaiswal, Bret Lizundia, David B. Swanson, and Fred Turner. "Post-Earthquake Building Safety Assessments for the Canterbury Earthquakes." In Structures Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.094.

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Scaini, Chiara, Bojana Petrovic, Maria Rosaria Gallipoli, Giuseppe Calamita, Nicola Tragni, Carla Barnaba, Marco Vona, and Stefano Parolai. "FRIBAS: A PARAMETRIC DATABASE OF BUILDING AND SOIL FEATURES INCLUDING THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF RESONANCE." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.57.

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The FRIBAS database collects information on the characteristics of more than 300 buildings located in southern and northeastern Italy. The characteristics comprise age, construction material, storey number and other data such as geometrical features (e.g. shape) and construction details (e.g. roof type, floor types). Such characteristics were inferred based on external and sometimes internal building inspection, combined with information provided by residents. In addition, FRIBAS includes the fundamental frequencies of buildings and foundation soil, estimated empirically using single station ambient noise measurements. The database was assembled based on data collected separately in northeastern and southern Italy on different building types (including both low to mid-rise historical and modern masonry and low to high-rise reinforced concrete buildings). The buildings were chosen also based on the possibility of accessing the interior and performing measurements. Data were harmonized into 37 fields which provide a generalized classification of building and soil parameters. FRIBAS is the first database that collects several buildings characteristics, including structural and geometrical features, together with the fundamental frequencies of buildings of and foundation soil. FRIBAS was assembled with the specific purpose of analyzing how different building parameters influence structural behavior (in particular, the fundamental period). The database is available online in open access mode under the CC 4.0 license. The collected data support the definition of different period-height relationships based on construction material and soil types. The analysis can be extended to other parameters associated with specific building types. We discuss the relevance of empirical building and soil characterization for seismic damage/risk assessment and propose potential applications of the FRIBAS database.
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Salic Makreska, Radmila, Katerina Drogreska, Cvetan Sinadinovski, Zabedin Neziri, Ljubco Jovanov, Zoran Milutinovic, Lazo Pekevski, Jasmina Najdovska, Dragana Chernih Atanasovska, and Daniel Tomic. "IMPACT OF MODERATE SIZE EARTHQUAKES THROUGH SKOPJE 2016 AND ZAGREB 2020 CASE STUDIES." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.10.

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Even today, moderate earthquakes can cause considerable damage and social disturbance, especially in areas populated with old and masonry buildings. Two recent moderate earthquakes that hit the Balkan peninsula in 2016 and 2020 affected the capital cities of Skopje and Zagreb, respectively. Both have shown the high vulnerability pattern of a current masonry building stock and emphasised the necessity for improvement of existing response, preparedness, and protection measures. The manuscript analyses, summarizes, and presents the crucial seismo-tectonic aspects and seismological data of both affected cities, then defines P-nodal planes for both strongest earthquake events affecting Skopje 2016 (ML=5.3) and Zagreb 2020 (ML=5.5). We analysed and compared macroseismic data, and strong motion records in respect to their amplitude and frequency characteristics and showed the building damage and usability statistics. The observed differences and similarities that have resulted from this comparative study are to be used further to increase the awareness of the impact of moderate earthquakes, identify gaps and inconsistencies in the coping capacity domain and propose systematic measures to decrease vulnerability of the existing masonry building portfolio.
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Duvnjak, Ivan, Marina Frančić Smrkić, Domagoj Damjanović, and Karla Grgić. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED MASONRY BUILDING." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.40.

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Recent seismic activity in Croatia has caused significant damage to a large number of old masonry buildings. Since the post-earthquake condition and mechanical properties are not known, on-site experimental testing is an important segment of the maintenance and repair of old masonry buildings. In this paper, the results of experimental determination of the mechanical properties and dynamic parameters on the damaged maisonette building of Sisak highschool are presented. In order to confirm and validate the experimental results, a numerical analysis of the building was performed. After making the initial FE model, the comparison between the natural frequencies obtained from the model and the experimental results revealed unsatisfactory outcomes. Therefore, the FE model was calibrated through a whole series of iterations: modification of the boundary conditions, modelling of partition walls, modelling of the damages and modification of the global stiffness of the structure. After a series of iterations, the global stiffness was significantly reduced by nearly 50% of the experimental results, ultimately leading to a satisfactory result. Apart from the reliability of the numerical model and the calibration of the numerical model analyzed here, by repeating the test after the future renovation (considering changes in building mass), the experimentally determined dynamic parameters of the structure can be used to verify the effects of the renovation of the building.
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Reports on the topic "Building- Earthquake"

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Dillon, Michael B., and Staci R. Kane. Estimating Fallout Building Attributes from Architectural Features and Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Building Descriptions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1361602.

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Rutherford, J., and J. F. Cassidy. Comparing felt intensity patterns for crustal earthquakes in the Cascadia and Chilean subduction zones, offshore British Columbia, United States, and Chile. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330475.

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In this study, we utilize US Geological Survey citizen science earthquake felt intensity data to investigate whether , crustal earthquakes in the Chilean Subduction Zone show similar, "felt intensity" distributions to events of the same magnitude and depths within the Cascadia Subduction Zone (Quitoriano & Wald, 2020; USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, 2020). In a companion article (Rutherford & Cassidy, 2022) we examine intraslab deep earthquake intensity patterns for the Chile and Cascadia subduction zones. Building on from the intraslab companion article, the goal of this comparison is to determine whether felt intensity information from several recent large (M8-8.8) subduction earthquakes in Chile can be applied to Cascadia (where no subduction earthquakes have been felt since 1700). This would provide a better understanding of shaking intensity patterns for future subduction earthquakes in Cascadia - critical information for scientists, engineers, and emergency management organizations. For this research, we utilized 20 years of cataloged Did-You-Feel-It (DYFI) citizen science data from the US Geological Survey's (USGS) earthquake online catalog, the ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat) Documentation (USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, 2021). In total, we considered and compared intensity patterns for fourteen magnitudes from 30 earthquakes in Cascadia (ranging from magnitudes 4.5 to 7.2, the highest magnitude event in Cascadia zone) to the intensity patterns from 114 earthquakes in Chile, with the same magnitudes as the Cascadia events (M4.5-M7.2). Our analysis involved plotting and fitting the Chile and Cascadia earthquake DYFI responses to compare the intensity patterns for the two subduction zones. Overall, we find good agreement between felt patterns in Chile and Cascadia. For example, all plots show the expected downward trend for intensity with distance. Even distribution with limited clustering is seen in all fourteen magnitudes, with slight intensity clustering of responses around the 30 to 600 km. This is slightly different from the intraslab pattern which demonstrated a distinct cluster at further distance from the hypocenter, e.g., cluster at 50 to 300 km. These results provide confidence that we can use Chilean intensity data for megathrust earthquakes in Cascadia.
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Vail, Kylin, Bret Lizundia, David Welch, and Evan Reis. Earthquake Damage Workshop (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/plbd5536.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 6 (WG6): Interaction with Claims Adjustors & Catastrophe Modelers and focuses on a damage workshop effort undertaken to provide repair estimates of representative damaged single-family wood-frame case study buildings to compare the differences in costs between houses with and without retrofits to cripple walls and sill anchorage. At the request of the CEA, 11 experienced claims adjustors from insurance companies volunteered to provide the estimates. Electronic cost estimation files for each case study building were developed by the PEER–CEA Project Team using the Verisk Xactware Xactimate X1 platform and provided to the claims adjustors to complete their estimates. These adjustor estimates served as the baseline for comparison against the FEMA P-58 [FEMA 2012] methodology used on the project for loss estimation. The term “damage workshop effort” is used to emphasize that the scope of work included not just a successful workshop meeting, but the broader development of a damage description package describing case studies and associated Xactimate descriptions before the workshop meeting and revisions after it, two rounds of estimates and survey question responses by adjustors, interpretation and clarification of the estimates for consistency, and synthesizing of estimate findings and survey responses into conclusions and recommendations. Three building types were investigated, each with an unretrofitted and a retrofitted condition. These were then assessed at four levels of damage, resulting in a total of 24 potential scenarios. Because of similarities, only 17 scenarios needed unique Xactimate estimates. Each scenario was typically estimated by three to five adjustors, resulting in a final total of 74 different estimates.
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Catlin, Ann Christine, and Santiago Pujol. NIST Disaster and Failure Studies Data Repository: The Chile Earthquake Database – Ground Motion and Building Performance Data from the 2010 Chile Earthquake – User Manual. National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.15-1008.

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Archuleta, R., F. Bonilla, M. Doroudian, A. Elgamal, and F. Hueze. Strong Earthquake Motion Estimates for the UCSB Campus, and Related Response of the Engineering 1 Building. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/791973.

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METCALF, I. L. Assessment of Structural Resistance of building 4862 to Earthquake and Tornado Forces [SEC 1 and 2]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798807.

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Welch, David, and Gregory Deierlein. Technical Background Report for Structural Analysis and Performance Assessment (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/yyqh3072.

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This report outlines the development of earthquake damage functions and comparative loss metrics for single-family wood-frame buildings with and without seismic retrofit of vulnerable cripple wall and stem wall conditions. The underlying goal of the study is to quantify the benefits of the seismic retrofit in terms of reduced earthquake damage and repair or reconstruction costs. The earthquake damage and economic losses are evaluated based on the FEMA P-58 methodology, which incorporates detailed building information and analyses to characterize the seismic hazard, structural response, earthquake damage, and repair/reconstruction costs. The analyses are informed by and include information from other working groups of the Project to: (1) summarize past research on performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identify construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterize earthquake hazard and ground motions in California; (4) conduct laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies and sill anchorages; and (5) validate the component loss models with data from insurance claims adjustors. Damage functions are developed for a set of wood-frame building variants that are distinguished by the number of stories (one- versus two-story), era (age) of construction, interior wall and ceiling materials, exterior cladding material, and height of the cripple walls. The variant houses are evaluated using seismic hazard information and ground motions for several California locations, which were chosen to represent the range seismicity conditions and retrofit design classifications outlined in the FEMA P-1100 guidelines for seismic retrofit. The resulting loss models for the Index Building variants are expressed in terms of three outputs: Mean Loss Curves (damage functions), relating expected loss (repair cost) to ground-motion shaking intensity, Expected Annual Loss, describing the expected (mean) loss at a specific building location due to the risk of earthquake damage, calculated on an annualized basis, and Expected RC250 Loss, which is the cost of repairing damage due to earthquake ground shaking with a return period of 250 years (20% chance of exceedance in 50 years). The loss curves demonstrate the effect of seismic retrofit by comparing losses in the existing (unretrofitted) and retrofitted condition across a range of seismic intensities. The general findings and observations demonstrate: (1) cripple walls in houses with exterior wood siding are more vulnerable than ones with stucco siding to collapse and damage; (2) older pre-1945 houses with plaster on wood lath interior walls are more susceptible to damage and losses than more recent houses with gypsum wallboard interiors; (3) two-story houses are more vulnerable than one-story houses; (4) taller (e.g., 6-ft-tall) cripple walls are generally less vulnerable to damage and collapse than shorter (e.g., 2-ft-tall) cripple walls; (5) houses with deficient stem wall connections are generally observed to be less vulnerable to earthquake damage than equivalent unretrofitted cripple walls with the same superstructure; and (6) the overall risk of losses and the benefits of cripple wall retrofit are larger for sites with higher seismicity. As summarized in the report, seismic retrofit of unbraced cripple walls can significantly reduce the risk of earthquake damage and repair costs, with reductions in Expected RC250 Loss risk of up to 50% of the house replacement value for an older house with wood-frame siding at locations of high seismicity. In addition to the reduction in repair cost risk, the seismic retrofit has an important additional benefit to reduce the risk of major damage that can displace residents from their house for many months.
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Hobbs, T. E., J. M. Journeay, A. S. Rao, L. Martins, P. LeSueur, M. Kolaj, M. Simionato, et al. Scientific basis of Canada's first public national seismic risk model. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330927.

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Natural Resources Canada, in partnership with the Global Earthquake Model Foundation, has prepared a public Canadian Seismic Risk Model to support disaster risk reduction efforts across industry and all levels of government, and to aid in Canada's adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Developing this model has involved the creation of a national exposure inventory, Canadian specific fragility and vulnerability curves, and adjustment of the Canadian Seismic Hazard Model which forms the basis for the seismic provisions of the National Building Code of Canada. Using the Global Earthquake Model Foundation's OpenQuake Engine (OQ), risk modelling is completed using both deterministic and probabilistic risk calculations, under baseline and simulated retrofit conditions. Output results are available in all settled regions of Canada, at the scale of a neighbourhood or smaller. We report on expected shaking damage to buildings, financial losses, fatalities, and other impacts such as housing disruption and the generation of debris. This paper documents the technical details of the modelling approach including a description of novel datasets in use, as well as preliminary results for a magnitude 9.0 earthquake on the Cascadia megathrust and nation-wide 500 year expected probabilistic losses. These kinds of results, such as earthquake scenario impacts, loss exceedance curves, and annual average losses, provide a quantitative base of evidence for decision making at local, regional, and national levels.
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Visser, R., H. Kao, R. M. H. Dokht, A. B. Mahani, and S. Venables. A comprehensive earthquake catalogue for northeastern British Columbia: the northern Montney trend from 2017 to 2020 and the Kiskatinaw Seismic Monitoring and Mitigation Area from 2019 to 2020. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329078.

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To increase our understanding of induced seismicity, we develop and implement methods to enhance seismic monitoring capabilities in northeastern British Columbia (NE BC). We deploy two different machine learning models to identify earthquake phases using waveform data from regional seismic stations and utilize an earthquake database management system to streamline the construction and maintenance of an up-to-date earthquake catalogue. The completion of this study allows for a comprehensive catalogue in NE BC from 2014 to 2020 by building upon our previous 2014-2016 and 2017-2018 catalogues. The bounds of the area where earthquakes were located were between 55.5°N-60.0°N and 119.8°W-123.5°W. The earthquakes in the catalogue were initially detected by machine learning models, then reviewed by an analyst to confirm correct identification, and finally located using the Non-Linear Location (NonLinLoc) algorithm. Two distinct sub-areas within the bounds consider different periods to supplement what was not covered in previously published reports - the Northern Montney Trend (NMT) is covered from 2017 to 2020 while the Kiskatinaw Seismic Monitoring and Mitigation Area (KSMMA) is covered from 2019 to 2020. The two sub-areas are distinguished by the BC Oil & Gas Commission (BCOGC) due to differences in their geographic location and geology. The catalogue was produced by picking arrival phases on continuous seismic waveforms from 51 stations operated by various organizations in the region. A total of 17,908 events passed our quality control criteria and are included in the final catalogue. Comparably, the routine Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN) catalogue reports 207 seismic events - all events in the CNSN catalogue are present in our catalogue. Our catalogue benefits from the use of enhanced station coverage and improved methodology. The total number of events in our catalogue in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 62, 47, 9579 and 8220, respectively. The first two years correspond to seismicity in the NMT where poor station coverage makes it difficult to detect small magnitude events. The magnitude of completeness within the KSMMA (ML = ~0.7) is significantly smaller than that obtained for the NMT (ML = ~1.4). The new catalogue is released with separate files for origins, arrivals, and magnitudes which can be joined using the unique ID assigned to each event.
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10

Mosalam, Khalid, and Amarnath Kasalanati. PEER Activities 2018—2020. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/pwvt2699.

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The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) is a multi-institutional research and education center with headquarters at the University of California, Berkeley. PEER’s mission is to (1) develop, validate, and disseminate performance-based engineering (PBE) technologies for buildings and infrastructure networks subjected to earthquakes and other natural hazards, with the goal of achieving community resilience; and (2) equip the earthquake engineering and other extreme-event communities with new tools. This report presents the activities of the Center over the period of July 1, 2018 to June 30, 2020. PEER staff, in particular Grace Kang, Erika Donald, Claire Johnson, Christina Bodnar-Anderson, Arpit Nema and Zulema Lara, helped in preparation of this report.
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