Journal articles on the topic 'Building drinking water'
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Cantor, Abigail F., and Andrew Jacque. "Routine Building Maintenance Improves Drinking Water Quality." Opflow 46, no. 7 (July 2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opfl.1398.
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Schmidt, Isabelle, Bettina Rickert, Oliver Schmoll, and Thomas Rapp. "Implementation and evaluation of the water safety plan approach for buildings." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 6 (October 30, 2019): 870–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.046.
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Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes water safety plans (WSPs) – a risk-based management approach – for premise plumbing systems in buildings to prevent deterioration of drinking-water quality. Experience with the implementation of WSPs in buildings were gathered within a pilot project in Germany. The project included an evaluation of the feasibility and advantages of WSPs by all stakeholders who share responsibility in drinking-water safety. While the feasibility of the concept was demonstrated for all buildings, benefits reported by building operators varied. The more technical standards were complied with before implementing WSP, the less pronounced were the resulting improvements. In most cases, WSPs yielded an increased system knowledge and awareness for drinking-water quality issues. WSPs also led to improved operation of the premise plumbing system and provided benefits for surveillance authorities. A survey among the European Network of Drinking-Water Regulators on the existing legal framework regarding drinking-water safety in buildings exhibited that countries are aware of the need to manage risks in buildings' installations, but experience with WSP is rare. Based on the successful implementation and the positive effects of WSPs on drinking-water quality, we recommend the establishment of legal frameworks that require WSPs for priority buildings whilst accounting for differing conditions in buildings and countries.
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Skok, S. "Evaluation of potable water quality of Kherson city by the method of biological testing." Agroecological journal, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2015.271433.
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The article is devoted to the problem of drinking water quality in urban environment. For establishing objective the quality of drinking water biotesting method was proposed. Research of the toxicity of drinking water was conducted using test objects daphnia and onions. Ambiguity of test objects reactions was installed, which, depending on the level of organization, respond to the content of pollutants in water differently. Considering specificity of their reactions to the presence in samples of drinking water toxic substances integral toxicity index was calculated for each area of research, according to which it was made territorial planning of Kherson. Samples of drinking water were taken in the 7 testing ground. As a result of biotesting the best drinking water was detected in the residential zone of mixed building (III testing ground), the residential zone of multistory building with the local water supply system (VI testing ground). The toxic properties of drinking water were discovered in the residential zone of multistory building (I testing ground), the zone of transport load (IV testing ground), the zone of storey building (VII testing ground). The worst drinking water quality was discovered in the industrial zone (V testing ground ) and zone of historic center (II testing ground).
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Iman, Iman, Titik Nuryastuti, and Lucky Herawati. "Analisis laik sehat dan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum isi ulang di Majalengka." Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat 32, no. 5 (March 29, 2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.7606.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of feasibility analysis of health indicators with the microbiological quality of refill drinking water.MethodThe study used a descriptive design with a cross-sectional analytic approach. The dependent variable was the microbiological quality of refill drinking water. The independent variables were the following health indicators: raw water quality, equipment and processing method, operator behavior, and sanitation of depot building. ResultsThere were significant correlations between variables of health indicator, equipment and processing method with E.coli microbiological quality. There was no significant correlation between quality of raw water, behavior of the operator, and sanitation buildings with microbiological quality.ConclusionAlmost fifty percent of DAMIU refill drinking water is not qualified for microbiological quality of coliform and microbiological quality of Escheria coli. The most dominant factors affecting microbiological quality of drinking water refills are equipment and processing.
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Novak Babič, Monika, and Nina Gunde-Cimerman. "Water-Transmitted Fungi Are Involved in Degradation of Concrete Drinking Water Storage Tanks." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010160.
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Global warming, globalization, industrialization, and the rapidly growing population at present increasingly affect the production of safe drinking water. In combination with sustainable bio-based or recycled materials, used for water distribution systems, these factors promote emerging pathogens, including fungi. They can proliferate in oligotrophic water systems, affect the disinfection process, degrade building materials, and cause diseases in humans. In this study, we explored fungal-based degradation of modern concrete water storage tanks and the presence of fungi in chlorinated drinking water at the entrance and exit of the tanks. The degradation potential of isolated 52 fungal strains and their growth at different oligotrophic conditions was tested in vitro. Forty percent of strains grew at extremely oligotrophic conditions, and 50% classified as aerophilic. Two-thirds of tested strains produced acids, with Penicillium strains as the best producers. Only 29.7% of the strains were able to grow at 37 °C, and none of them was isolated from drinking water at consumers’ taps. Although not yet part of the guidelines for building materials in contact with drinking water, fungi should be taken into consideration in case of visible degradation. Their number of consumers’ endpoints should be checked to exclude possible health risks for consumers.
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Little, Stephen, Andrew Woodward, Glenn Browning, and Helen Billman-Jacobe. "Effect of Drinking Water Distribution System Design on Antimicrobial Delivery to Pigs." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082362.
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On many pig farms, growing pigs are mass-medicated for short periods with antimicrobial drugs through their drinking water for metaphylaxis and to treat clinical disease. We conducted a series of four prospective observational cohort studies of routine metaphylactic in-water antibiotic dosing events on a commercial pig farm, to assess the concentration of antimicrobial available to pigs throughout a building over time. Each dosing event was conducted by the farm manager with a differently designed looped water distribution system (WDS). We found that the antimicrobial concentration in water delivered to pigs at drinkers in each pen by a building’s WDS over time was profoundly influenced by the design of the WDS and the pigs’ water usage and drinking pattern, and that differences in the antimicrobial concentration in water over time at drinkers throughout a building could be eliminated through use of a circulator pump in a looped WDS. We also used a hydraulic WDS modelling tool to predict the antimicrobial concentration at drinkers over time during and after a dosing event. Our approach could be used to evaluate alternative in-water dosing regimens for pigs in a specific building in terms of their clinical efficacy and ability to suppress the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, and to determine the optimal regimen. The approach is applicable to all additives administered through drinking water for which the degree of efficacy is dependent on the dose administered.
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Shakhov, S. A., and N. Yu Nikolaev. "Rheological properties of sewage sludge ash ceramic masses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2124, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2124/1/012002.
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Abstract Industrial wastes are widely involved in the building ceramic production. Sewage sludge ashes are promising secondary sources for building ceramics production. However, sewage sludge ash application for building ceramic materials production is limited by unsatisfactory molding properties. According to modern concepts, coagulation structure formation processes can be controlled by adjusting ceramic mass compositions by highly dispersed modifying additives. In this study, the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate generated in pumping and filtering stations was used as a highly dispersed additive. The purpose of study was to assess the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate effect on rheological properties of ash-clay molding mixtures. Using the photo sedimentation analysis, X-ray phase analysis, calorimeter method and parallel-shifting plate plastometry the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate additive effect on rheological properties of ash-clay mixtures was established. It was found that ash-clay mixture modification with the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate promotes a slow elastic deformations percentage increase from 3-17% to 7-34%. Apparently, this is due to the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate highly dispersed particles adsorption on coarse ash and clay particles that promotes the growth of their hydrophilic properties. Ash-clay mixtures molding properties improvement makes it possible to increase the ceramic blanks density.
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McDonald, Shannon Sanders, and Monica Sharma. "Water Conservation in Nepal." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022121.
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Abstract Since the last decade, Kathmandu has been immensely crowded by many populations migrating from different places. One of the significant issues in Kathmandu valley today is water management. Nepal is considered the second most prosperous country for water in the world. Despite this, 8.4% of the population of Nepal (2015) do not have access to safe drinking water. Nepal has a high annual rainfall of 1200 millimeters but still faces substantial challenges in ensuring water security. The primary purpose of the new design for the Sport and Recreation Centre project is to conserve the water by reuse, recycling, and systematic utilization of water to create a sustainable water-efficient building and site. The research literature indicates the feasible way to fulfil water needs is by using rainwater harvesting systems in the center. Nepal historically has had rajkulos, canals, human-made ponds and sunken water conduits which are among the oldest techniques of maintaining the water supply. In the Sport and Recreation Centre, historic design techniques have been combined with rain gardens, ponds for groundwater recharge, pervious pavements, and grate inlets to manage the stormwater on the site. Also, treating the greywater through the Reed Bed Treatment System can help and conserve water for the site and project. In the landscape design, specific native plants will be used that conserve water. The buildings will have low flush and composting toilets, sensor taps, rainwater collections, and use. Overall, with the conservation of water on the site and creating a water-saving building design, this can be one of the most effective ways to promote other public buildings to do the same. The people can have adequate residential drinking water. This can help to reduce the scarcity of water in society and teach us to use rainwater and greywater more efficiently in all future new projects.
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Montagnino, Elizabeth, Caitlin R. Proctor, Kyungyeon Ra, Christian Ley, Yoorae Noh, Katie Vigil, Tiong Gim Aw, Sruthi Dasika, and Andrew J. Whelton. "Over the weekend: Water stagnation and contaminant exceedances in a green office building." PLOS Water 1, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): e0000006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000006.
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The role of water stagnation (~60 hours) in a 2-story commercial office building on building water quality was studied (January to February 2020) for three weekends. Chemical and biological parameters including pH, total chlorine, metals concentrations, Legionella spp. and total cell count were analyzed to understand the differences in water quality at the building entry point, and at eleven fixtures within the building’s copper plumbing. Consistently, the total chlorine concentration decreased over the weekend (p < 0.05), was greatest at the building entry point (maximum 0.8 mg/L), and was lowest within the plumbing (maximum 0.28 mg/L). As expected, total cell count levels were much greater on Monday compared to Friday (p < 0.05) at every sampling point. Legionella spp. was found to be highest at the fixture with no use recorded during sampling. Throughout the building, copper and lead levels increased over the weekend (p < 0.05). Copper exceedances above the federal health-based drinking water limit (1.3 mg/L) were localized to four fixtures, branched from the same riser, that shared a pattern of variable use. Flushing was conducted at one location with consistent copper exceedances but 54 minutes were required to reach the public water supply. Flushing was not a viable copper remediation method as it would need to be repeated every 19 hours or require discarding more than 50 gallons before use. No prior water testing was conducted in the buildings’ life. The results suggest that water quality varies significantly over the week. This has implications for water testing plans and interpretation of data collected from buildings.
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Suminar, L., R. Werdiningtyas, and Kusumastuti. "Investigating the implementation of Indonesian regulation in drinking water supply system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 916, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012002.
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Abstract Drinking water is an aspect of development that has an essential function in supporting community welfare because it relates to health, social and economic conditions. Therefore, the urban water system needs good planning, design, and operational infrastructure. This paper aims to identify actors and their roles in the drinking water supply system in Indonesia. Analysis was carried out on laws and regulations related to drinking water through content analysis. The results showed that government capacity in building and administering drinking water supply system was still lacking. In addition, the government shared the responsibilities to enterprises, both owned by the government and by private institutions. Finally, it is necessary to equip and expand laws and regulations to provide drinking water distribution. The critical implication to stop the massive exploitation of groundwater for consumption includes the improvement of drinking water reliability by synergizing and integrating all attempts by various actors in providing drinking water.
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Pérez Vidal, Andrea, Patricia Torres Lozada, and Camilo Hernán Cruz Vélez. "Water safety plans. Fundamentals and prospects for implementing them in Colombia." Ingeniería e Investigación 29, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v29n3.15187.
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Drinking-water must be free of pathogens, chemicals, impurities and any other pollutant causing human health problems. Latin-America and the Caribbean region present water-quality problems due to deficiencies in operating and maintenance and service continuity, the incorrect operation of water treatment plants and distribution networks and unstable household connection. Global trends in the drinking-water sector are directed towards methodological developments for assessing and managing risk in water-supply systems as a way of protecting public health. Implementing water safety plans (WSP) is a practice which is orientated towards ensuring drinking-water quality; its structure is based on multiple-barrier principles, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) and systematic management approaches, such as ISO 9001:2000. International experience has shown the benefits of implementing WSP as a strategy for ensuring drinking-water quality and protecting public health. Current drinking-water regulations in Colombia require implementing risk mapping and evaluating a quality-index which will enable WSP to have good prospects for their short-term implementation.
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Logan-Jackson, Alshae, and Joan B. Rose. "Cooccurrence of Five Pathogenic Legionella spp. and Two Free-Living Amoebae Species in a Complete Drinking Water System and Cooling Towers." Pathogens 10, no. 11 (October 30, 2021): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111407.
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Pathogenic Legionella species grow optimally inside free-living amoebae to concentrations that increase risks to those who are exposed. The aim of this study was to screen a complete drinking water system and cooling towers for the occurrence of Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria fowleri and their cooccurrence with Legionella pneumophila, Legionella anisa, Legionella micdadei, Legionella bozemanii, and Legionella longbeachae. A total of 42 large-volume water samples, including 12 from the reservoir (water source), 24 from two buildings (influents to the buildings and exposure sites (taps)), and six cooling towers were collected and analyzed using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). N. fowleri cooccurred with L. micdadei in 76 (32/42) of the water samples. In the building water system, the concentrations of N. fowleri and L. micdadei ranged from 1.5 to 1.6 Log10 gene copies (GC)/100 mL, but the concentrations of species increased in the cooling towers. The data obtained in this study illustrate the ecology of pathogenic Legionella species in taps and cooling towers. Investigating Legionella’s ecology in drinking and industrial waters will hopefully lead to better control of these pathogenic species in drinking water supply systems and cooling towers.
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STRELKOV, Alexander K., Yuri N. ZOTOV, and Irina Yu MIKHAILOVA. "FEATURES OF THE HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.02.06.
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The article is devoted to the practical implementation of changes in the current system of legal regulation in the fi eld of water supply and sanitation of apartment buildings. The results of the analysis of operational and design standards of water consumption are presented. The necessity of adjusting the normative and technical documents in terms of improving the methodological foundations of designing indoor cold and hot water supply systems for an apartment building and creating a legitimate methodological toolkit is shown. Recommendations have been developed to supplement the norms of the set of rules 30.13330.2016 “Internal water supply and sewerage systems of buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 2.04.01-85 *».
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Rosyiah, Iis, and Lilis Banowati. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KUALITAS AIR MINUM SECARA BAKTERIOLOGIS PADA DEPOT AIR MINUM." Jurnal Kesehatan 8, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.38165/jk.v8i1.96.
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Air merupakan kebutuhan vital bagi manusia, pengadaan air minum harus memenuhi persyaratan yang sudah ditetapkan oleh pemerintah. Air minum aman bagi kesehatan apabila memenuhi persyaratan secara fisika, bakteriologis, kimia, dan radioaktif. Air merupakan media penyebar berbagai macam penyakit. Depot air minum merupakan salah satu pengolah air minum dimaksudkan untuk memperbaiki kualitas air sehingga aman dan tidak membahayakan bagi kesehatan masyarakat yang menggunakannya, saat ini yang murah dan mudah diperoleh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara lokasi kegiatan depot air minum, bangunan depot air minum, sumber air baku depot air minum, alat produksi depot air minum terhadap kualitas air minum secara bakteriologis di Kabupaten Majalengka tahun 2017. Jenis penelitian ini adalah survey dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Subyek penelitian ini adalah seluruh Depot air minum di willayah Kabupaten Majalengka. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 60 depot air minum yang diambil secara proportional random sampling. Data diperoleh dengan wawancara dan observasi menggunakan ceklis pemeriksaan depot air minum dan dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan Uji Chi square pada tingkat kemaknaan 5% (0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi kegiatan depot air minum 56,7% memenuhi syarat, bangunan depot air minum 90 % memenuhi syarat, sumber air baku pada umumnya menggunakan PDAM dan alat produksi depot air minum memenuhi syarat 33%. Hasil uji statistik didapatkan bahwa lokasi kegiatan (p = 0,019) dan alat produksi (p = 0,000) mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan kualitas air secara bakteriologis pada depot air minum di Kabupaten Majalengka tahun 2017.Kata Kunci : Lokasi kegiatan, Bangunan, Sumber Air Baku, Alat Produksi, dan Kualitas Air Minum Secara Bakteriologis ABSTRACTWater is vital for human needs, provision of drinking water must meet the requirements that are already set by the Government. Safe drinking water for health if it meets the requirements in physics, chemistry, and be bacteriologically radioactive. Water is the medium range of spreaders of the disease. Depot is one of the drinking water processing is intended to improve the quality of the water so it is safe and does not harm to the health of the community that use it, the moment is cheap and easy to obtain. The purpose of this research is to know the relation between the location of the activity depot, depot building drinking water, raw water sources drinking water depot, depot drinking water production tools to the quality of drinking water in be bacteriologically in Kabupaten Majalengka in 2017. Type of this research is a survey with cross sectional approach. The subject of this research is the entire drinking water Depot in Kabupaten Majalengka Area. The number of samples as many as 60 depot drinking water taken in proportional random sampling. The data obtained by interviewing and observations using the depot drinking water inspection checklist and statistically analyzed using Chi square Test on the level of significance of 5% (0.05). The results showed that the location of the depot drinking water activities 56.7% qualified, building depot drinking water 90% qualified, raw water sources in General using TAPS and tool production of qualified drinking water depot 33%. The results of statistical tests is obtained that the location of activity (p = 0.019) and production (p = 0.000) have a meaningful relationship with water quality in drinking water be bacteriologically at depot in Kabupaten Majalengka in 2017.Keywords : location, activities, buildings, Raw water source, means of production, and the quality of drinking water In be bacteriologically
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MIKHAILOVA, Irina Yu. "ETERMINATION OF CALCULATED COSTS IN INTERNAL CENTRALIZED SYSTEMS OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY OF MULTI-APARTMENT HOUSES." Urban construction and architecture 9, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2019.04.9.
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The article analyzes the relationship of the system of technical regulation in construction and regulatory relations for the provision of public services. Changes in the current system of legal regulation in the sphere of water supply of apartment buildings are considered. The article shows that the subject of rationing belongs to several areas of regulation, which requires improvement of the methodological basis for the design of in-house systems of hot and cold water supply of an apartment building and the creation of legitimate methodological tools. Recommendations on the formation of methodological procedures, the implementation of which will provide the legal legitimacy of the methods of hydraulic calculation. The method of determining the calculated (limit) costs of cold and hot water in centralized systems of drinking water supply of an apartment building.
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Bondelind, M., N. Markwat, J. Toljander, M. Simonsson, M. Säve-Söderbergh, and G. M. Morrison. "Building trust: the importance of democratic legitimacy in the formation of consumer attitudes toward drinking water." Water Policy 21, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.144.
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Abstract This study aimed to explore the role of democratic decision legitimacy in the formation of consumer attitudes toward drinking water. Using consumer-level data on the decision to change the drinking water sources in two Swedish cities, three core sets of variables were constructed: (1) the overall democratic decision legitimacy, defined as the citizens' support for the decision; (2) the input, throughput and output dimensions of decision legitimacy, representing the citizens' perceived opportunity to provide input, their ability to oversee, as well as their level of satisfaction with the outcome of the decision-making process; and (3) consumer attitudes toward drinking water, comprising trust, risk perception and acceptance. The results of the study provide support for the proposed mechanism that consumers that perceive a decision-making process more positively also tend to support the ultimate decision more, which in turn helps to establish more positive consumer attitudes towards their drinking water. Consequently, democratic legitimacy is an important precursor for building trust. This is particularly important if a waterborne outbreak has negatively impacted consumers' trust in their water, and when political and engineering decisions must be made.
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Ragain, Lisa, Sheldon Masters, Timothy A. Bartrand, Jennifer L. Clancy, and Andrew J. Whelton. "Analysis of building plumbing system flushing practices and communications." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.024.
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Abstract Drinking water distribution system contamination incidents can prompt public agencies and drinking water utilities to issue do-not-drink and do-not-use advisories. After the contaminant is cleared from distribution mains, consumers are often directed to flush their plumbing. However, little validated guidance and few evaluated communications strategies are available on using flushing to decontaminate building water systems. Additionally, limited data support the effectiveness of current practices and recommendations. In this study, expert elicitation was used to assess existing flushing guidance and develop validated flushing guidance and communications for single-family residences. The resulting guidance recommends progressively opening all cold-water taps from the closest to point of entry to the furthest and allowing the water to run for at least 20 minutes. Hot-water taps should be opened progressively and run for at least 75 minutes. The guidance language and format conformed to grade-level and readability scores within recommended health communication ranges. The readability of eight other flushing guidance documents was also evaluated for contamination incidents from 2008–2015. Seven were written at a 10th–12th grade level, above the 6th–7th grade level recommended for health communications.
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Sarwenda, Yoga, Oktarianita Oktarianita, M. Amin, and Nopia Wati. "Analysis of Drinking Water Treatment Process in The Regional Drinking Water Company of Cahaya Negeri Village." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN: Jurnal dan Aplikasi Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan 19, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31964/jkl.v19i1.394.
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Clean water treatment for the needs of the people of Bengkulu is carried out by several agencies, one of which is managed by The City-Owned Water Company PDAM of Cahaya Negeri Village which is a business entity owned by the local government. This type of study was a qualitative research using interview guidelines and conducting observations. There were 3 informants in this study, namely, the head of the processing unit, the head of the laboratory and the processing operator. The research was conducted in Janaury 2021. The results of the study indicate that PDAM Cahaya Negeri was running well, the processing units were also complete, from maintenance of intake, type of intake pump, coagulation equipment and coagulant material, flocculation building is still very good, sedimentation process is also good, filtration material with silica sand is also appropriate, because the absorption of silica sand is good, and the last is disinfection, using chlorinated material is good for killing bacteria in treated water. The processed water has also met the standard of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017, concerning clean water standards. However, rainfall greatly affects the condition of raw water quality for processing and moreover the local power plant which often shuts down is an obstacle for PDAM CahayaNegeri to carry out processing. It is expected that the PDAM of CahayaNegeri can maintain its achievements and find solutions to its obstacles, in order to meet the need for clean water.
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Pierre, David, Julianne L. Baron, Xiao Ma, Frank P. Sidari, Marilyn M. Wagener, and Janet E. Stout. "Water Quality as a Predictor of Legionella Positivity of Building Water Systems." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040295.
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Testing drinking water systems for the presence of Legionella colonization is a proactive approach to assess and reduce the risk of Legionnaires’ disease. Previous studies suggest that there may be a link between Legionella positivity in the hot water return line or certain water quality parameters (temperature, free chlorine residual, etc.) with distal site Legionella positivity. It has been suggested that these measurements could be used as a surrogate for testing for Legionella in building water systems. We evaluated the relationship between hot water return line Legionella positivity and other water quality parameters and Legionella colonization in premise plumbing systems by testing 269 samples from domestic cold and hot water samples in 28 buildings. The hot water return line Legionella positivity and distal site positivity only demonstrated a 77.8% concordance rate. Hot water return line Legionella positivity compared to distal site positivity had a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 96%. There was poor correlation and a low positive predictive value between the hot water return line and distal outlet positivity. There was no correlation between Legionella distal site positivity and total bacteria (heterotrophic plate count), pH, free chlorine, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, copper, temperature, total organic carbon, or incoming cold-water chlorine concentration. These findings suggest that hot water return line Legionella positivity and other water quality parameters are not predictive of distal site positivity and should not be used alone to determine the building’s Legionella colonization rate and effectiveness of water management programs.
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Puspitasari, Eka. "ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF THE CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL DRINKING WATER AT THE DEPOT DRINKING WATER REFILL TULUNGAGUNG DISTRICT." JOURNAL FOR QUALITY IN PUBLIC HEALTH 1, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v1i1.10.
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Refill drinking water Depot is an industry that does the processing of the raw water into drinking water and sell directly to the consumer. Mn metal and bacterial Coliform is an indicator of refill drinking water polluters. This research aims to find the factors influencing the quality of Microbiology and chemistry at the depot drinking water drinking water refill Tulungagung district. Research using survey method with Cross sectional approach is analytical. The sampling technique used was Simple Random Sampling with a sample of 89 depot drinking water refill. Technique of data analysis using Regression and Logistic regression test linear. Independent variable examined was the source of raw water, the depot operator hygiene of drinking water, hygiene, sanitation, which covers three aspects namely sanitary location, building and facility sanitation. The results showed from 89 depot examined known as much as 79.8% sanitation facilities are not qualified, the value of the MPN 59.55% of eligible and levels of Mn 100% qualified. From Regresilogistik test results between independent variable with the value of the MPN indicate significance of 0.008 < (α = 0.05) on sanitation facilities are variable. This means there are influences between facilities sanitation microbiological quality of drinking water. On Linear regression test results between independent variable with the value obtained significance levels of Mn 0.47 > ((α = 0.05) which means no influence between independent variables with the chemical quality of drinking water. The lack of sanitation facilities increases the potential for bacterial contamination through the operator. Therefore the availability of on-site sanitation depot drinking water is a major factor that affects the quality of drinking water microbiology refills.
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Zhang, Jian Feng, Ya Xiong Deng, Zhan Qin Lei, and Wei Xie. "Characteristics of Ion Release from Building Materials during Rainwater Harvesting." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3522–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3522.
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In the past two decade, the Chinese government has paid a huge effort to solve the problem of drinking water in remote rural. As an alterative success case, rainwater harvesting and utility has been the most efficient way to supplying fresh water in rural areas of the Loess Plateau, a typical water resources serious shortage area in China. Focused on improving the quality of the rural village cistern water, study about the characteristics of ion release from building materials during runoff process with five representative materials used for rainwater collection: concrete, red brick, grey tile, red tile and soil was conducted. The ion releasing process and following effect on cistern water quality index, such as hardness, pH, conductivity, has been analyzed. Results revealed that the most release strength of different materials was arriving at 30s following startup. Furthermore, the test of effects of rain acidity on ion release procession showed that the total ion release increased with storm water pH declining, however, the release strength was irrelevance with runoff’s pH. Based on research results, a detailed suggestion was provided to renovate intake construction of cistern for improving the drinking water quality in remote rural areas of Weibei Semi-arid District.
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Irvine, Alison, Corinne Schuster-Wallace, Sarah Dickson-Anderson, and Lalita Bharadwaj. "Transferrable Principles to Revolutionize Drinking Water Governance in First Nation Communities in Canada." Water 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 3091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113091.
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There are analogous challenges when it comes to the management and provision of health services and drinking water in First Nations reserves in Canada; both represent human rights and both involve complex and multijurisdictional management. The purpose of this study is to translate the tenets of Jordan’s Principle, a child-first principle regarding health service provision, within the broader context of First Nation drinking water governance in order to identify avenues for positive change. This project involved secondary analysis of data from 53 semi-structured, key informant (KI) interviews across eight First Nation communities in western Canada. Data were coded according to the three principles of: provision of culturally inclusive management, safeguarding health, and substantive equity. Failure to incorporate Traditional Knowledge, water worldviews, and holistic health as well as challenges to technical management were identified as areas currently restricting successful drinking water management. Recommendations include improved infrastructure, increased resources (both financial and non-financial), in-community capacity building, and relationship building. To redress the inequities currently experienced by First Nations when it comes to management of and access to safe drinking water, equitable governance structures developed from the ground up and embedded in genuine relationships between First Nations and Canadian federal government agencies are required.
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Pace, Clare, Carolina Balazs, Komal Bangia, Nicholas Depsky, Adriana Renteria, Rachel Morello-Frosch, and Lara J. Cushing. "Inequities in Drinking Water Quality Among Domestic Well Communities and Community Water Systems, California, 2011‒2019." American Journal of Public Health 112, no. 1 (January 2022): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306561.
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Objectives. To evaluate universal access to clean drinking water by characterizing relationships between community sociodemographics and water contaminants in California domestic well areas (DWAs) and community water systems (CWSs). Methods. We integrated domestic well locations, CWS service boundaries, residential parcels, building footprints, and 2013–2017 American Community Survey data to estimate sociodemographic characteristics for DWAs and CWSs statewide. We derived mean drinking and groundwater contaminant concentrations of arsenic, nitrate, and hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) between 2011 and 2019 and used multivariate models to estimate relationships between sociodemographic variables and contaminant concentrations. Results. We estimated that more than 1.3 million Californians (3.4%) use domestic wells and more than 370 000 Californians rely on drinking water with average contaminant concentrations at or above regulatory standards for 1 or more of the contaminants considered. Higher proportions of people of color were associated with greater drinking water contamination. Conclusions. Poor water quality disproportionately impacts communities of color in California, with the highest estimated arsenic, nitrate, and Cr(VI) concentrations in areas of domestic well use. Domestic well communities must be included in efforts to achieve California’s Human Right to Water. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):88–97. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306561 )
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Li, Hongxing, Charlotte Smith, Li Wang, Zheng Li, Chuanlong Xiong, and Rong Zhang. "Combining Spatial Analysis and a Drinking Water Quality Index to Evaluate Monitoring Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030357.
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Drinking water monitoring is essential for identifying health-related risks, as well as for building foundations for management of safe drinking water supplies. However, statistical analyses of drinking water quality monitoring data are challenging because of non-normal (skewed distributions) and missing values. Therefore, a new method combining a water quality index (WQI) with spatial analysis is introduced in this paper to fill the gap between data collection and data analysis. Water constituent concentrations in different seasons and from different water sources were compared based on WQIs. To generate a WQI map covering all of the study areas, predicted WQI values were created for locations in the study area based on spatial interpolation from nearby observed values. The accuracy value of predicted and measured values of our method was 0.99, indicating good predication performance. Overall, the results of this study indicate that this method will help fill the gap between the collection of large amounts of drinking water data and data analysis for drinking water monitoring and process control.
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Aziz, Aisha, Kashif Akram, Muhammad Abrar ul Haq, Iqbal Thonse Hawaldar, and Mustafa Raza Rabbani. "Examining the Role of Clean Drinking Water Plants in Mitigating Drinking Water-Induced Morbidity." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (August 5, 2022): 9644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159644.
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Access to clean drinking water is essentially required for human existence. It is a formalized fact that contaminated drinking water poses a serious threat to human life as the endowment of unpolluted drinking water to Pakistan’s inhabitants is the local government’s foremost duty. Thus, to conquer this purpose, the local government, with the coordination of the community development department (CD), fixed drinking water filtration plants at several places in Lahore. This study aimed to discover the health threats and health-associated costs endured by households in the target study areas and the effects of drinking water on infants’ and children’s health in areas having and lacking water filtration plants by employing the health lifestyle model. Moreover, this study compared waterborne disease incidence in households in targeted areas with and without local government filtration plants. For this purpose, a multistage random sampling technique was employed to collect the data from 300 households residing at different locations in Pakistan. This study revealed that people who make life choices to drink filtration plants’ water installed by the local government are less likely to contract waterborne diseases. Besides, class circumstances such as the size of the family, education of the family head, and plant water usage are highly correlated to the quality and use of drinking water and, ultimately, to the health-associated outcomes by improving a healthy lifestyle. In contrast, the age of the household head was found to be insignificant in making choices regarding drinking water choices and reducing waterborne illness. The more the education of the family head, the fewer family members found to indulge in practices for using plant water. Thus, infants/children and other people are less likely to contract waterborne incidents in areas equipped with these filtration plants. Moreover, the probability of contracting waterborne illness is higher in males than in females in areas lacking filtration plants.
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Kabošová, Lenka, and Katarína Čákyová. "SSP-JCE Volume 17." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2022-0020.
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Abstract The building industry, like many other industries, is driven to take a significant turn due to the pressing issue of global climate change. The potential in digital technologies and digital design approaches is pushed forward and exploited in architecture, structural, civil, and geotechnical engineering. The challenges such as the overheating of buildings and urban spaces, lack of drinking water, expensive and environment-aggressive building materials, and many more are investigated in more depth in Volume 17 of the Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering.
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Melendez Giraldo, Dustin Stephan. "Diagnosis, recommendations and optimization for potable water treatment plant in Cauca (Colombia)." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2019-20-4-302-307.
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Currently the water supply system in the municipality of Corinto (Cauca) in Colombia provides drinking water to the entire urban and rural population of the municipality. In order to provide drinking water to the entire population, it became necessary to optimize and/or expand the existing water treatment plant. The article presents an assessment of the consideration of two optimization options: the need for reconstruction of existing water treatment facilities or the construction of additional water treatment units. A reasonable proposal was made to expand the station by building additional water treatment units, including advanced modern water treatment technologies, such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, sorption, settling using thin-layer modules and disinfection, based on the survey (diagnostics), technical and economic analysis, analysis of the efficiency of the existing water treatment plant, taking into account the quality of drinking water preparation, confirmed by the analysis of samples, the results of physical, chemical and microbiological tests, indicating the optimal quality of drinking water for human consumption. The use of modern water treatment technologies will allow to achieve the required quality of purified sufficient water for drinking purpose.
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Salehi, Maryam, Mohammad Abouali, Mian Wang, Zhi Zhou, Amir Pouyan Nejadhashemi, Jade Mitchell, Stephen Caskey, and Andrew J. Whelton. "Case study: Fixture water use and drinking water quality in a new residential green building." Chemosphere 195 (March 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.070.
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Hryhorenko, Luibov V., Serhii V. Abramov, Volodymyr M. Baibakov, Valerii A. Digtiar, and Dmytro M. Lukianenko. "Influence of sanitary – domestic conditions in the rural settlements of dnepropetrovsk region on the peasants’ healh." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 2 (2020): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202002113.
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The aim: Implementation results of sociological survey to the practice of hygienic researches at the subjective estimation of the drinking water quality and sanitary conditions of people’s life. Materials and methods: At our study was used standardized “Questionnaire survey about quality of piped drinking water, which enters to the building (apartment)”, which contained 25 questions. In the sociological survey were participated 150 respondents. Results: Peasants of Dnepropetrovsk region considered that the following indicators of drinking water quality impact on their health: deterioration quality of piped drinking water, smell – 22.6%, color – 14.6 %, rust – 13.3 %, precipitate – 8.0 %, turbidity and suspended solids – 10.6 %, taste and aftertaste – 13.3 %, foam and impurities – 10.6 % (p<0.05). Some of peasants (14.6 %) have unsatisfactory sanitary conditions, living on 5 – 6 persons in 1 rooms flat (p<0.05). Conclusions: Results of sociological survey shown that among rural residents increased the demand for a consumption of pre-treated drinking water, due to the deterioration quality of tap water in the rural area. It was determined, that increased frequency of use the bottled drinking water – daily it was used by 13 rural respondents (17.3%), once a week – 21 respondents (28%), 2-3 times a week – 8 respondents (10.6%).
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van Dijk, J. C., and D. van der Kooij. "Water Quality 21 research programme for water supplies in The Netherlands." Water Supply 4, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2004): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0107.
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The Dutch water companies have commissioned an ambitious 4 year research programme in pursuit of an impeccable drinking water quality, called Quality 21 (Quality for the 21st century). The Dutch approach has always been to safeguard drinking water quality from source to tap by excellent design, operation and research. This drinking water is generally distributed without a disinfectant residual. The Dutch consumers appreciate this concept and have a high confidence in the quality of tap water. The new research programme aims at providing the scientific foundation for future decisions on quality goals and the advantages and limitations of modern water treatment technology, such as membrane filtration and UV/AOP. The goals are to achieve a robust and reliable drinking water infrastructure that will guarantee an impeccable water quality at the tap at all times, also in the future when new threats may emerge. The programme includes studies on water quality goals and total system approach, and experimental research into water treatment, biological stability and (the prevention of) quality deterioration in the distribution network. Important focal points in the research will be the prevention of microbiological problems (including Legionella) in the network and in building installations, the prevention of problems with organic micropollutants such as NDMA, EDCs and pharmaceuticals and the advantages of reducing particles and sediment in the distribution network. The programme will be coordinated by Kiwa Water Research and will be carried out with the water supply companies and in cooperation with universities and other research institutes including the partners of the Global Water Research Coalition.
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Enjelina, Weni, M. Syahnan Purba, and Zulya Erda. "The Factors Of Sanitary Hygiene Associated With The Bacteriological Quality Of Refill Water In Tanjungpinang." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24893/jkma.11.1.33-38.2016.
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The quality of drinking water in the drinking water refill depot (DAMIU) is still low. Based on the results of bacteriological testing conducted by Puskesmas in Tanjungpinang 2015, it is known that 5 samples drinking water refill (AMIU) containing coliform bacteria. This study aims to know bacteriological quality in drinking water refill and determine Factors of Hygiene sanitasion DAMIU that associated with AMIU’s bacteriological quality in Tanjungpinang city. The study design was a cross sectional study with sample of 30 DAMIU in Tanjungpinang. Sample selection is done by proportional random sampling. Data were analyzed using Chi square test. The results showed that 20% AMIU containing germs total , but for E.coli, 100% not containing. Building sanitation, processing tools sanitation and galon sanitation most of drinking water refill already eligible and not related with germs total number, only Operator hygiene that 53% eligible and related with germs total number (p value 0,017). The study conclude that 20% AMIU containing germs total. Operator hygiene factor related with germs total. To prevent the presence of germs in drinking water refill, the operator should apply hygiene behaviour and have certificate of seminar and training about hygiene and sanitary processing of DAMIU
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Enjelina, Weni, M. Syahnan Purba, and Zulya Erda. "The Factors Of Sanitary Hygiene Associated With The Bacteriological Quality Of Refill Water In Tanjungpinang." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas 11, no. 1 (September 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24893/jkma.v11i1.217.
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The quality of drinking water in the drinking water refill depot (DAMIU) is still low. Based on the results of bacteriological testing conducted by Puskesmas in Tanjungpinang 2015, it is known that 5 samples drinking water refill (AMIU) containing coliform bacteria. This study aims to know bacteriological quality in drinking water refill and determine Factors of Hygiene sanitasion DAMIU that associated with AMIU’s bacteriological quality in Tanjungpinang city. The study design was a cross sectional study with sample of 30 DAMIU in Tanjungpinang. Sample selection is done by proportional random sampling. Data were analyzed using Chi square test. The results showed that 20% AMIU containing germs total , but for E.coli, 100% not containing. Building sanitation, processing tools sanitation and galon sanitation most of drinking water refill already eligible and not related with germs total number, only Operator hygiene that 53% eligible and related with germs total number (p value 0,017). The study conclude that 20% AMIU containing germs total. Operator hygiene factor related with germs total. To prevent the presence of germs in drinking water refill, the operator should apply hygiene behaviour and have certificate of seminar and training about hygiene and sanitary processing of DAMIU
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Mokssit, Assia, Bernard de Gouvello, Aurélie Chazerain, François Figuères, and Bruno Tassin. "Building a Methodology for Assessing Service Quality under Intermittent Domestic Water Supply." Water 10, no. 9 (August 30, 2018): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091164.
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This document proposes a methodology for assessing the quality of water distribution service in the context of intermittent supply, based on a comparison of joint results from literature reviews and feedback from drinking water operators who had managed these networks, with standards for defining the quality of drinking water service. The paper begins by reviewing and proposing an analysis of the definition and characterization of intermittent water supply (IWS), highlighting some important findings. The diversity of approaches used to address the issue and the difficulty of defining a precise and detailed history of water supply in the affected systems broadens the spectrum of intermittency characterization and the problems it raises. The underlined results are then used to structure an evaluation framework for the water service and to develop improvement paths defined in the intermittent networks. The resulting framework highlights the means available to water stakeholders to assess their operational and management performance in achieving the improvement objectives defined by the environmental and socio-economic contexts in which the network operates. Practical examples of intermittent system management are collected from water system operators and presented for illustration purposes (Jeddah, Algiers, Port-au-Prince, Amman, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Mexico, Cancun, Saltillo, Mumbai, Delhi, Coimbatore …).
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Maiolo, Mario, and Daniela Pantusa. "Multivariate Analysis of Water Quality Data for Drinking Water Supply Systems." Water 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131766.
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Vulnerability of drinking water supply systems (DWSSs) depends on different factors such as failures, loss of security, man-made threats, and the change and deterioration of supply-water quality. Currently, the lifespan of several DWSSs worldwide has been exceeded, exasperating these issues. The monitoring activity and the transparency of information on water availability and quality are becoming increasingly important in accordance with the national regulations and standards, and with guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO). These activities can be considered as support and guidance tools for identifying health-related risks, for building a safe management of drinking water supply systems, and for improved user confidence in the consumption of tap water. In this context, in the present work an analysis of the quality monitoring data of DWSSs was carried out using multivariate techniques. The analysis considered several chemical–physical parameters collected in the period 2013–2020 for some DWSSs in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) methods were used to process and reduce the dimensionality of the data, to highlight the parameters that have the greatest influence on the qualitative state of the supplied water and to identify clusters.
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Suriadi, Suriadi, Husaini Husaini, and Lenie Marlinae. "Hubungan Hygiene Sanitasi dengan Kualitas Bakteriologis Depot Air Minum (DAM) di Kabupaten Balangan." JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN INDONESIA 15, no. 1 (April 14, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkli.15.1.28-35.
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Drinking water depo (DAM) continues to increase in line with the dynamics of the community needs to drinking water. DAM water contamination can be caused by factor sanitation hygiene of the DAM. This research aims to determine of the relationshipbetweensanitary hygiene andbacteriological quality in the DAM. It is observational using cross sectional design. Thepopulation of this research was over all depo of drinking water in Balangan, while sample was takenby purposive sampling which has been determined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research variables are location, building, production equipment, production process, sanitary facilities and bacteriological quality. The instrument used in this research was the observation sheets and laboratory tests. Data was analyzed by univariate, bivariate analysis using chi square test. The results showed from 41 DAM, there are 13 (31.7%) less sanitary conditions of hygiene, 17 (41.5%) is enough and 11 (26.8%) good, then quality of bakteriologis are 30 (73%) eligible and 11 (27%) not eligible. There is no relationship betwen locations (p = 0.698) and bacteriological quality, no relationship building (p=0.840) with the bacteriological quality, no relationship of production equipment (p=0.618) with the bacteriological quality, no relationship of production proces (p=0.986) with the bacteriological quality and there is no relationship of sanitation facilities (p=0.515) with bacteriological quality.The most of sanitation hygiene condition is notrelationshipto bacteriological quality of reffil drinking water depo.
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Shao, Weiwei, Jiahong Liu, Haixing Zhang, Dianyi Yan, and Weijia Li. "Countermeasure Analysis on Promoting Drinking Water Safety in Shanshan County, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China." Water 10, no. 8 (August 2, 2018): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081022.
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In recent years, China has paid an increasing amount of attention to improving urban and rural drinking water safety, an important aspect of building a healthy and stable society. This study analyzed countermeasures to promote drinking water safety in Turpan City of Shanshan County, in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. First, we considered the current state of drinking water safety in Shanshan, including issues such as pollution, outdated water treatment technologies, leakage in the water supply pipe network, insufficient emergency management capability in urban areas, and low water supply guarantee rates in rural areas due to poor construction standards. Second, the quantity of guaranteed water resources was estimated; on this basis, an ideal distribution of regional water plants and water supply network needs for the optimal allocation of water resources is suggested. Third, a water purification program was developed to solve untreated water quality problems, including centralized and decentralized water quality treatments alongside intelligent water flow control processes. Water resource conservation and risk control measures are also proposed in order to promote the security of drinking water; equipment updates, and the establishment of an intelligent water management platform are also suggested.
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Viet Duc, N. "Experimental Water Quality Analysis from the Use of High Sulfuric Fly Ash as Base Course Material for Road Building." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 4627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2991.
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Water quality directly influences human life. Drinking water contamination can result in severe health problems. This paper deals with the analysis of water specimens from submergence of material containing high sulfuric fly ash as base course material for road building. The specimens were obtained from real road testing. Results showed that for the material that used fly ash and chemical admixture, water quality was suitable for drinking in accordance with the standard parameters prescribed by the Vietnam Ministry of Health, while for the material that used the same fly ash without chemical admixture, the total arsenic content was eight times higher than that of the former. Thus, if one desires to utilize fly ash with high sulfur as base course material for road building, it needs to be used in combination with appropriate chemical admixture, so that it would not affect ground water quality.
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Pelto-Huikko, Aino, Merja Ahonen, Mia Ruismäki, Tuija Kaunisto, and Martti Latva. "Migration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from PEX-a Pipes into the Drinking Water during the First Five Years of Use." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040746.
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A brand-new office building in Rauma, Finland, was used to study the first five years of PEX-a drinking water pipes in normal use. Both pipe material and water samples from hot and cold-water pipelines were analyzed. Migration of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from the PEX-a pipes into the drinking water was observed to decrease rapidly during the first months. Deterioration of the PEX-a material was observed to take place due to the wearing down of organic antioxidants added into the PEX-a material during the manufacturing of the pipes. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) concentrations were high during the first months after commissioning of use. The stagnation time of the drinking water in contact with the PEX-a material before the actual water sample was taken had a major impact on analyzed migration of organic compounds. Hence, the amount of organic compounds able to migrate from materials into the drinking water will increase when the stagnation time increases. In this study, the water samples were taken after overnight stagnation, whereas in normal use it is advisable to run water properly before drinking it. Instructions will be needed for the average user to avoid harmful health effects.
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Singh, Inderjit, and Donald S. Mavinic. "Significance of building and plumbing specifics on trace metal concentrations in drinking water." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): 893–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-111.
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Samples were taken from 72 high-rise apartment suites (6 suites in 12 individual high-rise towers) and 60 single-family houses located within the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The influence of the following factors on trace metal concentrations in 1-L first-flush drinking water samples and “running” hot water samples was investigated: building height, location, plumbing age, type of plumbing, and type of building. Results of this survey show that with the exception of building height, all factors had a correlation with one or more of the trace metals investigated. The trace metals examined were lead, copper, iron, and zinc. Lead was influenced primarily by building type, copper by plumbing age and type of plumbing, and iron by location. Elevated lead levels were associated with high-rise samples. New copper plumbing systems resulted in high copper levels. Highest iron levels in the drinking water were measured in the East Vancouver location. Zinc did not show a distinct correlation with any of the factors investigated. Brass faucets were the primary source of zinc in tap water. They also contributed substantially to the lead detected in the 1-L first-flush sample. Metal concentrations measured in the high-rise and house samples were compared with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and the proposed “no-action” level for lead. In high-rise samples, the 0.01 mg/L “no-action” level proposed for lead was exceeded in 43% of the samples, and 62% of the samples exceeded the current 1.0 mg/L MCL standard for copper. In single-family house samples, these values were 47% and 73%, respectively. The average lead concentrations were 0.020 mg/L for all high-rise samples and 0.013 mg/L for house samples. Regulatory levels stated above would still be exceeded in 6% of the cases for lead and 9% of the cases for copper, even after prolonged flushing of the tap in a high-rise building. In all cases associated with single-family houses, flushing the cold water tap for 5 minutes was successful in achieving compliance levels. Key words: aggressive water, compliance, corrosive, drinking water, first-flush, GVRD, high-rise, single-family house, trace metals, USEPA.
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Rosenfeld, Paul, Robert A. Giacalone, and John G. Kennedy. "OF STATUS AND SUITS: PERSONAL SPACE INVASIONS IN AN ADMINISTRATIVE SETTING." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1987.15.1.97.
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The present experiment sought to determine if status would affect avoidance of personal space invasions. The drinking behavior of male passersby at a water fountain in an administration building was recorded by a female observer. Either a low status, high status or no confederate stood near the fountain. The results showed that there was a significantly lower rate of drinking 'at a water fountain when a high status confederate stood nearby than when no confederate was present.
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Zhang, Yun Xia, San Xiang Sun, and Li Yun Zeng. "Minimum Air Gap between Drinking Water Outlet and Surface of Sewage." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1940.
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To prevent the contaminated water from flowing back into the potable water supply, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was employed to measure the variation of flow field and study the relation between the minimum air gap h and the water outlet diameter d concretely. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that the h/d is not vary linearly as required in ‘Code for Design of Building Water Supply and Sewerage’ but exponentially.
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Uprety, Sital, Juliet Iwelunmor, Nora Sadik, Bipin Dangol, and Thanh H. Nguyen. "A Qualitative Case Study of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Resources after the 2015 Gorkha, Nepal, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 33, no. 1_suppl (December 2017): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/112916eqs212m.
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The 2015 Nepal earthquake destroyed over half a million buildings including the drinking water and sanitation infrastructures, causing the displacement of around 2.8 million people. However, knowledge of how individuals coped with water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) inadequacies following the earthquake remains incomplete. We conducted focus group discussions and detailed interviews with 30 participants in the affected areas of Kavrepalanchowk and a temporary settlement in Bhaktapur to assess their response and access to WASH after the earthquake. The data were analyzed based on the cultural empowerment domain of the PEN-3 cultural model. Results show that responses to WASH include the provision of water from public and private resources (positive response), the provision of chlorine tablets for treating drinking water (unique response), and limited water supply for household chores and limited sanitation and hygiene resources (negative response). These findings underscore the need to understand how individuals and households cope with WASH following an earthquake. It also highlights the need for targeted interventions focused on building community resilience in addition to providing critical relief efforts.
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van der Hoek, J. P., B. J. Dijkman, G. J. Terpstra, M. J. Uitzinger, and M. R. B. van Dillen. "Selection and evaluation of a new concept of water supply for “IJburg” Amsterdam." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0219.
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The city of Amsterdam is going to build a new housing estate: IJburg. About 18,000 houses will be built and finally 45,000 people will live in IJburg. An important objective is to realize a sustainable housing estate: the design is focused on water and energy saving, and the use of sustainable building materials. An alternative water supply system, in which household water is used besides drinking water, may be an important contribution to this ambition. Household water can be used for toilet flushing, for washing clothes or for both. Amsterdam Water Supply developed five scenarios for such an alternative water supply system. Water saving and supply of two types of water are key elements in these scenarios. Based on a comprehensive selection in which public health aspects, technical feasibility, legislation, acceptance by the public, costs and environmental impact were used as criteria, the optimum scenario was chosen: a dual water system, supplying drinking water from the existing drinking water production plants, and supplying household water for toilet flushing and washing, produced from a local surface water, the IJ-lake.
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Neville, A. "Effect of cement paste on drinking water." Materials and Structures 34, no. 240 (May 27, 2001): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/13727.
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Neville, Adam. "Effect of cement paste on drinking water." Materials and Structures 34, no. 6 (July 2001): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02486488.
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Marshall, Lia, and Jessica Kaminsky. "When behavior change fails: evidence for building WASH strategies on existing motivations." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.148.
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Despite increased efforts, an estimated 30–40% of rural drinking water initiatives in developing countries fail to provide sustainable solutions. The Sustainable Development Goal for water (SDG 6) challenges us to solve this problem to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. In this paper, we explore one possible barrier to success: a potential misalignment between local and outside motivations. We address this problem by analyzing how strategies used to successfully (n = 148) and unsuccessfully (n = 70) deliver drinking water to rural areas align with known motivations of local stakeholders. As one tool and starting point, we use definitions in Maslow's theory of motivation to learn and share how to more consistently and successfully build comprehensive motivations into solutions. The results reveal that successful strategies rarely focus on physiological needs (2/148) and often focus on higher-level needs, including self-esteem (75/148), love and belonging (46/148), and safety (69/148). Successful strategies also typically address multiple needs and are designed to meet the actualization (fulfill potential) of both communities and donors. Unsuccessful strategies focus on needs of outside stakeholders above local stakeholders (46/70), fail to address higher-level or multiple needs, and/or unsuccessfully address existing needs.
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Torres, Lizeth, Roberto G. Ramírez-Chavarría, Martín R. Jiménez-Magaña, and Lucero F. García-Franco. "Text Mining Methodology for Building Water Leak Maps from Tweets." Memorias del Congreso Nacional de Control Automático 5, no. 1 (October 17, 2022): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58571/cnca.amca.2022.075.
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This article presents a text mining methodology that is used in the framework of a project called Fugometría. The objective of the proposed methodology is the construction of maps with markers that indicate the location of water leaks. To achieve this purpose, the initial step is the collection of tweets issued by citizens to report the existence of leaks in drinking water distribution networks. Once these tweets are collected, they are parsed for an address in the body of the message. If an address is detected, it is converted into a GPS coordinate, which is in turn used to build a map with markers indicating the location of water leaks. In order to show the applicability of the methodology, some preliminary results on the construction of a leak map of Mexico City are shown.
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Vreeburg, J. H. G., E. J. M. Blokker, P. Horst, and J. C. van Dijk. "Velocity-based self-cleaning residential drinking water distribution systems." Water Supply 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.689.
Full textAbstract:
Resuspension of accumulated particles in residential networks is the main cause for customers to complain to the water company about the water quality. Preventing the particles from accumulating in these networks can be achieved by high velocities in pipes. Adding this velocity criterion to the conventional design criteria leads to a branched lay out of distribution networks, that perform better with respect to water quality, continuity of supply and investment costs. In close cooperation with fire brigades the conventional fire flow requirements were challenged. Based on modern building codes, it proved possible to reduce the capacity of fire-hydrants to 8.3 l/s (30 m3/h) in newly built areas. Six years after the introduction of the velocity criterion the characteristics of the newly laid networks have changed resulting in smaller diameter pipes and reduced length of networks. The amount of 100/110 mm pipes have dropped from 55% of the total length to 45% of total length. The total investment costs for new networks have dropped by 20% in the Netherlands.
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Gomes, Sharlene, Leon Hermans, Kazi Islam, Sheikh Huda, ATM Hossain, and Wil Thissen. "Capacity Building for Water Management in Peri-Urban Communities, Bangladesh: A Simulation-Gaming Approach." Water 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111704.
Full textAbstract:
Peri-urban areas in the global south are experiencing over-exploitation and contamination of water resources as a result of rapid urbanisation. These problems relate to the ineffectiveness of the underlying institutions in this dynamic, multi-actor context. Institutions need to be considered during problem solving; however, peri-urban communities have limited insight into their institutional context. This research examines the extent to which problem solving capacity can be improved through gaming-simulation methods. A game-based approach is tested in a capacity building workshop with peri-urban communities in Khulna (Bangladesh). A role-playing game designed from game theory models is used to examine local drinking water problems through an institutional lens. Workshop evaluation shows that through role-play, participants learned about strategies in drinking water supply (in both the current and future scenarios) and about the potential to address water quality issues through cooperative groundwater monitoring. Results also show improved problem understanding with regards to institutions, actor strategies, and problem-solving constraints. Participants valued the interactive medium for comparing and evaluating strategies. This paper highlights limitations in game design and its implementation, and offers ways to address this in future applications.
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Lourenço, M., A. Silva-Afonso, and C. Pimentel-Rodrigues. "Performance Indicators for Water Supply in Buildings." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 18 (October 4, 2022): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2022.18.106.
Full textAbstract:
Drinking water is a vital resource for the population’s quality of life and health. The satisfaction of their needs is increasingly demanding, essentially associated with the growth of the population's income and the possibility of improvements in terms of comfort, quality, and safety at lower costs. However, despite the accuracy of engineering design, the functional performance of the building's water networks does not always match the expectations because it can be subjected to failures, which can compromise other infrastructures and cause a lot of inconvenience to the residents or users. In this case, we can say that the water supply system is no longer reliable. In the study presented in this article, profiles were developed that make easier the assessment of the reliability of the installation, specifying key aspects involved, which may be called performance indicators. The indicators combined in a balanced way according to their importance make it possible to translate the relevant aspects regarding the operation of the water supply systems in the building and their reliability. In this sense, it is expected to contribute to the improvement and durability of building installations, regarding the water supply's performance, security, and quality.