Academic literature on the topic 'Building drinking water'
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Journal articles on the topic "Building drinking water"
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Cantor, Abigail F., and Andrew Jacque. "Routine Building Maintenance Improves Drinking Water Quality." Opflow 46, no. 7 (July 2020): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/opfl.1398.
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Schmidt, Isabelle, Bettina Rickert, Oliver Schmoll, and Thomas Rapp. "Implementation and evaluation of the water safety plan approach for buildings." Journal of Water and Health 17, no. 6 (October 30, 2019): 870–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.046.
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Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes water safety plans (WSPs) – a risk-based management approach – for premise plumbing systems in buildings to prevent deterioration of drinking-water quality. Experience with the implementation of WSPs in buildings were gathered within a pilot project in Germany. The project included an evaluation of the feasibility and advantages of WSPs by all stakeholders who share responsibility in drinking-water safety. While the feasibility of the concept was demonstrated for all buildings, benefits reported by building operators varied. The more technical standards were complied with before implementing WSP, the less pronounced were the resulting improvements. In most cases, WSPs yielded an increased system knowledge and awareness for drinking-water quality issues. WSPs also led to improved operation of the premise plumbing system and provided benefits for surveillance authorities. A survey among the European Network of Drinking-Water Regulators on the existing legal framework regarding drinking-water safety in buildings exhibited that countries are aware of the need to manage risks in buildings' installations, but experience with WSP is rare. Based on the successful implementation and the positive effects of WSPs on drinking-water quality, we recommend the establishment of legal frameworks that require WSPs for priority buildings whilst accounting for differing conditions in buildings and countries.
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Skok, S. "Evaluation of potable water quality of Kherson city by the method of biological testing." Agroecological journal, no. 2 (May 21, 2015): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2015.271433.
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The article is devoted to the problem of drinking water quality in urban environment. For establishing objective the quality of drinking water biotesting method was proposed. Research of the toxicity of drinking water was conducted using test objects daphnia and onions. Ambiguity of test objects reactions was installed, which, depending on the level of organization, respond to the content of pollutants in water differently. Considering specificity of their reactions to the presence in samples of drinking water toxic substances integral toxicity index was calculated for each area of research, according to which it was made territorial planning of Kherson. Samples of drinking water were taken in the 7 testing ground. As a result of biotesting the best drinking water was detected in the residential zone of mixed building (III testing ground), the residential zone of multistory building with the local water supply system (VI testing ground). The toxic properties of drinking water were discovered in the residential zone of multistory building (I testing ground), the zone of transport load (IV testing ground), the zone of storey building (VII testing ground). The worst drinking water quality was discovered in the industrial zone (V testing ground ) and zone of historic center (II testing ground).
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Iman, Iman, Titik Nuryastuti, and Lucky Herawati. "Analisis laik sehat dan kualitas mikrobiologi air minum isi ulang di Majalengka." Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat 32, no. 5 (March 29, 2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.7606.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of feasibility analysis of health indicators with the microbiological quality of refill drinking water.MethodThe study used a descriptive design with a cross-sectional analytic approach. The dependent variable was the microbiological quality of refill drinking water. The independent variables were the following health indicators: raw water quality, equipment and processing method, operator behavior, and sanitation of depot building. ResultsThere were significant correlations between variables of health indicator, equipment and processing method with E.coli microbiological quality. There was no significant correlation between quality of raw water, behavior of the operator, and sanitation buildings with microbiological quality.ConclusionAlmost fifty percent of DAMIU refill drinking water is not qualified for microbiological quality of coliform and microbiological quality of Escheria coli. The most dominant factors affecting microbiological quality of drinking water refills are equipment and processing.
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Novak Babič, Monika, and Nina Gunde-Cimerman. "Water-Transmitted Fungi Are Involved in Degradation of Concrete Drinking Water Storage Tanks." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010160.
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Global warming, globalization, industrialization, and the rapidly growing population at present increasingly affect the production of safe drinking water. In combination with sustainable bio-based or recycled materials, used for water distribution systems, these factors promote emerging pathogens, including fungi. They can proliferate in oligotrophic water systems, affect the disinfection process, degrade building materials, and cause diseases in humans. In this study, we explored fungal-based degradation of modern concrete water storage tanks and the presence of fungi in chlorinated drinking water at the entrance and exit of the tanks. The degradation potential of isolated 52 fungal strains and their growth at different oligotrophic conditions was tested in vitro. Forty percent of strains grew at extremely oligotrophic conditions, and 50% classified as aerophilic. Two-thirds of tested strains produced acids, with Penicillium strains as the best producers. Only 29.7% of the strains were able to grow at 37 °C, and none of them was isolated from drinking water at consumers’ taps. Although not yet part of the guidelines for building materials in contact with drinking water, fungi should be taken into consideration in case of visible degradation. Their number of consumers’ endpoints should be checked to exclude possible health risks for consumers.
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Little, Stephen, Andrew Woodward, Glenn Browning, and Helen Billman-Jacobe. "Effect of Drinking Water Distribution System Design on Antimicrobial Delivery to Pigs." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 2362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082362.
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On many pig farms, growing pigs are mass-medicated for short periods with antimicrobial drugs through their drinking water for metaphylaxis and to treat clinical disease. We conducted a series of four prospective observational cohort studies of routine metaphylactic in-water antibiotic dosing events on a commercial pig farm, to assess the concentration of antimicrobial available to pigs throughout a building over time. Each dosing event was conducted by the farm manager with a differently designed looped water distribution system (WDS). We found that the antimicrobial concentration in water delivered to pigs at drinkers in each pen by a building’s WDS over time was profoundly influenced by the design of the WDS and the pigs’ water usage and drinking pattern, and that differences in the antimicrobial concentration in water over time at drinkers throughout a building could be eliminated through use of a circulator pump in a looped WDS. We also used a hydraulic WDS modelling tool to predict the antimicrobial concentration at drinkers over time during and after a dosing event. Our approach could be used to evaluate alternative in-water dosing regimens for pigs in a specific building in terms of their clinical efficacy and ability to suppress the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, and to determine the optimal regimen. The approach is applicable to all additives administered through drinking water for which the degree of efficacy is dependent on the dose administered.
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Shakhov, S. A., and N. Yu Nikolaev. "Rheological properties of sewage sludge ash ceramic masses." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2124, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2124/1/012002.
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Abstract Industrial wastes are widely involved in the building ceramic production. Sewage sludge ashes are promising secondary sources for building ceramics production. However, sewage sludge ash application for building ceramic materials production is limited by unsatisfactory molding properties. According to modern concepts, coagulation structure formation processes can be controlled by adjusting ceramic mass compositions by highly dispersed modifying additives. In this study, the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate generated in pumping and filtering stations was used as a highly dispersed additive. The purpose of study was to assess the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate effect on rheological properties of ash-clay molding mixtures. Using the photo sedimentation analysis, X-ray phase analysis, calorimeter method and parallel-shifting plate plastometry the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate additive effect on rheological properties of ash-clay mixtures was established. It was found that ash-clay mixture modification with the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate promotes a slow elastic deformations percentage increase from 3-17% to 7-34%. Apparently, this is due to the drinking water treatment sludge filtrate highly dispersed particles adsorption on coarse ash and clay particles that promotes the growth of their hydrophilic properties. Ash-clay mixtures molding properties improvement makes it possible to increase the ceramic blanks density.
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McDonald, Shannon Sanders, and Monica Sharma. "Water Conservation in Nepal." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022121.
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Abstract Since the last decade, Kathmandu has been immensely crowded by many populations migrating from different places. One of the significant issues in Kathmandu valley today is water management. Nepal is considered the second most prosperous country for water in the world. Despite this, 8.4% of the population of Nepal (2015) do not have access to safe drinking water. Nepal has a high annual rainfall of 1200 millimeters but still faces substantial challenges in ensuring water security. The primary purpose of the new design for the Sport and Recreation Centre project is to conserve the water by reuse, recycling, and systematic utilization of water to create a sustainable water-efficient building and site. The research literature indicates the feasible way to fulfil water needs is by using rainwater harvesting systems in the center. Nepal historically has had rajkulos, canals, human-made ponds and sunken water conduits which are among the oldest techniques of maintaining the water supply. In the Sport and Recreation Centre, historic design techniques have been combined with rain gardens, ponds for groundwater recharge, pervious pavements, and grate inlets to manage the stormwater on the site. Also, treating the greywater through the Reed Bed Treatment System can help and conserve water for the site and project. In the landscape design, specific native plants will be used that conserve water. The buildings will have low flush and composting toilets, sensor taps, rainwater collections, and use. Overall, with the conservation of water on the site and creating a water-saving building design, this can be one of the most effective ways to promote other public buildings to do the same. The people can have adequate residential drinking water. This can help to reduce the scarcity of water in society and teach us to use rainwater and greywater more efficiently in all future new projects.
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Montagnino, Elizabeth, Caitlin R. Proctor, Kyungyeon Ra, Christian Ley, Yoorae Noh, Katie Vigil, Tiong Gim Aw, Sruthi Dasika, and Andrew J. Whelton. "Over the weekend: Water stagnation and contaminant exceedances in a green office building." PLOS Water 1, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): e0000006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000006.
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The role of water stagnation (~60 hours) in a 2-story commercial office building on building water quality was studied (January to February 2020) for three weekends. Chemical and biological parameters including pH, total chlorine, metals concentrations, Legionella spp. and total cell count were analyzed to understand the differences in water quality at the building entry point, and at eleven fixtures within the building’s copper plumbing. Consistently, the total chlorine concentration decreased over the weekend (p < 0.05), was greatest at the building entry point (maximum 0.8 mg/L), and was lowest within the plumbing (maximum 0.28 mg/L). As expected, total cell count levels were much greater on Monday compared to Friday (p < 0.05) at every sampling point. Legionella spp. was found to be highest at the fixture with no use recorded during sampling. Throughout the building, copper and lead levels increased over the weekend (p < 0.05). Copper exceedances above the federal health-based drinking water limit (1.3 mg/L) were localized to four fixtures, branched from the same riser, that shared a pattern of variable use. Flushing was conducted at one location with consistent copper exceedances but 54 minutes were required to reach the public water supply. Flushing was not a viable copper remediation method as it would need to be repeated every 19 hours or require discarding more than 50 gallons before use. No prior water testing was conducted in the buildings’ life. The results suggest that water quality varies significantly over the week. This has implications for water testing plans and interpretation of data collected from buildings.
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Suminar, L., R. Werdiningtyas, and Kusumastuti. "Investigating the implementation of Indonesian regulation in drinking water supply system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 916, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012002.
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Abstract Drinking water is an aspect of development that has an essential function in supporting community welfare because it relates to health, social and economic conditions. Therefore, the urban water system needs good planning, design, and operational infrastructure. This paper aims to identify actors and their roles in the drinking water supply system in Indonesia. Analysis was carried out on laws and regulations related to drinking water through content analysis. The results showed that government capacity in building and administering drinking water supply system was still lacking. In addition, the government shared the responsibilities to enterprises, both owned by the government and by private institutions. Finally, it is necessary to equip and expand laws and regulations to provide drinking water distribution. The critical implication to stop the massive exploitation of groundwater for consumption includes the improvement of drinking water reliability by synergizing and integrating all attempts by various actors in providing drinking water.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Building drinking water"
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Singh, Inderjit. "Significance of building and plumbing specifics on trace metal concentrations in drinking water." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28724.
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Samples were taken from 72 high-rise apartment suites (6 suites in 12 individual high-rise towers) and 60 single-family houses located within the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The influence of the following factors on trace metal concentrations in 1-L first-flush drinking water samples and running hot water samples was investigated: building height, location, plumbing age, type of plumbing and type of building. Results of this survey show that with the exception of building height, all factors had a correlation with one or more of the trace metals investigated. The trace metals examined were lead, copper, iron and zinc. Lead was influenced primarily by building type, copper by plumbing age and type of plumbing and iron by location. Elevated lead levels were associated with high-rise samples. New copper plumbing systems resulted in high copper levels. Highest iron levels in the drinking water were measured in the East location. Zinc did not show a distinct correlation with any of the factors investigated.
Brass faucets were the primary source of zinc in tap water. They also contributed substantially to the lead detected in the 1-L first-flush sample. Metal concentrations measured in high-rise and house samples were compared with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) and the proposed no-action level for lead1. In high-rise samples, the 0.01 mg/L "no-action" proposed for lead was exceeded in 43% of the samples and 62% of the samples exceeded the current 1.0 mg/L MCL standard for copper. In single-family house samples, these values were
1 Compliance with the proposed 0.01 mg/L no action limit for lead is based on a sample average.
Individual samples may exceed this value and still be in compliance. 47% and 73%, respectively. The average lead concentration for all high-rise samples was 0.020 mg/L and 0.013 mg/L for house samples. Regulatory levels stated above would still be exceeded in 6% of the cases for lead and 9% of the cases for copper, even after prolonged flushing of the tap in a high-rise building. In all cases associated with single-family houses, flushing the cold water tap for 5 minutes was successful in achieving compliance levels.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Přecechtěl, Karel. "Hodnocení technického stavu úpraven vody." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240127.
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The subject of this thesis is to create evaluation criteria of technical condition of water treatment plants. The thesis is divided into four parts. In the first part of this thesis are presented evaluation systems by performance indicators drinking water treatment plants, which are then applied in real time. There are detailed descriptions of individual performance indicators. Each evaluation conducted certain period of time. After the expiry of the period under review was to evaluate and create charts to display results. In the next chapter the thesis focuses on the identification data. First, it was necessary to find out all necessary information about the water treatment plant. Necessary information means information relating to building construction, human resources, mechanical parts, technological equipment and other entities with links to the operation of the water treatment plant. All these data were sorted for better overview and facilitate setting evaluation indicators. The third part of this thesis is focused on the development of indicators that are used to determine the current status of the water treatment plant. As a first step was established 19 indicators used to evaluate the condition of the entire water treatment plant. Followed by a description of the individual indicators and then determine the individual evaluation criteria. In the last part of this thesis was carried out by the proposed criteria on selected water treatment plants. They were selected three water treatment plants located in the Czech Republic, which held a personal tour of each water treatment plant. This was followed by an overall assessment of the technical condition of water treatment plants.
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Dantas, Petterson Michel. "Projeto de um edif?cio para fins educacionais com foco na racionaliza??o do consumo de ?gua." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12380.
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Previous issue date: 2012-03-30The urban growth without the prior infrastructure has caused many environmental impacts such as the damage to quality of the water resources in the cities. Along with natural scarcity in some regions, this is one of the factors that limit the availability of drinking water. As a result, the conservation of drinking water is becoming one of the major concerns in sustainable architectural projects. Within this context, this dissertation proposes to develop the design of an educational building focusing on water consumption rationalization. The proposed project is located in UFRN Campus at Currais Novos, an area of warm and dry climate and low rainfall. The proposal seeks to integrate ways to reduce water consumption o to architecture, in order to exploit the advantages and savings. After quantifying the benefits achieved, it was concluded that it is possible to reduce significantly the drinking water consumption in educational buildings in universities using three principles: reduction the water consumption at the point of use, replacement of the water source and internal recycling. Calculations and simulations indicated that the proposed building may have water consumption up to 56% lower than if it would be provided by conventional facilities. Rationalization of water consumption brings direct and indirect benefits, with influences on the environmental, social and economic fields
O crescimento urbano sem a infraestrutura pr?via tem provocado diversos impactos ambientais, como o comprometimento da qualidade das reservas h?dricas nas cidades. Juntamente com a escassez natural em certas regi?es, este ? um dos fatores que limitam a disponibilidade de ?gua para consumo. Em fun??o disso, a conserva??o da ?gua pot?vel vem se tornando uma das principais preocupa??es nos projetos arquitet?nicos sustent?veis. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho se prop?e a desenvolver um projeto de arquitetura para um edif?cio de ensino superior com foco na racionaliza??o do consumo de ?gua. O projeto proposto situa-se no campus da UFRN no munic?pio de Currais Novos, ?rea de clima quente e seco e de baixa pluviometria. A proposta busca integrar medidas de redu??o do consumo de ?gua ? arquitetura, com a finalidade de explorar quais as vantagens trazidas e a economia alcan?ada. Ap?s a quantifica??o de benef?cios das medidas adotadas, constatouse que ? poss?vel reduzir significantemente o consumo de ?gua pot?vel nos edif?cios educacionais em universidades utilizando-se tr?s princ?pios: redu??o do consumo de ?gua no ponto de utiliza??o, substitui??o da fonte de ?gua e reciclagem interna. Os c?lculos e simula??es realizadas indicaram que a edifica??o proposta pode ter um consumo at? 56% menor do que se fosse provida por instala??es hidrossanit?rias convencionais. A racionaliza??o do consumo de ?gua traz benef?cios diretos e indiretos, com desdobramentos no campo ambiental, social e econ?mico
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Vacek, Jan. "Využití srážkových vod v průmyslovém objektu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240371.
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Diploma thesis contains a design the plumbing and gas installations in the industrial building. The theoretical part deals with the use of rainwater in the building as the process water and the experimental determination of the flow rate and water needs for the manufacturing and storage hall with built-office. The calculation part deals with the design of variants of plumbing and gas installations in the building manufacturing and storage hall with built-office. The practical part contains a design and project documentation of selected variants plumbing and gas installations in the manufacturing and storage hall with built-office, and the use of rainwater in this type of building.
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(11199507), Christiane J. Ley. "Evaluating the Impacts of Sustainable Water Use Measures on Drinking Water Microbiology and Chemistry." Thesis, 2021.
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This dissertation focused on examining the potential unintended consequences of sustainability on drinking water quality at the tap. The rising trend in water conservation awareness has given rise to the use of water-efficient appliances and fixtures for residential potable water systems. The first study (Chapter 1) characterized the microbial dynamics at a water-efficient residential building over the course of one year and examined the effects of water stagnation, season, and changes in physicochemical properties on the occurrence of opportunistic pathogen markers. When rainwater harvesting is utilized as an alternative water resource in buildings, a combination of municipal water and rainwater is typically required to meet water demands. However, altering source water chemistry can disrupt pipe scale and biofilm and negatively impact water quality at the distribution level. The second study (Chapter 2) in this dissertation evaluated the potential water quality consequences of using intermittent supplies of municipal water and rainwater within building plumbing systems. Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes are considered by some to be more sustainable than copper pipes and are commonly installed in building plumbing. The goal of the third study (Chapter 3) was to better understand chemical release from commercially available PEX pipes, to characterize toxicological characteristics of the contact water, and to compare microbial growth potential among the three pipe types. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many commercial and office buildings were closed for extended periods of time, allowing water age to increase over the course of several months. Heightened water age is often associated with an increase in chemical and microbial contamination. The objective of the fourth study (Chapter 4) was to evaluate the impacts of an extended COVID-19 related building closure and stagnation on water quality. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of flushing and shock chlorination remediation strategies on water quality at the tap.
This dissertation contains four chapters and each chapter is a single manuscript. The first two chapters have been published.
“Drinking water microbiology in a water-efficient building: Stagnation, seasonality, and physiochemical effects on opportunistic pathogen and total bacteria proliferation.” (Chapter 1) Utilizing a residential building that had been retrofitted with low-flow fixtures, the unintended water quality consequences of increased stagnation in low-flow plumbing were evaluated over a year long period. The study results indicated that microbial growth and potential opportunistic pathogen markers, Legionella and Mycobacterium spp. were detected at higher levels within the home as compared to the municipal water main. Reduced water usage induced longer stagnation times and longer stagnation times were correlated with an increase in Legionella spp., Mycobacterium spp., and total cell counts.
“Impacts of Municipal Water−Rainwater Source Transitions on Microbial and Chemical Water Quality Dynamics at the Tap.” (Chapter 2) Altering source water chemistry can disrupt pipe scale and biofilm and negatively impact water quality at the distribution level. Still, it is unknown if similar reactions occur within building plumbing following a transition in source water quality. To date, no prior studies had evaluated the water quality impacts of transitioning between rainwater and municipal groundwater sources in low-flow plumbing. The study revealed that influent water chemistry impacted rates of metal release from plumbing. Because of differences in source water treatment and water chemistry, rainwater and municipal water uniquely interacted with building plumbing and generated distinctively different drinking water chemical and microbial quality profiles.
“Contaminant Leaching and Toxicological Assessment of Drinking Water in Contact with Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipes.” (Chapter 3) Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) plastic water pipes are increasingly being installed instead of copper pipes for conventional and green building construction. Unlike metal pipe, PEX pipe is easier to install and not vulnerable to corrosion. However, potential health concerns associated with PEX pipe are: 1.) the organic contaminant release that occurs during its service-life, 2.) increased microbial growth compared to metal pipes, and 3.) compound toxicity. Our study goal was to better understand chemical release from commercially available PEX pipes, to characterize toxicological characteristics of the contact water, and to compare microbial growth potential among the three pipe types at varying chlorine concentrations. Results indicated that PEX contact waters did not affect the neurobehavioral development of zebrafish, but affected development in the zebrafish model. Further studies should be conducted to determine how influent water chemistry impacts carbon migration and the water’s toxicity.
“Water quality during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of flushing and shock chlorination strategies in reducing building water problems.” (Chapter 4) The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread “stay at home” orders across the United States. As a result, many office buildings, schools, and commercial buildings were left empty, allowing water age within the plumbing to increase dramatically. Heightened stagnation and water age can lead to increased metal leaching from pipe walls, as well as increases in microbial growth and opportunistic pathogen proliferation. Water quality in a large school building was monitored after approximately six months of being closed due to COVID-19 related restrictions. Upon sampling the building, chemical and microbial water quality indicators were affected by the initial six month stagnation period. To monitor the relationship between shock chlorination and water quality at the tap, samples were collected at fixtures at different time points to gain a better understanding of the effects of shock disinfection on drinking water chemistry and microbiology. This study raises concerns with respect to the impact of extended building closures on drinking water quality and the best approach to remediate and monitor water quality issues thereafter.
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Wang, Chu-Yang, and 王竹央. "The use of HDPE pipes for drinking water supplys and drainage lines in residential buildings." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52999421289207312804.
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碩士國立屏東科技大學
土木工程系碩士班
90
High density Polyethylene (HDPE) pipes are mainly used in industry and public works. Since HDPE pipes introduced into market place is later than the other plastic pipes, the market of these pipes is still limited. However, the chemical resistance and durability of HDPE are better than other pipe materials. It is expected that HDPE pipes have a good potential to increase its sales in the near future. The objective of this thesis study is to investigate the feasibility to use HDPE pipes in drinking water and sewer lines. The construction procedure, cost analysis, and materials specifications for HDPE, PVC, and ABS pipes are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of these pipes are compared. Two case studies are used for cost comparison analysis. The results of the study indicated that HDPE pipe is lighter than other plastic pipes and has better chemical resistibility. However, the material and construction costs are more than other systems.
Books on the topic "Building drinking water"
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Committee, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Energy and Natural Resources. Public hearings before Assembly Energy and Natural Resources Committee on Assembly bills 2693 and 2694 (financing public water supply service surrounding GEMS landfill): July 24, 1985, Gloucester Twp. Municipal Building, Gloucester Township, Camden County, New Jersey. [Trenton, N.J.]: The Committee, 1985.
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3Ts for reducing lead in drinking water in schools: Revised technical guidance. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2005.
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Juan Claudio Aznar de Polanco. Tratado de los cuatro elementos, origen, y nacimiento de las aguas, y fuentes de Madrid, y sus viages subterraneos. Madrid: E y P Libros Antiguos, 1992.
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US GOVERNMENT. The Solid Waste Disposal Act: As amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-616); the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-339); and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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GOVERNMENT, US. The Solid Waste Disposal Act: As amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-616); the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-339); and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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US GOVERNMENT. The Solid Waste Disposal Act: As amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (Public Law 98-616), the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 (Public Law 99-339), and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-499). Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.
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Muller, Heini, Christian Meuli, Heini Pfiffner, and Karl Wehrle. Building Construction (Drinking Water Supply). The Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation (SKAT, 2002.
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Blokker, Mirjam, Chris Büscher, Luc Palmen, and Claudia Agudelo-Vera. Future drinking water infrastructure: building blocks for drinking water companies for their strategic planning. IWA Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789060485.
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F, Hock V., and Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (U.S.), eds. Control of plumbosolvency in building plumbing supplies. [Champaign, IL]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, 1996.
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M, Ashrafuzzaman A. K., Sarwar Hasan, and Bāṃlādeśa Pallī Unnaẏana Ekāḍemī, eds. Drinking water contamination by arsenic in rural areas of Bangladesh: Possible solution and awareness building : a workshop report. Comilla: Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development, 1999.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Building drinking water"
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Shah, Mihir, and P. S. Vijayshankar. "Symbiosis of Water and Agricultural Transformation in India." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 109–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_5.
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AbstractThis chapter develops the argument for twin propositions: (a) that the crisis in Indian agriculture cannot be resolved without a paradigm shift in water management and governance, and (b) that India’s water crisis requires a paradigm shift in agriculture. If three water-intensive crops use up 80% of agricultural water, the basic water needs of the country, for drinking water or protective irrigation, cannot be met. The paper sets out how this paradigm shift can be effected between 2020 to 2030—by shifting cropping patterns towards crops suited to each agroecological region, moving from monoculture to poly-cultural crop biodiversity, widespread adoption of water-saving seeds and technologies, a decisive move towards natural farming and greater emphasis on soil structure and green water. At the same time, we advocate protection of India’s catchment areas, a shift towards participatory approaches to water management, while building trans-disciplinarity and overcoming hydro-schizophrenia in water governance.
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Visscher, Jan Teun, and Dick de Jong. "Capacity Building and Resource Centre Development in Water Supply and Sanitation." In Providing Safe Drinking Water in Small Systems, 569–75. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203741726-75.
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Yonathan, Shuo-Yan Chou, Ray-Guang Cheng, and Anindhita Dewabharata. "A Novel Design of Intelligent Energy-Efficient Drinking Water Dispensing Systems." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde190106.
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Energy efficiency and conservation have become a concern as many issues raised up regarding the increase in energy usage. Besides lighting and HVAC, a conventional drinking water dispenser also consumes plenty of huge electric energy in a building. However, most of them are wasted in vain as the machine will constantly repeat boiling and cooling the water even though no one uses the machine. In addition, the water that comes to the machine needs to boiled first to ensure it is safe to consume, then the water will be chilled and moves to warm-water tank and cold-water tank. Also, the machine needs to have sterilization which will heat all the water. Overall, the energy management in conventional drinking water dispenser is indigent. In this study, the design of intelligent energy-efficient drinking water dispensing system will be elaborated, including the architecture, key features, and analysis. Utilized by the Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems, Intelligent Water Dispenser is able to maintain the energy efficiency.
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Samamé Zegarra, Estela Karem. "Beyond the Water Environmental Management in the Operational Building Phase for Its Application to the Peruvian Context." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 97–113. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7279-5.ch005.
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The world population is expected to be 9.3 billion by 2050, with a high increase in the urban population. It is worth considering that 71.7% of the surface of the earth covered by water, but only 3% of this water can be used as drinking water. In cities, buildings are recognized as one of the largest users of freshwater resources in construction and operation. The water use impact is different in some countries because some use conventional water treatments while other ones rely on advanced desalination. Climate change and population growth are clearly putting pressure on the world's water supply, so the first environmental assessment plan for buildings was launched in 1990 by the BRE in the United Kingdom where the water category is included in its environmental assessment.
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Jakobsen, Guttorm. "Grunneiers rett til erstatning ved kommunal klausulering til drikkevann." In Vann, juss og samfunn – RETTIGHETER OG REGULERING I UTVIKLING, 225–75. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.176.ch8.
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For the purpose of protecting sources of drinking water by imposing restrictions on the use of area, municipalities can rely on two acts in Norwegian legislation: the Planning and Building Act and the Expropriation Act. The purpose of this article is to shed light on the degree to which a landowner is entitled to compensation for municipal restriction of use of area for the purpose of protecting drinking water, and possible differences in compensation based on these different legal bases. Such differences can exist: When rights are expropriated, the owner will always be entitled to full compensation for expected economic loss, but conversely, if the owner receives restrictions on his rights to dispose his property but still retains ownership of the ground, the main rule favours the other side; the owner is not entitled to compensation for losses caused by these restrictions.
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Aliyev, Orkhan. "Economic resilience in water supply service in rural Tajikistan: A case study from Oxfam." In Resilience of Water Supply in Practice: Experiences from the Frontline, 161–84. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061628_0161.
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Abstract The water utilities established by the Tajikistan Water Supply and Sanitation (TajWSS) project, which is funded by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation and led by Oxfam in Tajikistan in collaboration with Government of Tajikistan focussed mainly on decentralization of drinking water services and ownership of the water supply assets by local governance bodies. However, owing to the increasing demand for water and pressures on water resources as a result of climatic variability, water utilities in rural areas are facing financial, operational and environmental challenges which prevent them from responding adequately. These challenges require highly resilient considerations in the design, construction and management of water supply and sanitation facilities and access to financial resources to overcome unforeseen risks. Oxfam's experience in Tajikistan shows that a community's socio-economic status and water utilities’ business operations were key factors for building the resilience of water and sanitation (WS) systems in rural areas. In this paper, the approach in building WS systems that are highly resilient to disasters or risks in rural areas is investigated along with how different factors such as demand and supply, institutional capacity, access to finance and community ownership affect the sustainability of WS services.
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Chapin, F. Stuart. "Linking People with Nature." In Grassroots Stewardship, 37–52. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190081195.003.0003.
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This chapter describes how to shape the linkages between people and nature so that both may flourish. People shape nature through exploitation, impacts, and stewardship; and nature shapes people through ecosystem services—nature’s benefits to society. These benefits include provisioning services such as food, water, and fiber; regulating services that shape climate, clean our drinking water, and influence disturbance risk; and cultural services such as cultural identity, spiritual connections, and recreation. Two-thirds of Earth’s ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainably in the global aggregate, primarily because of land conversion to agriculture and climate change. More thoughtful resource consumption choices by society, slower population growth, and greater respect for nature would reduce these impacts. Building respect for nature often requires collaboration among groups with different views of nature.
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"Drinking water systems in buildings." In Basics Water Cycles, 15–51. Birkhäuser, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783035612936-004.
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Stiperski, Zoran, and Tomica Hruška. "Social Changes in the Peruvian Amazon Due to Foreign Influence." In Ecosystem and Biodiversity of Amazonia [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94772.
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The prehistoric Amazon had low numbers of hunter-gatherers due to poor soil and harsh landscape conditions, due to which it was not able to support advanced cultures. The arrival of Christian missionaries, oil companies, and farmers changed the lifestyle of a specific portion of the population, although some indigenous groups still avoid contact with the outside world. Missionaries stimulated changes in the indigenous medical-religious-political systems. In the Peruvian Amazon, the local government is too weak to carry out the usual functions of the state, and therefore oil companies have replaced the state in terms of various functions such as employment, building wells for the drinking water, healthcare, donation of electric generators, and aircraft transport of local indigenous authorities to meetings in Iquitos or Lima. The policies of the national government are turning the Peruvian Amazon into a productive area and are exploiting its natural raw materials. In modernising the Amazon region, however, the world is permanently and irreparably losing valuable knowledge regarding the nature of tropical areas.
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Crouch, Dora P. "Planning Water Quality: Potable and Subpotable Water at Selinus and Priene." In Water Management in Ancient Greek Cities. Oxford University Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195072808.003.0022.
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Today when the rigors of an arid climate (Arabia) or other constraints on water resources press the limits of water supply, hydraulic engineers have to reconsider the nineteenth century answer of one quality of water for all uses. In places where population density far exceeds the supply of potable water—Hong Kong—or where the scanty spring water is not enough to support the massive tourist industry—Bermuda—(Deb, 1987, 222) there is no choice but to use subpotable or nonpotable water whenever feasible. Absolute scarcity of drinking-quality water is the strongest reason for water managers today to consider alternate procedures, but in some situations the quality not quantity of water is the issue. Heavy metals, long-lasting pesticides, or other carcinogens may require separation of the purest supply for drinking and cooking from the less pure supply for other uses, lest the water itself cause disease during a lifetime of use. Since potable water amounts to a small fraction of use in a modern city—6 percent or less (J. Thapa, personal communication)—alternative delivery systems for that small amount may be feasible, with the main systems delivering subpotable water for bathing, cleaning, watering lawns, and so on, and nonpotable water for industry or irrigation. It is easier to contemplate in theory these logical divisions than to make actual plans for altering the delivery system in metropolitan water districts. Political and economic realities restrict change in built-up areas unless the danger is severe, but in some new suburbs in Florida dual pipelines are laid for potable water inside the house and subpotable outside. Drinking bottled water is becoming more common. Many municipal water systems now supply partially purified (nonpotable) water to industry for cooling or other processes. Still, these new ideas have not been widely implemented to date. It is unexpected, then, to find that the ancient Greeks had just such a triple system of water supply and reuse. Each Greek city had both public fountains and springs supplying flowing water of the best quality, and private cisterns in houses and public buildings to supply still water of good quality, plus a drain system that led used water outside the city.
Conference papers on the topic "Building drinking water"
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Davis, M., D. Chambers, and H. Phillips. "289. Probabilistic Assessment of Accidental Exposure to Arsenic in Drinking Water." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765422.
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van Heck, Geert Jan. "Asset management frameworks for (drinking water) infrastructures around the world: A (not exhaustive) overview of different initiatives and developments." In 2008 First International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Building Networks for a Brighter Future (INFRA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infra.2008.5439626.
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Stillwell, Ashlynn S., and Michael E. Webber. "Feasibility of Wind Power for Brackish Groundwater Desalination: A Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus in Texas." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90158.
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With dwindling water supplies and the impacts of climate change, many cities are turning to water sources previously considered unusable. One such source for inland cities is brackish groundwater. With prolonged drought throughout Texas, cities such as El Paso, Lubbock, and San Antonio are desalinating brackish groundwater to supplement existing water sources. Similar projects are under consideration elsewhere in Texas. While brackish groundwater contains fewer total dissolved solids than seawater, desalination of brackish groundwater is still an energy-intensive process. Brackish water desalination using reverse osmosis, the most common desalination membrane treatment process, consumes 20 to 40 times more energy than traditional surface water treatment using local water sources. This additional energy consumption leads to increased carbon emissions when using fossil fuel-generated electricity. As a result of concern over greenhouse gas emissions from additional energy consumption, some desalination plants are powered by wind-generated electricity. West Texas is a prime area for desalination of brackish groundwater using wind power, since both wind and brackish groundwater resources are abundant in the area. Most of the Texas Panhandle and Plains region has wind resource potential classified as Class 3 or higher. Additionally, brackish groundwater is found at depths less than 150 m in most of west Texas. This combination of wind and brackish groundwater resources presents opportunities for the production of alternative drinking water supplies without severe carbon emissions. Additionally, since membrane treatment is not required to operate continuously, desalination matches well with variable wind power. Implementing a brackish groundwater desalination project using wind-generated electricity requires economic feasibility, in addition to the geographic availability of the two resources. Using capital and operating cost data for wind turbines and desalination membranes, we conducted a thermoeconomic analysis for three parameters: 1) transmission and transport, 2) geographic proximity, and 3) aquifer volume. Our first parameter analyzes the cost effectiveness of tradeoffs between building infrastructure to transmit wind-generated electricity to the desalination facility versus pipelines to transport brackish groundwater to the wind turbines. Secondly, we estimate the maximum distance between the wind turbines and brackish groundwater at which desalination using wind power remains economically feasible. Finally, we estimate the minimum available brackish aquifer volume necessary to make such a project profitable. Our analysis illustrates a potential drinking water option for Texas (and other parts of the world with similar conditions) using renewable energy to treat previously unusable water. Harnessing these two resources in an economically efficient manner may help reduce future strain on the energy-water nexus.
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Kim, J., and A. Latos. "Non-drinking water self-sufficiency of residential buildings utilizing rainwater harvesting." In URBAN WATER 2016. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/uw160141.
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Paek, Yee, Geumchoon Kang, Jongpil Moon, Taeseok Lee, and Sungsik Oh. "Development of Environmental improvement system of Poultry buildings by Air conditioning and Drinking water." In 2017 Spokane, Washington July 16 - July 19, 2017. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.201700907.
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CHANG, LU, SHU NING CHAN, and JOSEPH HUN-WEI LEE. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF LEAD CONTAMINATION IN DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS WITH LEAD-SOLDER JOINTS." In 38th IAHR World Congress. The International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/38wc092019-1895.
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Steinhoff, Mathias. "Decommissioning of the Active Storage Facility for Residuals in Rheinsberg (Brandenburg/Germany) and Results of Groundwater Monitoring." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59134.
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The Active Storage Facility for Residuals (Aktives Lager fu¨r Ru¨cksta¨nde – ALfR) — an open-air controlled area — was used for the storage of radioactive waste (liquid and solid waste) at the site of the NPP Rheinsberg in the former GDR. Liquid waste was cemented and dumped for near surface final disposal. During the period of operation of the ALfR some incidents happened. Residues of evaporated cooling water of unknown amount (ca. 1–10 m3), the drop-out from small leakages and the wash-off from contaminated open-air storage barrels contaminated the soil. Since 1997 the buildings of the ALfR have been decommissioned and the site will be remediated. From the beginning of decommissioning up to now the groundwater has been monitored. This paper shows different steps of decommissioning and explains the results of groundwater monitoring. Currently 33 sampling points are being used for sampling groundwater from different layers. The radiological parameters under examination are Cobalt-60, Cesium-137, Strontium-90 and Tritium. Non-radiological parameters like Bore, Potassium, Sodium, Nitrate, pH value and TOC (total organic carbon) are also being investigated. Since 1997 the activity concentration of Cobalt-60 and Tritium in the groundwater has been decreasing. The activity concentration of Strontium-90 had increased from 1997 to 2007. Since 2007 activity concentration of Strontium-90 has been decreasing. 350 m away from the ALfR, in the direction of groundwater flow, the Lake Stechlin is located in a nature protection area. The groundwater beyond the ALfR-site is not used as drinking-water and up to now there has been no detectable contamination of Lake Stechlin. Therefore there is no radiological impact on humans by contaminated groundwater. The hypothetic effective dose of Cobalt-60, Tritium and Strontium-90 resulting from postulated consumption of groundwater was determined using consumption rates according to the German Radiation Protection Ordinance. In case of using the groundwater as drinking-water the annual effective dose is 0,4 mSv/a at a postulated drinking-water well on the ALfR-site and 2,5 μSv/a at a postulated drinking water well in a distance of 142 m. Results of the observations: The observations of direction and velocity of the flow of the ground-water principally confirms the transportation model made at the beginning of decommissioning of ALfR. In vertical direction, the real spread of contamination in the groundwater is smaller than assumed. The dilution of Co-60 is higher than assumed. In contrast to the assumptions of the transportation model, Cesium-137 has a lower mobility.
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Weimann, Jacob, Matthew Schmidt, Arthur Bergles, and Marc Compere. "Representing the Water-Energy Nexus With Decision Matrices." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36918.
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The global water nexus is still in the formative stages as a area of study. The needs are mostly clear: people need adequate water for drinking, for growing food, for cooling steam-based power plants, and for sustaining the natural habitats that keep the carbon and hydrologic cycles functioning properly. What has emerged is a growing awareness of how finite the earth’s water resources are and how this creates a complex set of interconnected challenges in both developed and developing nations. What has also emerged are predictions with increasing urgency for water and energy crises in the next 20–50 years, especially if these concerns are left unaddressed. The Water-Nexus is not new, but its emerging importance now is driven primarily by population growth, climate change, and our growing awareness of societal impact on ecosystems. Providing energy for buildings, homes, and transportation is an increasingly difficult task for the growing population and aging infrastructure. Most individual issues within the Water-Energy Nexus are fairly well known with quantifiable water impacts. What is lacking is a clear representation of the Nexus relationships that show how changes in one sector impact another. What is needed is a compact way to represent the interrelationships that provide both insight and perspective on how much influence one proposed change has compared to another. Such an understanding should surface the most strategic, viable methods for simultaneously meeting water and energy needs while being a good steward of finances and natural resources. We propose the use of decision matrices from engineering design to represent the interconnected relationships that form the Water-Energy Nexus. The customers in this case are water-centric stakeholders such as government and corporate decision makers, educators, and water-oriented development agencies. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used to integrate the nexus topics into the decision matrix. Both positive and negative correlations in water impacts are indicated with their relative level of influence. Common units are used when possible to quantify water consumption or savings. Decision matrices are presented for transportation fuels and utility power generation. The transportation fuels matrix includes evaluation criteria for water impact, sustainability, convenience, emissions, public opinion, and geographic considerations. The utility power decision matrix has similar evaluation criteria except capacity factor is considered instead of convenience. These criteria are intended to aid policy makers in strategically navigating the legislative and policy generation process to emphasize or reduce emphasis on different fuel types. Recommendations are provided for strategic, viable methods to mitigate future effects of the Water-Energy crisis.