Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building design review'

Reducing and managing the environmental impacts of building structures has become a priority of building stakeholders and within the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) community; although, conflicting approaches and methods to combat the issues are present. For example, green building standards are widespread throughout the world; however each one has its own characteristics and consequently its own specific requirements. While all have proven to be effective rating systems and have similar requirements, the distinguishing characteristic that separates them is their treatment of performance and prescriptive metrics. The feature they all severely lack or currently limit is the inclusion of strict engineering evaluation through energy simulations; hence, the reason why they fail to offer procedural steps to meet performance metrics. How can design professionals design energy efficient buildings with such constraints? Fortunately, advances in technology have allowed design professionals access to content found in Building Information Modeling (BIM). However, extracting pertinent information for specific use in energy analysis is problematic because BIM software currently available is filled with interoperability issues when placed in external software for energy analysis and energy analysis software itself is created with many assumptions that affect the tabulated energy results. This research investigates current building rating systems, determines how current professionals meet energy requirements, and prove that it is possible to create an add-on feature to Autodesk Revit that will allow design professionals to extract the needed information to meet energy goals with actual prescribed methods of mechanical systems selection and evaluation.

This degree project aims to investigate the potential and possibilities for conceptual energyanalyses in the early stages of the design process. Many key decisions are made in theearly stages of a project regarding the shape and orientation of the building. Conceptualenergy analyses can provide the architects with insight regarding different design option’srelative energy performance.As the demands for more sustainable buildings increases, so does the need for earlyenergy analyses. Performing analyses in the early stage requires many assumptions andguesswork which could lead to a large margin of error.The offering from Autodesk is a module in Revit Architecture/MEP and the stand aloneprogram Project Vasari (under development). It is an interesting tool for architects with aneasy and quick work flow and can easily be implemented in today’s design process.The analysis of the results generated shows that the program has a margin of error thatmake some of the features less useful. Comparing the results with an analysis done in amore established and sophisticated software suggests that the result at this stage cannot betrusted.

Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
O setor de construção tem vindo a crescer consideravelmente desde a revolução industrial, contribuindo para o aumento dos impactes ambientais na Terra, tais como o aquecimento global, smog, e mudanças climáticas. Como tal, são necessários edifícios mais sustentáveis para reduzir esses impactes. De facto, como a indústria da construção se inicia com a escolha dos materiais a aplicar, a seleção de materiais com menores impactes ambientais e com uma elevada durabilidade são essenciais para alcançar uma construção mais sustentável, particularmente se integrados logo nas fases iniciais de projeto. Durante o século passado, o conceito de sustentabilidade e as suas estratégias desenvolveram-se significativamente, proporcionando à comunidade cientifica e técnica diversas metodologias e sistemas com o intuito de promover edifícios verdadeiramente sustentáveis, tais como ACV, e sistemas de avaliação da sustentabilidade como o BREEAM e o LEED. Por outro lado, o setor da construção assistiu nos últimos anos a uma revolução tecnológica com a introdução da metodologia Building Information Modelling - BIM. Com efeito, é uma metodologia na qual as especialidades de arquitetura e engenharia estão integradas, podendo ser modeladas e geridas ao mesmo tempo, no mesmo ficheiro e no mesmo ambiente, desde as fases iniciais do projeto. Assim, esta visão mais sistemática e organizada tem a potencialidade de diminuir os erros na fase da construção e da operação. Este trabalho analisou o edifício do Departamento de Comunicação e Arte da Universidade de Aveiro, que foi concebido como um edifício sustentável do ponto de vista energético. A ACV foi utilizada para calcular os impactes ambientais de três diferentes soluções estruturais (mista, metálica e betão armado), numa perspetiva Cradle-to-Cradle, considerando dois períodos de vida útil: 50 anos e 100 anos. Usaram-se ainda duas abordagens de cálculo: (i) a abordagem tradicional de ACV, usando o SimaPro baseado no modelo BIM-3D; e (ii) o BIM-ACV, usando o Tally e o modelo BIM-3D. Esta comparação concluiu que existem vários obstáculos na aplicação da ACV no setor da construção, particularmente no que respeita à (in)existência de bases de dados específicas que influenciam os resultados da ACV. Além disso, essas duas abordagens destacaram as potenciais vantagens que a integração da ACV no BIM poderia ter no setor da construção, em geral, e particularmente para a obtenção da construção sustentável. Concluiu-se, ainda, que a estrutura de betão armado tem menos impactes relativos ao aquecimento global do que as outras que foram também consideradas. Por fim, este trabalho permitiu evidenciar a necessidade e a potencialidade da integração da ACV no BIM no setor de construção. Adicionalmente, conclui-se que é necessário desenvolver uma base de dados nacional de materiais e de técnicas construtivas, de modo a minimizar os erros e a incerteza dos cálculos da ACV, quer usando a abordagem tradicional LCA ou o BIM-ACV.
The buildings’ sector has been growing since the industrial revolution and consequently it has been contributing increasingly to the world negative environmental impacts, such as global warming, smog emissions and climate changes. Thus, more sustainable buildings are needed, since it is essential to reduce the negative impacts of the construction sector. Indeed, since the construction process starts selecting construction materials with less environmental impacts and high durability that are essential to reach more sustainable constructions, particularly when applying it from the early stage of design phase. During the last century, sustainability concept and strategies have been developed significantly, providing the Scientific and Technical community with various methodologies and systems aiming to promote real sustainable buildings, such as LCA, and labelling and assessing systems like BREEAM and LEED. On the other hand, the construction and design sectors have recently been facing a new technology revolution with the Building Information Modelling – BIM, approach. In fact, BIM is a methodology in which the architectural and engineering areas can be modelled, cooperated and managed at the same time, in the same file and environment and since the early stages of the design. Thus, BIM provides less errors in the construction and operation phases in a much more organised and systematic approach. This work analyses the building of Communication and Art Department of the University of Aveiro, which was designed as a sustainable building according the energy efficiency. LCA methodology was used to calculate the environmental impacts of three different structural solutions (mixed, steel and concrete) in a Cradle-to-Cradle perspective, considering two life spans: a 50-year life span and a 100-year one. Throughout this case study, applying LCA in the construction sector was experienced using two approaches: (i) LCA traditional approach using SimaPro and BIM-3D model; and (ii) BIM-based LCA using Tally and BIM- 3D model. This comparison showed that there are various obstacles when applying LCA in the construction sector, particularly the (in)existence of specific database, since they influence LCA results. Moreover, those two approaches highlighted the potential advantages that LCA integration with BIM could add to the construction sector, in general, and particularly to sustainable construction. This study also concludes that the concrete structure has less global warming impacts than the others that were considered. Finally, this work showed the necessity and the potentiality of integrating LCA in BIM in the construction sector. In addition, it concludes the need to develop a national database of construction materials and techniques that could minimise the errors and the uncertainty of LCA calculations whether using LCA traditional approach or BIM-based approach.
Plataforma Global de Apoio a Estudantes Sírios

This study examines the use of building modeling and energy simulations in the design process  of  a  building.  The  take-off  point  is  the  notion  of  energy  simulations  being needed early and throughout the building design process, and that the lack of energy simulations may be explained by the fact that they are time consuming and therefore often too expensive. A greater interoperability between software tools used by relevant disciplines,  such  as  the  architect  and  the  energy  specialist,  would  create  smoother workflows, which would reduce this cost and open up for more frequent and iterative energy  simulation  processes.  The  study  is  an  assessment  of  the  modeling  tool  Revit and  the  simulation  tool  Virtual  Environment  and  whether  they  can  create  smoother workflows, and make leeway for a more frequent use of energy simulations throughout the  design  process.  It  also  investigates  the  limitations  of  what  can  be  examined  by simulations in Virtual Environment. This will hopefully help clarify the future role of energy  simulations  in  design  processes.  The  method  is  a  trial  by  error  approach  of testing the two software tools by building and simulating a model. The results of these tests  show  that  the  workflow  is  not  optimal  (and  therefore  time  consuming)  for frequent  and  iterative simulations  throughout the  design  process,  but  it  also  reveals some  great  possibilities  of  what  can  be  performed  with  these  two  powerful  tools  at hand.  Further  development  with  regards  on  platform  independency  of  the  building information  model,  including  seamless  exporting  and  importing,  seems  necessary  to strengthen the future role of energy simulations.

En unik presentation av en byggnad modellerad som en 3D-modell kan göras med avancerad teknik. Ett sätt att presentera den på är till exempel på en 360-graders immersiv display, där möjligheten att interaktivt ”gå runt i” 3D-modellen erbjuds med hjälp av sex stycken projektorer som samverkar. Detta presentationssätt har Norrköpings visualiseringscenter som mål att erbjuda. För att göra detta krävs det att man tar hjälp av programvaror för realtidsvisualisering. En av dessa kan vara Unity 5 som är en spelmotor. Målet med examensarbetet är att hitta tillvägagångssätt och strategier för att effektiv integrera en 3D-modell av en byggnad i Unity 5. För att göra detta så tillämpas en teknisk undersökning med observationer som metod. Denna undersökning visar att en integration för att återspegla modellen modellerad i Revit till programvarusystem för realtidsvisualisering kan utföras. Återspeglingen är ett faktum som får tas i relation till integrationens helhet och kan inte bli exakt. Frågan är om den kan utföras effektivt nog för vad som Norrköpings visualiseringscenter vill kunna erbjuda. Vilket den kan om modellens uppbyggnad, storlek och projektbegränsningar är rimliga i förhållande till tid och kostnad. Det är dessa aspekter som avgör om integrationen kan utföras effektivt. Kunskap om hur integrationen ska gå till med alla materialinställningar som behövs är dessutom en väsentlig faktor.

The European standard Eurocode 5, a design method for timber structures,is currently under revision. In this study the draft for a reviseddesign method for vibrations in timber floors was compared to the currentmethod. The hypothesis of the thesis was that the revised designmethod might force some changes to the present construction practiceand that these changes may carry with them increased costs for the industry.Six common floor structures used in Sweden today were identifiedand for these floors design calculations were made according to the currentand the revised design method. It was checked whether the floorspassed the criteria in the two design methods and a comparison was madefor the only criterion which could be compared between the methods, thepoint load deflection. Floor structures could pass or fail the current designmethod based on two criteria, the point load deflection and the unitimpulse velocity response. All floors passed the current design methodexcept one which had a fundamental frequency below 8 Hz, because ofthe low frequency the current design method was not applicable to thefloor structure. In the revised design method the final result is a responsefactor and based on the response factor floors are given floor performancelevels. The seven step scale for the floor performance level go from I toVII where I is excellent and VII is unacceptable. All floor structures excepttwo achieved an acceptable floor performance level according to therevised design method. The two floors which failed were floors commonlyused in single family houses, they failed for a span length commonly usedtoday. A limited parametric study was performed where it was found thatthe modal mass used had a larger impact on the floor performance levelthan the mass per square meter included. For floors with a fundamentalfrequency above 8 Hz, including a higher mass per square meter resultedin a lower, i.e. better, response factor in all cases except one. For floorswith a fundamental frequency between 4.5 and 8 Hz, a higher mass resultedin a higher, i.e. worse, response factor. The study found that notall floor structures used in Sweden today are acceptable according to therevised design method therefore changes may have to be implemented andthese changes could result in an increased cost.

En stor del av projekteringsskedet är framtagandet av bygghandlingar, främst ritningar i 2D. En modernare metod är istället att samla all information om ett byggnadsprojekt i en samordnad 3D-modell, så kallad BIM-modell. Building Information Modeling (BIM) är en välkänd projekteringsmetod som bygger på att digitala 3D-modeller innehåller tillräcklig information för att beställas och produceras i fysisk form. Modellen består av parametrar som representerar olika egenskaper och när en parameter ändras uppdateras modellen automatiskt. Parametrarna kan nås och modifieras av insticksprogram, så kallade plug-ins som utökar den ursprungliga programvarans funktionalitet med hjälp av programkod. Grafisk programmering är en modern programmeringsmetod med ett visuellt gränssnitt som underlättar för oerfarna användare. Med hjälp av grafisk programmering kan parameterstyrning av 3D-modeller effektiviseras och värdefull tid sparas. Av denna anledning har Dynamo, ett plug-in utvecklat av företaget Autodesk för Revit, studerats för att ta fram ett så kallat skript som automatiserar 3D-modelleringsprocesser i Revit kopplat till placering av armering i pålfundament. Dessutom har möjligheter till standardisering undersökts, samt för- och nackdelar med metoden. I detta examensarbete redogörs för potentialen med Dynamo och de skript som skapats genom en empirisk studie. En enklare fallstudie utfördes för att kunna åskådliggöra graden av tidsbesparing gentemot motsvarande arbete manuellt i Revit. För att komplettera armeringsskripten togs beräkningsmallar fram som, enligt fackverksmetoden och Eurokod 2, försåg skripten med korrekt indata. Resultatet av projektet visar på att Dynamo och grafisk programmering kan effektivisera armeringsplacering i pålfundament. Graden av effektivisering beror på varje enskilt fall, men fallstudien visade på ca 85–90% sparad tid. En generell slutsats pekar mot att ju mer komplicerad utformning av armering desto mer tid finns att spara. Då grafisk programmering bygger på automatisering av arbetsprocesser av upprepande karaktär finns stor potential för att standardisera projektering med hjälp av dynamoskript. Företag kan då skapa rutiner som ökar kontinuitet och kvalitet i sina projekt. Automatiseringen leder även till färre mänskliga fel och utförandet blir effektivare. Uppdragsgivaren uppmanas att vidareutveckla metoden genom att implementera tydliga rutiner vad gäller 3D-modellering med grafisk programmering, samt undersöka möjligheten med automatiserad armering i andra bärande konstruktioner.
Most of the time spent on project planning is dedicated to the development of construction documents, mainly 2D-drawings. A more modern method is to gather all information about a building project in a coordinated 3D-model, so called BIM-model. Building information modelling (BIM) is a well-known design method based on a digital 3D model having enough information to enable procurement work and actual production. The model consists of parameters that represent different properties and when a parameter is changed, the model is updated automatically. These parameters can be accessed and modified through external programs, so called plug-ins that extend the original software’s functionality using program code. Visual programming is a modern programming method which utilizes a visual interface that favours users with little or no experience. Using visual programming, parameter control can be made more efficient and save valuable time. For this reason, Dynamo (a plugin developed by the company Autodesk for Revit), has been studied to create a so-called script that automates 3D modelling processes in Revit linked to placement of reinforcement in pile caps. In addition, possibilities for standardization have been investigated, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the method. With this project, the potential of Dynamo and the scripts created through an empirical study is described, where a relatively simple case study is carried out in order to illustrate the amount of time saved through visual programming compared to corresponding work manually done in Revit. Furthermore, calculation templates were created, according to the strut and tie model and Eurocode 2, to provide the script in Dynamo with the correct inputs. The result shows that Dynamo and visual programming can make placement of reinforcement in pile caps more efficient. While the degree of efficiency is case dependent, the case study showed an overall 85-90% time saving. A general conclusion suggests that the more complicated rebar designs, the more time there is to be saved. Since visual programming is based on the automation of repetitive processes, there is great potential to standardize structural design with the help of Dynamo scripts. Companies can thus create routines that increase continuity and quality in their projects. The automation also leads to fewer human errors and a more efficient execution. The client is advised to further develop this method by implementing explicit routines regarding 3D modelling with visual programming and investigate the possibilities of automation of reinforcement design in other load-bearing structures.

In terms of technology, BIM is also part of the worldwide change Industry 4.0, which in essence is the trend toward automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes. Generative design is an iterative process that involves a program that will generate a certain number of outputs that meet certain constraints, so that a designer is able to fine tune the feasible project by changing minimal and maximal values of an interval in which a variable of the program meets the set of constraints, in order to reduce or augment the number of outputs to choose from. The initial idea of this thesis work was to manipulate few of the most basic geometric elements in order to get a complex parametric shape inspired from the honeycomb as the natures perfectly generated the element. This preliminary idea, together with the ambition to use this transformation for a façade system in a structural building led us to a series of decisions to try and connect two “worlds”, in the sense that we have a CAD environment that lets us create the geometry and a BIM environment where everything is represented by a specific level of information. This geometry is given a specific set of rules that drive and manipulate each of the elements it contains in a certain fashion. This methodology, as well as the communication and the interaction between the software adopted and their programming environments, is what makes the generative design possible. This result from the Grasshopper algorithm is then being created in the CAD environment in Rhinoceros3D, which then can be opened through Rhino.Inside.Revit and give us a direct real-time preview in the BIM environment in Revit. Through a long series of testing and experimenting with the geometry, we get to a point where we have a functional algorithm that creates and manipulates the geometry, in order to foster many design opportunities for structural and architectural designers.

BIM (Building Information Modeling) är idag ett vedertaget begrepp inom byggprojektering.En viktig styrka med BIM är möjligheten till koordinering mellan samtligaaktörer i projektet. BIM-verktygen bygger på parametrisering vilket innebär att modellensobjekt har en stor uppsättning data kopplad till sig. Objektens egenskaperkan ändras genom att justera parameterdatan. Parametriseringen medför också attdata relativt enkelt kan nås, extraheras och styras av externa program. Det är i dettasyfte som implementeringen av grafisk programmering fyller en viktig funktion. Medhjälp av grafisk programmering kan flera operationer i BIM-arbetet automatiseras.Därmed finns potentialen att spara värdefull tid för byggprojektören. Autodesk Revit är ett av de verktyg som dominerar BIM-marknaden. I Revit kananvändaren designa och dokumentera ett byggprojekt i alla dess faser. Sedan någraår tillbaka finns det ett tillägg till programmet som heter Dynamo. Dynamo tillåteranvändaren att styra Revit med hjälp av skript i en användarvänlig grafisk miljö.I denna uppsats redogörs för Dynamos möjligheter och begränsningar applicerat påväletablerade arbetsmoment inom byggprojektering. Här redogörs för optimeringspotentialenoch lämpliga användningsområden. Slutsatser som dragits grundar sig ihög grad på en empirisk undersökning där ett antal grafiska skript har skapats ochutvärderats. Resultatet visar på att fl era vitala moment i byggprojektörens vardagliga arbetsflödekan effektiviseras med hjälp av införandet av grafisk programmering. Med effektiviseringavses i detta fall primärt tidsbesparingar som bidrar till ökad ekonomiskhållbarhet för byggprojekteringsföretaget.
BIM (Building Information Modeling) is today a proven concept in construction design.An important strength with BIM is the possibility of coordination between allactors in the project. The BIM tools are based on parameterization, which meansthat the model's object has a large set of data attached to it. The properties ofthe objects can be changed by adjusting the parameter data. Parameterization alsomeans that data can be easily accessed, extracted and controlled by external applications.It is for this purpose that the implementation of graphic programming playsan important role. With the help of graphical programming, several operations inthe BIM work can be automated. Thus, there is the potential to save valuable timefor the construction projector. Autodesk Revit is one of the tools that dominates the BIM market. In Revit, theuser can design and document a construction project in all its phases. For a fewyears back, there is an addition to the program called Dynamo. Dynamo allows theuser to control Revit using scripts in a user-friendly graphical environment.This essay explains Dynamo's possibilities and limitations applied to work processesin building design. It describes the optimization potential and appropriate applications.Conclusions are mainly drawn based upon the generation and evaluation ofgraphical scripts. The result shows that several vital moments in the construction projector's dailywork ow can be rationalized through the introduction of graphic programming. Rationalizationmeans time savings that contribute to increased economic sustainabilityfor the construction company.

Throughout this research, the whole life cycle of a building will be analyzed, with a special focus on the most common issues that affect the construction sector nowadays, such as safety. In fact, the goal is to enhance the management of the entire construction process in order to reduce the risk of accidents. The contemporary trend is that of researching new tools capable of reducing, or even eliminating, the most common mistakes that usually lead to safety risks. That is one of the main reasons why new technologies and tools have been introduced in the field. The one we will focus on is the so-called BIM: Building Information Modeling. With the term BIM we refer to wider and more complex analysis tool than a simple 3D modeling software. Through BIM technologies we are able to generate a multi-dimension 3D model which contains all the information about the project. This innovative approach aims at a better understanding and control of the project by taking into consideration the entire life cycle and resulting in a faster and more sustainable way of management. Furthermore, BIM software allows for the sharing of all the information among the different aspects of the project and among the different participants involved thus improving the cooperation and communication. In addition, BIM software utilizes smart tools that simulate and visualize the process in advance, thus preventing issues that might not have been taking into consideration during the design process. This leads to higher chances of avoiding risks, delays and cost increases. Using a hospital case study, we will apply this approach for the completion of a safety plan, with a special focus onto the construction phase.

The thermal quality of the contemporary building tends to be deteriorated due to aesthetic and economic considerations. Cheap materials which are thermally inappropriate are still rising in new buildings. Actually, the architectural design has been changed. Hence, the orientation is poorly investigated. The interior height of the new buildings is defectively compared to those of traditional houses. In addition, the patio is replaced by a corridor and different parts have already become communicating. Accordingly, the heating and cooling space becomes more and more important. The traditional dwelling, in fact, has a bioclimatic architecture which provides naturally minimal comfort. In our work, we tend to exploit the REVIT software in the residential building simulation in Tunisia and to optimize the modern housing model. Following the REVIT validation of the obtained results and comparing them to TRNSYS and SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, we have already relied on them to assess both housing models (contemporary and traditional). Using REVIT, the evaluation results show that traditional housing are more efficient than contemporary ones particularly during summer period. Then, we optimize the modern models making use of the passive strategies of traditional bioclimatic architecture and the improvement measures in the previous investigations. Numerous tests have been generated applying REVIT software in order to determine various models of contemporary housing which are able to be integrated into the Mediterranean climate. In fact, these tests indicate that REVIT efficiency is based on RTS method in thermal simulation of residential buildings.
La qualité thermique des bâtiments modernes a une tendance à se détériorer en raison de considérations esthétiques et économiques. L'utilisation de matériaux de construction de bon marché et thermiquement inappropriées ne cesse d'augmenter dans les nouvelles constructions. À l'heure actuelle, la conception architecturale a changé. L'orientation est peu étudiée, la hauteur intérieure des nouveaux locaux est faible comparée à celle de la maison traditionnelle et le patio est remplacé par un couloir. Les différentes parties sont devenues communicantes. Ainsi, l'espace de chauffage et de refroidissement devient plus important. L'habitation traditionnelle tunisienne présente une architecture bioclimatique qui permet de fournir un confort minimal naturellement. Notre travail vise à exploiter le REVIT dans la simulation des bâtiments résidentiels en Tunisie et d'optimiser le modèle d'habitat moderne. Après validation des résultats obtenus par REVIT, comparés à ceux de TRNSYS et SPREADSHEET ASHRAE, nous l'avons, tout d'abord, exploité pour évaluer les deux modèles d'habitats (traditionnels et contemporains). Les résultats d'évaluation, en utilisant REVIT, montrent que l'habitat traditionnel sont plus efficaces que celui moderne particulièrement en période estivale. Par la suite, nous avons optimisé le modèle de maisons contemporaines, en utilisant en premier lieu, les stratégies passives de l'architecture bioclimatique traditionnelle, et en second lieu, en utilisant les mesures d'amélioration utilisées dans des études antérieures. Afin, de déterminer une variante de modèle d'habitat contemporain thermiquement optimal et qui s'intègre dans le climat méditerranéen, plusieurs tests sont générés en utilisant REVIT. Ces tests montrent l'efficacité de ce dernier qui se base sur la méthode RTS dans la simulation thermique des bâtiments résidentiels.

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This dissertation presents the technology within BIM and its implication in the architectural and engineering design process. Since the 60 s, aerospace and automotive industries have already revolutionized the way of project with the CAD, and manufacture with the assembly lines. In AEC, the CAD became BIM, a new way of project, build and manage, from conception till life cycle building. This brought a project and construction time reduction, cost and environmental impacts decrease foreseen in LEED and merged in BIM.
Este trabalho objetiva apresentar a tecnologia contida no BIM e suas implicações no processo de projeto da arquitetura e engenharia civil. A partir de 1960, as indústrias, aeronáutica e automotiva, já haviam revolucionado a forma de projetar com o CAD, e de fabricar com as linhas de montagem. Na Arquitetura, Engenharia e Construção, o CAD está evoluindo para o BIM (Building Information Modeling), uma forma de projetar, construir e gerenciar, da concepção ao habite-se, aplicável a todo o ciclo de vida da edificação. Dessa forma houve não só uma redução no tempo de projeto e construção, mas também em custos e impactos ambientais previstos em normas internacionais incorporadas ao BIM.

Mestrado em Engenharia Civil
A utilização da metodologia BIM tem vindo a aumentar no setor da AEC, implicando um novo paradigma de trabalho, com o uso de modelos tridimensionais paramétricos. No entanto, as vantagens desta metodologia não têm sido utilizadas pelos projetistas para a prevenção de riscos profissionais e para o planeamento das respetivas medidas de segurança, tendo em consideração que na fase de projeto se tem o maior potencial para aplicar eliminar/minimizar os perigos e, consequentemente influenciar a segurança em obra e nas fases posteriores à sua conclusão. Apoiado na revisão bibliográfica, esta dissertação tem como objetivo mostrar a capacidade de se desenvolverem ferramentas que permitem adicionar funcionalidades ao software Autodesk Revit 2016, para deteção automática de situações de perigo, no modelo 3D. Para se atingir este objetivo, teve-se por base o modelo 3D da estrutura dum edifício de radioterapia, utilizado para se proceder à validação das ferramentas desenvolvidas. Foi feita uma revisão das normas e legislação existentes, identificando as possíveis de ser aplicadas em linguagem computacional. Com base em dois sistemas de rule-check, destinados à prevenção de quedas em altura, é proposto um framework para a sua implementação na metodologia BIM. A partir deste, foi desenvolvido um plugin que permite a deteção de perigos de queda, a avaliação da segurança de uma forma qualitativa através da aplicação do Job Hazard Analysis e de listas de verificação, e a importação de objetos relativos aos sistemas de proteção contra quedas em altura. Em suma, conclui-se que as API’s do software Autodesk Revit possibilitam a criação e adição de diversas funcionalidades possíveis de serem utilizadas na metodologia BIM, e mais especificamente na prevenção de riscos na construção, contribuindo esta dissertação para a aplicação de uma nova abordagem para a prevenção de riscos em projeto.
The use of BIM methodology is to increase in the AEC sector, implying a new work paradigm with the use of three-dimensional parametric models. However, the advantages of this methodology have not been used by the designers for the prevention of occupational risks and for the planning of the respective safety measures, since the design phase is considered the optimal period to eliminate/minimize the hazards and influence the safety at work and in all of the phases after its conclusion. Supported by literature review, this dissertation aims to show the ability to develop tools that allow to add functionalities to Autodesk Revit 2016 software for automatic detection of danger situations in the 3D model. In order to reach this goal, it was used the 3D model of the structural phase of a radiotherapy building to validate the developed tools. A review of existing norms and legislation was made, identifying possible ones to be applied in computational language. Based on two rule-check systems, aimed at preventing height falls, is proposed a framework to be implemented in the BIM methology. From this, a plugin was developed to allow the detection of fall hazards, the qualitative evaluation of safety through the application of Job Hazard Analysis and safety checklists, and the importation of BIM objects related to fall protection systems. In scene, it is concluded that Autodesk Revit software APIs let the creation and addition of several functionalities that can be used in the BIM methodology, more specifically in the scope of safety at construction, contributing this dissertation to the application of a new approach in the risk prevention through design.

Examensarbetets mål var att utforma två förslag på ett musik- och konsthus för placering i Växjösjön. Konstruktionen ämnas vara flytande och mobil.Gemensamt undersökte författarna byggnadens förutsättningar och möjligheter, i syfte att underlätta utformningsprocessen. Författarna utformade var sitt förslag. Det resulterade i två förslag med skilda arkitektoniska särdrag, skapade utifrån gemensamt stipulerade avgränsningar.Det ena förslaget är utformat med hjälp av geometriska former med raka sidor. Det kontrasterar mot det andra förslaget som har organiska och mjuka former.
The purpose of this thesis was to produce two alternative architectural designs, of a building, that will house various exhibitions and activities. Mainly those will be culture related; music and arts. The building is to be located in a Swedish lake, called Växjösjön, and the structure is intended to be placed on a floating hull.Initially the authors investigated, and discussed, what possibilities and limitations that were associated with the building. The authors then, separate from one another, created one alternative design each.The first of the two designs found its inspiration in different geometrical shapes, whereas the other was more of an organic design with a smooth and flowing architecture.
De digitala ritningarna finns att tillgå från författarna på begäran.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
98
Design errors and inconsistencies in the design documents are commonly seen in the building construction projects in Taiwan. These are the results of the poor planning and complex regulations, standards and contract conditions. The design errors and inconsistent design documents will have negative impact on project quality, cost and schedule. Having no standard design review process in place, the contractors have to rely heavily on individual engineers to review the design documents. As a result, it is very difficult to maintain the quality of the design review. In view of this, the aim of this research is to study the current practice of design review process, generate a scheme of critical design review items and propose a standard design review process from the building contractors’ perspective. An intensive literature is first conducted to come up with a list of fundamental design review items and this list is reviewed by industry experts to form the basis of the survey questionnaire. The questionnaire is then sent to industry experts and the AHP method is implemented to determine the relative weights of the design review items. These weights represent the comparative importance of different design review items. Based on this, a design review process with review contents, timing and critical items is proposed for the building contractors. The contractors are able make use of these results to improve their own design review process and become more competitive in the industry.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
95
In recent years, the case’s quantity and scale of the design-build construction had tendency of the large growth. However, to carryout design-build construction in practical professional management for those items in schedule management, the most concerned reason is the variation of the building administration superintend by the proprietor in the schematic design stage. Even causes the unsatisfied reason that had been requested to finish in a set time and tremendous influence the benefit of design-build construction. That may reduce the time-limited for a project. The self-criticism reason is the investigation time of the government authority (the third party in the contract) that have been neglected and ignored frequently by the proprietor. Because the urban design review is the important item in the administration procedure for the building construction. Although the time influence is the biggest, but the proprietor always requests contractor to finish by a set time, and compress the urban design review schedule in the bidding document. That creates a lot of difference between the actual urban design review schedules. This research scope contains 5 public construction categories; include “the underground parking garage", "the office", "the sport center", "the exhibition hall" and "the housing”. These cases have been approved from the year of 2002 to 2007, January. These research objects are limited in purchase amount over $NT two hundred million, the contract pattern belonging to design-build construction type (the PCM+ site supervision), or the reason of the execution backwardness factor being as the urban design review schedule fallen behind. This research studied by the literature review from, the investigation and the analysis of 15 design-build construction cases in urban design review, the induction influence reason of the design-build construction in urban design review schedule, the synthesis backwardness factor and the countermeasure of the reasonable time in urban design review schedule. That will propose the strategy through the analysis of specialists’ interview, the estimation schedule duration and frequency in urban design review. In order to, get a reasonable urban design review schedule. It will establish the urban design review reasonable schedule of the design-build construction project from the number of times through this research case analysis result. It will provide the proprietor a grading item from the urban design review reasonable schedule, and set a proper contract time-limited section. It will request the contractor to propose a detail analysis about the urban design review reasonable schedule in the tender document. In order to, make the proper action and extra schedule in advance by the special case prejudgment, and also being as the grading item and the control basis.

碩士
國立政治大學
教育學系
105
The main purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review of research that contains pedagogical design and implementation based on knowledge building principles (KBPs). This study includes 56 knowledge building (KB) studies selected from the Scopus database between 2001 and 2016. Multi-levels of coding procedures were employed in categorizing different analysis dimensions in order to answer the research questions. Particularly, the coding scheme regarding the dimension of the learning outcomes employed a procedure to compute the inter-coder reliability using Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k) formula with the coefficient k = 0.8.Findings mainly based on descriptive analysis revealed that KB studies are more frequently conducted in Eastern countries than Western countries. Most of the KB studies that involved students from K-12 levels were conducted in the natural science domain. In particular, it was found that KB studies conducted in the Eastern countries are shifting their study focus from learner communities to teacher communities. Case study was found to be the preferred research design in most KB studies over the past 16 years, and regarding analysis, mixed methods analysis is the more popular analysis method.Moreover, more than one-half of the KB studies used Knowledge Forum (KF) as the main online learning platform.Of all KBPs, idea-related KBPs are most likely to be employed in the KB studies. Regarding learning outcomes, about one-half of studies fall in the social studies domain. Among these social learning outcomes, basic interaction on KF activities (build notes and post notes) was found more than higher-order interaction on KF activities (synthesize notes).

In 2007, Mayor Thomas Menino and the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) implemented an amendment to the Boston Zoning Code Article 37 (Green Buildings) requiring new construction approved under Article 80B (Development Review and Approval: Large Project Review) be designed and built to meet the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (USGBC LEED) certification. This amendment is intended to promote green building practices in the city and reduce the environmental impacts of buildings larger than 50,000 square feet. Article 37 does not require that the buildings actually achieve LEED certification, but they need to be LEED certifiable as determined by an interagency review committee and with the endorsement of a LEED Accredited Professional. This study examines how environmental goals have been translated into policy and how this policy has affected building practice in the City of Boston. The Green Buildings amendment was enacted to help curb greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the energy consumption of the building stock and is expected to help achieve the City’s goal of reducing carbon emissions by 25% by the year 2020 and 80% by the year 2050. This is not possible without a shift in the current building and construction paradigm. Through interviews with building professionals we assess whether this building code amendment has resulted in any necessary changes in practice and whether or not those working under the standard of LEED certifiability believe it to be an effective policy.

碩士
樹德科技大學
建築與室內設計研究所
106
Although the architectural physical environment has become more and more important, residential buildings and connected buildings are mostly designed for front and rear windows. In the early stage of designing and designing, most discussions were about which products to plan, the cost and the selling price, and the location of the stairs and toilets. The physical environment of the building is often overlooked. The construction of modern day-to-day residential buildings is generally a narrow and long base. The most important consideration is the configuration planning of the layout. With standard front and rear window designs, the direct influence on the indoor light source will be the planning space for the stair space. The early planning also did not consider the flow of light and air, and only slightly changed according to the difference in land type. This study hopes that the construction of the case can be used as an example to simulate the physical environment and conduct a review of the proposal. In the early stages of planning for the construction of the project, the evaluation of each factor will be considered, and it will be immediately included in the application for construction. This study mainly refers to the construction license data of the new connected residential building in Pingtung City. According to the physical environment of the building, the computer is used to build the model and then the software is used for simulation. The results of the simulation are supplemented by numerical analysis and comparative analysis. During the period, the following three points can be reached through research to provide reference for the construction and construction planning. 1. Simulate the roof of the stairwell roof and the position of the opening, the interaction of the light environment. 2. Simulate the relationship between sunlight and shade between new buildings and buildings in close proximity to each other. The impact on the target buildings can be used as a reference for designing natural lighting, openings, green roofs, and solar panels. 3. Simulate the flow of wind (CFD), whether to increase the valve window or install the ventilation door? Stair space across all floors, how to guide the hot air from the top layer? The position of the opening is adjusted? And the actual design of the design differences.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
95
Since the first plans for the Xinyi Planning District were created in 1980, the urban area has gradually taken shape under the influence of Taipei City planning. During the planning process, there were two specific important plans commissioned by the government: the first overall review of urban planning addressed to solve the problems of slow in the land-development process, and the second, the need for changes in planning objectives. After the second review, the government decided to initiate a new incentive plan, not only to attract more participation from private developers but also to encourage designers to create open spaces. This study explores the Xinyi Planning Area development by focusing on four high-rise office buildings. They are classified into two categories: corporate headquarters, the Chinatrust Group Tower and the Chinese Petroleum Building; and commercial office buildings, Taipei 101 and the President Enterprise Corporation Tower. The background behind the Xinyi incentive plan is discussed; namely, how it encouraged greater use of open space, and interpretations of these purposes of providing public spaces, especially with regard to these cases how to face the reciprocation plan and the performance of public spaces. Further, the paper analyses the incentive plan as a part of the Urban Design Review System and examines issues affecting the development process and implementation of changes at this stage. The research reveals that corporate headquarters didn’t follow the guidelines through provision of open space, and commercial office buildings followed the incentive plan and received more rewards for their public space but the results had little improvement in the quality and function of the new public space. From the viewpoint of social justice, there is a problem of fairness in offering additional incentives to the developer for the inclusion of public space during the development phase. Therefore, it is recommended that future programs by the city will address how to resolve issues of fairness and enforcement when providing urban design reviews that include added incentives.

Kong Mak.
"Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2010-2011, design report."
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60).
Chapter 1. --- DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Chapter 1.1 --- Theory --- p.4
Chapter 1.2 --- Design Principles
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Floor Level. --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Building Level --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Master Planning Level --- p.9
Chapter 2. --- SPECIAL STUDY
Chapter 2.1 --- C a s e Study on Ground Treatment
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Public Housing --- p.14
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Private Housing --- p.15
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Oversea Public Housing --- p.16
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Oversea Private Housing . --- p.17
Chapter 2.2 --- Strategy on Ground Design --- p.18
Chapter 3. --- SITE
Chapter 3.1 --- Site Plan --- p.22
Chapter 3.2 --- Site Potential --- p.24
Chapter 4. --- DESIGN CONCEPTS
Chapter 4.1 --- Floor Level
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Courtyard Based Corridor --- p.28
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Unit Design' --- p.29
Chapter 4.2 --- Building Level
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Thematic Cluster --- p.30
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Lower Level Cluster --- p.31
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Mid-level Cluster --- p.32
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Rooftop Cluster --- p.33
Chapter 4.3 --- Master Planning Level
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Continuous Landscape --- p.34
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Environmental Simulation --- p.35
Chapter 4.3.3 --- MLP --- p.37
Chapter 5. --- PRESENTATION
Chapter 5.1 --- Section --- p.42
Chapter 5.2 --- Perspective --- p.44
Chapter 5.3 --- Model
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Massing Model --- p.48
Chapter 5.3.2 --- 1:1000 --- p.50
Chapter 5.3.3 --- 1:500 --- p.52
Chapter 5.3.4 --- 1:100 --- p.55
Chapter 6. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6.1 --- Books --- p.60
Chapter 6.2 --- Websites --- p.60