Journal articles: 'Building codes'

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Theckethil, Reshmi. "Building Codes." Journal of Security Education 1, no. 4 (October 20, 2006): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j460v01n04_09.

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Anonymous. "Building codes decoded." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 76, no. 2 (January 10, 1995): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo076i002p00010-02.

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Contestabile, Monica. "Australian building codes." Nature Climate Change 2, no. 8 (July 27, 2012): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1651.

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Green, Melvyn, and Anne L. Watson. "Building Codes: Evaluating Buildings in Seismic Zones." APT Bulletin 20, no. 2 (1988): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1494245.

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Baum, Janet. "What are building codes?" Chemical Health and Safety 12, no. 1 (January 2005): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chs.2004.09.012.

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Zaalishvili, Vladislav. "Soils’ classification according to their seismic properties in Building Codes of various countries." E3S Web of Conferences 281 (2021): 09032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128109032.

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The article presents the results of Building Codes’ analysis in different countries of the world in terms of taking into account the seismic properties of soils when calculating buildings and structures for seismic effects. The main indicators of the soils’ seismic properties are highlighted, their analysis is carried out from the point of view of the possibility and necessity of taking them into account in the future Building Codes of Georgia. The basis for the soils’ classification according to their seismic properties has been developed. The conclusion about the validity of using the new Building Codes of Russia and the Building Codes of the United Europe (Eurocode-8) is made as the basis for future Russian standards in terms of taking into account the seismic properties of soils by their seismic properties. The paper indicates that the new Building Codes in Russia will be developed based on the Building Codes of the former USSR. The main provisions of the standards have been tested in practice and, if the construction is in accordance with them, buildings and structures withstand seismic effects well. These Regulations do not contradict the Eurocode-8 Standards, which are undoubtedly more progressive and can be taken as a basis for future Building Codes in Russia. In conclusion, the main criteria for the soils’ classification according to their seismic properties are given.

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Kuramoto, Hiroshi. "A Short Note for Dr. Watabe’s Review in 1974." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0357.

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In the preceding article, I reviewed two seismic design codes of the Building Standard Law of Japan, revised in 1981 and 2000, with the transition of Japanese seismic design codes. Having read the 1974 review by Dr. Makoto Watabe, I was most impressed by his comprehensive understanding of seismic structural systems for buildings – an understanding that is fresh even today, more than 3 decades later. He moves from the basic principles for seismic building design to earthquake-resistant properties of building. The general seismic design principles of buildings he has reviewed are very sound and introduced both in current seismic design codes I have reviewed and the seismic design of super high-rise buildings over 60 m high.

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Dubynin, N. V., and E. A. Lepeshkina. "ARCHITECTURAL CREATIVITY AND BUILDING CODES." Вестник Московского информационно-технологического университета - Московского архитектурно-строительного института, no. 2 (2021): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52470/2619046x_2020_2_26.

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Colwell, Peter F., and Abdullah Yavas. "The Value of Building Codes." Real Estate Economics 20, no. 4 (December 1992): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00593.

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Nawari, Nawari O., and Adel Alsaffar. "Methods for Computable Building Codes." Civil Engineering and Architecture 3, no. 6 (December 2015): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2015.030601.

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Gwin, Carl R., and Seow‐Eng Ong. "Homeowner warranties and building codes." Journal of Property Investment & Finance 18, no. 4 (August 2000): 456–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635780010345409.

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Shrestha, Jagat K., Nirajan Paudel, Bishal Koirala, Binod R. Giri, and Adarsha Lamichhane. "Impact of Revised Code NBC105 on Assessment and Design of Low Rise Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Engineering 16, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jie.v16i1.36527.

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Gorkha Earthquake in 2015 has impacted considerably in the design and construction of buildings in Nepal. Strength and Safety of life and constructions have become the prime concerns of the government and the public. Regulation is required to achieve the strength and safety in the constructions. Hence, a need for revision of building codes has been felt and Nepal Building Code, NBC105 has been revised. This paper presents the impact of the revised code on seismic load estimation for low rise reinforced concrete buildings. For the assessment of the impact linear and non- linear static and linear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete residential buildings of two storey and four Storey has been taken subjected to Indian Standard Codes IS 1893: 2002, IS 1893:2016, Nepal Building Codes NBC 105: 1994 and NBC 105: 2020. The buildings were modeled and analyzed in SAP2000. The response of the buildings such as time period, base shear, drifts, and storey forces from the application of the four codes was compared. The comparison of the results shows that the structural response of the building under the revised NBC105:2020 is 60% to 65% higher compared to the previous code NBC105:1994.

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Kamgar, Reza, Sayyed Morteza Hatefi, and Noorollah Majidi. "A Fuzzy Inference System in Constructional Engineering Projects to Evaluate the Design Codes for RC Buildings." Civil Engineering Journal 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 2155. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-03091147.

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Economical design of a building is one of the main aims that should be followed because of its importance in constructional projects. In order to have an economical design, longitudinal reinforcing bars in the reinforced concrete members are among those parts of the structure that can be designed economically. The application of fuzzy inference systems provides an effective tools to handle the uncertainties and subjectivities arising in the designing process of buildings. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to propose a fuzzy inference system to evaluate the building design codes from an economical point of view. For this purpose, after designing the mentioned fuzzy inference system, three examples of three-dimensional concrete buildings are analyzed and designed using different codes. For all these codes, the structural properties of concrete buildings, the gravity and the seismic loads are considered to be the same. Finally, it finds that the fuzzy logic theory is an effective and practical tool to compute a value that shows the distance between the designed building and the economically designed building. Also, it concludes that between the studied codes, (EUROCODE 2-1992, Hong Kong CP-04, CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05), the ACI 318-05 and Hong Kong CP04 codes lead to a more economical design for taller buildings. For low-rise buildings, the CSA A23.3-04 and ACI 318-05 codes lead to an economical design. Also, the EUROCODE 2-1992 has a minimum value for the economical design of all the considered buildings.

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Ehsan, Salimi Firoozabad, K. Rama Mohan Rao, and Bagheri Bahador. "Determination of Time Period of Vibration Effect on Seismic Performance of Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.878.

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Most seismic codes specify empirical formulas to obtain the fundamental period of buildings. The equations specified in present IS codes, are according to the available data on the time period of buildings measured from their recorded accelerograms. Shear-wall dominant reinforced concrete buildings, constructed, using codes specification are commonly built in different countries, facing a substantial seismic risk, in spite of their high resistance against ground motions. Current seismic code provisions including the Uniform Building Code (International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, 1997) and the Indian Seismic Code (Criteria for earthquake resistant design of buildings, fifth revision, 2002) are considered to evaluate the effect of time period on seismic behavior of building.In this study, time period obtained by code formulas are compared with those obtained by modal analysis in SAP2000. Also the top story displacement (as an adequate parameter of determination the seismic performance of building) correspond to the values of mentioned time period are estimated using uniform building code and software respectively. It is observed that current empirical equation for calculating the time period of RCC buildings is rather inaccurate. Also it is shown that the time period has very effective influence on seismic performance of building.

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Abdullah, Malek, and Preeti Kulkarni. "Behaviour of Multi-Storey RC Building Under Seismic Load Using Pushover Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012012.

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Abstract The current work investigates the behavior of a multi-story RC building under seismic load using pushover analysis, employing two (codes IS code and ACI code) where the special moment resistant frame (SMRF) building is located in a medium-seismicity region of India in Pune City. The G+8 to G+20 storeys of the RC buildings have been chosen for this purpose. The structural analysis programmed SAP2000.V20 was used to create a finite element model of the structure. The different models (5 models) of RC buildings were initially designed to resist seismic loads using the responses spectrum analysis method to determine the RC building’s characteristics. Pushover analysis is used to predict potential weak areas in the structure by tracking the sequence of damages of each and every member in the structure and determining the weak joints (critical joints) in the RC building. and compare the two codes (IS code and ACI code)

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Aninthaneni, Pavan K., and Rajesh P. Dhakal. "Prediction of fundamental period of regular frame buildings." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 49, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.2.175-189.

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The most important structural parameter in the estimation of the seismic demand on a building is the natural period of the building’s fundamental/first mode of vibration. There are several existing empirical, analytical, and experimental methods which can be used to estimate the fundamental period of a building. The empirical equations prescribed in the building codes are simple, but they do not consider actual building properties, and are very approximate. On the other hand, analytical methods like Eigenvalue analysis and Rayleigh method are able to consider most of the structural parameters that are known to affect the period of a building. Nevertheless, the analytical methods require considerable effort and expertise; often requiring structural analysis software’s to estimate the fundamental period of a building. In this paper, a generic method is developed to estimate the fundamental period of regular frame buildings and a simple yet reliable equation is proposed. The equation is derived using the basic concept of MacLeod’s method for estimation of roof/top deflection of a frame building, which is modified to more accurately predict the lateral stiffness of moment resisting frames under triangular lateral force distribution typically used in seismic design and analysis of frame buildings. To verify the reliability and versatility of the developed equation, the fundamental periods predicted are compared with the periods obtained from Eigenvalue analysis for a large number of low to medium rise RC frame buildings. The fundamental period predicted using the proposed equation is also verified using the period obtained using the Rayleigh method and measured in experimental tests. Since the proposed equation was found to closely predict the fundamental period, the results are used to study the limitations of the empirical equations prescribed in building codes. The applicability of the proposed equation to predict the fundamental period of low to medium rise frame buildings with minor irregularity is also investigated, and it was found that the proposed equation can be used for slightly irregular frame buildings without inducing any additional error. The proposed equation is simple enough to be implemented into building design codes and can be readily used by practicing engineers in design of new buildings as well as assessment of existing buildings.

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Abdulqader, Diman N., and Dawood S. Atrushi. "Evaluation and Assessment of Existing Design Codes and Standards for Building Construction." ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 10, no. 2 (November 19, 2022): 106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10983.

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Building design codes (BDC) are used to control the construction industry in general and building design in particular. The BDC offers the construction sector with a standard language and set of requirements. There are several BDCs developed and utilized for construction purposes throughout the world. Certain design codes are employed in structural design to assure the structure’s health and safety, as well as its cost-effectiveness. It also assures that the structure is sufficiently sturdy to endure all potential climatic conditions, bear its intended load, and is integrated to ensure effective use of building materials and resources. This research aims to compare various building construction design codes to identify and explore the most appropriate standard in terms of safe design, economics, and availability of details. In Kurdistan and different parts of Iraq, many international companies have designed building structures with various codes during the past 20 years. This is a bad condition since the government has no control over the construction of the buildings, which includes both the code and the building materials. There is currently no overview of the design codes in use in Kurdistan, nor is it clear whether they are congruent with what students’ study in institutions.

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Krylova, Victoria, Elena Tverytnykova, Oleg Vasylchenkov, and Tatyana Kolisnyk. "PUNCTURED NCC CODES FOR INFORMATION PROTECTION IN INFORMATION AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 1(11) (May 18, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2022.01.06.

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During development and design of information-measuring systems, enabling to carry out collection, processing and transmission of information, one of the main problems is the choice of effective methods of information protection against defects in noisy communication channels. Effective use of frequency-time resources of information communication channels, as the most valuable part of the information transmission system, is the key to provide reliable delivery of transmitted messages. One of effective directions of reliability increase and information transfer reliability in information-measuring communication networks is implementation of methods and algorithms of noise-resistant coding, providing for detection and coping with errors, arising due to interferences in the communication channel. In this case, the choice in favor of one or another coding method depends on the information characteristics of the data channel. Parameters of the noise coder must be coordinated with the source of the message, the communication channel, as well as the requirements for the reliability of bringing information to the recipient. The problem of obtaining a wide range of codec parameters with simultaneous preservation of the unified macrostructure of the codec in communication systems causes the need for research on the development of adaptive algorithms for error information protection. In the article the research results of the characteristics of variable rate slot convolutional codes for adaptive coding/decoding in information-measuring systems of information transmission are proposed. Consequently, when creating communication networks, there is no need to use a large number of different codecs, even with completely different requirements to the code rate, channel rate and gain due to coding. In addition, there is a real opportunity to create terminal equipment, working on unified algorithms of protection against errors and access.

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19

Luft, RenéW. "Comparisons among Earthquake Codes." Earthquake Spectra 5, no. 4 (November 1989): 767–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585552.

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This review paper compares ANSI, NEHRP, SEAOC, and UBC. A few essential differences among these documents are as follows: (a) The NEHRP document gives force levels corresponding to a strength-based or limit states design, while the other three documents give force levels that correspond to working or service stress design; (b) the importance factor is used as a multiplier of base shear level in all documents except NEHRP, which treats building importance by a seismic hazard exposure group; (c) NEHRP and UBC-1988 contain detailing requirements for all common construction materials and all seismic zones, while UBC-1985 contains detailing requirements for zones of high seismicity but only limited requirements for zones of moderate seismicity; (d) P-delta analysis is specified by NEHRP for all buildings that must be analyzed, by SEAOC for buildings that exceed drift limits, by UBC-1988 for all buildings except those in Zones 3 and 4 meeting drift limits, and is not specified by ANSI.

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Malhotra, Dr P. K. "Seismic Hazard Analysis for Building Codes." Seismological Research Letters 78, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.78.4.415.

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Galvan, Sara C. "Rehabilitating Rehab through State Building Codes." Yale Law Journal 115, no. 7 (May 1, 2006): 1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20455668.

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Skalko, Steven V. "Building codes evolve through experience, research." PCI Journal 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.06012013.34.40.

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Dehring, C. A., and M. Halek. "Coastal Building Codes and Hurricane Damage." Land Economics 89, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/le.89.4.597.

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Jones, Craig. "Why we need tougher building codes." Construction Research and Innovation 5, no. 2 (June 2014): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20450249.2014.11873934.

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Malhotra, Praveen K. "Should Building Codes Target Societal Risk?" Earthquake Spectra 25, no. 1 (February 2009): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3055370.

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Bulleit, William M. "Structural Building Codes and Communication Systems." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 17, no. 4 (November 2012): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000136.

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Stepinac, Mislav, Iztok Šušteršič, Igor Gavrić, and Vlatka Rajčić. "Seismic Design of Timber Buildings: Highlighted Challenges and Future Trends." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (February 19, 2020): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041380.

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Use of timber as a construction material has entered a period of renaissance since the development of high-performance engineered wood products, enabling larger and taller buildings to be built. In addition, due to substantial contribution of the building sector to global energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and waste production, sustainable solutions are needed, for which timber has shown a great potential as a sustainable, resilient and renewable building alternative, not only for single family homes but also for mid-rise and high-rise buildings. Both recent technological developments in timber engineering and exponentially increased use of engineered wood products and wood composites reflect in deficiency of current timber codes and standards. This paper presents an overview of some of the current challenges and emerging trends in the field of seismic design of timber buildings. Currently existing building codes and the development of new generation of European building codes are presented. Ongoing studies on a variety topics within seismic timber engineering are presented, including tall timber and hybrid buildings, composites with timber and seismic retrofitting with timber. Crucial challenges, key research needs and opportunities are addressed and critically discussed.

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Leerbeck, Kenneth, Peder Bacher, Rune Grønborg Junker, Anna Tveit, Olivier Corradi, Henrik Madsen, and Razgar Ebrahimy. "Control of Heat Pumps with CO2 Emission Intensity Forecasts." Energies 13, no. 11 (June 3, 2020): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112851.

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An optimized heat pump control for building heating was developed for minimizing CO 2 emissions from related electrical power generation. The control is using weather and CO 2 emission forecasts as inputs to a Model Predictive Control (MPC)—a multivariate control algorithm using a dynamic process model, constraints and a cost function to be minimized. In a simulation study, the control was applied using weather and power grid conditions during a full-year period in 2017–2018 for the power bidding zone DK2 (East, Denmark). Two scenarios were studied; one with a family house and one with an office building. The buildings were dimensioned based on standards and building codes/regulations. The main results are measured as the CO 2 emission savings relative to a classical thermostatic control. Note that this only measures the gain achieved using the MPC control, that is, the energy flexibility, not the absolute savings. The results show that around 16% of savings could have been achieved during the period in well-insulated new buildings with floor heating. Further, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of various building properties, for example, level of insulation and thermal capacity. Danish building codes from 1977 and forward were used as benchmarks for insulation levels. It was shown that both insulation and thermal mass influence the achievable flexibility savings, especially for floor heating. Buildings that comply with building codes later than 1979 could provide flexibility emission savings of around 10%, while buildings that comply with earlier codes provided savings in the range of 0–5% depending on the heating system and thermal mass.

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Lakusic, Stjepan. "Performance assessment and strengthening proposal of an existing building." Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 74, no. 01 (February 2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3250.2021.

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Due to major-scale earthquakes, revisions of earthquake resistant structural design methods have periodically been made in seismic codes. It is known that many existing buildings are located in active seismic zones in all parts of the world. Severe damage to structural members, with partial or total collapse of buildings, has been observed in past earthquakes. Consequently, the evaluation of seismic performance and strengthening techniques of the existing buildings according to various seismic codes has become a global issue in structural engineering. With the development of computer technology, non-linear methods have been offering increasingly reliable evaluation procedures in the performance-based assessment of buildings. In this study, non-linear performance analysis of an existing typical mid-rise reinforced concrete building is first performed according to Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018 and American Standard, ASCE. After evaluation of damage to structural members, the building is strengthened by steel braces and the analysis is performed once again. The SAP2000 finite elements analysis software is utilized in the solutions. Damage ratios of structural members as well as modal properties and storey drift ratios are determined and compared according to both codes, and it is concluded that the proposed strengthening method could be a significant alternative in such buildings.

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Ahn, Ki, Han Shin, and Cheol Park. "Energy Analysis of 4625 Office Buildings in South Korea." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061114.

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relevance of building thermal performance and characteristics to building energy consumption. This paper reports an energy analysis of 4625 office buildings in Seoul, South Korea, using data from the Korean national building energy database and architectural database. The following four research questions were investigated: (1) Do old buildings consume more energy than new ones? (2) Have strict prescriptive building energy codes contributed to the reduction in energy use intensity (EUI, kWh/m2·year) over the past several decades? (3) What are the characteristics of building energy consumption in terms of season, age, and cooling system (electric chiller vs absorption chiller)? (4) Which factors in the Korean building energy database are relevant to building energy consumption? The analyses revealed that, contrary to common assumptions, new buildings did not always consume less energy than old buildings, and it may be wrong to attribute intensification of prescriptive building energy codes directly to building energy efficiency improvements. In addition, the building characteristics (i.e., district, year built, number of floors, number of elevators, and total floor area) available in the Korean building energy database do not adequately explain building energy consumption, and the existing data collection method needs further improvement.

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Kuramoto, Hiroshi. "Seismic Design Codes for Buildings in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2006): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0341.

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Two revised seismic design codes in the Building Standard Law of Japan, which were revised in 1981 and 2000, are simply reviewed with the transition of Japanese seismic design code in this paper. The central feature of the seismic code revised in 1981 was the introduction of a two-phase earthquake design. Allowable stress design was employed for first-phase earthquake design targeting the safety and serviceability of buildings during medium-level earthquake activity. Second-phase earthquake design, which is ultimate strength design, was added to provide safety against severe earthquake motion. On the other hand, the seismic code revised in 2000 precisely defines performance requirements and verification based on accurate earthquake response and limit states of a building. The capacity spectrummethod is used for evaluating the earthquake response. The code is applicable to any type of material and buildings such as seismic isolation systems as long as material properties are well defined and structural behavior is appropriately estimated.

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Mieler, Mike W., S. R. Uma, and Judith Mitrani-Reiser. "Using failure analysis tools to establish seismic resilience objectives for building components and systems." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 49, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.1.86-97.

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While modern building codes have proven effective at reducing casualties caused by structural collapse following several recent earthquakes, they have been less effective at preventing damage that can lead to loss of functionality, especially in ordinary buildings (e.g., offices, factories, hotels, etc.). Because the performance of these buildings can significantly impact community recovery and resilience, it is imperative that building codes expand their current focus on protecting life safety in rare earthquakes to include provisions and requirements that aim to prevent damage and minimize loss of functionality in more frequent events. Towards this end, this paper presents a conceptual framework that directly connects performance targets for structural and nonstructural components to global resilience objectives for an entire building. The framework uses fault trees, a common failure analysis tool, to: (1) model how damage to or failure of different components and systems within a building can affect overall building functionality, and (2) provide the quantitative underpinnings for deriving consistent performance targets for building components and systems. The paper then presents a demonstration of the proposed framework to study loss of functionality in a generic commercial building and derive a set of consistent performance targets for its structural and nonstructural components. Lastly, the paper discusses potential applications of the proposed framework, including providing risk-consistent foundations for future generations of building codes and engineering standards.

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Hu, Ming, and Nora Wang Esram. "The Status of Embodied Carbon in Building Practice and Research in the United States: A Systematic Investigation." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 12961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312961.

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The building construction industry accounts for 5% of global energy use and 10% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A primary source of these emissions is the manufacture of building construction materials such as steel, cement, and glass. As aggressive building energy codes push new construction towards net-zero-energy and net-zero-carbon operations, corresponding efforts to reduce embodied energy and carbon from building construction materials must be pursued to achieve the decarbonization goals of the building sector. In the past few decades, progressive building energy codes as well as the underlying research on reducing the operational energy and its related greenhouse gas emissions have stimulated changes of practice in building design and operation. In contrast, strategies to reduce embodied carbon in the substitute remaining life-cycle stages of a building are less defined and studied. The selection of building materials and systems is largely unregulated, as long as minimum health, safety, and performance standards are met. In addition, it is unclear whether we have adequate knowledge infrastructure to incorporate embodied carbon into national model codes. This study provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of existing methods, databases, and tools on embodied carbon studies, and identifies the knowledge gaps. It provides a basis for the governments, academia, industry, and other institutes to collaboratively fill in these gaps and develop standards and codes to decarbonize buildings and their interface with other sectors.

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Çapa, Yuşa Uğur, Ali Ruzi Özuygur, and Zekai Celep. "A study on earthquake performances of reinforced concrete buildings with various number of stories." Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics 4, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2021.04083098.

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Seismic codes generally require that the Equivalent Seismic Load Method or the Modal Response Spectrum Method is adopted in the design of buildings. In the equivalent seismic load method, the equivalent seismic static force applied to the building is determined depending on the seismicity of the region where the building is located, the usage class of the building, the fundamental period of the building and the building mass. Later, this equivalent seismic load is reduced by the seismic load reduction factor to take into account the increase in the capacity of the system and the decrease in the seismic demand due to the nonlinear and inelastic behavior of the system, i.e., by accepting limited inelastic deformations in the building subjected to the design earthquake. Then, structural system of the building is analyzed under the reduced seismic forces in addition to the vertical loads by using the load combinations given in the design codes. The process is completed by designing the sections and the structural elements of the building. Similar processes can be implemented by using the modal response spectrum method. The difference between these two methods is consideration of the higher modes of the building instead of the first mode only and the use of the modal masses of the building for each mode, instead of the total mass of the building. In the latter method, the contributions of the higher mode are combined by using specific superposition rules. The codes assume that the structural systems designed in this way will exhibit the almost same level of inelastic deformation, i.e., the controlled damage state, regardless of the building parameters, such as the number of stories. In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the validity of this implicit acceptance. For this purpose, the buildings with a various number of stories are designed by satisfying the bare minimum requirements of the code only, as much as possible. The seismic behavior and the lateral load capacity of these buildings are examined by the static and dynamic nonlinear analyses. The ratio of the nonlinear load capacity to the reduced equivalent seismic load is evaluated depending on the number of the stories of the buildings. The results which are presented in detail yield that the buildings with a low number of stories have relatively larger nonlinear lateral load capacity-to-the reduced elastic seismic load ratio, which is not compatible with the general implicit assumption made in the seismic codes.

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Phillips, Peter. "Becoming Unsafe Overnight: Managing Historic Buildings as Building Regulations and Standards Change." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.155.

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Building standards and regulations have been around for a long time, and most historic structures were built in accordance with whatever codes existed at the time. However, as codes have changed (often in response to natural or human-caused disasters) these buildings have become progressively less compliant, making their continued occupation and use difficult without extensive and often damaging alterations to their significant spaces and fabric. In Australia, there have been considerable changes to standards over the past two hundred years to deal with apparent deficiencies in the codes exposed as a result of bushfires, earthquakes, cyclones and rising sea levels. Building regulations have also changed so as to deal in ever more detail with health and safety matters, as well as issues such as equitable access and energy efficiency. These changes have had an impact on historic buildings and structures, in the most extreme cases leading to loss of the building where owners anxious to redevelop can convince the authorities that preservation and upgrading to meet current standards will impose unreasonable economic hardship. In other cases, the insensitive and sometimes over-cautious application of codes (often to reduce the risk of future litigation or loss of insurance) leads to almost as much damage to the historic building as the upgrading work is intended to avoid if a disaster occurs. Conserving historic buildings while keeping them safely in active use requires a flexible and innovative approach to the regulations, as exemplified in the work of the Heritage Council of New South Wales Fire Access and Services Advisory Panel, of which the author was a foundation member.

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An, Hyun, Nam Yong Jee, and Seung Yup Roh. "A Comparison on Codes of Egress Safety in Each Country." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2025.

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As buildings tend to become bigger, higher and more complex, types of fire outbreak have diversified these days. Accordingly, it has also become difficult to cope with fire outbreaks resulting in a higher risk of suffering loss. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for securing reasonable egress plans and safety of egress by comparing egress regulations of countries including America (NFPA 101), British (Building Regulation-Approve document B), New Zealand(Building Regulation & Compliance document for New Zealand building code), Japan (Architecture Relationship Statute book) and Korea (Architecture Statute book).

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Kim, Hye Gi, Hyun Jun Kim, Chae Hwan Jeon, Myeong Won Chae, Young Hum Cho, and Sun Sook Kim. "Analysis of Energy Saving Effect and Cost Efficiency of ECMs to Upgrade the Building Energy Code." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2020): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184955.

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Building energy codes are key policy tools for improving building energy efficiency by defining the minimum requirement for the energy performance of new buildings. In Korea, the building energy code was focused on prescriptive criteria for a long time but is now gradually introducing performance criteria. However, switching to performance criteria is not straightforward because of the resistance of the market to abandoning the well-consolidated prescriptive criteria. The objective of this study is to derive appropriate measures to strengthen the prescriptive criteria and the performance criteria, considering both the energy-saving effect and the economic efficiency for new office buildings and educational buildings to increase the market acceptance of the building energy codes. To this end, the energy-saving effects of reference buildings resulting from the reinforcement of the prescriptive criteria in the past have been first analyzed. Then, based on the collected energy performance parameters and cost data, the economic efficiency relative to the energy saving deriving from the application of passive and active energy conservation measures (ECMs) were analyzed, and future building energy code’s reinforcement measures were derived.

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Izobo-Martins, Oladunni Oluwatoyin, Ekhaese Eghosa, and Ayo-Vaughan Kunle Emmanuel. "Architects’ View on Design Consideration that Can Reduce Maintenance Cost." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mjss-2018-0061.

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Abstract Buildings are designed with the intent of lasting for a certain period of time. Building maintenance in different building typology is described as multi-faceted activities which involve planning, directing, controlling and organizing resources for the sustenance of the building’s physical, functional and operational performance. The research focused on ways cost of maintaining a building was done, effectively or efficiently with the influence of the design approach used. Literatures of works pertaining to building maintenance were reviewed to identify the various impacts, influences that a building design would have on the cost of maintaining any building type. Maintenance departments of educational institutions were surveyed and data analyzed. The study revealed that maintenance culture of buildings could either be positive or negative, based on the quality of design approach used. The study recommends a proper review of building codes and regulations by organizations intending to erect building structures with a view of designers to specified standards and prevent excess maintenance cost in the future.

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Li, Jie, and Fang Wang. "Study on the Application of Heat-Isolating Techniques Using External Building Walls in Hot-in-Summer and Cold-in-Winter Area." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 1033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.1033.

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Energy-saving buildings have been constructed based on the German energy-saving passive building codes in China these years. However, the energy-saving system of passive building may not suitable for the hot-in-summer and cold-in-winter district in China. In this regard, researches and applications of the external heat-preservation technique using building walls is presented. Furthermore, the comparison between the simulation of energy-saving and pertinent data from engineering application is also shown in this paper. The investigations reveal that it is not advisable to adopt the existing passive building for the hot-in-summer and cold-in-winter area in China based on the German energy-saving codes using external walls. The study suggests that heat transfer index of the energy-saving buildings needs more investigations according to different climate divisions.

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Gavrishev, A. A., and D. L. Osipov. "BUILDING A QUALITY ASSESSMENT CRITERION BINARY BARKER-LIKE CODES." T-Comm 16, no. 12 (2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-12-11-16.

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The objective of this article is to construct a criterion for evaluating the quality of binary Barker-like codes. The analysis of well-known studies on the formation of these codes with properties close to binary Barker codes is carried out. The analysis showed that in the works devoted to the use of well-known binary Barker-like codes in secure wireless communication systems and the formation of such codes, researchers primarily pay attention to such quality assessment indicators as the autocorrelation function, the length and number of such codes, and others. Based on the analysis of works [5, 9-25], the initial tuple of quality assessment of binary Barker-like codes is formulated, represented by the expression (1). However, the original tuple (1) lacks such an important quality assessment indicator as the linear complexity assessment, which is often taken as one of the primary indicators of crypto resistance. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to increase the accuracy of the evaluation of binary Barker-like codes by applying the identified criterion. The authors of the article, using the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm, evaluated the linear complexity of binary Barker-like codes presented in [9-23]. It has been established that a sufficiently large number of such codes (from 24% to 75%) have insufficient linear complexity, that is, they are non-cryptographic. As a result, they cannot be used in secure wireless communication systems. The result obtained is consistent with other studies in this field. Proceeding from this, when using well-known binary Barker-like codes in secure wireless communication systems, as well as when forming new binary Barker-like codes, it is necessary to pay attention not only to the known quality assessment indicators, but also to their linear complexity. The authors have modified the original tuple represented by expression (1). The modified tuple is represented by expression (2). According to the authors, the modified quality assessment criterion will improve the accuracy of the evaluation of binary Barker-like codes.

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Zhydkova, Tetyana, and Svіtlana Chepurna. "ORGANIZATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CIVIL POPULATION IN MULTI-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 80 (May 30, 2022): 191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2022.80.191-202.

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The war in Ukraine is shown complete inability to ensure protection civil population. The current legislation and building codes on engineering and technical measures of civil protection weren’t provided by the realities of war. The experience of Israel and Singapore in creating safe rooms directly in residential buildings has been analyzing. The purpose of this researching is discovering inability to modern requirements for current standard codes due to ensuring of civil protection population. For achievement to purpose was defended following tasks: the experience of something country in ensuring of civil protection population is analyzed, adding to change to the current edition of the State Building Regulations is offered. In the most amount of Ukraine's residential buildings, there are no safe areas within apartments that can protect the population during rocket attacks and bombardments. A fundamental scheme of a multi-storey building resistant to destruction and the creation of a protected space within residential buildings is proposed in Ukraine. Examples of the using of this scheme for the organization of safe zones for existing projects of residential buildings are given. Main requirements of adding to change to the current edition of the State Building Regulations to chapter to ensuring civil protection population is made: Basic requirements have been developed for adding to change by state building codes in terms of ensuring civil protection of the population: building structures must be designed for resistance to local destruction; escape routes stairs and elevator shafts must be reliably protected from damage and destruction; when developing projects of residential buildings inside an apartment or floor, protection zones should be provided.

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Khose, Vijay Namdev, Yogendra Singh, and Dominik H. Lang. "A Comparative Study of Design Base Shear for RC Buildings in Selected Seismic Design Codes." Earthquake Spectra 28, no. 3 (August 2012): 1047–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000057.

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Modern seismic building design codes tend to converge on issues of design methodology and the state-of-the-art. However, significant differences exist in basic provisions of various codes. This paper compares important provisions related to the seismic design of RC buildings in some of the major national seismic building codes viz. ASCE 7, Eurocode 8, NZS 1170.5, and IS 1893. Code provisions regarding the specification of hazard, site classification, design response spectrum, ductility classification, response reduction factors, and minimum design base shear are compared and their cumulative effect on design base shear is studied. The objective component of overstrength contributed by the material and load factors is considered to normalize the design base shear. It is observed that every code has merit over the other codes in some aspect. The presented discussion highlights the major areas of differences which need attention in the process of harmonization of different codes of the world.

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Hampshire De C. Santos, Sergio, Luca Zanaica, Carmen Bucur, and Silvio De Souza Lima. "Comparative Study of Codes for Seismic Design of Structures." Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmce-2013-0001.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparative evaluation among some international, European and American, seismic design standards. The study considers the criteria for the analysis of conventional (residential and commercial) buildings. The study is focused on some critical topics: definition of the recurrence periods for establishing the seismic input; definition of the seismic zonation and shape of the design response spectra; consideration of local soil conditions; definition of the seismic force-resisting systems and respective response modification coefficients; definition of the allowable procedures for the seismic analysis. A model for a standard reinforced concrete building (“Model Building”) has been developed to permit the comparison among codes. This building has been modelled with two different computer programs, SAP2000 and SOFiSTiK and subjected to seismic input according to the several seismic codes. The obtained results compared are leading to some important conclusions.

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Gatóo, Ana, Bhavna Sharma, Maximilian Bock, Helen Mulligan, and Michael H. Ramage. "Sustainable structures: bamboo standards and building codes." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 167, no. 5 (October 2014): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/ensu.14.00009.

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Sutter, Daniel. "Public Sector Quality Assurance and Building Codes." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 27, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569209x15665367046633.

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Abstract Building codes have been stressed as a means to reduce losses from hurricanes, earthquakes and other natural hazards. Almost all U. S. states have adopted a building code, but codes must be enforced to actually strengthen the built environment. This paper explores the determinants of building code enforcement across states using ratings from the Insurance Services Office. Overall enforcement is not outstanding, as only five communities nationwide have the best rating of 1, and less than 7% have one of the three top ratings. Although stressed as a means to reduce natural hazards losses, enforcement is not better in states vulnerable to hurricanes and is actually lower in earthquake vulnerable states. Enforcement generally improves with a larger state and local government, while political corruption reduces enforcement. Building codes are better enforced in more urban states, consistent widi beneficial competition between local governments, while inequality does not significantly affect enforcement.

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Bruegge, Chris, Tatyana Deryugina, and Erica Myers. "The Distributional Effects of Building Energy Codes." Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 6, S1 (March 2019): S95—S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/701189.

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Engebeck, Lars, and Tage Klingberg. "Building codes and energy conservations—Another view." Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research 3, no. 2 (January 1986): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02815738608730094.

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Rajeev, Anupoju, Naveen Kumar Meena, and Kumar Pallav. "Comparative Study of Seismic Design and Performance of OMRF Building Using Indian, British, and European Codes." Infrastructures 4, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4040071.

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In India, damage cause by some major earthquakes, such as India/Nepal 2015, Sikkim 2011, Kashmir 2005, Bhuj 2001, Latur 1993, and Uttarkashi 1991, have raised alarms to professionals. The probability of seismic risk is higher in more densely populated Indian cities, such as Bhuj, Kashmir, Sikkim, Uttarkashi, as they come under the highest seismicity zone in India. Therefore, our primary interest is to investigate the seismic performance evaluation of the buildings in these seismic prone areas. Significant research has been conducted on the seismic performance of existing buildings. However, investigations on the seismic performance of a building with different country codes for the same earthquake event has not been explored, which is crucial in providing a deeper knowledge of the seismic performance of buildings. This paper presents a comparative study of an Ordinary Moment Resistant Frame (OMRF) building designed using three major codes, Indian (IS: 456-2000, IS: 1893-2002), British (BS: 8110-1997) and European (EC-2, EC-8). Six typical building models considered with earthquake (WiEQ), and without earthquake (WoEQ), and their assessments were interpreted using non-linear static analysis for determining their seismic performance. Seismic performance is compared in terms of base shear coefficient (BSC) and drift ratio that shows WiEQ models, at the drift ratio of 1.5%, the BSC was as follows; 0.78, 0.88, and 0.96 for the models designed for British, Euro, and Indian codes, respectively. The results show that the building models, that have been designed for the Indian codal provisions for both cases, performed well as compared to the other country codes. Base shear and drift ratio are the vital parameters that vary considerably among the building models. This aspect of the Indian code makes it a safer design methodology with higher reserve strength and a reasonably good displacement capacity before reaching the Collapse Prevention (CP) performance level.

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Blumberg, Irene. "Building Codes and Energy Efficiency: How New York City's Building Codes Succeed and Fail in Regulating GHG Emissions." Environmental Claims Journal 30, no. 3 (April 18, 2018): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2018.1450472.

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Pangestu, Saifulloh Fatah, and M. Mirza Abdillah Pratama. "Evaluasi Kinerja Struktur Gedung Bertingkat Menggunakan Pendekatan Desain Berbasis Kinerja." Cantilever: Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Bidang Teknik Sipil 10, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35139/cantilever.v10i2.110.

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In Indonesia, earthquake-resistant structures are governed by SNI as design codes, which are updated on a regular basis. As a result, existing buildings with outdated requirements must be reviewed so that the building's performance may be assessed in light of the most recent codes. Pushover analysis and direct displacement-based design are used to characterize the real condition of the building in order to assess its performance. The 7-story reinforced concrete building structure in this study was designed according to SNI 03-2847-2002 and SNI-1726-2002. This structure will be evaluated utilizing the FEMA 440 and FEMA 356 procedures, as well as SNI 1726:2019. The results show that the structure meets the minimal performance limit criteria (which is life safety) in terms of displacement and drift values from the pushover analysis, based on FEMA 356 and FEMA 440 performance levels. The evaluation indicates better structural response parameter values (R, Ω0, and Cd) than that of SNI 1726:2019, indicating that the building performance is good and capable of withstanding the design earthquake load.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Building codes'

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