Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Building at design stage'
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Teo, Patrick. "Fire Engineering Design Problems at Building Consent Stage." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8354.
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This project describes many aspects of the submission and review of fire engineering design reports necessary to comply with the Building Act 1991 and New Zealand Building Code 1992 at the building consent application stage. The current common problems in fire engineering are highlighted in this discussion to bring awareness to fire safety designers.
The purposes are to stimulate, provoke and challenge people who are committed to the fire and safety engineering of today so that improvement can be made in their submittal of the fire and egress reports for building consent application.
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Jalaei, Farzad. "Integrate Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Sustainable Design at the Conceptual Stage of Building Projects." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32536.
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Lately the construction industry has become more interested in designing and constructing environmentally friendly buildings (e.g. sustainable buildings) that can provide both high performance and monetary savings. Analyzing various parameters during sustainable design such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and energy consumption, lighting simulation, green building rating system criteria and associated cost of building components at the conceptual design stage is very useful for designers needing to make decisions related to the selection of optimum design alternatives. Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers designers the ability to assess different design options and to select vital energy strategies and systems at the conceptual stage of proposed buildings.
This thesis describes a methodology to implement sustainable design for proposed buildings at their conceptual stage. The proposed methodology is to be implemented through the design and development of a model that simplifies the process of designing sustainable buildings, evaluating their Environmental Impacts (EI), assessing their operational and embodied energy and listing their potential accumulated certification points in an integrated environment. Therefore, a Decision Support System (DSS) is developed by using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques to help design team decides and selects the best type of sustainable building components and design families for proposed projects based on three main criteria (i.e. Environmental, Economical factor «cost efficiency » and Social wellbeing) in an attempt to identify the influence of design variations on the sustainable performance of the whole building.
The DSS outcomes are incorporated in an integrated model capable of guiding users when performing sustainable design for building projects. The proposed methodology contains five modules: 1) Database Management System (DBMS), 2) Energy and lighting analysis, 3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), 4) LEED and 5) Life Cycle Cost (LCC). To improve the workability of the proposed model, a use case of abovementioned modules are going to be created as plug-ins in BIM tool.
The successful implementation of such a methodology represents a significant advancement in the ability to attain sustainable design of a building during the early stages, to evaluate its EI, and to list its potentially earned certification points and associated soft costs.
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Urban, Bryan J. (Bryan James). "The MIT Design Advisor : simple and rapid energy simulation of early-stage building designs." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42032.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-177).
Simulation tools, when applied early in the design process, can considerably reduce the energy demand of newly constructed buildings. For a simulation tool to assist with design, it must be easy to use, provide feedback quickly, and allow rapid comparisons. Most existing tools do not meet these needs, usually because they were intended for modeling finalized building designs. Often there is no user interface, and it can take hours or days to prepare, run, and interpret results. Such tools are too sophisticated for design purposes. In this document the MIT Design Advisor is presented as a simple and rapid building energy simulation tool, developed specifically for architects and building designers. Conceptual building designs can be modeled quickly and without formal training. Results are interpreted graphically and displayed to the user in a simple user interface. Side-by-side comparisons of building designs can be made, allowing users to quickly learn which building components have the biggest impact on energy consumption (heating, cooling, and lighting), indoor daylight levels, and thermal comfort. User-specified building parameters are used together with local weather data to predict monthly and annual energy use. The heat transfer model used to make the energy predictions is explained in detail in this thesis. Calculation methods are given and validated. Agreement with existing models is quite good. The MIT Design Advisor is available at http://designadvisor.mit.edu.
by Bryan J. Urban.
S.M.
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Li, Beidi. "Use of Building Energy Simulation Software in Early-Stage of Design Process." Thesis, KTH, Byggvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217902.
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In traditional planning process, energy analysts work on finalized architectural designs and have limited capability to amend inefficient energy features such as high aspect ratio. Energy efficiency being a major part of sustainable design, the need for performance-oriented design tools has become imminent. There is a wide range of energy simulation tools across the world. Crawley et al. (2005) proposes a plain comparison of the most common ones based on vendor-supplied information. The present report aims to identify simulation tools that can help architects making energy-efficient design decisions in early stage of building process and the most suitable programs will be tested on a standard case in Stockholm area with respect to their architecture, functionalities, usability and limitations.
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Li, Jinmin. "Integrating Building Information Modelling (BIM), Cost Estimating and Scheduling for Buildings Construction at the Conceptual Design Stage." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35292.
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Estimating the construction time and cost of a building project is an essential task of construction manager, which benefits owners, engineers and contractors. Construction duration and cost, in particular, have profound influence on the outcome of a project at the conceptual stage of its life. The conventional methods used to estimate the time and costs of construction projects are based on 2D models, which need much time and effort from engineers, estimators and schedulers who are involved in preparing them because all of this process is done manually, especially when the project has several design alternatives. Considering that, Building Information Modelling (BIM), which is a technology that enhances data transfer and ensures cooperation among designers, engineers, and contractors, can provide an efficient way for cost estimating and schedule planning. On the other hand, sustainability has drawn more and more attention by the construction industry, this is because a project’s construction process has crucial impacts on society, the environment, and the economy. Modular Construction has been proven to ensure sustainable construction by reducing the negative impacts on the environment, reducing construction time, and improving manpower productivity. This research aims at developing an integrated model that interrelates BIM with construction cost estimation, scheduling, and sustainability at the conceptual design stage of projects. The aim is to reduce the preparation time and increase the efficiency of making major decisions for both conventional construction and modular construction.
The proposed model consists of five modules, including a data collection module, a cost estimation module, a scheduling module, a sustainability evaluation module, and a 5D integrated module. Plug-ins were developed in the model to link BIM tool (i.e., Autodesk Revit) with Microsoft Excel to ensure automatic data transfer among these modules all within a BIM platform so that owners and designers can quickly generate a reliable construction cost estimate, construction schedule, preliminary sustainability evaluation, as well as construction process simulation.
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Voellmy, Andreas. "Multi agent room simulation for early stage building layout design Diploma thesis /." Zürich : ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, [Department of Computer Science], 2003. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=133.
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Poon, Joanna L. K. "Development of a process model for the design stage of building projects." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/111548.
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Bermond, Raphaelle. "Role of diffusers in the acoustic design of the stage enclosure in concert halls." Thesis, University of Salford, 2002. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26581/.
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Previous studies on acoustic requirements for performers of classical music proved that early reflections were of critical importance for good ensemble conditions. However, strong early reflections may produce an unpleasant tone quality. Diffusers are sometimes used to reduce the negative effects caused by large specularly reflecting surfaces. The aim of the research project is to better understand what happens when diffusers are applied to the enclosure walls of a stage in a concert hall. Two aspects are examined: the changes produced to the sound field measured on the orchestra platform, and the manner in which musicians perceive diffuse early reflections in comparison with specular early reflections. Results of objective measurements show that the most noticeable property of diffusers on the early sound field is the smoothing of the impulse response. Diffusers attenuate strong early reflections. Besides, diffusers give a better sound energy distribution by providing reflections outside the specular sector: the standard deviation of several acoustic parameters is somewhat smaller with diffusers. It was found that diffusers do not eliminate comb filter effects and that they do not have a great influence on EEL, ST and clarity. The subjective aspect resulting in the greatest consensus among the subjects is the following. The overall tone quality is improved by diffusers. The overall sound quality is influenced by the amplitude of early reflections and by the reception angle of the reflections. Diffusers may also affect articulation, clarity, self and mutual hearing, but to a minor extent. Musicians' requirements regarding the fine structure of early reflections differ according to the size of the ensemble who is performing, the room volume, the power and directivity of the instruments played, and the type of music (or desired tone quality).
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Alper, Natalie B. "Early stage product design process : a case study of an educational building kit." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113504.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 35).
A Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) kit for the assembly of a lamp was created to encourage children's interest in mechanical and electrical engineering. To ensure the lamp was intuitive and fun to use, user testing was conducted. As the user interface (UI) for the lamp was designed and developed, tests were conducted with users using a variety of prototypes ranging from paper, cardboard, and plastic to PowerPoint storyboards on the computer. By incorporating user testing throughout the process of identifying possible button layouts as well as proper lamp proportions, a final intuitive UI with a single panel of buttons was converged upon. This UI utilized one button to switch through the four possible light modes instead of having a separate button for each mode. This UI will be employed in a future prototype that will be further tested with children in the intended age range. These tests will utilize 3D printed pieces for the base and buttons, and will incorporate all the PCBs and LEDs that are intended for use in the final product.
by Natalie B. Alper.
S.B.
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Wong, Kwok-chu, and 王國柱. "A study of property manager's participation at the building design stage in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968156.
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Wong, Kwok-chu. "A study of property manager's participation at the building design stage in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18812223.
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Ravan, Nazila. "A Study on Life Cycle Assessment-based Tool for the Early Stage of Building Design." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241434.
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The responsibility of the building sector to diminish the harmful environmental impacts, locally and globally, has been extensively considered. Thus, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in building and construction practices has been widely implemented. Among several available EIA methods, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the only standardized method which provides a holistic overview of environmental impacts to support the decision-making process. However, there are several barriers that hinder the process of implementing the LCA-based tools in the building sector. Specifically, the demand for a simplified LCA-based tool adapted to the early stage of the building design is rather high. Recently, the Construction Sector's Environmental Calculation Tool (Byggsektorns Miljöberäkningsverktyg BM v1.0) is developed to assist non-experts without knowledge of LCA. Architects, as one of the main target groups of the BM tool, have limited knowledge about the LCA approach due to its complexities; further, the architects have their own requirements for applying an LCA-based tool towards leveraging in the early design process. Hence, it leads to scepticism whether the BM tool has been so far successful to entice the architects' attention towards employing the BM tool in that process. This master thesis aimed to investigate if the newly-developed LCA-based tool, namely the BM tool, is a desirable choice for architects to evaluate the environmental impacts of their design at the early stage of building design. To be able to perceive more deeply the BM tool, as an environmental assessment and a decision support tool for architects, two main procedures, i.e., quantitatively and qualitatively, were employed to cover different technical and functional angles of the tool: (i) an LCA-based carbon footprint assessment for two reference buildings along with comparing the achieved results with the simplified Environmental Load Profile (ELP-s) tool, plus (ii) using a framework included various criteria for LCA- based tools in the early stage of building design. The findings from the quantitative analysis were consistent so that the concrete frame building produces a greater amount of carbon footprint during the stages A1 to A4 compared to the wooden frame building. The considerable deviation was related to the carbon footprint of aluminium profile in the material production stage. This could be due to the fact that in the BM database it is not specified whether aluminium profile was recycled or not. Regarding the carbon footprint in material transport stage, the inconsistent results were mostly linked to the default values in the BM database in which values for two of the main parameters (distance and mode of transport) differed. Particularly, the absence of boat as a transport mode and an error related to an unneeded distance value for concrete transport were identified in the BM database. The framework, used to evaluate the desirability of the BM tool for architects, suggests several criteria required for an LCA-based tool implementation in the early design. The outcome indicated that the majority of criteria, not satisfied by the BM tool, were related to the geometry parameter and associated 3D model. Thus, in order to make the decision-making process, desirable for architects in the early stage of building design, the two parameters, i.e., material and geometry, should be utilized in parallel. On the one hand, the LCA methodology in the BM tool is simplified in a way that makes the process comprehensible and easy to learn for non-LCA-experts. Since the tool is under the development, minor amendments would make the carbon footprint evaluation robust for the early stage of design. On the other hand, from the requirements of the architects' point of view, the fundamental modifications are needed in the structure of the tool. If architects intend to work with such an LCA-based tool, they have to make an extra effort to translate the resulted information from the environmental assessment tool to the inputs of the modelling tool and vice versa. This leads to an undesirable and inefficient design process for architects.
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Nourbakhsh, Mehdi. "Generalizable surrogate models for the improved early-stage exploration of structural design alternatives in building construction." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54942.
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The optimization of complex structures is extremely time consuming. To obtain their optimization results, researchers often wait for several hours and even days. Then, if they have to make a slight change in their input parameters, they must run their optimization problem again. This iterative process of defining a problem and finding a set of optimized solutions may take several days and sometimes several weeks. Therefore, to reduce optimization time, researchers have developed various approximation-based models that predict the results of time-consuming analysis. These simple analytical models, known as “meta- or surrogate models,” are based on data available from limited analysis runs. These “models of the model” seek to approximate computation-intensive functions within a considerably shorter time than expensive simulation codes that require significant computing power. One of the limitations of metamodels (or interchangeably surrogate models) developed for the structural approximation of trusses and space frames is lack of generalizability. Since such metamodels are exclusively designed for a specific structure, they can predict the performance of only the structures for which they are designed. For instance, if a metamodel is designed for a ten-bar truss, it cannot predict the analysis results of another ten-bar truss with different boundary conditions. In addition, they cannot be re-used if the topology of a structure changes (e.g., from a ten-bar truss to a 12-bar truss). If designers change the topology, they must generate new sample data and re-train their model. Therefore, the predictability of these exclusive models is limited. From a combination of the analysis of data from structures with various geometries, the objective of this study is to create, test, and validate generalizable metamodels that predict the results of finite element analysis. Developing these models requires two main steps: feature generation and model creation. In the first step, involving the use of 11 features for nodes and three for members, the physical representation of four types of domes, slabs, and walls were transformed into numerical values. Then, by randomly varying the cross-sectional area, the stress value of each member was recorded. In the second step, these feature vectors were used to create, test, and verify various metamodels in an examination of four hypotheses. The results of the hypotheses show that with generalizable metamodels, the analysis of data from various structures can be combined and used for predicting the performance of the members of structures or new structures within the same class of geometry. For instance, given the same radius for all domes, a metamodel generated from the analysis of data from a 700-, 980-, and 1,525-member dome can predict the structural performance of the members of these domes or a new dome with 250 members. In addition, the results show that generalizable metamodels are able to more closely predict the results of a finite element analysis than metamodels exclusively created for a specific structure.
A case study was selected to examine the application of generalizable metamodels for the early-stage exploration of structural design alternatives in a construction project. The results illustrates that the optimization with generalizable metamodels reduces the time and cost of the project, fostering more efficient planning and more rapid decision-making by architects, contractors, and engineers at the early stage of construction projects.
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Amjadi, Cindy, and Justyna Melek. "The impact of stage casting on shrinkage restraint in concrete walls." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279467.
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The most used widely material in the construction and industrial industry is concrete. Concrete is a material that has been used for a long time and will remain to do so. Therefore, it is especially important to obtain knowledge of the material’s properties and how it is affected by various conditions. A major problem with concrete is cracking that occurs when its shrinkage is prevented. When a concrete wall is cast against ground, shrinkage occurs. The cracks that develop due to this can cause leaks and reinforcement corrosion that not only reduces the lifespan of the concrete, but are also making it aesthetically ugly. One solution to reduce the restraint is to divide the casting into stages. This study contains investigation whether a thoughtful stage casting is a method that can theoretically and practically affect the shrinkage restraint and thereby the cracking in concrete walls. This report observes the tensile stresses in a 15 meter long concrete wall with strength class C30/37. The wall is exposed for two different relative humidity circumstances, indoor environment which gives 50% and outdoor environment which gives 80%. The analysis comprises four different casting methods for a wall; casting in one piece and three casting methods according to thoughtful stage casting. The contemplated time range between the casting stages is normal production time, 30 days, and extended production time, 60 days. At first the calculations for shrinkage and creep of the concrete had to be done according to Eurocode 2. The results from the calculations are thereafter used in the finite element program FEM-Design from the company Strusoft. The results in the report demonstrates the tensile stresses that arise in a 15 meter long wall without the stages and when the casting is done with thoughtful stages. A variation of the foundation depth consisting of non-cohesive soil is also presented for one of the casting methods. The conclusion of the results is that stage casting is a solution to reduce restraint and thereby stresses in concrete walls. The results reveal that the tensile stresses are reduced with the highest value of approximately 80%. The efficiency of casting into stages is possible and practicable within a normal production time.Det mest använda materialet i anläggnings- och industribranschen är betong. Betong är ett material som har använts länge och kommer fortsätta att användas. Därför är det främst viktigt att ha kunskap om materialets egenskaper och hur det påverkas av olika förhållanden. Ett stort problem med betong är sprickbildning när dess krympning förhindras. När en betongvägg gjuts mot ett underlag förekommer krymptvång. Sprickorna som uppstår på grund av detta kan orsaka läckage och armeringskorrosion som minskar betongens livslängd och är dessutom estetiskt fula. Ett sätt att minska tvånget är att dela in gjutningen i etapper. I detta arbete undersöks om en genomtänkt gjutetappsindelning är en metod som teoretiskt och praktiskt kan påverka krymptvånget och därmed sprickbildningen i betongväggar. Denna rapport betraktar dragspänningarna i en 15 meter lång betongvägg med hållfasthetsklassen C30/37. Väggen utsätts för två olika relativa luftfuktighetsförhållanden, inomhusmiljö samt utomhusmiljö vilket ger ett värde på 50% och 80%. Analyserna omfattar fyra olika gjutningsmetoder för väggen; gjutning utan etappindelning samt gjutning utförd enligt tre genomtänkta etappindelningar. Tiden som betraktas mellan gjutetappsindelningarna begränsas till normal produktionstid, 30 dagar, och en förlängd produktionstid, 60 dagar. Först utförs handberäkningar enligt Eurokod 2 på betongens krympning och krypning för att sedan sätta in resultaten i finita element programmet FEM-Design från Strusoft. Resultaten i rapporten redovisar de maximala dragspänningarna som uppstår i en 15 meter lång vägg utan etappindelning och då gjutning genomförs av genomtänkt etappindelning. Även en variation av friktionsjordens djup analyseras för en utav etappindelningarna. Slutsatsen av resultaten är att gjutetappindelning är en lösning till reduktion av tvång och därmed minskad spänning i betongväggar, då de maximala dragspänningarna reducerades med som högst ca 80%. Effektiviteten av gjutetappindelning är möjlig inom en normal utförandetid.
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Mathews, Jim David. "Optimisation and decision support during the conceptual stage of building design : new techniques based on the genetic algorithm." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/726.
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Modern building design is complex and involves many different disciplines operating in a fragmented manner. Appropriate computer-based decision support (DS) tools are sought that can raise the level of integration of different activities at the conceptual stage, in order to help create better designs solutions. This project investigates opportunities that exist for using techniques based upon the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to support critical activities of conceptual building design (CBD). Collective independent studies have shown that the GA is a powerful optimisation and exploratory search technique with widespread application. The GA is essentially very simple yet it offers robustness and domain independence. The GA efficiently searches a domain to exploit highly suitable information. It maintains multiple solutions to problems simultaneously and is well suited to non-linear problems and those of a discontinuous nature found in engineering design. The literature search first examines traditional approaches to supporting conceptual design. Existing GA techniques and applications are discussed which include pioneering studies in the field of detailed structural design. Broader GA studies are also reported which have demonstrated possibilities for investigating geometrical, topological and member size variation. The tasks and goals of conceptual design are studied. A rationale is introduced, aimed at enabling the GA to be applied in a manner that provides the most effective support to the designer. Numerical experiments with floor planning are presented. These studies provide a basic foundation for a subsequent design support system (OSS) capable ofgenerating structural design concepts. A hierarchical Structured GA (SGA) created by Oasgupta et al [1] is investigated to support the generation of diverse structural design concepts. The SGA supports variation in the size, shape and structural configuration of a building and in the choice of structural frame type and floor system. The benefits and limitations of the SGA approach are discussed. The creation of a prototype DSS system, abritrarily called Designer-Pro (OPRO), is described. A detailed building design model is introduced which is required for design development and appraisal. Simplifications, design rationale and generic component modelling are mentioned. A cost-based single criteria optimisation problem (SCOP) is created in which other constraints are represented as design parameters. The thesis describes the importance of the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm for creating a versatile design model and the need for complementary graphical user interface (Gill) tools to provide human-computer interaction (HCI) capabilities for control and intelligent design manipulation. Techniques that increase flexibility in the generation and appraisal of concept are presented. Tools presented include a convergence plot of design solutions that supports cursor-interrogation to reveal the details of individual concepts. The graph permits study of design progression, or evolution of optimum design solutions. A visualisation tool is also presented. The DPRO system supports multiple operating modes, including single-design appraisal and enumerative search (ES). Case study examples are provided which demonstrate the applicability of the DPRO system to a range of different design scenarios. The DPRO system performs well in all tests. A parametric study demonstrates the potential of the system for DS. Limitations of the current approach and opportunities to broaden the study form part of the scope for further work. Some suggestions for further study are made, based upon newly-emerging techniques.
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Wallace, W. A. "The influence of design team communication content upon the architectural decision making process in the pre contract design stages." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/975.
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Patterns of communication in the decision-making process of Design Team Architects are considered. Variations in the verbal content of Architect and other Design Team member interaction behaviour are analysed over the various stages of the design process. A pilot study building design and a main subject study building design are investigatted on a longditudinal basis. Fourteen other building designs are investigated on a cross sectional basis. The presented results represent a data collection period of approximately eighteen months. Design Team interaction is measured using content analysis. The measurement scales used are largely based upon existing methodologies, although some measurement scales are developed specifically for this research. Quantitative data analysis is by mainframe computer, using analysis programs which are developed specifically for this research. Additional qualitative substantiations are provided by extracts of supportive interview responses. The results show pronounced patterns of variation in the interaction content of Design Team members throughout the design process over a range of design types. The conclusions are of use to Design Team members since they illustrate the likely patterns of future interaction for the future stages of any design process. Potential areas of interaction conflict are presented, together with likely variations in Design Team member preoccupations as the design develops. Reference to the results allow the Designer to design in order to avoid likely design interaction problems associated with long term variations in Design Team interaction behaviour. Results indicate that the Architect becomes less assertive during the middle stages of the design, as does the influence of the initial brief. The Architect is consistently the most creative Design Team member, although cost considerations increasingly influence the decision-making process of the Architect, largely at the expense of aesthetic considerations. The professional Design Team members increasingly form a coalition against the Client Representative, to some extent as a defence against late stage disruptive cost reduction exercises, as construction factors increasingly influence interaction behaviour.
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Castleton, Holly. "Assessment of design stage energy prediction models for low carbon office buildings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6676/.
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Trauth, Braden W. "Symbiotic Design: Building Resilience & Liberating Economies Through Product Design; Beyond the Circular Economy." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491558533324546.
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Zervent, Altan. "Evaluation Of Steel Building Design Methodologies: Ts648,eurocode 3 And Lrfd." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610541/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study is designing steel structures with the same geometry, material and soil conditions but in the different countries, and comparing these designs in terms of material savings. According to three steel building codes, namely TS 648, LRFD, Eurocode 3, same structures with various stories (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) are analyzed and designed. To calculate the design loads, Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 and Turkish Standard 498 (Design Load for Buildings) are utilized when TS 648 is applied. When LRFD is concerned, ASCE Standard 7-05 (Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures) and AISC Standard 341-05 (Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings) are used for calculation of the design loads and earthquake loads. When Eurocode 3 is applied, Eurocode 8 (Earthquake Resistance Code), Eurocode 1 (Actions of Structures) and Eurocode-EN 1990 (Basis of Structural Design) are used in order to determine the design and earthquake loads. Weight of steel used on 1 m²is almost the same for procedures of LRFD and EC3. It is important to note that those procedures consider 20 % of material saving compared to TS648.
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Mandelbaum, Andrew (Andrew Joseph). "Improvements to building energy usage modeling during early design stages and retrofits." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92195.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 104-108).
A variety of improvements to the MIT Design Advisor, a whole-building energy usage modeling tool intended for use during early design stages, are investigated. These include changes to the thermal mass temperature distribution and lighting requirement calculations, the formulation of a representative day scheme to reduce the number of days that need to be simulated to find energy usage for a full year, the creation of an optimization algorithm to allow users to improve on their designs, and the addition of an algorithm to predict potential savings from retrocommissioning (RCx) using a limited set of simple inputs. Design Advisor itself is also tested for usability, speed, and accuracy using three existing buildings. The frequency of thermal mass-related calculations is reduced by finding the limits of the semi-implicit Crank-Nicolson method before it begins to return physically implausible oscillatory temperature profiles. An effort is made to speed up lighting calculations using a multivariate regression analysis in place of a multiple-reflection-based illuminance model. Representative days are formed by creating an average and two extreme weather days per month using existing climatological data, reducing the number of simulated days per year from 365 to 72 (three per month, repeated once for training). Combined, these changes lead to reductions in run time of up to 50% with roughly 10% loss of accuracy. The optimizer leverages these run time improvements to rapidly find optimal building designs given a set of input constraints. Initially, a multistep multivariate regression is used to reduce the given search space and tighten the constraints. Then, a genetic algorithm is used to find the target solution. Initial tests of this combination have led to average reductions in energy usage of 25% given 6 minutes of calculation. To extend Design Advisor's applicability to existing buildings, an algorithm for predicting potential energy savings from RCx is implemented and tested. A database of 90 buildings that have undergone an RCx process and had their resulting energy savings documented has been collected. A k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to evaluate the potential savings of test buildings based on this data set, operating on the assumption that similar buildings (in terms of location, size, and energy usage intensity) will present similar faults or opportunities for savings. While the average savings percentage prediction error is 0.02, the root-mean-square error is 12.4, which is greater than the actual savings potential of many buildings. Model validation is performed using three existing buildings; two in the Philadelphia area and one on MIT's campus. For energy types for which no building faults or other issues were later found (as in the MIT building), final usage predictions are found to be accurate to within a mean bias error of 11.2% to 2.6%. To improve upon these accuracies, further details about key building parameters and modes of operation would be required. These studies also inform further usability improvements, including reporting site (rather than primary) energy usage and expending reported electricity usage to include loads other than lighting.
by Andrew Mandelbaum.
S.M.
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Agarwal, Rohit. "User Interface Design of Head-Up Display Using Scenarios : An Early Stage Innovation Project at Bombardier." Thesis, KTH, Maskinkonstruktion (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-244452.
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Head-up display (HUD) är en beprövad teknik inom flyg och bil, vilken gör det möjligt för piloter och förare att få tillgång till information utan att uppmärksamheten avleds från omvärlden. Liknande fördelar kan uppnås genom installation av HUD i tåg. Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla ett användargränssnitt för HUD baserat på European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS). HUD kommer att vara en extra säkerhetsfunktion för tågen för att förhindra förare från att skifta fokus mellan instrumentpanelen och omgivningen, vilket leder till minskad förareutmattning och bättre observation av spåren framåt. Scenario Based Design-metoden har använts för att genomföra projektarbetet och i rapporten diskuteras metodens fördelar och begränsningar. Användningen av scenarier har gjort det möjligt för designteamet att på djupet förstå de situationer som förarna står inför samt har hjälpt till att under workshops få en bättre förståelse för drivrutinerna. Dessutom har rekommendationer för hårdvara, installation och framtida arbete beskrivits för fortsatt genomförande av projektet.Head-up display (HUD) has a proven track record in the aviation and automobile sectors, allowing pilots and drivers to access information without diverting attention from the outside world. Similar benefits may be realized by the installation of HUD in locomotive cabs. The objective of this thesis work is to develop the user interface for HUD based on the ERTMS system. The HUD will be an added safety feature to the trains to prevent drivers from refocusing between the instrument panel and the outside view thus leading to reduced driver fatigue and better observation of the tracks ahead. Scenario Based Design method has been used to implement the project work with discussions regarding its advantages and limitations. The use of scenarios has allowed the design team to understand the scenarios that the drivers face in depth and has aided during the workshops to understand the drivers’ routine better. Additionally, recommendations for the hardware, installation and future work have been provided to support further implementation of the project.
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Chadbourn, Kayte A. "A historical comparative analysis of the Norway and Maine State Buildings from the 1893 Columbian Exposition." Muncie, Ind. : Ball State University, 2009. http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/642.
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Ravi, Mathi. "Knowledge-based system approach to integrated design of multistorey office buildings at the preliminary stage." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ40307.pdf.
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Van, der Klashorst Etienne. "The reliability based design of composite beams for the fire limit state." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/429.
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Lovati, Marco. "Methodologies and tools for BiPV implementation in the early stages of architectural design." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/263544.
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Photovoltaic technology is among the best tools our civilization has to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas that are currently altering the atmosphere composition of our planet. The idea of using photovoltaic surfaces on the envelope of buildings is called with the acronym of BIPV (building integrated photovoltaics), it offers the advantage of producing energy in the same location of the demand for electricity. Furthermore, BIPV allows to save monetary and environmental costs by substituting building materials with photovoltaic collectors. As every technology,BIPV follows an adoption pattern that is bringing it from a very limited niche product to a pervasive one. Nevertheless, the adoption rate of BIPV appears to be slow, and the industry has offered little opportunities of business for its stakeholders over the last 20 years. There are multiple reasons for this sluggish growth, and a considerable body of scientific literature has offered potential solutions to the problem. The building industry is notoriously slow in picking up innovation, furthermore the BIPV material needs to compete with much more mature, versatile and often cheaper cladding technologies and materials. Numerous research endeavors are focusing on the development of new BIPV claddings to have diversified colors, dimensions, shapes and other properties. The argument is that the technology is not mature and thus cannot be adopted by the bulk of architects and designers. Unfortunately, the premium characteristics of these new materials often come with a higher price and a reduced efficiency, thus reducing their market potential. Other research
endeavors, among which this thesis, are focusing on the design of buildings: trying to include the use of photovoltaics into the architectural practice through education and software development. Numerous
software has been developed over the last 20 years with the aim of calculating the productivity or the economic outlook of a BIPV system.
The main difference between the existing software and the method presented here lies in the following fact: previously, the capacity and positions of a BIPV system are required as input for the calculation of
performance, in this method the capacity and positions of the BIPV system are given as the output of an optimization process. A designer whois skeptical or disengaged about the use of BIPV could be induced to avoid its use entirely by the discouraging simulation results given by the lack of a techno-economic optimal configuration. Conversely, a designer
who opt for a premium architectural PV material would, thank to the methodology shown, be able to assess the impact its unitary cost has on the optimal BIPV capacity of the building. Ultimately, the method presented provides new knowledge to the designer regarding the use of BIPV on his building, hopefully this can facilitate the spread of BIPV technology. The method described was translated into a software tool to find the best positions and number of PV surfaces over the envelope of the building and the best associated battery capacity. The tool is based on the combined use of ray-tracing (for irradiation calculation) and optimization algorithms, its use led to the following conclusions:
• BIPV is profitable under a wide range of assumptions if installedin the correct capacities
• 20% of the residential electric demand can easily be covered by PV without the need for electric storage and in a profitable way
• Despite an interesting rate of return of the investment, the payback time was generally found to be long (over 10 years)
• More research is needed to assess the risk on the investment on BIPV: if found to be low, future financial mechanisms could increase its spread despite the long payback time
• The optimal capacity in energy terms (i.e. the energy consumed on-site minus the energy used to produce a BIPV system) tends to be far higher than any techno-economic optimum
• The specific equivalent CO2 emissions for an NPV optimal system have been found to be between 70 and 123 [kg CO2 eq/MWh] under the range of assumptions applied
• The installation of optimal BIPV capacity could change the overall residential CO2 emission of -12%, +13%, -29% in England, France and Greece respectively
• despite the non optimal placement of a BIPV system compared to a ground mounted, south oriented one, and despite the noncontemporaneity of production and consumption, the BIPV still easily outperforms the energy mix of most countries when optimized for maximum NPV.
• The part of the building envelope that have the most annual irradiation (i.e. the roof) should not necessarily host the entirety of the system as other facades might have an advantage in terms of matching production and consumption times.
• when different scenarios are made in terms of techno-economic input parameters (e.g. degradation of the system, future costs of maintenance, future variation of electricity price etc..) larger capacities are optimal for optimistic outlooks and vice-versa
• the optimal capacity for the expected scenario (i.e. the 50 % ile) can be considered robust as it performs close to the optimum in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios alike.
• a reduction in price for the electric storage appears to have a positive effect on the optimal capacity of PV installed for the case study considered.
• when a group of households is optimized separately V.S. aggregated together, the aggregation have a huge positive effect on all KPIs of the resulting system: in the NPV optimal system of a case study examined the installed capacity ( +118%), the NPV ( +262.2%) and the self-sufficiency( +51%) improved thanks to aggregation.
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Haugsbakk, Frida. "Evaluations of how carbon dioxide calculations can be integrated into 3D models at an early design stage for more efficient Life Cycle Assessments on buildings." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-230168.
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Life Cycle Assessments on buildings and various environmental certificates are starting to become customary for newbuilding projects in Sweden. Building materials play a big part in a building’s environmental impact. Earlier research indicates that Life Cycle Assessments is not a routine in today’s construction process and it may depend on uncertainties in the methods of quantifying carbon dioxide emissions. This master thesis focuses on how equivalent carbon dioxides, a standard unit to quantify greenhouse gas emissions, of building materials can be integrated with Building Information Modelling. Through meetings with experts in the field, data has been collected. A 3D model of a house was built in order to evaluate both an integration with a cost calculation tool and directly with the 3D model. The results showed how the cost calculation tool works for calculations of equivalent carbon dioxides, early in the pre-construction phase. Difficulties in finding corresponding materials in their database were found and issues with summarizing carbon dioxide data. The integration directly into the 3D model, with visual programming, proved an insert for each materials’ carbon dioxide emissions worked. This allows further updates throughout the building process. It was also possible to import material information to a carbon dioxide calculation tool. This evaluation opened up a possibility to change and update carbon dioxide emissions at an early design stage of a building process with Building Information Modelling along with a need of organizational change due to today's traditional building processes.Livscykelanalyser på byggnader och olika typer av miljöbyggnads-certifieringar blir allt vanligare för nya byggprojekt i Sverige. Materialet i en byggnad spelar en stor roll av hela byggnadens miljöpåverkan. Tidigare forskning indikerar att livscykelanalyser inte är en rutin i dagens byggprocesser vilket kan bero på att osäkerheter i de olika metoderna bakom koldioxidberäkningar. Den här artikeln fokuserar på hur koldioxidekvivalenter av byggnadsmaterial kan bli integrerade med Byggnadsinformationsmodellering. Genom möten med experter i området har datainsamling gjorts för det ändamålet. För att undersöka integreringen byggdes en 3D-modell upp och som senare användes för beräkningar av koldioxidutsläpp i ett kostnads-kalkyleringsverktyg samt undersöka hur en införing av koldioxidekvivalenter direkt i 3D-modellen kunde göras. Resultaten visade hur kostnads-beräkningsverktyget fungerar för beräkningar av koldioxidekvivalenter, tidigt i byggprocessen. Svårigheter i att hitta motsvarande material i kalkyleringsverktygets databas upptäcktes under utvärderingen samt en sammanfattande rapport för beräkningarna. Integrationen direkt i 3D-modellen med visuell programmering visade att en inmatning av koldioxidutsläpp för varje material fungerade vilket möjliggör uppdateringar under hela byggprocessen. Det var också möjligt att importera materialinformation till ett koldioxidberäkningsverktyg. Det öppnar upp möjligheter att ändra och uppdatera koldioxidutsläpp för material tidigt i byggprocessen med hjälp av Byggnadsinformationsmodellering och visar behov av organisationsförändringar på grund av dagens traditionella byggprocess.
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Janak, Haidee N. "Three State-run Green Building Programs: A Comparative Case Study Analysis and Assessment." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/337/.
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Cheung, Kai Tak (Franco). "Development and Testing of a Method for Forecasting Prices of Multi-Storey Buildings during the Early Design Stage: the Storey Enclosure Method Revisited." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16046/.
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Although design decisions that are made in the preliminary design stages of a building are more cost sensitive than those that are made at later stages, previous research suggests that they result in only a slight improvement in the accuracy of building price forecasts as the design develops. However, established conventional forecasting methods lack measures of their own performance, which has inhibited the development of simpler early-stage techniques. One early-stage price forecasting model, the Storey Enclosure Method, which was developed by James in 1954, uses the basic physical measurements of buildings to estimate building prices. Although James' Storey Enclosure Model (JSEM) is not widely used in practice, it has been proved empirically, if rather crudely, to be a better model than other commonly used models. This research aims firstly to advance JSEM by using regression techniques and secondly to develop an objective approach for the assessment of model performance. To accomplish the first research aim, this research uses data from 148 completed Hong Kong projects for four types of building: offices, private housing, nursing homes, and primary and secondary schools. Sophisticated features of the modelling exercise include the use of leave-one-out cross validation to simulate the way in which forecasts are produced in practice and a dual stepwise selection strategy that enhances the chance of identifying the best model. Two types ofregressed models from different candidate sets, the Regressed Model for James' Storey Enclosure Method (RJSEM) and Regressed Model for Advanced Storey Enclosure Method (RASEM), are developed accordingly. In considering the RJSEM, RASEM, and the most commonly used alternative early stage floor area and cube models, all of the models except JSEM are found to be unbiased. The RJSEM and RASEM models are also examined for their consistency using a structured approach that involves the use of both parametric and non-parametric inference tests. This shows that although the RASEMs for different building types are generally more consistent, they are not significantly better than the other models. Finally, the combination of the forecasts that are generated from different models to capture the different aspects of information from the models is suggested as an alternative strategy for improving forecasting performance.
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Wenzl, Alexandra K. "The implementation and impact of the National Park Service's design guidelines on Civilian Conservation Corp [i.e. Corps] stonework in Indiana's state parks." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1265461.
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This study evaluates the relationship of the Civilian Conservation Corps' stonework in Indiana's state parks and the National Park Service's design guidelines for stone landscape features. The design guidelines were instrumental in establishing an overall design approach for many of the stone structures evaluated in this study. A general history of the Civilian Conservation Corp program provides the context for the program as well as the relationship to stonework in Indiana's state parks. Through a sampling of stone landscape features in six Indiana state parks it can be concluded that the Civilian Conservation Corps were impacted by the National Park Service's design guidelines. At the same time the Civilian Conservation Corps deviated from the guidelines and improvised with their own variation.Department of Architecture
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Fennessy, Kristian (Kristian M. ). "Addressing the problem with natural ventilation : producing a guide for designers to integrate natural ventilation into the early stages of building design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92642.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 66-69).
Currently, the United States alone is responsible for approximately twenty percent of the world's total energy consumption. This consumption is equivalent to roughly 100 quadrillion Btu of energy, or in plainer terms, over $1 trillion in energy expenditures annually. This sector alone comprises nearly half of all the energy consumed in the United States. Additionally, about seventy-five percent of all electricity produced in the U.S. is consumed by building operations. This precedent has convinced me that finding an alternative is worth the investment. The purpose of my thesis project is to explore substitutes to mechanical heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) building systems. My project revisits the concept of natural ventilation and explores and evaluates its feasibility as an energy-saving and comfortable alternative to mechanical ventilation systems. Additionally, my project focuses on how buildings can be designed to naturally condition the indoor environments of our buildings. More specifically, I would like to help architects discover how they can utilize natural ventilation effectively. Using the TRNSYS simulation environment, I methodically show how a designer would use TRNSYS to make informed decisions about natural ventilation in their designs. My research is meant to be a valuable tool for other designers who are unsure or uncomfortable with utilizing this natural process to condition their buildings. The final deliverable of my thesis project is a comprehensive strategy for designers to incorporate natural ventilation in the early stages of their building design.
by Kristian Fennessy.
S.B.
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Луцик, Тарас Миколайович. "Підвищення точності визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування." Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46781.
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Актуальнicть теми. В даній роботі ми визначаємо клас енергоефективності для будівлі на стадії проектування і визначаємо методики для полегшення створення сертифікату енергоефективності будівлі на стадії проектування, для чіткого розуміння порівняння методики енергозбереження будівлі на стадії проектування і збудованої будівлі і для вибору найбільш оптимальної методики енергозбереження будівлі.
Енергетична ефективність будівель визначається відповідно до методики, що розробляється з урахуванням вимог актів законодавства Європейського Союзу, Енергетичного Співтовариства, гармонізованих європейських стандартів у сфері енергетичної ефективності будівель та затверджується центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері будівництва.
Під час проведення розрахунку енергетичної ефективності будівель може використовуватися програмне забезпечення для визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель, всі розрахункові елементи якого відповідають вимогам методики визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель та застосовуються у порядку, встановленому центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері будівництва.
У процесі визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель обов’язково враховується інформація про:
1) місцеві кліматичні умови;
2) функціональне призначення, архітектурно-планувальне та конструктивне рішення будівлі;
3) геометричні (враховуючи розташування та орієнтацію огороджувальних конструкцій), теплотехнічні та енергетичні характеристики будівлі, а також енергетичний баланс будівлі;
4) нормативні санітарно-гігієнічні та мікрокліматичні умови приміщень будівлі;
5) нормативний строк експлуатації огороджувальних конструкцій та елементів (у тому числі обладнання) інженерних систем;
6) технічні характеристики інженерних систем;
7) використання відновлюваних джерел енергії, пасивних сонячних систем та систем захисту від сонця, а також енергії, виробленої шляхом когенерації.
Особливості визначення енергетичної ефективності будівлі, приміщення якої мають різне функціональне призначення, встановлюються методикою, описаною в законі України про енергетичну ефективнсть.
Тема дослідження. Підвищення точності визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування.
Мета дослідження: підвищення достовірності сертифікатів енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування.
Завдання дослідження:
1. Аналіз нормативних вимог до енергетичного сертифікату будівель і споруд .
2. Аналіз нормативних вимог щодо класів енергетичної ефективності та особливості до складання енергетичних сертифікатів в Україні.
3. Аналіз методики визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель та споруд.
4. Співставний аналіз методів розрахунку класів енергетичної ефективності побудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування.
5. Визначення особливостей розрахування класу енергетичної ефективності будівлі на стадії проектування
Об’єктом дослідження є процес сертифікації будівель щодо рівня енергоефективності.
Предмет дослідження: методи визначення рівня енергетичної ефективності будівель та споруд.
Методи дослідження. Розробки і дослідження проводилися на основі визначення класу енергоефективності збудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування і складання сертифікату .
Елементи наукової новизни одержаних результатів.
1. На основі аналізу нормативних вимог до енергетичного сертифікату будівель ми вдосконалили методику розрахунку енергетичного сертифікату, що надає змогу підвищити точність розрахунку енергетичного сертифікату.
2. На основі проведеного співставного аналізу методів розрахунку класів енергетичної ефективності побудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування ми визначили особливості розрахування класу енергетичної ефективності будівлі на стадії проектування, що надало змогу підвищити достовірність енергетичних сертифікатів на стадії проектування.
Практичне значення одержаних результатів.
Дослідження, що було проведене в роботі може бути використане:
- для полегшення створення сертифікату енергоефективності будівлі на стадії проектування;
- для чіткого розуміння порівняння методики енергозбереження будівлі на стадії проектування і збудованої будівлі;
- для вибору найбільш оптимальної методики енергозбереження будівлі.Relevance of the topic. In this paper we define the energy efficiency class for a building at the design stage and define methods to facilitate the creation of a building energy efficiency certificate at the design stage, to clearly understand the comparison of building energy saving techniques at the design stage and constructed building and to choose the best energy saving method. Energy efficiency of buildings is determined in accordance with the methodology developed taking into account the requirements of European Union legislation, the Energy Community, harmonized European standards in the field of energy efficiency of buildings and approved by the central executive body for state policy in construction. When calculating the energy efficiency of buildings can be used software to determine the energy efficiency of buildings, all elements of which meet the requirements of the methodology for determining the energy efficiency of buildings and are used in the manner prescribed by the central executive body. In the process of determining the energy efficiency of buildings, information on: 1) local climatic conditions; 2) functional purpose, architectural-planning and constructive decision of the building; 3) geometric (taking into account the location and orientation of enclosing structures), thermal and energy characteristics of the building, as well as the energy balance of the building; 4) normative sanitary-hygienic and microclimatic conditions of the building premises; 5) standard service life of fencing structures and elements (including equipment) of engineering systems; 6) technical characteristics of engineering systems; 7) use of renewable energy sources, passive solar systems and solar protection systems, as well as energy produced by cogeneration. Peculiarities of determining the energy efficiency of a building, the premises of which have different functional purposes, are established by the method described in the Law of Ukraine on Energy Efficiency. Research topic. Improving the accuracy of determining the energy efficiency class of buildings at the design stage. The purpose of the study: to increase the reliability of energy performance certificates of buildings at the design stage. Objectives of the study: 1. Analysis of regulatory requirements for the energy certificate of buildings and structures. 2. Analysis of regulatory requirements for energy efficiency classes and features of energy certificates in Ukraine 3. Analysis of the methodology for determining the energy efficiency class of buildings and structures. 4. Comparative analysis of methods for calculating energy efficiency classes of the constructed building and the building at the design stage. 5. Determining the features of calculating the energy efficiency class of the building at the design stage The object of research is the process of certification of buildings on the level of energy efficiency. Subject of research: methods for determining the level of energy efficiency of buildings and structures. Research methods. Developments and researches were carried out on the basis of definition of a class of energy efficiency of the constructed building and the building at a stage of designing and drawing up of the certificate. The practical significance of the results obtained. The research conducted in this work can be used: - to facilitate the creation of a certificate of energy efficiency of the building at the design stage; - for a clear understanding of the comparison of the method of energy saving of the building at the design stage and the constructed building; - to choose the most optimal method of energy saving the building.
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Purohit, Siddharth. "Compact modeling of silicon carbide (SiC) vertical junction field effect transistor (VJFET) in PSpice using Angelov model and PSpice simulation of analog circuit building blocks using SiC VJFET model." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
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Tagg, Morgan Christian. "The State of BIM-Based Quantity Take-Off Implementation Among Commercial General Contractors." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6607.
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Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays an important role in today's construction industry. Models are tools that help stakeholders communicate, visualize building geometry, perform trade coordination and clash detection among others. A less popular aspect of BIM that shows high potential is the quantity take-off (QTO) feature. Yet, its implementation among commercial general contractors (GC) has not received as much attention. The purpose of this study was to identify how the BIM QTO features were being implemented among commercial general contractors, what challenges they faced and how they worked to overcome those challenges. Through a three-step process including semi structured interviews with estimators, preconstruction, BIM and Virtual Design Construction (VDC) managers, valuable insights on the BIM QTO implementation state among general contractors were gathered and analyzed. Links between BIM QTO benefits, project design phases and delivery methods, software, training, leadership and jurisdictions were discussed. The data indicated that BIM QTO's benefits were best leveraged through early general contractor involvement, the adequate contract framework, trained BIM QTO estimators, and early and strategic communication between owners, designers and estimators. The conditions for increased efficiency were discussed along with the solutions to the common BIM-based QTO challenges.
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Daudzai, Haqmal Verfasser], Frank [Gutachter] [Ettrich, and Christian [Gutachter] Wagner. "Post-Taliban State-Building in Afghanistan : The State Governmental Design at the National Level and the Role of Democratic Provincial Councils in Decentrali-zation at the Sub-National Level / Haqmal Daudzai ; Gutachter: Frank Ettrich, Christian Wagner." Erfurt : Universität Erfurt, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1216111804/34.
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Fialko, Jessica Anne. "Graduate stage design." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2492.
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Jacobs, Rebecca Mary. "On stage." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53169.
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Ruiz, Emily Beth. "Costume design for the stage." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4740.
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Giordano, Giulio. "A pockte stage (lights)." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22764.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Design com a especialização em Design de Produto apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.A presente dissertação começou há alguns meses atrás através de uma intuição. Num laboratório de prototipagem em Nápoles, o autor concebeu uma lâmpada cortada a laser, cujo conceito era mostrar formas através da luz em vez de simplesmente iluminar. A intuição de que o movimento fosse de acordo com o som veio naturalmente, utilizando a luz como meio de comunicação e a música como a mensagem a ser traduzida visualmente. O produto resultante levou as seguintes perguntas: porquê a combinação de luz e som era aparentemente ‘cativante’ e porquê a escolha de trabalhar num produto tangível em vez de digital. A fase de investigação começou, dando forma ao estado da arte da dissertação. Uma série de fontes indispensáveis sobre as implicações biológicas e psicológicas do som e da luz começou a surgir, entre as quais se destacam três conceitos fundamentais: Psicoacústica, Sinestesia e Objectos Manuseáveis. Observando a paisagem musical, a forma como os artistas se apresentam presencialmente, em plataformas musicais e redes sociais, leva à seguinte reflexão: a nossa experiência sublinha a necessidade de completar a experiência auditiva envolvendo outro sentido: a vista. Reconhecendo a importância dos objectos Sinestésicos, foi realizada uma cronologia cujo resultado é uma colecção de figuras envolvidas na Música a Cores, em ser uma disciplina que progredia de mãos dadas com a música. Tendo identificado a Sinestesia audiovisual como base e lidando com o desenho da luz, o público alvo foi identificado em cantores e músicos. Através das entrevistas realizadas, os artistas expressaram a dificuldade em ter algo disponível para as performnce que acompanhasse a música. Surgiram assim elementos para redesenhar o primeiro protótipo e para confirmar a usabilidade do produto em locais pequenos. O resultado deste redesenho são três objectos diferentes, pela necessidade expressa de comunicar as várias frequências e o nível da música. As cores foram também introduzidas como elemento recorrente durante as entrevistas, e novos movimentos mecânicos foram adicionados. Devido ao corrente contexto de pandemia Covid-19 e à dificuldade em encontrar as ferramentas e laboratórios, não foi possível verificar devidamente a produção de Sinestesia.
ABSTRACT: This thesis project began in a prototyping laboratory in Naples, the author designed a laser cut lamp, whose concept was to show shapes through light rather than simply illuminate. The intuition to make it move according to sound came naturally, using light as a means of communication and music as the message to be visually translated. The resulting product brought the investigation to the following questions: why the combination of light and sound was apparently ‘captivating’ and why the choice to work on a tangible product and not digitally. The research phase began, shaping the state of the art of the dissertation. There, a series of indispensable sources on the biological and psychological implications of sound and light began to surface three fundamental concepts: Psychoacoustics, Synaesthesia and Graspable Objects. Observing the music landscape, the way artists present themselves presencially, on music platforms and social network, brings to the following reflection: our experience underlines the possibility to complete the auditory experience involving another sense: sight. Recognising the importance of Synaesthetic objects, a research was carried out tracing a chronology. The result was a collection of a series of figures involved in Colour Music, a discipline that progressed hand in hand with music from around 1590 to the present day. Having identified audio-visual synaesthesia as the basis and dealing with the design of the light, the target audience was identified as singers and musicians. Through the interviews the artists expressed difficulty in having something available for their performances to accompany the music and capture the mind of the spectators. Thanks to the artists, emerged elements for re-design. The result of this re-design are three different objects, for the expressed need to communicate the various frequencies of music, one for each prototype. Colours were also introduced, and new mechanical movements were introduced. Due to the current pandemic Covid-19 and the difficulty in finding the right tools and laboratories, it was not possible to properly verify the production of Synesthesia.
N/A
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Liu, Qirui. "Developing office building design." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85124.
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This thesis project is a developing office building, designed for a start-up company. One character of the company is that its main projects serve China, but there are also few local projects. The main goal of this architecture is to provide a convenient and changeable place for this start-up company.
There are a few disciplines during design process:
1. The building has a round shape and blocks add on when it grows.
2. In the middle of the building, it is a fixed courtyard which covered by skylight.
3. The blocks are in modules and the rooms function can be changed as needed.
4. The roof at the early stage of this architecture can be used as floors in the future.
The site is located in the suburban area of Washington DC, which next to the Rock Creek Park.
Surrounding buildings mostly are traditional residential architectures,with sloping roof and brick walls.This site is only 3 blocks away from the main street. Therefore, the site can provide an urban context which means clients and employees can easily get into. But people do not need to afford too high price for the land. What's more, people can enjoy a pretty view while working.
The building has the steel frame as the primary structure and concrete covering for the floor slab. For the elevation, the adjustable wood panel and curtain walls are used to balance with local sun orientation.Master of Architecture
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Čičmanová, Erika. "Stage design invisible, aneb hranice scénografie." Master's thesis, Akademie múzických umění v Praze. Divadelní fakulta AMU. Knihovna, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-79058.
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Anotation
Limits and possibility of crossing them, invisibleness, invisible factors, unexpected surprises, secrets, imagination, fantasy, dream. Situations that unfold us beauty of casual day and rareness of every moment we experienced. Chronognosis of an artist, world appearance, new dimensions, perspective of individual standing inside collectivity, but looking at it from distance. Possibility of revelation of individual inner world is offered to the public through an artwork. Creation of such an artwork of course insist on the essential ability of an artist adaptation into the real world, ability of communication with his environment and society, ability of solving problems and acting in different situations. It applies to the team cooperation, especially in creative process of theatre making, double. This work Borders of scenography and stage design invisible (Hranice scénografie a stage design invisible), discourse artist existence within reality. It illustrates on both general and particular examples the wideness of the scenographer?s work, which encircle the prime meaning of scenography as an art component of the performing arts. Work, which take place in determinate borders of scenographers field of activity, and beyond the scenography itself, while it stays unseen in the final show.
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Dhakal, Pratik. "EFFICIENT EARLY STAGE CHEMICAL PROCESS DESIGN." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1533323971644795.
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Blyth, Karl Anthony. "A computer model that forecats the cash flow of building projects at the tender stage using stage payments." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288114.
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Gogan, Paul Clark. "The architecture and planning of a tall building." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53319.
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Novotný, Petr. "Obchodní a administrativní centrum." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227699.
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The aim of this master´s thesis was design and analysis of a steel supporting structure of a building for business and administration purposes in Ostrava. It includes an assessment of the main load-bearing construction elements and the selected connections. The thesis also contains the design documentation of the building and compares two different variants of the steel construction design.
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Mahmoud, M. A. "Factory building : Design knowledge engineering." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382426.
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Alzaed, Ali. "User centered passive building design." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/9873/.
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The full integration of End User Factors (EUFs) into the building design processes environment is still emergent. It has been suggested from other sectors that the integration of EUFs into design can improve work performance and promote the workforce’s physical and mental health. The need for EUFs in the passive design strategies (PDS) (i.e., ventilation, day lighting and thermal comfort) has become a prerequisite condition from clients to enhance the user experience and harmonise their activities with PD performances. MFE (2011) claimed that architects are not fully engaged in the integration of EUFs in design. “The design team should involve future users and facilities management staff in the design process, and develop a building user’s guide to inform occupants of the building’s design intent”. This research has carried out an intensive literature review into user centred design (UCD) methods and factors in the building, engineering and IT industries. The investigation spans from 1955 to date. The literature showed that there are no coherent models in the building industry that capture the total EUFs as portrayed in ISO standards. However, in the IT industry the theory of UCD is well advanced and developed. The methodology that is followed by this research is based on a critical analysis of the literature and prototype modelling. To ensure the appropriate EUFs are selected and integrated into design, the author needs to investigate what are the most relevant EUFs and how to integrate them into various PDs. To carry out this process effectively the author developed a systematic process that captures EUFs in the design processes. First, the research investigated PDs and clustered them under three dimensions, which are passive ventilation, passive lighting and passive heating (PLVT). Second, the investigation sought to understand the difference between users (Us) and end-users (EUs). This has resulted in creating classes of Us and EUs so that the extracted factors are mapped into these classes. Third, the research used ISO 13407 and ISO 9126 standards to develop a conceptual model. The first standard is used to organise the processes of UCD into coherent and dynamic steps. The second is used to systemise PD attributes (ATTs) and sub-attributes (S-ATTs) and map them into the processes that are developed in the previous stage, that is to say, according to ISO 13407. The output from this is the creation of a conceptual user centred passive building design model “UCPBD”. The model aims to assist designers to assess their design for the inclusion of EUFs. The model could be used for both PDs and non PDs. The research has considered 132 EUFs. A questionnaire was used to identify the most influential factors. The questionnaire was distributed among architects’ professionals. The results were analysed using several statistical methods. The analysis shows a disparity of the ranking of the degree of influence and usage among the surveyed groups. The most effective factors were 44 out of 132 EUFs. There was a statistical difference at the p<0.05 level significant for four factors out of 132 factors. These are BB1: Durable, high quality finishes, BG2: Utility PD cores uniformly designed and vertically stacked, DA8: Design passive space that responds to changes in spatial dimensions (volume) and EB2: Use high quality material with long service life to handle passive functions in terms of professional role. In terms of the architect experience only nine EUFs out of 132 EUFs were rejected. These are AA2: Orient the building for optimum lighting, ventilation and thermal comfort, AC11: Narrow floor width to optimise natural ventilation, AC12: Provide solar-oriented interior zone to store and maximise solar heat gain, AE9: Provide shading strategies for wall exposed to summer sun to mitigate unwanted solar gain for optimum ventilation and thermal comfort, BE3: The visual comfort of the lighting (e.g., glare, reflections, contrast), CA2: Consider the dimensions of passive spaces to suit human scale (avoiding undersize or oversize areas), DA10: Design passive layout based on future use scenarios, EB3: Consider the rate of expansion/contraction of material of PDs and FA7: Design for ease to adjust lighting, ventilation and thermal comfort physical element features. The post hoc comparisons using the Tukey HSD test also indicated these differences between four EUFs in terms of professional role and nine EUFs in terms of experience but found no significant differences between 128 and 123 EUFs respectively. The results of the cluster analysis indicate that the most influential EUFs can be grouped into six clusters. These are: passive design functionality (PDF), passive design performance (PDP), passive design usability (PDU), passive design flexibility (PDFL), passive design reliability (PDR), and passive design maintainability (PDM). The clusters are grouped according to ISO standards. The result validity testing shows that selected clusters are characterised by strong relationships. Only the reliability of PDR cluster shows low conformity (.539, but it is still acceptable statistical limits. The clusters are used to develop an assessment tool to map EUFs into PD processes. The model is generic and can be used as a tool to evaluate PDS for the inclusion of EUFs. The model was validated on four projects, which are namely Houghton Street Project, Cherry Mill Project, Fitzroy Street Project and Tullis Russell Environmental Education (TREE) Centre, to demonstrate the use and capabilities of the proposed model. The results show Satisfactory, Significant, Significant and Highly Significant respectively. This study is a first attempt to organise EUFs by using conceptual models, statistical as well as decision support tools. Accordingly, this leads to extend the theory of PD by systemising and incorporating EUFs. Overall, this investigation builds knowledge by extending UCD theory to the PBD context and by proving a list of effective EU factors. The results from this research can demonstrate and advance our knowledge in the area of PBD by integrating EUFs into the design process in a systematic way. Then, this will certainly lead to the design of highly-performing and resilient buildings. A design paradigm will help architects to rethink the integration of EU needs during the design process and create a cultural shift in design practices. By using EU needs as a benchmark for design assessment, the potential for improving the indoor environment and EU well-being in buildings is enormous. Also, the implication of this work is that it may lead to the design of high performing buildings and increase the satisfaction of the Us and EUs.
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Herrera, Juan Jr. "The vertical-mill stage : design of a vertical movement stage for surface machining." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40432.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, June 2007."May 2007."
To allow the widespread use of three dimensional patterns on walls, the manufacturing cost must be reduced. The goal of this project is to design a machine for vertical axis movement which can be measured and controlled. The key issues addressed in this thesis, are the motion past obstacles in the extrusions, a lightweight mechanism that is stiff with minimal horizontal deflections, can adjust to different heights and can support its own weight. The design favored consisted of a chain drive designed to travel 3 meters in 10 seconds at a weight of 30 Kilograms. The machine is kept in place by five points of contact, including a fixed sprocket and four sliding V-grooved rollers. The machine was tested for stability, stiffness and its ability to traverse the entire chain without problems.
by Juan Herrera.
S.B.
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Rosensweig, Ryan R. "Elevating Design: Building Design as a Dynamic Capability." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1306498990.
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Cai, Xiaochi. "Ship response estimation in early design stage." Thesis, KTH, Marina system, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198505.
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A practical way to estimate the ship response in early design stage is investigated in this thesis. Focus has been put on the ship vertical bending moment and shear force in operation area. ISSC spectrum is used to indicate the sea state. Napa strip method is employed to derive the transfer function. The ship response is thus generated in frequency domain. The vertical bending moment and shear force along the ship are then calculated according to the critical wave case indicated from the response function. Based on the results, the validation of DNV-GL rule and IACS rule is discussed. In this case, the overestimation is discovered for the still water vertical bending moment and shear force. On the other hand, there is underestimation in wave vertical bending moment and shear force. The total vertical bending moment and shear force is reasonable. Since only static loads and total loads are required in the rules, the rules are judged as valid in the early design stage. The feasibility of Napa strip method has been commented and the Napa strip method is judged practical according to its accuracy and time consumption. For ship design, the wavelength and the wave steepness are the main parameters affecting the loads on hull. The block coefficient is crucial for the nonlinearity in hogging and sagging condition. More models, especially other types of ships are expected to be analysed for this topic in future study. Other methods, such as panel method could take into use in the future work. The probability of operation can be further developed based on this study.
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Stratmann, Johannes Philipp. "Engineering management of early stage warship design." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2006. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/142859/.
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Warship Feasibility Studies are highly complex projects. The thesis attempts to highlight the relevant factors inherent within industry and academia and then derives a methodology for managing early stage warship design. The initial data were gathered at the VT shipyard by interviewing key personnel. The collected data are then analysed using the MS Visio flowchart package to create input/output diagrams for all existing areas of work. Identifying explicit and implicit links allows the existing areas of work to be linked and inherent areas to be identified. The resulting connection diagrams are then analysed and compared with existing literature. The analysis results in the creation of several loops depicting the data flow during the assessment phase. Two case studies are carried out to further refine the developed interface model. This model is further improved by carrying out in-depth investigations into previously neglected design factors. A series of algorithms are developed that can be used to determine balanced designs for corvettes and fast attack craft. These algorithms are used to identify factors and events that need extra attention during the design process. Different tools for managing the dataflow across the identified interfaces are researched and a set of control mechanisms is described in more detail. One mechanism, Margins, is further investigated using the developed algorithms in combination with knowledge obtained at VT to determine suitable margin ranges and applications. The results from the interface analysis and interface management studies are combined to derive a management methodology, consisting of a project schedule, a set of functional flowcharts and an accompanying guidance manual. This methodology is tested and validated on a design study. The results from the validation are used to determine any required changes to the methodology. The developed methodology is found to provide an effective tool for managers and designers during the early stages of warship design in a defence environment.