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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Breitsamter, Christian, and Arne Schmid. "Airbrake-Induced Fin-Buffet Loads On Fighter Aircraft." Journal of Aircraft 45, no. 5 (September 2008): 1619–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.33969.

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2

Chen, Y., V. Wickramasinghe, and D. Zimcik. "Active Control of a hybrid actuation system for aircraft vertical fin buffet load alleviation." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1107 (May 2006): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000192400001318x.

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AbstractTwin-tail fighter aircraft may experience intense buffet loads when flying at high angles of attack. One such aircraft is the F/A-18 where the broadband buffet loads primarily excite the first bending and torsional modes of the vertical fin, resulting in significant vibration and dynamic stresses on the vertical tail structure. This buffet phenomenon reduces the fatigue life of the aircraft structure while decreasing mission availability.An international technical co-operation program was initiated to develop a novel hybrid actuation system to actively alleviate the buffet response of a full-scale F/A-18 vertical fin. A hydraulic rudder actuator was used to control the bending mode of the vertical fin using rudder inertia forces. Multiple macro fiber composite actuators were distributed optimally to provide maximum induced strain control authority for the torsional mode. In order to develop an effective control law, a system identification approach was conducted to obtain a state-space model of the vertical fin using open-loop test data. An LQG control law was selected to minimise the dynamic response of the vertical fin at critical locations. The effectiveness of the control law was verified through extensive simulation prior to closed-loop experiments. The LQG control law demonstrated high robustness in all excitation load conditions; both bending and torsional vibration modes of the vertical tail were suppressed effectively and simultaneously. The dynamic stress and acceleration response at critical locations were also reduced significantly. A closed-loop experiment was conducted on a full-scale F/A-18 empennage using the IFOSTP test rig, and the experimental results verified the effectiveness of the control law development methodology used for the full-scale hybrid buffet load system for the F/A-18 aircraft. In addition, the ground vibration test demonstrated that the hybrid actuation system is a feasible solution to alleviate the vertical tail buffet loads in high performance fighter aircraft.
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3

Dang, Huixue, Junhai Zhao, Zhichun Yang, and Huibo Dang. "Postponing the Onset and Alleviating the Load of Transonic Buffet by Using Steady and Periodic Tangential Slot Blowing." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (October 2, 2019): 4132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194132.

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Transonic buffet not only influences the structural integrity, handling quality and ride comfort, but also limits the flight envelope of transporters and airliners. To delay buffet onset and alleviate the buffet load, the effects of both steady and periodic tangential slot blowing are investigated. The results show that steady tangential blowing on the airfoil upper surface can postpone the buffet onset margin and evidently increase the lift coefficient at incidence angles near and above the buffet onset case of the clean airfoil. Under buffeting conditions of the clean airfoil, unsteady aerodynamic loads can be greatly suppressed by both steady and periodic blowing. The control effort is depicted as reduced wedge effect and weakened dynamic effect. The buffet mechanism includes (a) the feedback loop between the Kutta wave and the separation bubble under the shock foot, and (b) the interaction between the shear layer shed by the shockwave and Kutta waves. Under blowing conditions, the upstream creeping Kutta waves are prevented, and the intensity of the shear layer shed by the shockwave into separated flows is evidently reduced. Parametric studies show that the control effect is reduced as the blowing slot moves downstream, and steady blowing at 41% x/c is the most favorable control case.
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4

Ragab, Mohamed M. "Buffet loads prediction for a launch vehicle and comparison to flight data." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 29, no. 6 (November 1992): 849–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.25541.

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5

Lee, B. H. K., and S. Dunlavy. "Statistical prediction of maximum buffet loads on the F/A-18 vertical fin." Journal of Aircraft 29, no. 4 (July 1992): 734–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.46236.

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6

Statnikov, Vladimir, Matthias Meinke, and Wolfgang Schröder. "Reduced-order analysis of buffet flow of space launchers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 815 (February 14, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.46.

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A reduced-order analysis based on optimized dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is performed on the turbulent wake of a generic axisymmetric space launcher configuration computed via a zonal large-eddy simulation at the free stream Mach number $Ma_{\infty }=0.8$ and the Reynolds number based on the main body diameter $Re_{D}=6\times 10^{5}$ to investigate the buffet phenomenon. The transonic wake is characterized by an unsteady recirculation region occurring around the nozzle due to the separation of the turbulent boundary layer at the main body shoulder and subsequent dynamic interaction of the unstable free-shear layer with the nozzle surface. This results in strongly periodic and antisymmetric wall pressure fluctuations, for which three distinct frequency ranges are identified using conventional spectral analysis, i.e. $Sr_{D}\approx 0.1$, $Sr_{D}\approx 0.2$ and $Sr_{D}\approx 0.35$. For the spatially integrated side (buffet) loads on the nozzle, the second range is found to be energetically most dominant. To clarify the origin of the detected wake dynamics, the underlying spatio-temporal coherent modes are extracted using DMD. Subsequent analysis of the reduced-order modelled flow field based on the identified DMD modes reveals that at $Sr_{D}\approx 0.1$ a longitudinal cross-pumping motion of the separation bubble takes place, caused by a harmonic antisymmetric oscillation of the main recirculation vortex in the streamwise direction. At $Sr_{D}\approx 0.2$, a cross-flapping motion of the shear layer is determined, triggered by antisymmetric vortex shedding which is in phase with the cross-pumping motion such that it occurs at twice the frequency value. The last range of $Sr_{D}\approx 0.35$ is attributed to a swinging motion of the shear layer caused by a higher harmonic of the vortex shedding mode. Conclusively, the controversial aspect of the true three-dimensional shape of the antisymmetric mode at $Sr_{D}\approx 0.2$ that dominates the buffet phenomenon is scrutinized. Inclined elongated closed-loop vortices are identified that are shed in alternating sequence from azimuthally opposite positions in a longitudinal plane of symmetry that changes its momentary orientation irregularly, maintaining an axisymmetric time-averaged field and spatially isotropic buffet loads.
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7

Pilichiewicz, Amelia N., Penny Papadopoulos, Ixchel M. Brennan, Tanya J. Little, James H. Meyer, Judith M. Wishart, Michael Horowitz, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Load-dependent effects of duodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and energy intake in healthy men." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 6 (December 2007): R2170—R2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00511.2007.

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Both load and duration of small intestinal lipid infusion affect antropyloroduodenal motility and CCK and peptide YY (PYY) release at loads comparable to and higher than the normal gastric emptying rate. We determined 1) the effects of intraduodenal lipid loads well below the mean rate of gastric emptying on, and 2) the relationships between antropyloroduodenal motility, CCK, PYY, appetite, and energy intake. Sixteen healthy males were studied on four occasions in double-blind, randomized fashion. Antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, and appetite perceptions were measured during 50-min IL (Intralipid) infusions at: 0.25 (IL0.25), 1.5 (IL1.5), and 4 (IL4) kcal/min or saline (control), after which energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. IL0.25 stimulated isolated pyloric pressure waves (PWs) and CCK release, albeit transiently, and suppressed antral PWs, PW sequences, and hunger ( P < 0.05) but had no effect on basal pyloric pressure or PYY when compared with control. Loads ≥ 1.5 kcal/min were required for the stimulation of basal pyloric pressures and PYY and suppression of duodenal PWs ( P < 0.05). All of these effects were related to the lipid load ( R > 0.5 or < −0.5, P < 0.05). Only IL4 reduced energy intake (in kcal: control, 1,289 ± 62; IL0.25, 1,282 ± 44; IL1.5, 1,235 ± 71; and IL4, 1,139 ± 65 compared with control and IL0.25, P < 0.05). In conclusion, in healthy males the effects of intraduodenal lipid on antropyloroduodenal motility, plasma CCK and PYY, appetite, and energy intake are load dependent, and the threshold loads required to elicit responses vary for these parameters.
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8

Ball, Dale L., Philip C. Gross, and Robert J. Burt. "F-35 Full Scale Durability Modeling and Test." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 693–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.693.

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The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter program includes three aircraft variants, one of which has been designed and built according to US Air Force requirements, and the other two of which have been designed and built according to US Navy requirements. For all three variants, a system design and development (SDD) configuration aircraft is being subjected to a full-scale durability (FSD) test. In each case, the complete airframe is being subjected to two lifetimes of severe design spectrum loading, with maneuver, catapults/arrestments (carrier variant only) and buffet loads applied as separate, alternating 1000 flight hour blocks during the major test sequence. For the airframe tests, the buffet loads are applied quasi-statically; for the separate vertical tail component tests, they are applied dynamically. In addition, tests of doors and attachments (local tests) are conducted when the full airframe test is down for inspections (as required, for example, between the first and second lifetimes). In this paper, we describe the manner in which the airframe tests were designed, including fatigue spectrum development and test adequacy analyses. In addition, we provide a summary of the test findings to date, along with a description of the analytical simulation for a typical finding. The paper includes an analysis vs test correlation summary that provides an indication of the validity of the fatigue crack initiation (FCI) and fatigue crack growth (FCG) analysis methods used to design the aircraft.
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9

Pilichiewicz, Amelia N., Reawika Chaikomin, Ixchel M. Brennan, Judith M. Wishart, Christopher K. Rayner, Karen L. Jones, Andre J. P. M. Smout, Michael Horowitz, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Load-dependent effects of duodenal glucose on glycemia, gastrointestinal hormones, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy men." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 3 (September 2007): E743—E753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2007.

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Gastric emptying is a major determinant of glycemia, gastrointestinal hormone release, and appetite. We determined the effects of different intraduodenal glucose loads on glycemia, insulinemia, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK), antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. Blood glucose, plasma hormone, and antropyloroduodenal motor responses to 120-min intraduodenal infusions of glucose at 1) 1 (“G1”), 2) 2 (“G2”), and 3) 4 (“G4”) kcal/min or of 4) saline (“control”) were measured in 10 healthy males in double-blind, randomized fashion. Immediately after each infusion, energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. Blood glucose rose in response to all glucose infusions ( P < 0.05 vs. control), with the effect of G4 and G2 being greater than that of G1 ( P < 0.05) but with no difference between G2 and G4. The rises in insulin, GLP-1, GIP, and CCK were related to the glucose load ( r > 0.82, P < 0.05). All glucose infusions suppressed antral ( P < 0.05), but only G4 decreased duodenal, pressure waves ( P < 0.01), resulted in a sustained stimulation of basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.01), and decreased energy intake ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, variations in duodenal glucose loads have differential effects on blood glucose, plasma insulin, GLP-1, GIP and CCK, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. These observations have implications for strategies to minimize postprandial glycemic excursions in type 2 diabetes.
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10

Dumon, Jéromine, Yannick Bury, Nicolas Gourdain, and Laurent Michel. "Numerical and experimental investigations of buffet on a diamond airfoil designed for space launcher applications." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 9 (June 19, 2019): 4203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-07-2018-0353.

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Purpose The development of reusable space launchers requires a comprehensive knowledge of transonic flow effects on the launcher structure, such as buffet. Indeed, the mechanical integrity of the launcher can be compromised by shock wave/boundary layer interactions, that induce lateral forces responsible for plunging and pitching moments. Design/methodology/approach This paper aims to report numerical and experimental investigations on the aerodynamic and aeroelastic behavior of a diamond airfoil, designed for microsatellite-dedicated launchers, with a particular interest for the fluid/structure interaction during buffeting. Experimental investigations based on Schlieren visualizations are conducted in a transonic wind tunnel and are then compared with numerical predictions based on unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes and large eddy simulation (LES) approaches. The effect of buffeting on the structure is finally studied by solving the equation of the dynamics. Findings Buffeting is both experimentally and numerically revealed. Experiments highlight 3D oscillations of the shock wave in the manner of a wind-flapping flag. LES computations identify a lambda-shaped shock wave foot width oscillations, which noticeably impact aerodynamic loads. At last, the experiments highlight the chaotic behavior of the shock wave as it shifts from an oscillatory periodic to an erratic 3D flapping state. Fluid structure computations show that the aerodynamic response of the airfoil tends to damp the structural vibrations and to mitigate the effect of buffeting. Originality/value While buffeting has been extensively studied for classical supercritical profiles, this study focuses on diamond airfoils. Moreover, a fluid structure computation has been conducted to point out the effect of buffeting.
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11

McVeay, Christina, Robert E. Steinert, Penelope C. E. Fitzgerald, Sina S. Ullrich, Michael Horowitz, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Effects of intraduodenal coadministration of lauric acid and leucine on gut motility, plasma cholecystokinin, and energy intake in healthy men." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 318, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): R790—R798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00352.2019.

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The fatty acid, lauric acid (C12), and the amino acid, leucine (Leu) stimulate gut hormones, including CCK, associated with suppression of energy intake. In our recent study, intraduodenal infusion of a combination of C12 and l-tryptophan, at loads that individually did not affect energy intake, reduced energy intake substantially, associated with much greater stimulation of CCK. We have now investigated whether combined administration of C12 and Leu would enhance the intake-suppressant effects of each nutrient, when given at loads that each suppress energy intake individually. Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 23 ± 2 yr) received, in randomized, double-blind fashion, 90-min intraduodenal infusions of control (saline), C12 (0.4 kcal/min), Leu (0.45 kcal/min), or C12+Leu (0.85 kcal/min). Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously and plasma CCK at 15-min intervals, and energy intake from a standardized buffet-meal, consumed immediately postinfusion, was quantified. All nutrient infusions stimulated plasma CCK compared with control ( P < 0.05). Moreover, C12 and C12+Leu stimulated CCK compared with Leu ( P < 0.05) (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 2.3 ± 0.3, C12: 3.8 ± 0.3, Leu: 2.7 ± 0.3, and C12+Leu: 4.0 ± 0.4). C12+Leu, but not C12 or Leu, stimulated pyloric pressures ( P < 0.05). C12+Leu and C12 reduced energy intake ( P < 0.05), and there was a trend for Leu to reduce ( P = 0.06) energy intake compared with control, with no differences between the three nutrient treatments (kcal; control: 1398 ± 84, C12: 1226 ± 80, Leu: 1260 ± 92, and C12+Leu: 1208 ± 83). In conclusion, combination of C12 and Leu, at the loads given, did not reduce energy intake beyond their individual effects, possibly because maximal effects had been evoked.
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12

McVeay, Christina, Penelope C. E. Fitzgerald, Sina S. Ullrich, Robert E. Steinert, Michael Horowitz, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Effects of intraduodenal administration of lauric acid and L-tryptophan, alone and combined, on gut hormones, pyloric pressures, and energy intake in healthy men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 1335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz020.

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ABSTRACT Background The fatty acid, lauric acid (‘C12’), and the amino acid, L-tryptophan (‘Trp’), modulate gastrointestinal functions including gut hormones and pyloric pressures, which are important for the regulation of energy intake, and both potently suppress energy intake. Objective We hypothesized that the intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that do not affect energy intake individually, when combined will reduce energy intake, which is associated with greater modulation of gut hormones and pyloric pressures. Design Sixteen healthy, lean males (age: 24 ± 1.5 y) received 90-min intraduodenal infusions of saline (control), C12 (0.3 kcal/min), Trp (0.1 kcal/min), or C12 + Trp (0.4 kcal/min), in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Antropyloroduodenal pressures were measured continuously, and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations, appetite perceptions, and gastrointestinal symptoms at 15-min intervals. Immediately after the infusions, energy intake from a standardized buffet meal was quantified. Results C12 + Trp markedly reduced energy intake (kcal; control: 1,232 ± 72, C12: 1,180 ± 82, Trp: 1,269 ± 73, C12 + Trp: 1,056 ± 106), stimulated plasma CCK (AUC(area under the curve)0–90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 21 ± 8; C12: 129 ± 15; Trp: 97 ± 16; C12 + Trp: 229 ± 22) and GLP-1 (AUC0–90 min, pmol/L*min; control: 102 ± 41; C12: 522 ± 102; Trp: 198 ± 63; C12 + Trp: 545 ± 138), and suppressed ghrelin (AUC0–90 min, pg/mL*min; control: −3,433 ± 2,647; C12: −11,825 ± 3,521; Trp: −8,417 ± 3,734; C12 + Trp: −18,188 ± 4,165) concentrations, but did not stimulate tonic, or phasic, pyloric pressures, compared with the control (all P < 0.05), or have adverse effects. C12 and Trp each stimulated CCK (P < 0.05), but to a lesser degree than C12 + Trp, and did not suppress energy intake or ghrelin. C12, but not Trp, stimulated GLP-1 (P < 0.05) and phasic pyloric pressures (P < 0.05), compared with the control. Conclusion The combined intraduodenal administration of C12 and Trp, at loads that individually do not affect energy intake, substantially reduces energy intake, which is associated with a marked stimulation of CCK and suppression of ghrelin. The study was registered as a clinical trial at the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (www.anzctr.org.au,) as 12613000899741.
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13

Elovaris, Rachel A., Penelope C. E. Fitzgerald, Vida Bitarafan, Sina S. Ullrich, Michael Horowitz, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Intraduodenal Administration of L-Valine Has No Effect on Antropyloroduodenal Pressures, Plasma Cholecystokinin Concentrations or Energy Intake in Healthy, Lean Men." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010099.

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Whey protein is rich in the branched-chain amino acids, L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine. Thus, branched-chain amino acids may, at least in part, mediate the effects of whey to reduce energy intake and/or blood glucose. Notably, 10 g of either L-leucine or L-isoleucine, administered intragastrically before a mixed-nutrient drink, lowered postprandial blood glucose, and intraduodenal infusion of L-leucine (at a rate of 0.45 kcal/min, total: 9.9 g) lowered fasting blood glucose and reduced energy intake from a subsequent meal. Whether L-valine affects energy intake, and the gastrointestinal functions involved in the regulation of energy intake, as well as blood glucose, in humans, is currently unknown. We investigated the effects of intraduodenally administered L-valine on antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin, blood glucose and energy intake. Twelve healthy lean men (age: 29 ± 2 years, BMI: 22.5 ± 0.7 kg/m2) were studied on 3 separate occasions in randomised, double-blind order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin, blood glucose, appetite perceptions and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of L-valine at 0.15 kcal/min (total: 3.3 g) or 0.45 kcal/min (total: 9.9 g), or 0.9% saline (control). Energy intake from a buffet-meal immediately after the infusions was quantified. L-valine did not affect antral, pyloric (mean number; control: 14 ± 5; L-Val-0.15: 21 ± 9; L-Val-0.45: 11 ± 4), or duodenal pressures, plasma cholecystokinin (mean concentration, pmol/L; control: 3.1 ± 0.3; L-Val-0.15: 3.2 ± 0.3; L-Val-0.45: 3.0 ± 0.3), blood glucose, appetite perceptions, symptoms or energy intake (kcal; control: 1040 ± 73; L-Val-0.15: 1040 ± 81; L-Val-0.45: 1056 ± 100), at either load (p > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, intraduodenal infusion of L-valine, at loads that are moderately (3.3 g) or substantially (9.9 g) above World Health Organization valine requirement recommendations, does not appear to have energy intake- or blood glucose-lowering effects.
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14

Giezenaar, Caroline, Laurence G. Trahair, Rachael Rigda, Amy T. Hutchison, Christine Feinle-Bisset, Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh, Trygve Hausken, et al. "Lesser suppression of energy intake by orally ingested whey protein in healthy older men compared with young controls." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 309, no. 8 (October 15, 2015): R845—R854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00213.2015.

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Protein-rich supplements are used widely for the management of malnutrition in young and older people. Protein is the most satiating of the macronutrients in young. It is not known how the effects of oral protein ingestion on energy intake, appetite, and gastric emptying are modified by age. The aim of the study was to determine the suppression of energy intake by protein compared with control and underlying gastric-emptying and appetite responses of oral whey protein drinks in eight healthy older men (69–80 yr) compared with eight young male controls (18–34 yr). Subjects were studied on three occasions to determine the effects of protein loads of 30 g/120 kcal and 70 g/280 kcal compared with a flavored water control-drink (0 g whey protein) on energy intake (ad libitum buffet-style meal), and gastric emptying (three-dimensional-ultrasonography) and appetite (0–180 min) in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. Energy intake was suppressed by the protein compared with control ( P = 0.034). Suppression of energy intake by protein was less in older men (1 ± 5%) than in young controls (15 ± 2%; P = 0.008). Cumulative energy intake (meal+drink) on the protein drink days compared with the control day increased more in older (18 ± 6%) men than young (1 ± 3%) controls ( P = 0.008). Gastric emptying of all three drinks was slower in older men (50% gastric-emptying time: 68 ± 5 min) than young controls (36 ± 5 min; P = 0.007). Appetite decreased in young, while it increased in older ( P < 0.05). In summary, despite having slower gastric emptying, elderly men exhibited blunted protein-induced suppression of energy intake by whey protein compared with young controls, so that in the elderly men, protein ingestion increased overall energy intake more than in the young men.
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15

Wang, De Ling, and Li Guo. "Force and Compression Analysis for Rigid Retaining Walls with EPS Buffer." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.959.

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In this paper, the force against rigid retaining walls from backfill soil under static loads and vibration loads is analyzed within three cases. The first case is an ordinary retaining wall without expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam buffer. In the second and the third case, a layer of vertical EPS buffer with different density and elastic modulus is placed between a rigid retaining wall and backfill soil. Numerical simulation results show that the force against the same retaining wall in the treated cases is less than that in the untreated case, under both static loads and vibration loads. Moreover, the compression of different EPS buffer is studied. Under vibration excitation, when the density and elastic modulus of EPS buffer decreases, its compression increases and more wall force is mitigated. Simulation results accord with the physical shaking table test data. Numerical results and physical test demonstrate that EPS geofoam seismic buffers hold great promise to reduce loads against rigid retaining wall structures, especially earthquake-induced dynamic loads.
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16

McKergow, Lucy A., Ian P. Prosser, Rodger B. Grayson, and Dale Heiner. "Performance of grass and rainforest riparian buffers in the wet tropics, Far North Queensland. 2. Water quality." Soil Research 42, no. 4 (2004): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02156.

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Riparian lands have the potential to buffer streams from hillslope sediment and nutrient transport. Most research on buffers has been conducted under laboratory or manipulated field experimental conditions. Few quantitative data exist on buffer performance under natural field conditions. This study reports measured soil loss and evaluates the effectiveness of riparian buffers on planar and convergent slopes under field hydrological conditions in Far North Queensland. The conditions are extreme for testing the effectiveness of riparian buffers as the land is steep, intensely cropped and receives high intensity rainfall. Hillslopes cropped with bananas were monitored using paired flumes. Runoff, bedload, and suspended loads were measured leaving the crop (upper sites) and leaving the riparian buffers (lower sites). Highly variable hillslope soil losses of <1 to >70 t/ha per wet season were recorded. High rates of hillslope soil loss were from areas of steep gradient with little ground cover experiencing high rainfall intensity. On planar slopes, even with high soil loss, grass buffer strips were able to trap >80% of the incoming bedload. Total N (TN), total P (TP) and suspended sediment (SS) loads were reduced between 25 and 65% by the planar slope grass buffer and within the first 15 m of the moderately convergent grass buffer. Loads leaving the moderately convergent buffer were often higher than those delivered from the crop, due to seepage after prolonged or high frequency rainfall. Under these conditions the buffer's main function is to prevent erosion rather than trap sediment and nutrients. Results from a highly convergent 5-ha hillslope, suggest that for buffers to be more effective in such topography, they should also be placed at the end of the crop rows, where contributing areas are smaller. Flow was able to concentrate within the crop and on at least one occasion was able to scour a 30-cm-wide channel through the entire width of the buffer releasing previously trapped material and making the buffer ineffective. A remnant rainforest buffer, receiving runoff from a planar slope, acted as a temporary store of sediment and nutrients that were reworked during subsequent events. This study demonstrates both a need for managed buffer strips on sloping tropical cropped land and identifies limitations on their potential effectiveness.
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17

YAZDI, NAVID, M. AHMADI, G. A. JULLIEN, and M. SHRIDHAR. "A LARGE-SWING HIGH-DRIVE CMOS BUFFER AMPLIFIER FOR A WIDE LOAD RANGE." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 02, no. 04 (December 1992): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126692000209.

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A high-swing, high-drive CMOS buffer amplifier, with good stability over a wide range of capacitive and resistive loads, is presented in this paper. A new area efficient output stage with a relatively small compensation capacitor has been used so that the circuit occupies only 120 mils2 in a 3 μm CMOS technology. The buffer has a drive capability of 110 kHz into a 5000 pF load with a rail-to-rail output swing for load resistances greater than 10 kΩ and acceptable total harmonic distortion with loads down to 270 Ω.
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18

Zhang, Suo Huai, and Hai Ming Wang. "Research on Impacting Loads between Metro Vehicles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 628 (September 2014): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.628.199.

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In order to research impacting characteristics of the trainset, the impacting model and governing equations are established, in which, the stiffness and nonlinear damping of a buffer, friction force between rail and the vehicles wheels is considered. The stiffness and nonlinear damping of the buffers used in the model is verified by testing results. By numerical simulation, it is found that when moving trainset impacts standing trainset, because the impacting force, stroke of the buffers located in impacting interface is the maximum, the buffers capacity must be large enough to avoid rigid impact. The impacting force, comfort and safety of moving vehicles or standing vehicles far from the impacting interface with the same distance are nearly same. The farer the vehicle is from impacting interface, the little the vehicles damage is, and the safer the passages are. When vehicles are more, the maximum impacting force is constant approximately; when vehicles are fewer, the maximum impacting force descends obviously. If vehicles are fewer, after impacting, it takes short time for trainset to stop.
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Polyakov, Viktor, Ali Fares, and Micah H. Ryder. "Precision riparian buffers for the control of nonpoint source pollutant loading into surface water: A review." Environmental Reviews 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a05-010.

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Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of riparian buffers in reducing sediment, pathogen, and nutrient loads into surface and groundwater in agricultural catchments. Reported retention rates of sediment, N, and P were as high as 97%, 85%, and 84%, respectively. Often, however, riparian buffers fail to perform their protective functions due to low adaptability of their designs to local settings. This is caused by our inadequate understanding of the conditions under which riparian buffers perform the best at field scale. Therefore, a precision oriented approach based on thorough analysis of spatially variable characteristics of landscape has to be undertaken in riparian buffer construction. Such an approach has a potential to improve the protective qualities and the economic viability of the riparian buffers. This paper gives an overview of the current level of research on riparian buffers and discusses the importance of spatial variability of local conditions on their performance. It presents the approaches for precision buffer design and its practical implementation and highlights the directions for future development of precision conservation. Key words: riparian buffer, vegetative filter, water quality, precision conservation.
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Momm, Henrique G., Lindsey M. W. Yasarer, Ronald L. Bingner, Robert R. Wells, and Roger A. Kunhle. "Evaluation of Sediment Load Reduction by Natural Riparian Vegetation in the Goodwin Creek Watershed." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1325–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13492.

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Abstract. Natural riparian vegetation can contribute to edge-of-field filtering of nonpoint-source (NPS) pollutants and function as a conservation structure. The challenge resides in quantifying the performance of riparian vegetation. In this study, the impact of natural and constructed riparian vegetation in reducing sediment loads was evaluated at field and watershed scales in the Goodwin Creek experimental watershed using the Annualized Agriculture Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) watershed pollutant model. Detailed characterization of actual natural riparian vegetation was performed with the AGNPS-Buffer GIS tool (AGBUF), and the results were integrated with the AnnAGNPS model to estimate suspended sediment concentrations at the edges of fields and at the watershed outlet. The specific objectives focused on natural vegetation characterization, quantification of sediment trapping efficiency (TE), and comparison of sediment loads of different particle sizes under contrasting alternative scenarios with varying buffer widths and concentrated flow path (CFP) assumptions. Simulation results indicated that the potential of natural riparian vegetation to reduce sediment yield differed for clay, silt, and sand particle sizes. Evaluation of the simulation describing actual conditions but with varying CFP assumptions indicated improved agreement with the observed values when an increasing number of CFPs was considered. Simulation results demonstrated the importance of maintenance to prevent CFPs, as comparisons of simulations containing constructed buffer alternatives suggested that narrower well-maintained buffers can be as efficient as wider buffers containing CFPs and have the potential to remove less land from production. Keywords: AnnAGNPS, Buffer trapping efficiency, Integrated field and watershed scales, Natural riparian buffers, Watershed modeling.
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ATWILL, EDWARD R., KENNETH W. TATE, MARIA das GRACAS CABRAL PEREIRA, JAMES BARTOLOME, and GLENN NADER. "Efficacy of Natural Grassland Buffers for Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum in Rangeland Runoff." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.1.177.

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Our goal for this project was to estimate the retention efficiency of natural grassland buffers for Cryptosporidium parvum. Three sets of 16 plots (2.0 by 3.0 m) were established at 5, 20, and 35% slopes. Within each set of 16 plots, residual dry vegetation matter treatments of 225, 560, and 900 kg/ha were implemented, along with a noncut control averaging 4,500 kg/ha. Buffer width treatments were implemented by placing cattle fecal material containing known loads of C. parvum 0.1, 1.1, or 2.1 m up-slope of the runoff collector. Grassland buffers of 1.1 and 2.1 m generated 3.2- to 8.8-log and 3.6- to 8.8-log retention of C. parvum, respectively, across the range of residual dry vegetation matter, land slope, rainfall, and runoff conditions examined during this project. Buffers with an increased percent land slope exhibited improved the retention efficiencies, whereas buffers experiencing larger maximum annual runoff events exhibited reduced retention efficiencies. Water-quality data from the 0.1-m-wide buffer plots (effectively no buffer) demonstrated that the majority of C. parvum oocysts (98 to 99.999%) were retained in the fecal matrix for the duration of the storm season, irrespective of the presence of a vegetated buffer. In conclusion, these results support the assertion that grassland buffers are an effective method for reducing animal agricultural inputs of waterborne C. parvum into drinking and irrigation water supplies.
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Partovi Meran, Ahmad, and Ata Muğan. "Design and analysis of a hydraulic–elastic railcar buffer." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 7 (February 6, 2018): 1994–2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718755188.

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This paper presents a study on the development of a side buffer to absorb the impact energy of colliding railcars. Buffers are essential elements for improving the traveling comfort of passengers and extending the service life of a wagon chassis. In designing the buffer’s energy absorption characteristics, a combination of a hydraulic damper and a stack of disc springs (Belleville springs) were utilized. Disc springs have nonlinear load–deflection characteristics; by stacking them in series and parallel arrangements, the desired load–deflection characteristics can be achieved. The finite element method was employed to evaluate the performance of the designed buffer in terms of force–stroke and kinetic, strain, and viscous energies for 5, 7, and 9 km/h impact velocities. Simulation results proved that the designed buffer ensures the requirements of EN 15551 easily for various collision speeds. Low level of acceleration values and small peak collision forces proved that the proposed buffer has superior performance in comparison with the existing buffers in service by improving the shock absorption and crashworthiness features of railcars.
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Pandey, Neeta, Bharat Choudhary, Kirti Gupta, and Ankit Mittal. "Bus Implementation Using New Low Power PFSCL Tristate Buffers." Active and Passive Electronic Components 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4517292.

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This paper proposes new positive feedback source coupled logic (PFSCL) tristate buffers suited to bus applications. The proposed buffers use switch to attain high impedance state and modify the load or the current source section. An interesting consequence of this is overall reduction in the power consumption. The proposed tristate buffers consume half the power compared to the available switch based counterpart. The issues with available PFSCL tristate buffers based bus implementation are identified and benefits of employing the proposed tristate buffer topologies are put forward. SPICE simulation results using TSMC 180 nm CMOS technology parameters are included to support the theoretical formulations. The performance of proposed tristate buffer topologies is examined on the basis of propagation delay, output enable time, and power consumption. It is found that one of the proposed tristate buffer topology outperforms the others in terms of all the performance parameters. An examination of behavior of available and the proposed PFSCL tristate buffer topologies under parameter variations and mismatch shows a maximum variation of 14%.
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Zarnani, Saman, and Richard J. Bathurst. "Numerical parametric study of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam seismic buffers." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 3 (March 2009): 318–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-128.

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Expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam seismic buffers can be used to reduce earthquake-induced loads acting on rigid retaining wall structures. A numerical study was carried out to investigate the influence of wall height; EPS geofoam type, thickness, and stiffness; and excitation record on seismic buffer performance. The numerical simulations were carried out using a verified FLAC code. The influence of parameter values was examined by computing the maximum forces on the walls, the buffer compressive strains, and the relative efficiency of the buffer system. In general, the closer the predominant frequency of excitation to the fundamental frequency of the wall model, the greater the seismic loads and buffer compression. The choice of earthquake record is shown to affect the magnitude of maximum earth force and isolation efficiency. However, when the wall response for walls 3 to 9 m in height are presented in this study in terms of isolation efficiency, the data from scaled accelerograms and matching harmonic records with the same predominant frequency fall within a relatively narrow band when plotted against relative buffer thickness. For the range of parameters investigated, a buffer stiffness value less than 50 MN/m3 was judged to be the practical range for the design of these systems.
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Wang, Deling, and Richard J. Bathurst. "Numerical Analysis of Earthquake Load Mitigation on Rigid Retaining Walls Using EPS Geofoam." Open Civil Engineering Journal 6, no. 1 (March 9, 2012): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501206010021.

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The mitigation of seismic-induced dynamic earth forces by placing a vertical layer of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam buffer between a rigid retaining wall and the backfill soil is a recent geotechnical innovation. In this paper, the influence of an EPS geofoam buffer on the reduction of dynamic wall forces is numerically studied by simulating the results of three reduced-scale models of rigid walls mounted on a large shaking table. Numerical simulations were carried out using the finite element program ABAQUS. The paper shows that the numerical results capture the trend in earth forces with increasing base acceleration for all three models. The quantitative dynamic load-time response from the numerical simulations was also judged to be in good agreement with measured physical test values. The numerical trend of EPS geofoam also is the same as that of measured test data. With the increasing time, the compression of EPS geofoam increases. And softer EPS geofoam produces more compression which takes more vibration energy by its deformation. The numerical results confirm the results of physical tests that demonstrate that EPS geofoam seismic buffers hold great promise to reduce earthquake-induced dynamic loads against rigid retaining wall structures.
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Szromba, Andrzej. "Shunt power electronic buffer as active filter and energy flow controller." Archives of Electrical Engineering 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2013-0005.

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Abstract The considered shunt active power filter can be controlled not only to compensate non-active current in the supply source, but additionally to optimize energy flow between the source and the load. In such a case the filter shapes the source current to be active and simultaneously regulates its magnitude. The presented filter/buffer can operate properly even when the load contains AC or DC variable energy source of any characteristic. The device can optimize energy flow for a single load, but also for a group of loads as well. The distinctive feature of the employed control method of the filter/buffer is that certain changes of energy stored in the device are utilized as the source of information concerning the active current of the load. This control method is very flexible and can be implemented to nearly all structures of active filters, for DC, single- and multiphase circuits.
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27

Hajihosseinloo, M. A., C. J. Hooke, and D. Walton. "Gun Recoil System Performance Measurement and Prediction." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Mechanical Engineering Science 203, no. 2 (March 1989): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_091_02.

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The performance of high-energy gun recoil absorbers, usually referred to as gun buffers, for use in military fighting vehicles is investigated. A test facility built to simulate gun reaction loads imposed on recoil absorbers is described and a theoretical model to predict their performance is derived. This model, which predicts the recoil velocity and the pressure variation within a buffer, allows the effects of variation in orifice area, recoil mass and energy to be investigated, together with mechanical compliance, buffer oil density, compressibility and aeration. Theoretical predictions agree closely with data obtained from the test facility and from field trials.
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28

Szromba, Andrzej. "The Unified Power Quality Conditioner Control Method Based on the Equivalent Conductance Signals of the Compensated Load." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 6298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236298.

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This paper proposes a new control method for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). This method is based on the load equivalent conductance approach, originally proposed by Fryze. It can be useful not only for compensation for nonactive current and for improving voltage quality, but it also allows one to perform some unconventional functions. This control method can be performed by extending the orthodox notion of ‘static’ load equivalent conductance into a time-variable signal. It may be used to characterize energy changes in the whole UPQC-and-load circuitry. The UPQC can regulate energy flow between all sources and loads being under compensation. They may be located as well for UPQC’s AC-side as DC-side. System works properly even if they switch their activity to work either as loads or generators. The UPQC can operate also as a buffer, which can store/share the in-load generated energy amongst other loads, or it can transmit this energy to the source. Therefore, in addition to performing the UPQC’s conventional compensation tasks, it can also serve as a local energy distribution center.
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FATHI, DAVOOD, and BEHJAT FOROUZANDEH. "A NEW REPEATER INSERTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF GLOBAL INTERCONNECTS IN NANO-VLSI." Nano 04, no. 06 (December 2009): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292009001861.

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In this paper, a new method for global interconnects optimization in nanoscale VLSI circuits using unequal repeater (buffer) partitioning technique is presented. The optimization is performed with the energy-delay product minimization at 65, 90, and 130 nm technology nodes and various loads, using the genetic algorithm (GA) of MATLAB. The results show more improvements of the total propagation delay with respect to the traditional equal buffer partitioning technique. This improvement is obvious for 90 and 130 nm, and with increasing capacitive load, the improvement will be achieved for 65 nm.
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LU, CHIH-WEN, and CHING-MIN HSIAO. "A COMPACT HIGH-SPEED LOW-POWER RAIL-TO-RAIL BUFFER AMPLIFIER FOR STEP-PULSE SIGNALS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 19, no. 06 (October 2010): 1181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126610006815.

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A compact high-speed low-power rail-to-rail buffer amplifier, which is suitable for driving heavy capacitive loads, is proposed. The buffer amplifier is composed of a pair of push-pull output transistors with two feedback loops consisting of a pair of complementary error amplifiers and a pair of complementary common-source amplifiers. The buffer draws little current while static but has a large driving capability while transient. A mutual bias scheme is also proposed to reduce the power consumption and the die area for LCD applications. An experimental prototype buffer amplifier implemented in a 0.35 μm CMOS technology demonstrates that the settling time is 1.5 μs for a voltage swing of 0.1 ~ (VDD–0.1) V under a 600 pF capacitance load. Quiescent current of 4 μA is measured. The area of this buffer is 32 × 109 μm2.
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31

Jiang, Fei, Heather E. Preisendanz, Tamie L. Veith, Raj Cibin, and Patrick J. Drohan. "Riparian buffer effectiveness as a function of buffer design and input loads." Journal of Environmental Quality 49, no. 6 (October 11, 2020): 1599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20149.

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32

Nguyen, Minhtri K., Liyo Kao, and Ira Kurtz. "Calculation of the equilibrium pH in a multiple-buffered aqueous solution based on partitioning of proton buffering: a new predictive formula." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): F1521—F1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90651.2008.

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Upon the addition of protons to an aqueous solution containing multiple buffers, the final H+concentration ([H+]) at equilibrium is determined by the partitioning of added H+among the various buffer components. In the analysis of acid-base chemistry, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the Stewart strong ion formulation can only describe (rather than predict) the equilibrium pH following a proton load since these formulas calculate the equilibrium pH only when the reactant concentrations at equilibrium11 The term “equilibrium” refers to the steady state proton and reactant concentrations when the buffering of excess protons by the various buffers is complete. are already known. In this regard, it is simpler to directly measure the equilibrium pH rather than measure the equilibrium reactant concentrations to calculate the equilibrium pH. As these formulas cannot predict the final equilibrium [H+] following a proton load to a multiple-buffered aqueous solution, we developed a new quantitative approach for predicting the equilibrium [H+] that is based on the preequilibrium22 The term “preequilibrium” refers to the initial proton and reactant concentrations immediately upon addition of protons and before the buffering of excess protons by the various buffers. concentrations of all buffers in an aqueous solution. The mathematical model used to derive our equation is based on proton transfer buffer equilibria without requiring the incorporation of electroneutrality considerations. The model consists of a quartic polynomial equation that is derived based solely on the partitioning of H+among the various buffer components. We tested the accuracy of the model using aqueous solutions with various buffers and measured the equilibrium pH values following the addition of HCl. Our results confirmed the accuracy of our new equation ( r2= 1; measured pH vs. predicted pH), indicating that it quantitatively accounts for the underlying acid-base phenomenology.
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Nosratinia, A., M. Ahmadi, G. A. Jullien, and M. Shridhar. "High-drive CMOS buffer for large capacitive loads." Electronics Letters 27, no. 12 (1991): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19910649.

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Breitsamter, Christian. "Aerodynamic Active Control For Fin-Buffet Load Alleviation." Journal of Aircraft 42, no. 5 (September 2005): 1252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.8174.

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Wong, S. L., and C. A. T. Salama. "An efficient CMOS buffer for driving large capacitive loads." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 21, no. 3 (June 1986): 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.1986.1052552.

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36

Miller, Woutrina A., David J. Lewis, Michael Lennox, Maria G. C. Pereira, Kenneth W. Tate, Patricia A. Conrad, and Edward R. Atwill. "Climate and On-Farm Risk Factors Associated with Giardia duodenalis Cysts in Storm Runoff from California Coastal Dairies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 21 (September 14, 2007): 6972–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00100-07.

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ABSTRACT Climatic factors and on-farm management practices were evaluated for their association with the concentrations (cyst/liter) and instantaneous loads (cysts/second) of Giardia duodenalis in storm-based runoff from dairy lots and other high-cattle-use areas on five coastal California farms over two storm seasons. Direct fluorescent antibody analysis was used to quantitate cysts in 350 storm runoff samples. G. duodenalis was detected on all five dairy farms, with fluxes of 1 to 14,000 cysts/liter observed in 16% of samples. Cysts were detected in 41% of runoff samples collected near cattle less than 2 months old, compared to 10% of runoff samples collected near cattle over 6 months old. Furthermore, the concentrations and instantaneous loads of cysts were ≥65 and ≥79 times greater, respectively, in runoff from sites housing young calves than in sites housing other age classes of animals. Factors associated with environmental loading of G. duodenalis included cattle age, cattle stocking number, and precipitation but not lot area, land slope, or cattle density. Vegetated buffer strips were found to significantly reduce waterborne cysts in storm runoff: each additional meter of vegetated buffer placed below high-cattle-use areas was associated with reductions in the concentration and instantaneous load of cysts by factors of 0.86 and 0.79 (−0.07 and −0.10 log10/m), respectively. Straw mulch, seed application, scraping of manure, and cattle exclusion did not significantly affect the concentration or load of G. duodenalis cysts. The study findings suggest that vegetated buffer strips, especially when placed near dairy calf areas, should help reduce the environmental loading of these fecal protozoa discharging from dairy farms.
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Yang, Shuna, and Norvald Stol. "A novel delay line buffering architecture for asynchronous optical packet switched networks." International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and Applications 1, no. 1 (March 9, 2015): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17972/ajicta20151112.

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Optical buffering is one major challenge in realizing all-optical packet switching. In this paper we focus on a delay-line buffer architecture, named a Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) optical buffer, which is realized by cascaded fiber delay lines (FDLs). This architecture reduces the physical size of a buffer by up to an order of magnitude or more by allowing reuse of its delay line elements. We consider the MISO buffers in a network scenario where the incoming packets are asynchronous and of fixed length. A novel Markov model is developed to analyze the performance of our buffering scheme, in terms of packet loss ratio, average packet delay and the output link utilization. Both simulation and analytical results show that the length value of basic FDL element will significantly affect the performance of this buffer. This paper gives clear guidelines for designing optimal basic FDL lengths under different network scenarios. It is noticeable that this optimal length value is independent of the buffer sizes for specific traffic load and pattern.
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Li, Shuo, Xiaomeng Zhang, and Saiyu Ren. "High Frequency Unity Gain Buffer in 90-nm CMOS Technology." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, no. 07 (April 22, 2016): 1650071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500717.

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A new unity gain buffer architecture is presented for on-chip CMOS mixed signal applications. The proposed two-stage common source active load (CSAL) buffer with source feedback offers improved performance compared to previously published source follower and source-coupled differential-pair-based unity gain buffers. A 90-nm CMOS design ([Formula: see text] equals 1.2[Formula: see text]V) of the buffer has the following performance parameters. With [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] of 10 fF/250 fF, [Formula: see text] is 4.4[Formula: see text]GHz, low frequency gain is 0.16[Formula: see text]dB, maximum input range within 2% gain variation is 260[Formula: see text]mV, total harmonic distortion (THD) is [Formula: see text]63.3[Formula: see text]dB, offset error (input offset minus output offset) is 26[Formula: see text]mV, and 1.06[Formula: see text]mW power consumption. The active load, low gain amplifiers eliminate stability issues and any need for compensation capacitors. The architecture facilitates a relatively large input/output voltage swing while keeping transistors operating in the saturation region, making it suitable for submicron technologies with low rail voltages.
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Hu, Hui Bin, Li Jun Cao, Xin Wen Cao, Shu Xiao Chen, and Jian Zhong Jin. "Research on Fatigue Life Forecast for Torsion Shaft of Self-Propelled Gun under Stochastic Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.429.

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Torsion shaft is the important buffer and damping component of Self-Propelled Gun. Its main failure mode is fatigue fracture. In order to forecast the fatigue life of torsion shaft under stochastic loads, virtual prototyping of Self-Propelled Gun is established in Pro/E and ADAMS. A new kind of measurement method of load spectrums combining actual equipment experiment with virtual prototyping is firstly put forward in this paper and provides complete and accurate load spectrums of torsion shaft. Stress and strain spectrums can be obtained based on material’s S-N curve. The fatigue life of torsion shaft can be forecasted, which provide adequate reference for the maintenance cycle confirmation and mission reliability forecast.
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40

Liu, Jiaqian. "Bank’s Regulatory Capital Buffer and Counter-cyclical Behavior - Empirical Analysis Based on China’s 18 Com- mercial Banks." International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration 2, no. 4 (2015): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.24.1001.

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This paper estimates the relationship between the Chinese business cycle and the regulatory capital buffers of China’s commercial banks, conducts empirical tests by using an unbalanced panel of 18 listed Chinese banks for the period 2005–2014. The results show that in China there is a robustly significant negative relationship between the economic cycle and bank capital buffers. Insignificance of coefficient of the total amount of loans shows that China’s commercial banks holding more capital buffer do not necessarily lead to a “credit crunch” phenomenon. Positive significant asset coefficient indicates the larger the size of the assets, the more inclined for China banks to hold more capital buffers, which is incompatible with “too big to fall” theory. The relationship between the loan loss provisions and capital buffers is not significant and this caused by Chinese commercial bank’s balance between the profit and cost perspective.
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Yasui, Yoshiaki, Hirakazu Kasuya, Hiroyuki Moriyama, Takashi Kunimoto, Takeaki Baba, and Kouichiro Okuto. "Buffer Characteristics of Multistage Honeycomb Panels Subjected to Impact Loads." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 61, no. 589 (1995): 1979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.61.1979.

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42

Wan, Rong Rong, Xin Yao, Zhong Hua Yu, and Ya Wen Dong. "Spatial and Temporal Variation of Water Quality of Typical Rivers in the River-Network Plain to the East of Tai Lake." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 4253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4253.

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Nine cross sections of three typical rivers in the river-network plain to the east of Tai Lake were selected to measure water quality and water flow parameters monthly from September 2007 to August 2008. The spatial and temporal features of water quality were analyzed and the water pollution loads at river sections were estimated using statistic analysis. Combining land use in the riparian buffer zone interpreted form Remote Sensing images, the relationship between river water pollution load and land use were analyzed. It was clear that river water in the study area was polluted so seriously that water quality was ranked Grade V or worse. Pollutant input process in most river sections prevailed river self-purifying process. River qualities varied seasonally as that pollutant were denser in spring and winter than that in summer and autumn. Residential land in the 100 m buffer zone and industrial land in the 500 m buffer zone had the greatest influence on water quality. Forested and grassed riparian land appeared important in mitigating water quality degradation.
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Wei, Jiayin, Daoyun Xu, Yongbin Qin, and Ruizhang Huang. "On-Line Load Balancing with Task Buffer." Computing and Informatics 36, no. 5 (2017): 1207–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4149/cai_2017_5_1207.

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44

Aweya, James, Michel Ouellette, Delfin Y. Montuno, and Alan Chapman. "A load adaptive mechanism for buffer management." Computer Networks 36, no. 5-6 (August 2001): 709–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(01)00176-1.

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45

Lee, Seung-Wook, Daeyun Shim, Yeon-Jae Jung, Dong-Yun Lee, Chang-Hyun Kim, and Wonchan Kim. "Load-adaptive, low switching-noise output buffer." Electronics Letters 35, no. 12 (1999): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19990712.

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46

Khvatov, Oleg Stanislavovich, Dmitry Sergeevich Kobyakov, and Mikhail Evgenievich Yurlov. "Power station based on variable speed diesel generator and buffer storage device." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-3-71-81.

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The article describes the diesel generator complex which consists of two diesel generators. In order to save fuel, it is advisable to choose one diesel generator of inverter type, i.e. to switch it to a variable speed mode. The buffer storage device is used as a part of the power plant in order to ensure the required parameters of the generated electricity under peak loads, as well as when the generator is operating at the limit of rated power. There has been given the control algorithm and transient processes of the charge / discharge of the buffer storage device in a diesel generator power plant. The power plant that consists of a classic diesel generator and a variable speed diesel generator unit (valved generator) has been chosen as an object research. A block diagram of the power plant conducting is proposed, as well as a power transformer topology of a variable-speed diesel generator based on a step-down pulse-width converter. There has been presented an algorithm for controlling the connection of a buffer storage device depending on its charge and the load power value both in stand-alone mode and in parallel operation of generator sets. In the MatLab Simulink computer environment a simulation model of a power plant was developed and transient processes of load switching, as well as charge / discharge of a buffer energy storage device were studied. An electrical circuit diagram of an experimental bench of a variable-speed diesel generator set is illustrated. The results of experimental studies of dynamic modes of operation on a prototype variable speed diesel generator with a power of 3.2 kW are also presented.
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47

Purwanti, Juni, Suwaryo Suwaryo, and Sudarto Sudarto. "ANALISIS HUBUNGAN JANGKA PANJANG DAN JANGKA PENDEK ANTARA NPL, ROE, SIZE DAN LOTA TERHADAP CAPITAL BUFFER." Performance 23, no. 1 (August 15, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.performance.2016.23.1.281.

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This study aimed to analyze the effect of Non-Performing Loans, Return on Equity, bank size, and Loan to Total Assets of the capital buffer using panel data. The population in this study was State Owned Banks registered in Bank Indonesia for the period 2002 to 2014. In this study all the population used as an object of study and the type of data used in this research was quarterly data. Data were analyzed using cointegration test and Error Correction Model to demonstrate short and long term relationship. The results showed that in the short term, the Non Performing Loan and Return on Equity have a positive influence on equilibrium of capital buffers in goverment bank. Furthermore, the size of bank negatively affect the equilibrium of capital buffers in the short term. Besides the long-term relationship, the Non Performing Loan and Return on Equity also has a positive effect on the equilibrium of capital buffers in state-owned commercial banks. Meanwhile, Loan to Total Assets have a negative effect on the equilibrium of capital buffers in the long term.
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48

LU, CHIH-WEN. "LOW-POWER HIGH-SPEED CLASS-AB BUFFER AMPLIFIERS FOR LIQUID-CRYSTAL DISPLAY SIGNAL DRIVER APPLICATION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 11, no. 04 (August 2002): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126602000550.

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Two types of low-power, high-speed, but with a large input dynamic range and output swing class-AB output buffer amplifiers which are suitable for the liquid-crystal display signal driver application are proposed. The driving capabilities of the circuits are achieved by adding comparators which sense the rising and falling edges of the input waveform and then turn on an auxiliary driving transistor to help charging/discharging the output load. The auxiliary driving transistors stay at "off" in the stable state, thus drawing no static power. Hence, the buffers draw little current during static but have an improved driving capability during transients. They are demonstrated in a 0.6 μm CMOS technology. The measured data do show that the proposed output buffer circuits are very suitable for the application of liquid-crystal display signal driver.
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49

Gren, Ing-Marie, and Wondmagegn Tirkaso. "Cost Effectiveness of Ecosystem-Based Nutrient Targets—Findings from a Numerical Model for the Baltic Sea." Water 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 2679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102679.

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An ecosystem-based management of a large sea can give heterogeneous nutrient load targets for different parts of the sea. Cost effective solutions to heterogeneous nutrient reductions targets based on ecological conditions are compared with the same overall nutrient reductions to the Baltic Sea. To this end, a numerical programming model is used, which includes eight different nutrient abatement measures (fertilizer and livestock reduction, cultivation of catch crops, reduced airborne nitrogen emissions, improved cleaning at sewage treatment plants, construction of wetlands and buffer strips, and mussel farming) in 21 catchments of the Baltic Sea. The results indicate that the cost for the international agreement on maximum load targets to different marine basins amounts to 5.3 billion euro. This is more than twice as large as the cost for the same total nutrient load targets to the Baltic Sea without specific targets for the marine basins. However, the resulting nutrient loads to the different marine basins deviate from the basin targets where the loads are lower for some basins but can exceed that for one basin, Baltic Proper, by approximately 22 per cent. Whether or not the ecological costs and benefits from deviations in basin targets under the Baltic Sea targets exceed the excess abatement cost of 2.9 billion euro for achieving the marine basin targets remains to be verified.
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50

Vasiliadis, D. C., G. E. Rizos, and C. Vassilakis. "Performance Analysis of Multilayered Multipriority Asymmetric-Sized Delta Networks." Journal of Computer Networks and Communications 2011 (2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/723102.

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The performance of multilayered asymmetric-sized finite-buffered delta networks supporting multiclass routing traffic is presented and analyzed in the uniform traffic conditions under various loads using simulations. The rationale behind introducing asymmetric-sized buffered systems is to have a better exploitation of available buffer spaces, while the implementation of multilayered architecture is applied in order to further improve the overall performance of network. The findings of this performance evaluation can be used by network designers for drawing optimal configurations while setting up the network, so as to best meet the performance and cost requirements under the anticipated traffic load and quality of service specifications.
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