Relevant bibliographies by topics / Budget Indonesia

Academic literature on the topic 'Budget Indonesia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Budget Indonesia"

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Johnson Kennedy, Posma Sariguna. "Is There Competition in Budget Policy of Education and Defense in Indonesia?" International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, no. 82 (June 15, 2022): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijefr.82.58.62.

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This study aims to see whether competition occurs in determines defense budget policies and education budgets. This study uses a quantitative research method by the empirical mathematical model to see the effect of the defense budget policy on the education budget in Indonesia. From the regression results, it turns out that Indonesia’s budget policies for defense and education have not reduced each other. This situation cannot be responded to well because the two budgets are still minimal compared to all national income and the entire budget. It is recommended that the defense and education budgets be increased because they relate to social welfare.
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Arianto, Adi Nugroho, Yusuf Edy, and Firmansyah. "Budget Policy to Eradicate Education Inequality in Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187309004.

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Education is one of the important factors of economic development. In recent implementation, the education cannot be obtained equally by the people of Indonesia. Based on Law no. 23/2014 on Local Government, education is the responsibility of the local governments, and there is a potency of inequality in the implantation of the education development, due to the different budget capabilities in each region. This study aims to determine the level of convergence of local government budgets in Indonesia. Using statistical estimation models, and data covering of 33 provinces in Indonesia, the study finds that the convergence on total revenue will occur on all Indonesian region for a long time but not in education spending. The policy implications on education in Indonesia are different across regions.
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Dewi, Ersanti Anggunan. "PERKEMBANGAN PENELITIAN KARAKTERISTIK ANGGARAN TERHADAP KINERJA MANJERIAL DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Akuntansi Trisakti 9, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jat.v9i1.12569.

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The purpose of this study is to describe in general about the development of budget research in Indonesia. The development of budget research in this study was analyzed using the charting the field method. A total of 23 articles on budgets from 15 accredited journals in Indonesia from 2014 to 2020 were analyzed in this study. The variables and research methods used by the researchers form the basis of classification by researchers. Of the 23 articles studied, the researchers preferred the use of quantitative methods. Multiple regression is the most dominant analysis model used in the article in this study. Based on the results of the study, (1) most studies use budget absorption as a dependent variable; and (2) organizational commitment or management and budget participation as independent variables.
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Marundha, Amor. "ARE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS OVERCONFIDENT WITH THE EFFECT OF BUDGET FORECAST ERRORS ON BUDGET DEVIATION?" Jurnal Tata Kelola dan Akuntabilitas Keuangan Negara 6, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.28986/jtaken.v6i2.480.

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This study aims to examine the effect of budget forecast errors on budget deviations moderated by local governments’ overconfidence. The research sample used regency/city governments in Indonesia during the 2017-2019 period. The analysis tool uses Eviews version 10 and SPSS version 22. The results showed that budget forecast errors had a positive and significant effect on budget deviation, but the local government’s overconfidence cannot cause an effect of budget forecast errors on the budget deviation. Additional test results of this study also showed that regency/city governments who were overconfident tend to fail in controlling their budget which could cause a surplus or deficit compared to local governments that were not overconfident. The same conditions apply to budget forecast errors. This means that regency/city governments that are overconfident tend to estimate budgets that are too high for revenue and/or budget estimates that are too low for expenditure compared to local governments that are not overconfident. Consistent with the main test results, this study shows that budget forecast errors have a significant effect on budget deviation and tend to occur in the Central Indonesian region category. Furthermore, overconfident regency/city governments cannot moderate the effect of budget forecast errors on budget deviations. Finally, these findings indicate that there is no difference between the budget forecast errors and the budget deviation in the three categories of western, central, and eastern Indonesia.
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Rahmat, Al Fauzi, Eko Priyo Purnomo, Dyah Mutiarin, and Ajree Ducol Malawani. "Education Budget Politics: Is It Pro-Disabilities? Case of Yogyakarta Municipality, Indonesia." IJDS Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies 7, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 266–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2020.007.02.15.

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This article aims to examine the education budget policy allocated for inclusive education programs, wherein providing a budget is highlights. In this context, Yogyakarta City government is submit because of its embracement unto inclusive budget post for education. This paper used a qualitative approach with document-analysis method to analyze the inclusive education budgets from 2017 to 2019. The research findings are; first, the budget allocation for inclusive education is considering to be minimal when compared to other program budget posts. In 2017, budget allocation was only 1.02%, in 2018 amounted to 1.05%, and in 2019 1.19% of six programs set out in the educational development program objectives. Second, a critical review of the budget and realization of 2017 to 2019 inclusive education program has found to be not optimal absorbed as desired achievement targets. Even so, the evaluation of budget absorption includes in the high category on performance appraisal. Third, the number of inclusive schools and the percentage of teachers according to qualifications from 2017 to 2019 has been increasing. Fourth, the budget for the education development program in 2017 to 2019 has declined. Nevertheless, more importantly, the budget heading for inclusive management education in 2017 and 2019 has increased. Therefore, this has proven that the Yogyakarta City government has committed to realize inclusive education and deserves to establish as a region that cares about inclusive education.
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Saputro, Fajar, Bambang Setyobudi Irianto, and Eliada Herwiyanti. "Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketepatan Anggaran Sektor Publik." SAR (Soedirman Accounting Review) : Journal of Accounting and Business 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.sar.2016.1.1.301.

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Budgets implementation of local goverment in Indonesia has always been a concern of stakeholders, the budget accuration phenomenon is one of them. Local budgets implementation in Indonesia always produce SILPA, namely the excess of budget with the realization, the facts indicate inaccuracies of local budget implementation. This research was conducted in order to empirically demonstrate the role of external pressures, environmental uncertainty, organizational commitment and budget quality of budget accuracy.The research method uses quantitative methods with explanatory approach, data collection conducted by using questionaire and distributed to echelon 4 officials who involved in planning, implementating, monitoring, controling and evaluating of budget in Cilacap local goverment, use purposive sampling methode to get research sample and using Warp PLS 0.4 as a test tool statistics. The results showed that external pressure and environmental uncertainty has a negative significant effect on budget accuracy and commitment of the organization and budget quality has a positive significant effect on budget accuracy.This study contributes to local governments to improve budget accuracy by optimizing the organizational commitment and budget quality, and also raise awareness in light of external and environmental uncertainty wisely. Another contribution is that this study provides academic benefits for the development of theory in public sector accounting.
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Saputro, Fajar, Bambang Setyobudi Irianto, and Eliada Herwiyanti. "Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketepatan Anggaran Sektor Publik." SAR (Soedirman Accounting Review) : Journal of Accounting and Business 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.sar.2016.1.2.301.

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Budgets implementation of local goverment in Indonesia has always been a concern of stakeholders, the budget accuration phenomenon is one of them. Local budgets implementation in Indonesia always produce SILPA, namely the excess of budget with the realization, the facts indicate inaccuracies of local budget implementation. This research was conducted in order to empirically demonstrate the role of external pressures, environmental uncertainty, organizational commitment and budget quality of budget accuracy.The research method uses quantitative methods with explanatory approach, data collection conducted by using questionaire and distributed to echelon 4 officials who involved in planning, implementating, monitoring, controling and evaluating of budget in Cilacap local goverment, use purposive sampling methode to get research sample and using Warp PLS 0.4 as a test tool statistics. The results showed that external pressure and environmental uncertainty has a negative significant effect on budget accuracy and commitment of the organization and budget quality has a positive significant effect on budget accuracy.This study contributes to local governments to improve budget accuracy by optimizing the organizational commitment and budget quality, and also raise awareness in light of external and environmental uncertainty wisely. Another contribution is that this study provides academic benefits for the development of theory in public sector accounting.
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Siregar, Baldric, and Lilis Susanti. "Determinants of Budget Forecast Errors and Their Impacts on Budget effectiveness: evidence from Indonesia." Journal of Economics, Business & Accountancy Ventura 21, no. 3 (April 23, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v21i3.1468.

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This research attempts to identify the determinants of budget forecast errors and explore the impact of the errors on the budget effectiveness. This study differs from the earlier studies such as including covering 90% of districts and cities, other studies on budget forecast error have not addressed how financial and governmental characteristics effect budget forecast error, and using a structural model to test the factors effecting budget forecast error and their impacts on budget effectiveness. The data are derived from Central Bureau of Statistics and local government website. It used the data of 444 local government for the period of 2006 to 2013, and analyzed them using a partial least square for testing the hypotheses. The results show that the significant factors affecting budget forecast errors are revenue growth, expenditure growth, and government complexity. The higher the revenue growth the greater the likelihood of budget forecast errors. Likewise, the greater the spending growth, the greater the budget forecast errors. The empirical evidence also suggests that budget forecast errors are bad for the economy. The implications of this findings are that local government must be more careful in projecting a growing income and expenditure budget, coordinate well so that work units can develop accurate budgets, and carry out a better monitoring function for all the main stages of budgeting.
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Tehupuring, Ronald. "Mapping of budget stress in Indonesia: Consequence on budget implementation." Jurnal Tata Kelola dan Akuntabilitas Keuangan Negara 7, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 39–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.28986/jtaken.v7i1.542.

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The phenomenon of a budget deficit in local governments at the provincial, regency, and city levels shows that there is budget stress. Budget stress is a regional fiscal condition reflected in the lower revenue budget, while regional expenditure is getting higher. The consequence of budget stress is low budget implementation, and it reduces the quality of services to the public. This study aims to map the regions experiencing budget stress at the local government levels. Furthermore, this study examines and analyzes the consequences of budgetary stress on budget implementation. The research sample used local governments at the provincial, regency, city levels throughout Indonesia during 2016-2020. This study uses Ordinary Least Square (OLS) to test the research hypothesis. This study groups the five regions with the highest budget stress during 2016-2020. The results of this study can contribute to the theory, methodology, and implementation related to the budget. The theory's contribution is that the political budget cycle can maintain government performance through various efforts to reduce budget stress. This study also found that budget stress can reduce budget implementation. Therefore, the government needs to pay attention to indicators of budget stress.
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., Devie, Giovanna Suralim, Josua Tarigan, and Saarce Elsye Hatane. "Linking Budgetary Participation to Budgetary Slack: An Indonesia Perspective." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27556.

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This study examines how budget participation influences budget slack creation propensity through the mediation of distributive and procedural fairness, managerial trust, and budget goal commitment. The data was collected from 103 respondents holding managerial position in 49 Indonesian distribution companies. Despite its limitations, this study has both academic and practical implications. The study adds to the budgetary slack literature in an Indonesian country which has not been widely researched. The result suggests that budget participation influences distributive and procedural fairness, which interact with one another and influence managerial trust. Managerial trust and procedural fairness together influence budget goal commitment, which decreases propensity of budget slack creation. The findings presented in this study should have important implications for Indonesia companies to reduce slack creation and enhance commitment and trust, it is suggested to improve procedural fairness, one of which by implementing budget participation.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Budget Indonesia"

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Syakhroza, Akhmad. "Influence of politics on the budgeting process : a study of the fertiliser manufacturing industry in Indonesia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1043.

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This study investigates the influence of politics on the budgeting process within the fertiliser manufacturing industry in Indonesia. Prior budgeting studies have focused on one of the following three theoretical frameworks - economic, psychological, and social. This study expands the research corpus by assessing the effect of politics on the budgeting process. The objectives of this study arc: (a) to investigate the effect of politics in the relationship between managerial roles and budgeting process – budgetary participation, budgetary communication, and budgetary control including budgetary monitoring and budgetary evaluation, and (b) to assess the impact of structural and individual power on the budgeting process. The study uses a mixed research methodology survey method supplemented by interviews. The survey questionnaire is adapted from previous studies. The sample for this study consists of four fertiliser-manufacturing enterprises in the state owned sector of Indonesia. The respondents of the survey questionnaire were middle managers responsible for unit budgets in the sample companies. Respondents were asked to rate on a seven-point scale their agreement or disagreement with issues concerning the budgeting process, managerial roles and politics. Survey interviews, based on the questionnaire, were developed for a select group of respondents, consisting of middle and senior managers. The results of the study, both survey questionnaire and interviews, indicate that politics has significant influence on the budgeting process. Further, it showed that the influence appeared different, depending whether structural or individual power is involved. The major implications of this study centre on the strong moderating effect of politics on the relationship between the budgeting process and managerial roles: this seems to be a relevant construct and should be developed further. Hopefully, the study will advance the thinking of scholars in this area and create interest in replicating this method of analysis and validating the findings. The conceptual model should also be applied to the role of politics on the budgeting process in other industries to assess the external validity of the model.
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Widjaja, Chaerul Anam. "Budget deficit impact on trade balance and financial policy adjustments in Indonesia, 1971-1993." Thesis, University of Bath, 1998. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760722.

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Pardon, Lénaïc. "Modelling of the nitrogen budget of oil palm plantations to help reduce losses to the environment. Case study in Sumatra, Indonesia." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/52952/1/52952-pardon-2017-thesis.pdf.

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Humanity faces the challenges of urgently decreasing the environmental impact of agriculture, shifting diets and increasing food production. Oil palm is a tropical perennial crop emblematic of these challenges. While its cultivation can be associated with environmental impacts, oil palm can produce 3 to 7 t of edible oil ha⁻¹ in optimal conditions, which is 7 to 10 fold higher than in annual oil crops. In this context, improving palm oil production sustainability is crucial for both reducing negative environmental impacts and ensuring food security. Application of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilisers was identified as a major source of environmental impacts associated with the cultivation of oil palm. Life cycle assessments of palm oil have already been performed to help quantify impacts and identify potential improvements of management practices. However, the only available emission models to estimate N losses to environment are generally valid for annual crops and temperate climate conditions. The use of such general models in life cycle assessment may lead to very uncertain results or to low sensitivity of assessments to management practices. The overall objective of this research work was to help identify management practices to reduce N losses in the environment. The core of the work was hence to develop a model that estimates all N losses in oil palm plantations, while being sensitive to management practices. The study focused on N fluxes in industrial oil palm plantations on mineral soils. We performed four steps in order to complete the objectives of this research work. First, we conducted a literature review of all the existing knowledge about N fluxes and losses in plantations. Second, we compared 11 existing models that may be used to predict N losses in plantations. Third, we performed an in-depth Morris's sensitivity analysis of one of the models, the APSIM-Oil palm process-based model. Fourth, we used all the information identified in the previous chapters, together with expert knowledge, to build IN-Palm, an agri-environmental indicator for N losses in oil palm plantations. We used the INDIGO® method and the fuzzy decision tree modelling approach to develop IN-Palm, and we validated this indicator using a field dataset of N leaching from a plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our literature review and model comparison showed that oil palm peculiarities may impact significantly N dynamics and losses. We identified research gaps and uncertainties about N losses, their drivers and the modelling of oil palm peculiarities. We identified the main drivers of N losses and yield in the APSIM-Oil palm process-based model. We built IN-Palm, which uses 21 readily available input variables to estimate each N loss pathway. IN-Palm predictions of N leaching were acceptable, and IN-Palm has shown efficient to help testing management changes. This research constitutes a comprehensive synthesis of the available knowledge and models for N fluxes and losses in oil palm plantations. One of the main results is a novel agri-environmental indicator, IN-Palm, operationally-oriented, sensitive to local practices and environmental conditions, as well as potentially useable as an emission model for holistic approaches such as life cycle assessment. The INDIGO® method and fuzzy decision tree modelling approach were shown to be very well adapted for building agri-environmental indicators in contexts of knowledge scarcity. This indicator can be a useful base for further research about using agri-environmental indicators to reduce uncertainty in life cycle assessment, and for future adaptations for other tropical perennial crops.
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Pardon, Lénaïc. "Modelling of the nitrogen budget of oil palm plantations to help reduce losses to the environment. Case study in Sumatra, Indonesia." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IAVF0018/document.

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L’humanité fait face aux défis urgents de réduire l’impact environnemental de l’agriculture, de changer les régimes alimentaires et d’accroître la production alimentaire. Le palmier à huile est une plante pérenne tropicale emblématique de ces défis. Alors que sa culture peut être à l’origine d’impacts environnementaux, le palmier à huile peut produire, en conditions optimales, 7 à 10 fois plus d’huile alimentaire que les cultures oléagineuses annuelles. Dans ce contexte, améliorer la durabilité de la production d’huile de palme est crucial, tant pour réduire les impacts environnementaux négatifs que pour garantir la sécurité alimentaire. L’application de fertilisants azotés (N) a été identifiée comme une source majeure d’impacts environnementaux dus à la culture du palmier. Des analyses de cycle de vie de l’huile de palme ont été réalisées pour quantifier les impacts et identifier des améliorations de pratiques agricoles. Cependant, les seuls modèles d’émissions disponibles pour estimer les pertes de N dans l’environnement sont généralement valides pour les cultures annuelles et en climat tempéré. L’utilisation de tels modèles dans l’analyse de cycle de vie peut mener à des résultats très incertains ou à une faible sensibilité aux pratiques. L’objectif global de ce travail de recherche était d’aider à l’identification de pratiques pour réduire les pertes de N dans l’environnement. Le cœur du travail était le développement d’un modèle estimant toutes les pertes de N dans les plantations, tout en étant sensible aux pratiques. L’étude s’est concentrée sur les flux de N dans les plantations de palmiers sur sols minéraux. Nous avons réalisé quatre étapes pour mener à bien cette recherche. Premièrement, nous avons mené une revue de littérature de tout le savoir existant concernant les flux et pertes de N dans les plantations. Deuxièmement, nous avons comparé 11 modèles existants, pouvant être utilisés pour prédire les pertes de N dans les plantations. Troisièmement, nous avons réalisé une analyse de sensibilité de Morris approfondie du modèle mécaniste APSIM-Oil palm. Quatrièmement, nous avons construit IN-Palm, un indicateur agri-environnemental pour les pertes de N dans les plantations. Nous avons utilisé la méthode INDIGO® et l’approche de modélisation par arbres de décisions flous pour développer IN-Palm, et nous avons validé cet indicateur en utilisant des mesures de lixiviation de N d’une plantation à Sumatra, Indonésie. Notre revue de littérature et notre comparaison de modèles ont montré que les particularités du palmier à huile peuvent affecter significativement les dynamiques et pertes de N. Nous avons identifié des manques de recherche et des incertitudes sur les pertes de N, leurs déterminants et la modélisation des particularités du palmier. Nous avons identifié les déterminants des pertes de N et du rendement dans le modèle mécaniste APSIM-Oil palm. Nous avons développé IN-Palm, qui utilise 21 variables d’entré facilement accessibles pour estimer chaque voie de perte de N. Les prédictions de lixiviation de N par IN-Palm étaient acceptables, et IN-Palm s’est montré efficace pour tester des changements de pratiques agricoles. Cette recherche constitue une synthèse exhaustive des connaissances et modèles disponibles pour les flux et pertes de N dans les plantations. L’un des principaux résultats est un nouvel indicateur agri-environnemental, IN-Palm, sensible aux pratiques et conditions locales, de même qu’utilisable en tant que modèle d’émission dans des approches holistiques. Cet indicateur peut être une base utile pour de futures recherches sur l’utilisation d’indicateurs agri-environnementaux pour réduire l’incertitude des analyses cycle de vie, et pour de futures adaptations à d’autres plantes pérennes tropicales
Humanity faces the challenges of urgently decreasing the environmental impact of agriculture, shifting diets and increasing food production. Oil palm is a tropical perennial crop emblematic of these challenges. While its cultivation can be associated with environmental impacts, oil palm can produce 3 to 7 t of edible oil ha-1 in optimal conditions, which is 7 to 10 fold higher than in annual oil crops. In this context, improving palm oil production sustainability is crucial for both reducing negative environmental impacts and ensuring food security. Application of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilisers was identified as a major source of environmental impacts associated with the cultivation of oil palm. Life cycle assessments of palm oil have already been performed to help quantify impacts and identify potential improvements of management practices. However, the only available emission models to estimate N losses to environment are generally valid for annual crops and temperate climate conditions. The use of such general models in life cycle assessment may lead to very uncertain results or to low sensitivity of assessments to management practices. The overall objective of this research work was to help identify management practices to reduce N losses in the environment. The core of the work was hence to develop a model that estimates all N losses in oil palm plantations, while being sensitive to management practices. The study focused on N fluxes in industrial oil palm plantations on mineral soils. We performed four steps in order to complete the objectives of this research work. First, we conducted a literature review of all the existing knowledge about N fluxes and losses in plantations. Second, we compared 11 existing models that may be used to predict N losses in plantations. Third, we performed an in-depth Morris’s sensitivity analysis of one of the models, the APSIM-Oil palm process-based model. Fourth, we used all the information identified in the previous chapters, together with expert knowledge, to build IN-Palm, an agri-environmental indicator for N losses in oil palm plantations. We used the INDIGO® method and the fuzzy decision tree modelling approach to develop IN-Palm, and we validated this indicator using a field dataset of N leaching from a plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. Our literature review and model comparison showed that oil palm peculiarities may impact significantly N dynamics and losses. We identified research gaps and uncertainties about N losses, their drivers and the modelling of oil palm peculiarities. We identified the main drivers of N losses and yield in the APSIM-Oil palm processbased model. We built IN-Palm, which uses 21 readily available input variables to estimate each N loss pathway. IN-Palm predictions of N leaching were acceptable, and IN-Palm has shown efficient to help testing management changes. This research constitutes a comprehensive synthesis of the available knowledge and models for N fluxes and losses in oil palm plantations. One of the main results is a novel agri-environmental indicator, IN-Palm, operationally-oriented, sensitive to local practices and environmental conditions, as well as potentially useable as an emission model for holistic approaches such as life cycle assessment. The INDIGO® method and fuzzy decision tree modelling approach were shown to be very well adapted for building agri-environmental indicators in contexts of knowledge scarcity. This indicator can be a useful base for further research about using agrienvironmental indicators to reduce uncertainty in life cycle assessment, and for future adaptations for other tropical perennial crops
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Sörensson, Erika. "Making a living in the world of tourism : Livelihoods in backpacker tourism in urban Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Social and Economic Geography, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1658.

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In many ‘Third World’ societies tourism is seen as a force for economic development and socie-tal change. Employment in tourism has increased, new destinations have been drawn into tour-ism circuits, and many ‘Third World’ governments have adopted ‘pro-poor’ tourism policies as part of their poverty reduction strategies. However, the tourism sector appears to be particularly volatile and can be subject to dramatic fluctuations, both in terms of volumes and tourists’ des-tination choices, which means that people working in tourism are exposed to globalising forces and preferences far beyond their control.

The aim of this study is to explore the contents and meanings of work within tourism as narrated by formal and informal tourism workers in an urban backpacker enclave in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The study is concerned with the ‘receiving end’ of international tourism, and specifi-cally with the experiences of people who make their livelihoods within the low-budget tourism sector, in which ‘Western’ backpackers are key actors.

In this study the tourism phenomenon is seen from the context of global asymmetrical power relations, but social relations at the local level in Yogyakarta city are given centre stage. The social relations that constitute the Sosrowijayan area as a place are complex. While back-packers come to Sosrowijayan in search of cheap tourism facilities, the general public in Yogya-karta construct the area as the centre of prostitution in the city. However, the inhabitants of Sosrowijayan draw boundaries between people and places in very refined ways.

These boundaries are gendered in the sense that above all female sex workers are blamed for the negative perceptions of the area. They are constructed as ‘outsiders’ because of their ‘deviant’ lifestyle and ‘choice’ of occupation (social class) and because they are said to be migrants from other areas in Indonesia. In Sosrowijayan boundary constructions also take place between male tourism workers who claim allegiance to different groups and categories within their profession or livelihood niche. They make distinctions between ‘insiders’ and ‘outsiders’; the ‘insiders’ are born in the area, while the ‘outsiders’ are narrated as being from other parts of the city, or the country, and/or engage in sexual relations with Western tourists.

The study shows that relations of class, gender, and colonial and/or ‘race’ stereotypes come into play in encounters between tourists and tourist workers. Tourism workers consider themselves to be ‘providers of fun’ which means that they are supposed to meet the needs of the tourists, whatever those needs might be, such as material or sexual. In this relationship the Indonesian tourism workers might be interpreted as the racialised service class that make the backpacker-consumer possible. The study also shows that tourism workers in Sosrowijayan are not only immobile in comparison to the highly mobile backpackers from whom they earn their livelihoods, but also that they are at the receiving end of a type of mobility which is initiated and performed far beyond their control.

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Delmelle, Pierre. "Geochemical, isotopic and heat budget study of two volcano-hosted hydrothermal systems: the acid crater lakes of Kawah Ijen, Indonesia, and Taal, philippines, volcanoes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212559.

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Koks, Josephus [Verfasser], Edzo [Akademischer Betreuer] Veldkamp, Alexander [Gutachter] Knohl, and Heinz [Gutachter] Flessa. "Tropical forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations: landscape-scale and inter-annual variability of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes and the contribution of tree-stem emissions to the soil GHG budget in Jambi province, Sumatra, Indonesia / Josephus Koks ; Gutachter: Alexander Knohl, Heinz Flessa ; Betreuer: Edzo Veldkamp." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1213096316/34.

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Adi, Priyo Hari. "Rent-Seeking Behaviour in Local Government Budget in Indonesia." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/37844/.

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Prior studies on government budget expenditure and its impact on government performance have demonstrated mixed results. Improper or inappropriate budget allocations can lead to opportunistic attempts to utilize these resources; this type of opportunism is known as rent-seeking behaviour. The objective of the study is to examine the determinants of rent-seeking, including such factors as grants from central government, local original revenue, natural resources revenue, population size, political factors and audit of government financial statement. While the majority of existing literature in this field surveys agency problems in the central government or at a national level, the current study contributes to the literature by investigating the agency problem in local government. In a decentralized government, where the authority is delegated to a local leader and local members of parliament, rent-seeking behaviour potentially arises as both of these parties have a conflict of interest. There is often a political motive when these parties run for election. Rent-seeking may potentially have an adverse impact on local government performance, and auditing has been shown to be an effective tool in reducing the agency problem and minimising rent-seeking. The current study addresses this issue by examining the role of auditing in minimising rent-seeking. This study employs the approach used by Park (2008), which is a revised model of the Katz and Rosenberg (1989) method, to measure potential rent-seeking. The data used in this study are the regional budget data (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah/APBD) for the years 2007 to 2012 and also the reports of local financial audits for the years 2006 to 2011. The results of the study show there were some budget sectors that may have been regularly optimized for rent-seeking. In association with the determinants of the behaviour, there were some factors that influenced the potential rent-seeking significantly. The increase of local original revenue, natural resources and the election of legislative members are found to have a substantial impact on potential rent-seeking. However, the other result of this study shows that audit had an adverse effect on rent-seeking; this finding demonstrates the critical role of the audit to prevent the rent-seeking behaviour. From the perspective of agency theory, the results of the study provide an indication that rent-seeking behaviour does exist in local governments, since the leader of the government and the members of parliament have particular interests in utilizing the budget. In line with this theory, one of the ways to limit agency costs is by conducting an intensive audit. It is essential for local governments to strengthen their auditing activity in order to prevent high levels of dissipation of local budgets.
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Haryanto, Agus. "The effects of budget allocation on external borrowing the case of Indonesia /." 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/27928698.html.

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Rasyanti, Alina Hasna, and 艾麗娜. "Variable Pricing in Hotel Industry: A Case Study for Budget Hotel In Indonesia." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48724158927247845912.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
101
The rising popularity of revenue management (RM) as a strategy to effectively allocate price and perishable resources nowadays is unquestionable. Relevant literatures in the context of RM are kept developing with their respective complexities, unexceptionally for hotel revenue management. However, not all of RM basic concepts could be applied to hotel industry, especially to budget hotels. Limited resource in advanced and integrated reservation system often hampers the process of recording booking request. This research therefore attempted to implement RM strategy in a more practical way through variable pricing, in a budget hotel in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There are two customer segments involved in revenue calculation. The first segment is the group customer who dominated demand from January to June and from November to December, and the second is business customer who dominated demand from July to October. Variable pricing is implemented to obtain the optimum price for each month whereas revenue is achieved from simulating several scenarios under various conditions. Comparison of all scenarios proved that employing variable pricing would give better outcome, not only when executing it under current demand but also in the condition of stochastically or randomly generated demand. The result can be a good reference for hotel decision maker in the future.
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Books on the topic "Budget Indonesia"

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Bako, Ronny Sautma Hotma. Hak budget parlemen Indonesia. Jakarta: Yarsif Watampone bekerja sama dengan Pusat Studi Hukum Tata Negara, Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Indonesia, 2005.

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Susanto, Mei. Hak budget parlemen di Indonesia. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2013.

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Irianto, Edi Slamet. Kebijakan fiskal & pengelolaan pajak di Indonesia. 2nd ed. Yogyakarta: Aswaja Pressindo, 2012.

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Nurman, Ali. Show me the money: Budget advocacy in Indonesia : budget advocacy stories. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: IDEA, 2011.

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Simatupang, Dian Puji N. Determinasi kebijakan anggaran negara Indonesia: Studi yuridis. Jakarta: Papas Sinar Sinanti, 2005.

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Maryatmo, R. Dampak moneter: Kebijakan defisit anggaran pemerintah dan peranan asa nalar dalam simulasi model makro-ekonomi Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 2005.

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Paterson, William D. O. Expenditure planning and performance-based budgeting in the Directorate General of Highways. Jakarta]: Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative, 2010.

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Indonesia. President (1967-1998 : Soeharto). Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia nomor 16 tahun 1994 tentang pelaksanaan anggaran pendapatan dan belanja negara. [Jakarta]: Direktorat Publikasi, Ditjen Pembinaan Pers dan Grafika, Departemen Penerangan RI, 1994.

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Indonesia. President (1967-1998 : Soeharto). Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia nomor 8 tahun 1997 tentang perubahan atas Keputusan Presiden nomor 16 tahun 1994 tentang pelaksanaan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia nomor 24 tahun 1995. Jakarta: Novindo Pustaka Mandiri, 1997.

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Indonesia. Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 17 tahun 2003 Tentang Keuangan Negara. Jakarta: Eko Jaya, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Budget Indonesia"

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Suryo Prabowo, Aichiro. "Budget Process and Budget Structure Under the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia." In Public Sector Accounting, Financial Accountability and Viability in Times of Crisis, 17–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04745-9_2.

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Mutiara, Zahra Zafira, Dede Krishnadianty, Budhi Setiawan, and Joko Tri Haryanto. "Climate Budget Tagging: Amplifying Sub-National Government’s Role in Climate Planning and Financing in Indonesia." In Springer Climate, 265–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55536-8_13.

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Premono, H., and D. N. Danarsari. "State ownership, soft-budget constraints, and cash holding: Empirical studies on state owned enterprises in Indonesia." In Contemporary Research on Management and Business, 91–94. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003295952-24.

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Kurniawan, Syahrul, Marife D. Corre, Sri Rahayu Utami, and Edzo Veldkamp. "Partial Nutrient Budget from Lowland Forests Converted to Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia." In Proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Tropical Agriculture, 273–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60363-6_26.

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Priadmadhi, N. B., S. A. Rahmawati, and A. Nazzal. "The phenomenon of accumulation budget realization in the end of the year: A case study in Malang city of East Java Indonesia." In Urbanizing the Regional Sector to Strengthen Economy and Business to Recover from Recession, 169–77. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003303336-20.

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Eastin, J. "Climate change, livelihoods and domestic violence in Indonesia." In Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 94–106. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0008.

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Abstract This book chapter dicsusses the data, methodological strategies, and findings, and the final section concludes with a discussion of key policy implications and directions for future research regarding climate change, livelihoods, and domestic violence in Indonesia. This study argues that climate shocks in Indonesia elevate the incidence of domestic violence via their impact on agriculture and agrarian livelihoods. Those relying on agriculture as a primary income source in Indonesia-approximately 41% of the population=suffer when climatic stress diminishes earnings through job loss and reduced crop yields. The impact can reduce food security, especially for subsistence farmers, but also for the broader population when scarcity elevates local food prices. Food already consumes 70% of household budgets for half the population, with rice comprising the largest share-over 25% of total household expenditures for the poorest quintile. Thus, even minor reductions in yields or inflation in local rice markets can have dire effects. These impacts are anticipated to exacerbate social and psychological pressures-stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, substance abuse-commonly associated with domestic and intimate partner violence, which in turn should increase its incidence within affected regions. This study uses data from the Global SPEI database and the NVMS to model the relationship between climate change and domestic violence in Indonesia. It finds that positive and negative deviations from long-term climate averages, when occurring in December-the core month of the Indonesian rice-planting season-increase the incidence of domestic violence in the following year. This relationship likely reflects the negative impact of climate shocks on agricultural sectors and livelihoods, an outcome which aggravates the emotional and psychological preconditions for domestic violence and abuse, disproportionately diminishes women's bargaining power in the household, and reduces women's ability to escape abusive situations. These effects are especially prominent in areas with higher levels of poverty, further illustrating the economic dimension of the causal process.
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Sanny, Lim, Rini Inthalasari, Martin Wiranata Chandra, and Hengky Yacobson. "Travelogy." In Handbook of Research on Innovation and Development of E-Commerce and E-Business in ASEAN, 607–23. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4984-1.ch029.

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The demand of travelling in Indonesia has risen at the rate of 30% since 2017. Currently, traveling requirements can be easily fulfilled by the presence of online medias such as Google, online travel agents, and Facebook. It has been successfully proven that these online media managed to assist Indonesians to fulfill their travelling needs, all the way from searching for travel destinations until hotels. However, the abundance of information and interesting benefits in every option is now a huge challenge in choosing the most suitable option for every people since it requires more time to consider all those options. Besides that, budget is also a main issue for travelers. Therefore, a platform that is able to offer solutions to solve the above-mentioned issues is needed. Travelogy is a platform in which the innovation in its business is customer driven. It provides one stop solution for every traveling needs to anybody who is interested on budget-traveling online.
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Asiati, Devi, Ngadi Ngadi, Yulinda Nurul Aini, and Yanti Astrelina Purba. "Sustainability of MSMEs in Indonesia." In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 504–26. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6632-9.ch024.

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This chapter is aimed to discuss the condition of the MSMEs in Indonesia at the beginning of COVID-19 as well as the strategies that the government has undertaken to minimize the impact of COVID-19. The data for analysis is data from online survey results that carried out between 24 April-2 May 2020 with a total of 204 MSMEs participating. The results of the survey show that more than half (53%) of the MSMEs suffered from a decrease in income/production; even 43% stopped production at the beginning of the pandemic. Most of the MSMEs in various sectors admitted that they were only able to survive for less than three months, with the worst sectors being trade, corporate services, and construction. The government has implemented wage subsidy policies, loan interest subsidies, and tax abolition to save the MSMEs from the impact of COVID-19. For this matter, efforts to save MSMEs must continue, especially through expanding wage subsidies, increasing the realization of the low subsidy budget, and transforming to digital-based businesses.
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Pratama, Raditya Hendra, Hamidah Nur Azizah, Nabillah Fauziah Kuswendah, and Oschadiva Edisha Putri. "Potential of Sharia finance in financing a budget deficit by adopting an electronic money transaction scheme in Indonesia." In Public Sector Accountants and Quantum Leap: How Far We Can Survive in Industrial Revolution 4.0?, 110–14. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367822965-23.

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"15. Key Principles for the 2000 Budget." In Gus Dur and the Indonesian Economy, 150–54. ISEAS Publishing, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789812306050-020.

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Conference papers on the topic "Budget Indonesia"

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Satria, Dy, Sri Mulyati, Muhammad Yusra, Nur Yunita, and Indrayani. "Local Government Budget at Province in Indonesia." In Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010521000002900.

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Arma, Nur Ambia, Irwan Noor, and Mr Sujarwoto. "Infrastructure Budget and Poverty Reduction in Indonesia 2016." In International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development 2017 (ICOPOSDev 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoposdev-17.2018.60.

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Yunita, Nur, and Muhammad Yusra. "The Effect of Local Own Source Revenue to Local Budget." In Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010523700002900.

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Suharyono. "Effect of Competency, Clarity of Budget Objectives and Effectiveness of Internal Control on Accountability and Transparency in Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget Management in Bengkalis Regency." In Malaysia Indonesia International Conference on Economics Management and Accounting. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009588400002900.

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Ariningrum, Hardini, Harmani Harun, Murni Indah Sari, and Eka Nur Rahmawati. "INDONESIA IN SUPPORTING THE ECONOMY AND HEALTH FOR THE COMMUNITY IN THE NEW NORMAL ERA." In International Conference on Public Health and Medical Sciences. Goodwood Conferences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/icophmeds.v1i1.23.

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This study aims to analyze the role of the Indonesian government in handling Covid19 in the health and economy of the Indonesian people under the new normal. The research method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods, using research results, references and online news sources that are directly related to this research. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the world, and Indonesia is one of them. Indonesia is fighting Covid-19 by modifying its regional isolation (lockdown) policy into large-scale social restrictions (PSBB), which are applied locally based on the severity of the province, district, or city. In addition, along with the increasing number of cases of the new variant of the COVID-19 virus from July 26 to August 2, 2021, the Indonesian government has begun to continue its policies to eradicate the corona virus and implement restrictions on community activities (PPKM). PPKM is extended for each blood differently. For regions, especially Lampung, it was extended from 10 to 23 August 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic requires the government to formulate extraordinary policies. Addressing health problems, protecting the public through social security and protecting business policies are the top priorities. Budget reallocation, reorientation of activities and adjustment of mandatory spending are the main ways the government provides funds to respond to the needs of COVID-19. On the other hand, pseudo growth also refers to the challenges that the economy may face in the second half of 2021, due to the implementation of emergency PPKM and level 4 caused by the Delta variant.
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Saputro, Guntur, Riki Firmansyah, and Meirinaldi Meirinaldi. "The Influence of Budget Planning, Performance Measurement System and Budget Evaluation on the Performance of the Directorate General of Defense Planning." In Proceedings of the First Multidiscipline International Conference, MIC 2021, October 30 2021, Jakarta, Indonesia. EAI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-10-2021.2315834.

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Park, Haemi, and Wataru Takeuchi. "Estimation of CO2 budget on peatlands in indonesia by using satellite based data." In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6723420.

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Park, Haemi, and Wataru Takeuchi. "CO2 budget estimation with considering human effects of tropical peat lands in Indonesia." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6947450.

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Budiman, Arif Taufik, Yova Ruldeviyani, and Achmad Nizar Hidayanto. "Predictive Analytics Comparison of Indonesia Government Budget With or Without Covid-19 Pandemic." In 2022 International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sist54437.2022.9945772.

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Park, Haemi, Wataru Takeuchi, and Kazuhito Ichii. "Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Budget From Peatland In Indonesia With Site-Level Validation." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8898044.

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Reports on the topic "Budget Indonesia"

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Bano, Masooda, and Daniel Dyonisius. The Role of District-Level Political Elites in Education Planning in Indonesia: Evidence from Two Districts. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/109.

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Focus on decentralisation as a way to improve service delivery has led to significant research on the processes of education-policy adoption and implementation at the district level. Much of this research has, however, focused on understanding the working of the district education bureaucracies and the impact of increased community participation on holding teachers to account. Despite recognition of the role of political elites in prioritising investment in education, studies examining this, especially at the district-government level, are rare. This paper explores the extent and nature of engagement of political elites in setting the education-reform agenda in two districts in the state of West Java in Indonesia: Karawang (urban district) and Purwakarta (rural district). The paper shows that for a country where the state schooling system faces a serious learning crisis, the district-level political elites do show considerable levels of engagement with education issues: governments in both districts under study allocate higher percentages of the district-government budget to education than mandated by the national legislation. However, the attitude of the political elites towards meeting challenges to the provision of good-quality education appears to be opportunistic and tokenistic: policies prioritised are those that promise immediate visibility and credit-taking, help to consolidate the authority of the bupati (the top political position in the district-government hierarchy), and align with the ruling party’s political positioning or ideology. A desire to appease growing community demand for investment in education rather than a commitment to improving learning outcomes seems to guide the process. Faced with public pressure for increased access to formal employment opportunities, the political elites in the urban district have invested in providing scholarships for secondary-school students to ensure secondary school completion, even though the district-government budget is meant for primary and junior secondary schools. The bupati in the rural district, has, on the other hand, prioritised investment in moral education; such prioritisation is in line with the community's preferences, but it is also opportunistic, as increased respect for tradition also preserves reverence for the post of the bupati—a position which was part of the traditional governance system before being absorbed into the modern democratic framework. The paper thus shows that decentralisation is enabling communities to make political elites recognise that they want the state to prioritise education, but that the response of the political elites remains piecemeal, with no evidence of a serious commitment to pursuing policies aimed at improving learning outcomes. Further, the paper shows that the political culture at the district level reproduces the problems associated with Indonesian democracy at the national level: the need for cross-party alliances to hold political office, and resulting pressure to share the spoils. Thus, based on the evidence from the two districts studied for this paper, we find that given the competitive and clientelist nature of political settlements in Indonesia, even the district level political elite do not seem pressured to prioritise policies aimed at improving learning outcomes.
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Rarasati, Niken, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Giving Schools and Teachers Autonomy in Teacher Professional Development Under a Medium-Capability Education System. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/050.

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A mature teacher who continuously seeks improvement should be recognised as a professional who has autonomy in conducting their job and has the autonomy to engage in a professional community of practice (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010). In other words, teachers’ engagement in professional development activities should be driven by their own determination rather than extrinsic sources of motivation. In this context, teachers’ self-determination can be defined as a feeling of connectedness with their own aspirations or personal values, confidence in their ability to master new skills, and a sense of autonomy in planning their own professional development path (Stupnisky et al., 2018; Eyal and Roth, 2011; Ryan and Deci, 2000). Previous studies have shown the advantages of providing teachers with autonomy to determine personal and professional improvement. Bergmark (2020) found that giving teachers the opportunity to identify areas of improvement based on teaching experience expanded the ways they think and understand themselves as teachers and how they can improve their teaching. Teachers who plan their own improvement showed a higher level of curiosity in learning and trying out new things. Bergmark (2020) also shows that a continuous cycle of reflection and teaching improvement allows teachers to recognise that the perfect lesson does not exist. Hence, continuous reflection and improvement are needed to shape the lesson to meet various classroom contexts. Moreover, Cheon et al. (2018) found that increased teacher autonomy led to greater teaching efficacy and a greater tendency to adopt intrinsic (relative to extrinsic) instructional goals. In developed countries, teacher autonomy is present and has become part of teachers’ professional life and schools’ development plans. In Finland, for example, the government is responsible for providing resources and services that schools request, while school development and teachers’ professional learning are integrated into a day-to-day “experiment” performed collaboratively by teachers and principals (Niemi, 2015). This kind of experience gives teachers a sense of mastery and boosts their determination to continuously learn (Ryan and Deci, 2000). In low-performing countries, distributing autonomy of education quality improvement to schools and teachers negatively correlates with the countries’ education outcomes (Hanushek et al., 2011). This study also suggests that education outcome accountability and teacher capacity are necessary to ensure the provision of autonomy to improve education quality. However, to have teachers who can meet dynamic educational challenges through continuous learning, de Klerk & Barnett (2020) suggest that developing countries include programmes that could nurture teachers’ agency to learn in addition to the regular content and pedagogical-focused teacher training materials. Giving autonomy to teachers can be challenging in an environment where accountability or performance is measured by narrow considerations (teacher exam score, administrative completion, etc.). As is the case in Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, teachers tend to attend training to meet performance evaluation administrative criteria rather than to address specific professional development needs (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). Generally, the focus of the training relies on what the government believes will benefit their teaching workforce. Teacher professional development (TPD) is merely an assignment for Jakarta teachers. Most teachers attend the training only to obtain attendance certificates that can be credited towards their additional performance allowance. Consequently, those teachers will only reproduce teaching practices that they have experienced or observed from their seniors. As in other similar professional development systems, improvement in teaching quality at schools is less likely to happen (Hargreaves, 2000). Most of the trainings were led by external experts or academics who did not interact with teachers on a day-to-day basis. This approach to professional development represents a top-down mechanism where teacher training was designed independently from teaching context and therefore appears to be overly abstract, unpractical, and not useful for teachers (Timperley, 2011). Moreover, the lack of relevancy between teacher training and teaching practice leads to teachers’ low ownership of the professional development process (Bergmark, 2020). More broadly, in the Jakarta education system, especially the public school system, autonomy was never given to schools and teachers prior to establishing the new TPD system in 2021. The system employed a top-down relationship between the local education agency, teacher training centres, principals, and teachers. Professional development plans were usually motivated by a low teacher competency score or budgeted teacher professional development programme. Guided by the scores, the training centres organised training that could address knowledge areas that most of Jakarta's teachers lack. In many cases, to fulfil the quota as planned in the budget, the local education agency and the training centres would instruct principals to assign two teachers to certain training without knowing their needs. Realizing that the system was not functioning, Jakarta’s local education agency decided to create a reform that gives more autonomy toward schools and teachers in determining teacher professional development plan. The new system has been piloted since November 2021. To maintain the balance between administrative evaluation and addressing professional development needs, the new initiative highlights the key role played by head teachers or principals. This is based on assumption that principals who have the opportunity to observe teaching practice closely could help teachers reflect and develop their professionalism. (Dymoke and Harrison, 2006). As explained by the professional development case in Finland, leadership and collegial collaboration are also critical to shaping a school culture that could support the development of professional autonomy. The collective energies among teachers and the principal will also direct the teacher toward improving teaching, learning, and caring for students and parents (Hyslop-Margison and Sears, 2010; Hargreaves, 2000). Thus, the new TPD system in Jakarta adopts the feature of collegial collaboration. This is considered as imperative in Jakarta where teachers used to be controlled and join a professional development activity due to external forces. Learning autonomy did not exist within themselves. Hence, teachers need a leader who can turn the "professional development regulation" into a culture at schools. The process will shape teachers to do professional development quite autonomously (Deci et al., 2001). In this case, a controlling leadership style will hinder teachers’ autonomous motivation. Instead, principals should articulate a clear vision, consider teachers' individual needs and aspirations, inspire, and support professional development activities (Eyal and Roth, 2011). This can also be called creating a professional culture at schools (Fullan, 1996). In this Note, we aim to understand how the schools and teachers respond to the new teacher professional development system. We compare experience and motivation of different characteristics of teachers.
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The impact of monetary crisis and natural disasters on women's health and nutrition. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1998.1003.

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This paper analyzes the short-term effects of the monetary crisis and natural disasters in Indonesia on women's health and nutritional status, and activities to monitor and address these problems. The monetary crisis which was announced in January 1998 hit the highest monthly inflation rate of 13 percent in February. Natural disasters that have plagued Indonesia since early 1997, including droughts and forest fires, have been projected to cause famines and an increased likelihood of infant and adult mortality. The economic crisis also directly impacts millions of workforce members threatened by the downsizing of thousands of businesses and factories, in the form of job termination. About 38 percent of the workforce are women. In general, it can be predicted that the high rate of unemployment means a return to poverty, emergence of pockets of slum settlements in cities, an increase in the crime rate, less affordable food in urban areas, famine and scarcity in rural areas, worsening environmental health, epidemics of infectious and noninfectious diseases, cutbacks in public health-care budget and facilities, more school dropout, teenagers entering prostitution, domestic violence, drug abuse, mental illness, and suicide attempts.
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