Journal articles: 'Budburst'

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Dixit, Aalap, Thomas Kolb, and Owen Burney. "Provenance Geographical and Climatic Characteristics Influence Budburst Phenology of Southwestern Ponderosa Pine Seedlings." Forests 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11101067.

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Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) forests of the southwestern US are threatened by climate change and deforestation. Information about geographic patterns of provenance variation in budburst phenology is needed to make decisions about selecting seed sources for future planting. In this study, provenance variation in the budburst phenology of ponderosa pine seedlings was examined using common garden studies. Seedlings from 21 provenances, representing an elevational gradient in Arizona and New Mexico, were planted in July 2018 at a ponderosa pine-dominated field site in northern Arizona. Field budburst was monitored weekly on all seedlings in the spring of 2019. Field budburst was compared with budburst timing of the same provenances measured under greenhouse conditions. The hypotheses for this study were that (1) budburst varies among provenances, with earlier budburst in low-elevation provenances, and (2) differences in budburst timing among provenances are consistent for seedlings grown in greenhouse and field environments. Field results show that provenances vary in budburst date and that low- and middle-elevation provenances break bud sooner than high-elevation provenances. Field budburst date had a moderate, positive correlation with provenance mean annual precipitation (r = 0.522) and a moderate, negative trend with latitude (r = −0.413). Budburst date of provenances in the greenhouse had a moderate, positive trend with budburst date in the field (r = 0.554), suggesting application of greenhouse results to field plantings. Such information about provenance variation and environmental and geographic trends in budburst timing will be useful for developing species-specific seed transfer guidelines and effective assisted migration strategies in a changing climate.

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Kolb, T. E., and D. A. J. Teulon. "Relationship between sugar maple budburst phenology and pear thrips damage." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1043–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-143.

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The relationship between budburst phenology and damage by the pear thrips (Taeniothripsinconsequens (Uzel) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)) to sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) foliage was investigated in two studies. In the first study, seedlings in cages were exposed to adult thrips at different stages of budburst. Compared with uninfested control seedlings, introduction of five adult thrips per bud reduced total leaf area and average leaf size, and caused chlorosis, tattering, and cupping of leaves. Leaf area reduction and damage symptoms were greater for seedlings exposed to thrips when leaf margins were first visible at the tip of the bud compared with earlier and later stages of budburst. In the second study, budburst date and number of thrips oviposition sites on leaves (an index of thrips activity) were measured in a common-garden test of maple saplings from open-pollinated families. Thrips activity was greater on early-breaking than late-breaking buds. Date of opening for these early-breaking buds coincided closely with peak capture of flying thrips. Both budburst date and number of oviposition sites on leaves differed among families. Sugar maple genotypes with late budburst escaped heavy thrips damage. The results indicate that timing of vegetative budburst in sugar maple can influence the degree of thrips damage.

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ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Robin Somers-Yeates, Jonathan Bennie, Theodoros Economou, David Hodgson, Adrian Spalding, and Peter K. McGregor. "Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (June 29, 2016): 20160813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0813.

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The ecological impact of night-time lighting is of concern because of its well-demonstrated effects on animal behaviour. However, the potential of light pollution to change plant phenology and its corresponding knock-on effects on associated herbivores are less clear. Here, we test if artificial lighting can advance the timing of budburst in trees. We took a UK-wide 13 year dataset of spatially referenced budburst data from four deciduous tree species and matched it with both satellite imagery of night-time lighting and average spring temperature. We find that budburst occurs up to 7.5 days earlier in brighter areas, with the relationship being more pronounced for later-budding species. Excluding large urban areas from the analysis showed an even more pronounced advance of budburst, confirming that the urban ‘heat-island’ effect is not the sole cause of earlier urban budburst. Similarly, the advance in budburst across all sites is too large to be explained by increases in temperature alone. This dramatic advance of budburst illustrates the need for further experimental investigation into the impact of artificial night-time lighting on plant phenology and subsequent species interactions. As light pollution is a growing global phenomenon, the findings of this study are likely to be applicable to a wide range of species interactions across the world.

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Prevéy, Janet S., and Constance A. Harrington. "Effectiveness of winter temperatures for satisfying chilling requirements for reproductive budburst of red alder (Alnus rubra)." PeerJ 6 (September 25, 2018): e5221. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5221.

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Background Experiencing an adequate amount of cold temperatures over winter is necessary for many temperate tree species to break dormancy and flower in spring. Thus, changes in winter and spring temperatures associated with climate change may influence when trees break dormancy and flower in the future. There have been several experimental studies that have quantified the effectiveness of cold temperatures for chilling requirements for vegetative budburst of temperate trees; however, there are few experimental studies addressing the chilling requirements for reproductive budburst of trees, as it is difficult to place reproductively mature trees in temperature-controlled environments. Methods To identify how changing temperatures associated with climate change may impact reproductive phenology, we completed a temperature-controlled growth chamber experiment using cuttings of reproductive branches of red alder (Alnus rubra), one of the most widespread hardwood tree species of the Pacific Northwest, USA. The purpose of this study was to examine how colder (4 °C) and warmer (9 °C) winter temperature regimes influenced the timing of reproductive budburst of red alder cuttings in spring. We also compared the date of budburst of cuttings to that of branches from intact trees. Results We found that cuttings flowered earlier after pretreatment with a 4 °C winter temperature regime than after a 9 °C winter temperature regime. We found no significant differences between the timing of male budburst of cuttings exposed to ambient conditions compared to male budburst of branches from intact trees. We used our experimental data to estimate a “possibility-line” that shows the accumulated chilling and forcing temperatures necessary prior to reproductive budburst of red alder. Discussion This study provides a preliminary indication that warmer winters with climate change may not be as effective as colder winters for satisfying chilling temperature requirements of a Northwest hardwood tree species.

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Gould, Peter J., Constance A. Harrington, and J. Bradley St. Clair. "Incorporating genetic variation into a model of budburst phenology of coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 1 (January 2011): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-191.

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Models to predict budburst and other phenological events in plants are needed to forecast how climate change may impact ecosystems and for the development of mitigation strategies. Differences among genotypes are important to predicting phenological events in species that show strong clinal variation in adaptive traits. We present a model that incorporates the effects of temperature and differences among genotypes to predict the timing of budburst of coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The main components of the model are (i) functions to calculate the accumulation of chilling units (CU) and forcing units (FU) during dormancy and (ii) a function defining the combinations of CU and FU needed for budburst (the possibility line). The possibility line was fit to data from 59 populations subjected to eight different winter environments. Differences among populations were incorporated into the possibility line using population coefficients that vary the FU required for budburst. Correlations among the population coefficients and variables describing local environments supported the hypothesis that genetic variation in budburst is largely an adaptation to summer drought. The new model can be used to test potential seed transfers as a strategy to mitigate some of the effects of climate change.

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Ezzili, Béchir, and M. Bejaoui. "New contribution to the survey of the acrotony theory on the branch of one year grapevine: III - Role of buds and leaves in development, application in the vineyard of results obtained in laboratory and greenhouse." OENO One 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2001.35.1.992.

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The respective influences of the bud and leaves on stimulation of acrotony phenomenon was studied. Defoliation (all leaves at the stage budbursted + 30 days) and various bud ablation were made : buds 9, 10 ; 7, 8, 9, 10 ; 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ; 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.Concerning the phenomen of acrotony, the role of apical bud and leaves developped on at 10 and 30 days after budburst were determined.The effect produced by excision of the apical buds shows that the two subadjacent buds were developped. All decapitation did not increase the percentage of budbreak.In all decapitations, the subadjacent buds were developped however, buds below were inhibed. The effect produced by excision of leaves in the second stage of development did not promote budbreak.On 10 bud canes, auxins synthesized in the developing young leaves seem to exercise their inhibiting effect on the budbreak of the subjacent buds.Cytokinins managed by the means of our operatory mode seem to reach the subjacents buds, modify the expression of the ramification of the canes with regard to the system usual acrotony and limit the inhibition basipetally. The budburst of the canes at a temperature of 18°C seems to be more important than that at 30°C day/ 20°night. Thus, the acrotony phenomenon decreases. When the apical branches are in second phase of growth, the size of the leaves become large. It seems that the leaves would exercise their inhibitions on the subjacent buds by the slant of the synthesized gibberillins and auxins. Cytokinins have no further role to play during this phase of growth and do not thwart anymore the inhibition. In the vineyard, the ANA treatment is totally inhibiting at 20 and 50 mg/l doses. In contrast, the 6BAP treatment at 20 mg/l shortly before budburst increases the budburst percentage for Muscatel of Italy.When the last treatment is performed during 25 days followed by a cytokinin treatment we notice budburst. The mechanism of these different growth regulators on the acrotony phenomenon has been discussed .

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Darde, Daniel Chamorro, Gustavo Klamer de Almeida, and Gilmar Arduino Bettio Marodin. "Budburst and flowering intensity by the spraying of dormancy-breaking products in ‘Eva’ apple trees." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n3p1049.

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Spraying of dormancy-breaking chemicals is a mandatory procedure to produce temperate fruits in low-chill regions. Although hydrogen cyanamide (HC) + mineral oil (MO) show efficiency enhancing budburst, the usage of HC is restricted in some countries due to its toxicity. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the efficiency of spraying different dormancy-breaking agents on ‘Eva’ apple tree buds, under the conditions of the Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Different doses of Erger® (0, 2, 3, 4, 5%) + 3% Ca(NO3)2 were tested and compared with MO (4%) or MO (4%) + HC (0.6%). Budburst rate of apical and axillary buds, physiological alterations in buds, return bloom, yield and fruit weight were evaluated. Erger® treatments efficiently enhanced budburst, with a result equivalent to HC + MO treatment. The budburst rate increased as the Erger® dose increased, also causing the increment of the return bloom in the following year. However, doses of 4 and 5% caused the death of shoots. The activity of the peroxidases and the content of H2O2 in the buds were affected by the treatments. Yield and fruit mass were different in response to treatments, although the effect varied between years. Erger® + Ca(NO3)2 spraying increase budburst in apical and axillary buds of ‘Eva’ apple tree in low-chill conditions and doses up to 3% of the commercial product do not cause toxicity.

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El-Yazal, Mohamed A. Seif. "Impact of Chilling Requirement on Budburst, Floral Development and Hormonal Level in Buds of Early and Late Apple Varieties (Malus sylvestris, Mill) under Natural Conditions." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 8 (November 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.8.1.

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In order to produce the physiological bases for choosing early- flowering varieties that may avoid the depleted low winter temperatures, the early and late- opining apple variety Barkhar, Local and Strakhan (Malus sylvestris) were wont to study the relation between the seasonal changes and these balance of endogenous hormones and flower opining date. An improved understanding of the factors governing budburst and development, and their underlying mechanisms is crucial for management of trees performance and yielding. This study investigated variations in chilling requirements, bud burst and development in early and late varieties of apple trees. The budburst and hormonal profile of flower and vegetative buds of early and late varieties were additionally investigated. Results showed less bud burst in late varieties than in early ones. In the former, there were increased in promoters (indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellins) at budburst. Although endogenous inhibitors levels of abscisic acid were considerably reduced by bud development in all varieties. We conclude that late varieties (Strakhan) are less economical in manufacturing new growth, as indicated by less bud vigor at budburst than early varieties (Barkhar and local) and show a marked differential hormonal pattern throughout bud development compared to early varieties.

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Anzanello, Rafael, Flávio Bello Fialho, and Henrique Pessoa dos Santos. "Chilling requirements and dormancy evolution in grapevine buds." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 42, no. 4 (August 2018): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542018424014618.

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ABSTRACT Fluctuations in winter chilling availability impact bud dormancy and budburst. The objective of this work was to determine chilling requirements to induce and overcome endodormancy (dormancy controlled by chilling) of buds in different grape cultivars. ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Merlot’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ shoots were collected in Veranópolis-RS vineyards in 2010, and submitted to a constant 3 °C temperature or daily cycles of 3/15 °C for 12/12h or 18/6h, until reaching 1120 chilling hours (CH, sum of hours with temperature ≤ 7.2 °C). Periodically, part of the samples in each treatment was transferred to 25 °C for budburst evaluation (green tip). Chilling requirements to induce and overcome endodormancy vary among cultivars, reaching a total of 136 CH for ‘Chardonnay’, 298 CH for ‘Merlot’ and 392 CH for ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Of these, approximately 39, 53 and 91 CH are required for induction of endodormancy in the three cultivars, respectively. The thermal regimes tested (constant or alternating) do not influence the response pattern of each cultivar to cold, with 15 °C being inert in the CH accumulation process. In addition, time required to start budburst reduces with the increase in CH, at a rate of one day per 62 CH, without significant impacts on budburst uniformity.

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Allegro, Gianluca, Chiara Pastore, Gabriele Valentini, and Ilaria Filippetti. "Effects of delayed winter pruning on vine performance and grape composition in cv. Merlot." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304003.

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Delaying winter pruning until after budburst is a technique that can retard vine phenological phases and reduce grape sugar concentration at harvest. Given these characteristics, many studies have recently been conducted to verify the ability of pruning after budburst to contrast the negative effects of climate change. In our trial, vines of the cv. Merlot, trained to a VSP spur pruned cordon, were pre-pruned leaving 8 nodes per shoot and hand finished when the shoots sprouted by the apical nodes were at BBCH13 (treatment LP) and BBCH18 stage (treatment VLP). Vines refinished during winter were used as control (WP). Anthocyanins and tannins of skin and seeds were analysed after both exhaustive extraction (total content) and extraction conducted with a hydroalcoholic solution (extractable portion). Vines refinished after budburst showed reduced leaf area, yield, cluster and berry weights; technological maturity of these vines was delayed as lower sugar concentration and pH were observed at harvest. Treatment VLP had a stronger effect than LP on these parameters. Considering phenolic compounds, the skin and seed tannin concentration increased only in VLP, while no effect was found on anthocyanins. In conclusion, delaying pruning until after budburst revealed interesting prospects for contrasting the negative effects of climate change.

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Downton, WJS, and WJR Grant. "Photosynthetic Physiology of Spur Pruned and Minimal Pruned Grapevines." Functional Plant Biology 19, no. 3 (1992): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9920309.

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Canopy development, photosynthetic performance and yield characteristics of Riesling grapevines managed by either conventional spur pruning or minimal pruning were compared over a growing season. Leaf area development 4-5 weeks after budburst was 4-5-fold greater on the minimal pruned vines due to the 6-7-fold greater number of buds that burst to produce shoots. By time of flowering (8 weeks after budburst) there was less than a 2-fold difference between the pruning treatments in leaf area per vine. At time of harvest the leaf area of spur pruned vines on a Y-shaped trellis exceeded that of minimal pruned vines. Average photosynthetic rates of leaves on shoots on minimal pruned vines were 40% higher than on spur pruned vines at 4 weeks after budburst, but average rates were similar the following week and thereafter. Calculated instantaneous photosynthetic rates for entire vines were 3-6-fold higher for the minimal pruned vines at 4-5 weeks after budburst. However, by time of flowering, vines in both treatments had similar photosynthetic rates. At harvest, spur pruned vines showed somewhat greater instantaneous carbon gain than minimal pruned vines. Carbon gain per vine per day estimated from hourly measurements of irradiance over the canopy showed a similar trend to the instantaneous rates. Leaf conductances did not differ with pruning treatment. Calculated instantaneous water loss per vine was 2-5-fold higher for minimal pruned vines 4-5 weeks after budburst, but from flowering onwards spur pruned vines were likely to use more water than minimal pruned vines. Minimal pruned vines yielded twice the quantity of fruit of spur pruned vines, but only one-quarter the dry weight of new canes. Total carbon invested in fruit, new canes and leaves, however, was similar in both pruning treatments, accounting for 60-70% of the estimated carbon gain by the vines.

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Piña-Rey, Alba, Helena Ribeiro, María Fernández-González, Ilda Abreu, and F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo. "Phenological Model to Predict Budbreak and Flowering Dates of Four Vitis vinifera L. Cultivars Cultivated in DO. Ribeiro (North-West Spain)." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030502.

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The aim of this study was to assess the thermal requirements of the most important grapevine varieties in northwestern Spain to better understand the impact of climate change on their phenology. Different phenological models (GDD, GDD Triangular and UniFORC) were tested and validated to predict budburst and flowering dates of grapevines at the variety level using phenological observations collected from Treixadura, Godello, Loureira and Albariño between 2008 and 2019. The same modeling framework was assessed to obtain the most suitable model for this region. The parametrization of the models was carried out with the Phenological Modeling Platform (PMP) platform by means of an iterative optimization process. Phenological data for all four varieties were used to determine the best-fitted parameters for each variety and model type that best predicted budburst and flowering dates. A model calibration phase was conducted using each variety dataset independently, where the intermediate-fitted parameters for each model formulation were freely-adjusted. Afterwards, the parameter set combination of the model providing the highest performance for each variety was externally validated with the dataset of the other three varieties, which allowed us to establish one overall unique model for budburst and flowering for all varieties. Finally, the performance of this model was compared with the attained one while considering all varieties in one dataset (12 years × 4 varieties giving a total number of observations of 48). For both phenological stages, the results showed no considerable differences between the GDD and Triangular GDD models. The best parameters selected were those provided by the Treixadura GDD model for budburst (day of the year (t0) = 49 and base temperature (Tb) = 5) and those corresponding to the Godello model (t0 = 52 and Tb = 6) for flowering. The modeling approach employed allowed obtaining a global prediction model that can adequately predict budburst and flowering dates for all varieties.

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Gallinat, Amanda, and Richard Primack. "Spring Budburst in a Changing Climate." American Scientist 104, no. 2 (2016): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2016.119.102.

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Dixit, Aalap, and Thomas Kolb. "Variation in seedling budburst phenology and structural traits among southwestern ponderosa pine provenances." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 9 (September 2020): 872–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0333.

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We used a common garden study to investigate genetic variation in spring budburst phenology, growth, and structural traits of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C. Lawson var. scopulorum Engelm.) seedlings from 10 provenances of different elevations in Arizona and New Mexico, United States. Seedlings were grown with ample resources for two growing seasons in a greenhouse in northern Arizona. Budburst date was measured at the onset of the second growing season; seedling growth, biomass, biomass ratios (shoot:root ratio, root mass ratio, stem mass ratio, and leaf mass ratio), and specific leaf area were measured at the end of the second season. Low-elevation provenances (<2000 m) had earlier budburst and lower specific leaf area than middle- (2000–2500 m) and high-elevation (>2500 m) provenances. Height, leaf length, biomass, and biomass ratios were similar for elevational groups. Total biomass was positively correlated (r = 0.824) with provenance mean annual precipitation. Shoot:root ratio was positively correlated (r = 0.652) with longitude. Results suggest adaptation of low-elevation provenances to warm spring temperatures (early budburst) and aridity (low specific leaf area), inherently faster growth of provenances from wet locations, and greater allocation to shoots in eastern provenances. Such information about geographic patterns of genetic variation may be useful for selecting seed sources for planting in a changing climate.

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Costa, Ricardo, Helder Fraga, André Fonseca, Iñaki García de Cortázar-Atauri, Maria C. Val, Cristina Carlos, Samuel Reis, and João A. Santos. "Grapevine Phenology of cv. Touriga Franca and Touriga Nacional in the Douro Wine Region: Modelling and Climate Change Projections." Agronomy 9, no. 4 (April 25, 2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9040210.

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Projections of grapevine phenophases under future climate change scenarios are strategic decision support tools for viticulturists and wine producers. Several phenological models are tested for budburst, flowering, and veraison and for two main grapevine varieties (cv. Touriga Franca and Touriga Nacional) growing in the Douro Demarcated Region. Four forcing models (Growing degree-days, Richardson, Sigmoid, and Wang) and three dormancy models (Bidabe, Smoothed Utah and Chuine), with different parameterizations and combinations, are used. New datasets, combing phenology with weather station data, widespread over the Douro wine region, were used for this purpose. The eight best performing models and parameterizations were selected for each phenophase and variety, based on performance metrics. For both cultivars, results revealed moderate performances (0.4 < R2 < 0.7) for budburst, while high performances (R2 > 0.7) were found for flowering and veraison, particularly when Growing degree-days or Sigmoid models are used, respectively. Climate change projections were based on a two-member climate model ensemble from the EURO-CORDEX project under RCP4.5. Projections depicted an anticipation of phenophase timings by 6, 8 or 10–12 days until the end of the century for budburst, flowering, and veraison, respectively. The inter-model variability is of approximately 2–4 days for flowering and veraison and 4–6 days for budburst. These results establish grounds for the implementation of a decision support system for monitoring and short-term prediction of grapevine phenology, thus promoting a more efficient viticulture.

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Hlaszny, E. "COMPARISON OF BUDBURST MODELS PREDICTIONS FOR KÉKFRANKOS." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1001_075086.

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CHUINE, ISABELLE. "A Unified Model for Budburst of Trees." Journal of Theoretical Biology 207, no. 3 (December 2000): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2000.2178.

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Cook, Nigel C., Etienne Rabe, Johan Keulemans, and Gerard Jacobs. "The Expression of Acrotony in Deciduous Fruit Trees: A Study of the Apple Rootstock M.9." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 1 (January 1998): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.1.30.

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One-year-old shoots of apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) rootstock Malling 9 (M.9 clone Nic 29), ≈60 cm long without sylleptic side shoots, were selected randomly from a commercial stoolbed in Belgium, prepared, and forced at 25 °C and 16 hours daylength to follow bud developmental rate in different positions along a 1-year-old shoot. The number of buds that reached green tip was recorded daily until 50% of shoots exhibited budburst. The evolution of dormancy of the terminal, an upper lateral, and a lower lateral bud was followed throughout the dormant period. The influence of a distal disbudded shoot piece and Promalin [3000 mg·L-1 N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine 6-amine and 3000 mg·L-1 gibberellins A4+A7 without a wetting agent] application on the developmental rate of these buds was evaluated. Bud developmental rate decreased during winter and increased to a maximum before budburst in spring. The distal shoot-forming ability or acrotonic branching habit in apple appears to be mediated via a greatly increased developmental rate of the terminal bud relative to the upper and lower lateral buds, respectively. The proximal budbursting tendency or basitony exhibited in early winter was weak compared to the acrotony that developed in the last month before budburst in spring. Lateral buds showed a lower developmental rate than the terminals when inhibited by a distal disbudded shoot piece, so that resultant overall growth habit within the shoot remained acrotonic throughout the dormant period. Promalin application in winter did not restore the bud developmental rate associated with spring budburst. These results are discussed with reference to observations of trees growing under conditions of insufficient winter chilling.

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Teulon, D. A. J., T. C. Leskey, and E. A. Cameron. "Pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) life history and population dynamics in sugar maple in Pennsylvania." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 1 (February 1998): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041584.

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AbstractThe pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Uzel) was sampled for four years in a small sugar mapleAcer saccharumplantation in Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. The life cycle ofT. inconsequenswas univoltine with the main period of emergence and flight from late March to mid May. Adults, eggs, and first and second instar larvae were associated with sugar maple budburst and early leaf development from late April to late May. Larval drop occurred from mid to late May. Mature second instar larvae, propupae, pupae and adults spent from June to March in the ground; development from larva to adult occurred between September and November. From March to May most (usually >90%) thrips adults and larvae sampled wereT. inconsequens.NoT. inconsequensmales were found. In soil samples taken in spring, summer and autumnT. inconsequenswere found to a depth of 50 cm but over 87% were in the top 20 cm. Almost noT. inconsequenswere found in the litter layer. Large variations inT. inconsequensadult emergence and larval drop were recorded. The most important contributing factors in fluctuations ofT. inconsequenspopulations were the length of sugar maple budburst, the degree of synchrony between thrips emergence and sugar maple budburst, and the occurence of sugar maple flowering.

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George, AP, RJ Nissen, and JA Baker. "Effects of hydrogen cyanamide in manipulating budburst and advancing fruit maturity of table grapes in south-eastern Queensland." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (1988): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880533.

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Four times of winter pruning and hydrogen cyanamide application were evaluated for their effects on budburst, growth, flowering and yield of the table grape cultivar Muscat Hamburg in south- eastern Queensland (lat. 263.). Hydrogen cyanamide hastened budburst at all times of application. When cyanamide was applied 8-10 weeks before natural bud- burst, fruit maturity was advanced by 14-18 days, However, application within 4-6 weeks of natural bud-burst had little or no effect on time of fruit maturity. Low temperatures during flowering, which can adversely affect pollination, seed development and hence yield, may limit the use of early pruning and cyanamide application, particularly under cooler subtropical conditions. Depending on market prices, any loss of yield associated with early pruning and cyanamide applications will need to be compensated for by higher prices received for earlier maturing fruit. Cyanamide may have greater commercial potential for use on young, vigorous vines growing under warm subtropical conditions. Under these conditions, cyanamide application at 4-6 weeks before natural budburst gave significant yield increases by increasing the number of bunches produced per spur. No deleterious effects of cyanamide on fruit quality were recorded.

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Pouget, Roger. "Le débourrement des bourgeons de la vigne : méthode de prévision et principes d'établissement d'une échelle de précocité de débourrement." OENO One 22, no. 2 (June 30, 1988): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1988.22.2.1260.

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La vitesse de débourrement des bourgeons de la Vigne (V) varie en fonction de la température (t) suivant une loi de nature logarithmique entre 5 et 25°C (V = K.tc). Les coefficients K et c sont reliés entre eux par une relation linéaire, ce qui permet de caractériser chaque variété par un seul coefficient variétal de précocité de débourrement (c). Dans les conditions naturelles, les températures journalières exercent sur chaque variété une action spécifique cumulative (aj = Vt = K.tc) qui fait progresser l'état physiologique de bourgeons dormants d'une manière différentielle durant la période qui précède le débourrement. En faisant la somme (S) des actions journalières (aj) il est possible de proposer une méthode de prévision de l'époque approximative du débourrement de la vigne dans les conditions naturelles. Elle est basée sur une évaluation précise de l'état physiologique des bourgeons latents de variétés de référence en fonction de la température, durant la phase de pré-débourrement. Le développement de cette méthode a permis d'établir une échelle de précocité de débourrement pour 22 cépages et de déterminer les paramètres variétaux qui caractérisent chacun d'entre eux (somme S des actions des températures journalières, coefficient variétal de précocité de débourrement c, seuil de croissance apparente ou température de débourrement c, seuil de croissance apparente ou température de débourrement). Grâce à cette méthodologie, il est possible de déterminer ces paramètres pour de nombreux cépages et d'établir une échelle précise de précocité de débourrement.+++The variation of the rate of grapevine budburst (V) in relation to temperature (t) is a logarithme form (V = K.tc) between 5 and 25°C. The coefficients K and C are connected by a linear relation, so this makes possible to express earch variery by a single coefficient or varietal coefficient of budburst earliness (c). Under natural conditions, the daily temperatures exert on each variety a specific and cumulative action (aj = Vt = K.tc) which makes the pysiological status of dormant buds to progress in a differential way during the period of pre-bursting. Thanks to the sum (S) of the daily actions (aj), it is possible to propose a methode of forecasting the time of grapevine budburst under natural conditions. It is founded on a precise estimate of the physiological status of dormant buds as a function of temperatures for reference varieties, during the period of pre-bursting. So it is possible with this methode to set up a budburst scale for 22 varieties and to calculate the varietal parameters which characterize every one (sum S of the daily temprature actions, varietal coefficient of budburst earliness c, threshold of apparent growth or budburst temperature). Thanks to this methodology, it is possible to determine these parameters for any variety and to set up a precise scale of budburst.

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Zhao, Junbin, Yiping Zhang, Fuqiang Song, Zaifu Xu, and Laiyun Xiao. "Phenological response of tropical plants to regional climate change in Xishuangbanna, south-western China." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 2 (March 2013): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000114.

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Abstract:The phenology of temperate plants is vulnerable to climate change. Yet, the phenological responses of tropical plants to climate change are still unclear. In this study, temporal trends (1973–1999) of four phenological events (budburst, growing season, flowering and flowering duration) were studied among 21 plant species in Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (south-western China). Fourteen species (67%) showed significant phenological trends during the study period. Seven species (33%) presented delaying trends in budburst (average 1.4 d y−1) and such trend was more likely to be presented in those that started budburst earlier in the dry season. Four species (19%) showed trends of extension in growing season (average of 3.5 d y−1). These vegetative events appeared to be mainly influenced by increasing temperature. Rainfall showed little effects directly, however, the effects of temperature seemed to largely depend on the moisture condition. Flowering duration of five species (24%) was shortened by average 2.1 d y−1 which was most likely to be the result of the decline in sunshine duration during the rainy season. Our results suggest that the phenology of tropical plants has changed significantly in response to the regional climate change but these reactions are somewhat different from those of temperate plants.

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Cronjé, Paul J. R., Gerard Jacobs, and Nigel C. Cook. "Pruning Affects the Development of Correlative Phenomena among Lateral Shoots in Dormant Two-year-old `Royal Gala' Apple Branches." HortScience 39, no. 5 (August 2004): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.5.965.

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Two-year-old apple branches, ≈50 cm long, were selected from a commercial `Royal Gala' orchard in the Ceres (Koue Bokkeveld) region of the Western Cape, South Africa [33 °S, 945 m, 1500 Utah model chilling units (CU)]. In 2000, the branches received either cold storage at 5 to 7 °C or natural chilling in the field. In 2001, the trial was repeated, but only with field chilling. The branches received five dormant pruning treatments: control (not pruned); pruning back to the fourth lateral shoot (heading) before or after chilling; and removal of the second and third lateral shoots (thinning) before or after chilling. After pruning and chilling, the branches were removed from the orchard or cold room every 2 weeks and forced in a growth chamber at 25 °C. The rate of budburst (1/days to budburst) was determined for the terminal buds of the lateral shoots. Lateral shoots on the 2-year-old branches were categorized according to position: the most distal extension shoot, and all other laterals grouped. Removing distal tissue by pruning (heading more than thinning) enhanced the effect of chilling on the terminal buds on the lateral shoots and promoted budburst. Pruning was more effective before than after chilling. Pruning enhanced the growth potential of the terminal buds on proximal shoots on 2-year-old branches.

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Anzanello, Rafael. "Evolution of the grapevine bud dormancy under different thermal regimes." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl3 (October 16, 2019): 3419. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3419.

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Fluctuations in winter chilling availability impact bud dormancy and budburst. This study aimed to quantify the thermal requirements during dormancy for ‘Italia’ grape, under different thermal regimes. Cuttings of grapevines ‘Itália’ were collected in Veranópolis-RS, on April/2017, with zero chilling hours (CH). The cuttings were exposed to constant (7.2°C) or alternating (7.2 and 18°C for 12/12h, 12/12h or 18/6h) temperatures, or yet, a constant temperature (7.2°C) or alternating (7.2 and 18°C for 12/12h), combined with one or two days a week at 25°C. Periodically, part of the cuttings was transferred to 25°C for daily budburst evaluation. The induction of the endodormancy (dormancy induced by cold) occurred with 200 CH, independent of the thermal regime, and the overcoming with 300 HF, at 7.2°C. The alternating heat of 18°C in the middle of the cold did not affect the process of overcoming endodormancy. Heat waves during endodormancy resulted in an increased CH to overcome the bud dormancy. The negative effect of high temperature depended on the exposure time. Chilling was partly cancelled during dormancy when the heat wave lasted 36 continuous hours or more. These evidences serve as basis for new model adjustments for budburst prediction, especially for regions with mild and irregular winters, such as those of Southern Brazil.

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Sarfraz, Rana M., Heather M. Kharouba, and Judith H. Myers. "Tent caterpillars are robust to variation in leaf phenology and quality in two thermal environments." Bulletin of Entomological Research 103, no. 5 (March 7, 2013): 522–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000892.

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AbstractThe synchrony between emergence of spring-active, insect herbivores and the budburst of their host plants could be affected by warming temperatures with influences on the availability and quality of foliage as it undergoes physical and chemical changes. This can affect the growth and survival of insects. Here, we used sun-exposed and shaded trees to determine whether the synchrony between egg hatch of western tent caterpillar,Malacosoma californicum pluviale Dyar(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) and budburst of its host red alder,Alnus rubraBongard (Betulaceae) changes with different thermal environments (temperature and light together). To explore the potential outcome of a shift in phenological synchrony, we used laboratory assays of larval growth and survival to determine the effect of variation in young, youthful and mature leaves from sun-exposed and shaded trees. While the average higher temperature of sun-exposed trees advanced the timing of budburst and egg hatch, synchrony was not disrupted. Leaf quality had no significant influence on growth or survival in the laboratory for early instars reared as family groups. Later instar larvae, however, performed best on mature leaves from sun-exposed trees. The robust relationship between leaf and larval development of western tent caterpillars suggests that warming climates may not have a strong negative impact on their success through shifts in phenological synchrony, but might influence other aspects of leaf quality and larval condition.

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Campbell, JA, and S. Strother. "Seasonal Variation in pH, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen of Xylem Exudation of Vitis vinifera." Functional Plant Biology 23, no. 1 (1996): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9960115.

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Over two seasons, 1989 and 1990, pH and carbohydrate concentration of the xylem exudate of Vitis vinifera L. var. Waltham Cross were examined around the time of budburst. During this period in 1990, weekly determinations of NH4+ and NO3- concentrations in xylem exudate were also performed. Over the 2 years, exudate pH varied inversely with daily exudate flow, falling from plateau levels of approximately pH 6.0 to lower than pH 5.5 around the date of greatest daily exudation, then rising again to a plateau of about pH 7.5. Exudate carbohydrate concentration variations were also consistent over the 2 years of the study, falling from plateau values of approximately 120 mg glucose equivalents L-1 (approximately 660 μM) at or immediately prior to the date of maximal exudation flow, to zero values within 4 weeks. These data, as well as reflecting a mobilisation of stored carbohydrates to apical tissues prior to budburst, also concur with previously observed activities of an apparently carbohydrate plant growth inhibitor in grapevine exudate. Exudate NH4+ and NO3- concentrations both increased directly with exudate flow up to the date of maximal daily exudation, then fell again to lower levels. Unlike seasonal pH variation, NH4+ and NO3- concentrations were not significantly correlated to daily exudate volume. The seasonal variations in pH infer a flow-dependent mobilisation from storage tissues, the reasons for which at budburst are discussed.

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Quiring, D. T., and M. L. McKinnon. "WHY DOES EARLY-SEASON HERBIVORY AFFECT SUBSEQUENT BUDBURST?" Ecology 80, no. 5 (July 1999): 1724–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1724:wdesha]2.0.co;2.

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Hunter, Alison F., and Martin J. Lechowicz. "Predicting the Timing of Budburst in Temperate Trees." Journal of Applied Ecology 29, no. 3 (1992): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404467.

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Johnson, Katherine A. "Real Life Science with Dandelions and Project BudBurst." Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v17i1.1064.

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Wang, Zhong-Yan, Kevin J. Patterson, Kevin S. Gould, and Russell G. Lowe. "Rootstock effects on budburst and flowering in kiwifruit." Scientia Horticulturae 57, no. 3 (April 1994): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(94)90140-6.

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Rosa, Yara Brito Chaim Jardim, Cryslaine Cintia Alves dos Reis, Jaqueline Clara Longo Casemiro, Jackeline Schultz Soares, José Carlos Sorgato, and Camila Soares Rosa Lemes. "Indução de brotações in vitro de Dendrobium phalaenopsis Deang Suree em função do tempo de cultivo, luminosidade e BAP." Ornamental Horticulture 21, no. 3 (December 22, 2015): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v21i3.621.

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The technique of in vitro micropropagation allows the production of large amounts of plants. However, some aspects of the orchid’s in vitro micropropagation are still poorly studied. This study analyzed the lighting conditions, time of cultivation and BAP concentrations on in vitro budburst of Dendrobium phalaenopsis Deang Suree. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of biometric parameters of plants grown during 90 and 180 days on ½ MS medium under different lighting conditions (18.90 mol m-2 s-1, 14.85 mol m-2 s-1, 9.45 mol m-2 s-1) and concentrations of BAP (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 e 3 mg L-1). The best results of budburst were obtained during 180 days, under white fluorescent light (18.90 mol m-2 s-1) and using 1.5±0.1 mg L-1 of BAP.

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Ivanišević, D., M. Kalajdžić, T. Alesandar, and D. Jakšić. "Phenological stages of some grapevine cultivars in North Serbia: Historical data and current state." BIO Web of Conferences 15 (2019): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191501023.

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Phenological stages of many grapevine cultivars appear in earlier parts of the year. However, we do not know how different cultivars are affected by this trend. The aim of this study was to compare the phenological stages of grapevine cultivars recorded in two different periods (1986–1998 and 2013–2018) in North Serbia (Vojvodina). The investigation was carried out on five red (Cabernet sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot noir, Prokupac, Probus) and five white cultivars (Chardonnay, Muscat ottonel, Riesling italico, Smederevka and Petra). The phenological observations included the beginning of budburst, flowering and veraison. The beginning of all phenological stages in all cultivars in the period (2013–2018) occurred in earlier parts of the year, compared to the historical data. Local cultivars (Prokupac, Probus, Smederevka and Petra) showed less shift of the beginning of budburst in respect to the historical data (only six days earlier) compared to the international cultivars. One of the most important phenological stages, flowering, has been shifted ten days in the earlier part of the year. The biggest differences were observed for the beginning of veraison. Now, it occurs earlier from 9 (Petra) to 17 days (Merlot). Duration of the period from budburst to flowering was inconsistent and cultivars required almost the same number of days as it was in the past. However, the duration between flowering and veraison was shorter in the last six years. The biggest difference was observed in Merlot where the period between flowering and veraison has been seven days shortened.

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Ruml, Mirjana, Nada Korac, Dragoslav Ivanisevic, Mirjam Vujadinovic, and Ana Vukovic. "Analysis of grapevine phenology in the region of Sremski Karlovci." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 58, no. 1 (2013): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1301073r.

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A comprehensive analysis of phenological timing and growth intervals for eight red and thirteen white wine grape cultivars in the region of Sremski Karlovci was performed using a long-term (1986-2011) data set. Four phenological stages of grapevine were examined: beginning of budburst, beginning of flowering, beginning of veraison and harvest. The phenological stages studied exhibited a 30 to 51 day variation between the earliest and latest years for red cultivars and 29 to 49 day variation for white cultivars. The beginning of flowering exhibited the least, while harvest showed the highest inter-annual variation. The difference between red and white cultivars was the greatest for harvest - the mean harvest date averaged over all red cultivars was 24 September and over all white cultivars 14 September. The beginning of flowering to the beginning of veraison interval showed the smallest and budburst to harvest interval the greatest year-toyear variability. The beginning of budburst to harvest period for the cultivars examined averaged 165 days for red and 156 days for white cultivars, with the mean interval range of 58 days for red and 55 days for white cultivars. In addition, it was found that a variability of the onset and duration of phenological phases was greater between years for a single cultivar than among cultivars within individual years, meaning that climatic factors are more important than genetic characteristics of cultivars for phenological timing.

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Cirami, RM, and DG Furkaliev. "Effect of time of pruning and hydrogen cyanamide on growth and development of glasshouse-grown Cardinal grapes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 2 (1991): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910273.

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Weekly pruning treatments combined with hydrogen cyanamide applications from early May to late June in 1987 and 1988 were evaluated for their ability to advance budburst, flowering, colouring and maturity of Cardinal grapes grown in unvented, unheated vegetable glasshouses. The glasshouse provides protection from frost, hail, wind and birds, and permits production of unblemished fruit. Hydrogen cyanamide-treated vines reached maturity approximately 1 month earlier (P<0.05) than untreated vines pruned on the same day. Budburst occurred 28-61 days after pruning with application of hydrogen cyanamide. The interval between pruning and vine responses was variable over the 2 years, but manipulation of the time of pruning significantly (P<0.05) affected the time of ripening in the glasshouse environment. Ripe grapes were produced from 7 November to 19 December by using different pruning times.

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Ján, Kulfan, Sarvašová Lenka, Parák Michal, Dzurenko Marek, and Zach Peter. "Can late flushing trees avoid attack by moth larvae in temperate forests?" Plant Protection Science 54, No. 4 (August 25, 2018): 272–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2018-pps.

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We investigated moth larvae (Lepidoptera) developing in temperate forests in Central Europe shortly after the tree budburst (the “brumata-viridana complex”). Larvae were collected in southern Slovakia in May 2015 and May 2016 from young and mature trees of late flushing Quercus cerris L. and early flushing Q. pubescens Willd. Although Q. cerris yielded fewer species (40 species) than Q. pubescens (47 species), the rarefied number of species and the Chao index suggested a similar number of species on mature trees of both oak species. Both the total number of moth larvae in assemblages and the abundance of dominant species (pests) were significantly lower on Q. cerris than Q. pubescens. The results suggest the release of Q. cerris with delayed budburst from heavy infestations by folivorous moth larvae. Knowledge obtained can be applied in silvicultural and horticultural practices aimed to protect and maintain forest, fruit, and ornamental trees.

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Cannell, M. G. R., and R. I. Smith. "Climatic Warming, Spring Budburst and Forest Damage on Trees." Journal of Applied Ecology 23, no. 1 (April 1986): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403090.

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Petrie, P. R., S. J. Brooke, M. A. Moran, and V. O. Sadras. "Pruning after budburst to delay and spread grape maturity." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 23, no. 3 (September 5, 2017): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajgw.12303.

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Rice, Stanley, and Sonya Ross. "Oklahoma Deciduous Trees Differ in Chilling Enhancement of Budburst." Oklahoma Native Plant Record 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22488/okstate.17.100104.

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Kozlov, Mikhail V., Janne K. Eränen, and Vitali E. Zverev. "Budburst phenology of white birch in industrially polluted areas." Environmental Pollution 148, no. 1 (July 2007): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.038.

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Campbell, JA, BR Loveys, VWK Lee, and S. Strother. "Growth-Inhibiting Properties of Xylem Exudate From Vitis vinifera." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 1 (1995): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950007.

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An inhibitory effect on the growth of Lemna minor L. cultures has been demonstrated in xylem exudate from Vitis vinifera L. var. Waltham Cross bled from canes cut near the time of budburst. Most inhibitory activity was detected up to the time of maximal daily exudation, which corresponded closely with budburst. After this time the inhibitory activity rapidly disappeared. A similar pattern occurred in each of the 3 years of the study, 1988-1990. Using ultrafiltration, it was shown that most of the growth inhibitor activity of the crude exudate was located in the 0.5-10 kDa fraction. This fraction exhibited a seasonal variation in its bioactivity similar to that ofthe crude exudate samples. The 0.5-10 kDa fraction was found to contain abscisic acid but not in a sufficient quantity to account for the inhibitory effects. When chromatographically separated fractions corresponding to oligosaccharides were pooled, biological activity equivalent to that of the crude exudate was retained, which provides evidence that the inhibitor is possibly an oligosaccharide.

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Reis, Samuel, Helder Fraga, Cristina Carlos, José Silvestre, José Eiras-Dias, Pedro Rodrigues, and João A. Santos. "Grapevine Phenology in Four Portuguese Wine Regions: Modeling and Predictions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 3708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113708.

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Phenological models applied to grapevines are valuable tools to assist in the decision of cultural practices related to winegrowers and winemakers. The two-parameter sigmoid phenological model was used to estimate the three main phenological stages of the grapevine development, i.e., budburst, flowering, and veraison. This model was calibrated and validated with phenology data for 51 grapevine varieties distributed in four wine regions in Portugal (Lisboa, Douro, Dão, and Vinhos Verdes). Meteorological data for the selected sites were also used. Hence, 153 model calibrations (51 varieties × 3 phenological stages) and corresponding parameter estimations were carried out based on an unprecedented comprehensive and systematized dataset of phenology in Portugal. For each phenological stage, the centroid of the estimated parameters was subsequently used, and three generalized sigmoid models (GSM) were constructed (budburst: d = −0.6, e = 8.6; flowering: d = −0.6, e = 13.7; veraison: d = −0.5, e = 13.2). Centroid parameters show high performance for approximately 90% of the varieties and can thereby be used instead of variety-specific parameters. Overall, the RMSE (root-mean-squared-error) is < 7 days, while the EF (efficiency coefficient) is > 0.5. Additionally, according to other studies, the predictive capacity of the models for budburst remains lower than for flowering or veraison. Furthermore, the F-forcing parameter (thermal accumulation) was evaluated for the Lisboa wine region, where the sample size is larger, and for the varieties with model efficiency equal to or greater than 0.5. A ranking and categorization of the varieties in early, intermediate, and late varieties was subsequently undertaken on the basis of F values. These results can be used to more accurately monitor and predict grapevine phenology during a given season, thus supporting decision making in the Portuguese wine sector.

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Jönsson, A. M., and L. Bärring. "Ensemble analysis of frost damage on vegetation caused by spring backlashes in a warmer Europe." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2011): 401–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-401-2011.

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Abstract. Tree dehardening and budburst will occur earlier in a warmer climate, and this could lead to an increased risk of frost damage caused by temperature backlashes. By using a spring backlash index and a cold hardiness model, we assessed different aspects of risk for frost damage in Norway spruce forests during the present climate and for one future emission scenario. Uncertainties associated with climate modelling were quantified by using temperature data from three climate data sets: (1) E-Obs gridded observed climate data, (2) an ensemble of data from eight regional climate models (RCM) forced by ERA-40 reanalysis data, (3) an ensemble of regional climate scenarios produced by the regional climate model RCA3 driven at the boundary conditions by seven global climate models (GCM), all representing the SRES A1B emission scenario. The frost risk was analysed for three periods, 1961–1990, 2011–2040 and 2070–2097. The RCA3_GCM ensemble indicated that the risk for spring frost damage may increase in the boreo-nemoral forest zone of southern Scandinavia and the Baltic states/Belarus. This is due to an increased frequency of backlashes, lower freezing temperatures after the onset of the vegetation period and the last spring frost occurring when the trees are closer to budburst. The changes could be transient due to the fine balance between an increased risk of frost damage caused by dehardening during a period when freezing temperatures are common and a decreased risk caused by warmer temperatures. In the nemoral zone, the zone with highest risk for spring backlashes during the reference period (1961–1990), the spring frost severity may increase due to frost events occurring when the trees are closer to budburst. However, the risk in terms of frequency of backlashes and freezing temperature were projected to become lower already in the beginning of this century.

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Sachet, Marcos R., Idemir Citadin, Silvia Scariotto, Idalmir dos Santos, Pedro H. Zydek, and Maria do Carmo B. Raseira. "Reaction of Peach Genotypes to Bacterial Leaf Spot: Correlations with Environmental Conditions, Leaf Phenology, and Morphology." HortScience 48, no. 1 (January 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.1.28.

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In breeding programs, it is essential to understand how characteristics are expressed by the germplasm in relation to the selection environment. The reactions of 15 peach genotypes to bacterial leaf spot (BLS) during three growing seasons (2008–09, 2009–10, and 2010–11) were investigated. Quantitative assessments were made from three plants per genotype through a modified healthy leaf area duration (HAD) method. None of the genotypes were immune to the disease. The most resistant were ‘Cascata 1055’, ‘Conserva 985’, ‘Cascata 967’, and ‘Cascata 1065’. There was a reduction in HAD with increased precipitation. The leaf dry matter (g/leaf), leaf blade length, leaf length (with petiole), and leaf area (cm2/leaf) were inversely correlated with genotype resistance to BLS. The HADs of susceptible genotypes were influenced by the number of wet days regardless of temperature. The most susceptible genotypes were those with earlier budburst and fruit ripening. A shorter duration of healthy leaf area was related to earlier budburst and flowering in the subsequent year. We found no relationship between HAD and productivity.

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Schuch, Ursula K., Mary L. Duryea, and L. H. Fuchigami. "Dehardening and budburst of Douglas-fir seedlings raised in three Pacific Northwest nurseries." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-028.

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This study was undertaken to test whether nursery location affected dehardening and budburst of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings from two seed sources. The seedlings, raised at three nurseries in Oregon and Washington, were measured with a whole-plant freezing test in January, February, and March, 1986. In general, seedlings raised at the nursery at highest elevation, and in a few cases, trees from the most northerly nursery, were more frost resistant than trees from a coastal nursery. From January to March, seedlings from the highest (975 m) seed source had less-hardy stem tissue than seedlings from the coastal source (450 m). A growth-chamber experiment confirmed the outdoor dehardening studies. A constant temperature of +5 °C with a 16-h photoperiod maintained cold hardiness, whereas +10 and +15 °C with a 16-h photoperiod promoted rapid dehardening after 20 days. The nursery environment influenced budburst; trees raised in the coastal nursery burst bud significantly earlier than trees from the other two nurseries. Trees of different provenances from the same nursery burst terminal buds only 2 days apart.

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El-Yazal, Mohamed A. Seif. "Metabolic Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Buds during and after Dormancy Releasing in early and late (Malus sylvestris, Mill) Apple Varieties as Effected by Chilling Requirements." International Letters of Natural Sciences 81 (February 2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.81.13.

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In order to study the relation between seasonal changes in phenolic compounds and flower opining date according to chilling requirements. The early and late-opining apple varieties, Barkhar, Local and Strakhan (Malussylvestris) were used. This study investigated variations in chilling requirements, bud burst and development in early and late varieties of apple trees. Results showed less bud burst in late varieties than in early ones. In the former, there were increased in phenolic compounds (conjugated and total phenols) at budburst in all varieties. As dormancy begins, free phenols are increased, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of conjugated phenols. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these free phenols are conjugate with organic constituents, and a decrease in the concentrations of free phenols occurs, in order to reduce inhibitory effect on growth. We conclude that late varieties (Strakhan) are less economical in manufacturing new growth, as indicated by less bud vigor at budburst than early varieties (Barkhar and local) and show a marked differential phenols compound pattern throughout bud development compared to early varieties.

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Morley-Bunker and Salinger. "KIWIFRUIT DEVELOPMENT THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON BUDBURST AND FLOWERING." Weather and Climate 7, no. 1 (1987): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/44279733.

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Cannell, M. G. R., M. B. Murray, and L. J. Sheppard. "Frost Avoidance by Selection for Late Budburst in Picea sitchensis." Journal of Applied Ecology 22, no. 3 (December 1985): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403241.

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Chen, Yuanyuan, Xiaoke Wang, Bo Jiang, Ning Yang, and Li Li. "Pavement induced soil warming accelerates leaf budburst of ash trees." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 16 (2016): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.01.014.

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Maneethon, S., N. Kozai, K. Beppu, and I. Kataoka. "Rootstock effect on budburst of ‘Premier’ low-chill peach cultivar." Scientia Horticulturae 111, no. 4 (February 2007): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2006.11.007.

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Doi, Hideyuki, and Izumi Katano. "Phenological timings of leaf budburst with climate change in Japan." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 148, no. 3 (March 2008): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.10.002.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Budburst'

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