Journal articles: 'Bubbles – Scattering'

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Ammari, Habib, Brian Fitzpatrick, David Gontier, Hyundae Lee, and Hai Zhang. "Sub-wavelength focusing of acoustic waves in bubbly media." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2208 (December 2017): 20170469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0469.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate acoustic wave scattering by a large number of bubbles in a liquid at frequencies near the Minnaert resonance frequency. This bubbly media has been exploited in practice to obtain super-focusing of acoustic waves. Using layer potential techniques, we derive the scattering function for a single spherical bubble excited by an incident wave in the low frequency regime. We then propose a point scatterer approximation for N bubbles, and describe several numerical simulations based on this approximation, that demonstrate the possibility of achieving super-focusing using bubbly media.

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Chen, Suting. "Application Effect Analysis of the Mie Scattering Theory Based on Big Data Analysis Technology in the Optical Scattering Direction." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6158067.

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In order to study the characteristics of wake, an application method of the Mie scattering theory based on big data analysis technology in the optical scattering direction is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the scattering theory, the optical scattering model of a single bubble is simulated on the computer. It is concluded that the light scattering properties of a single bubble are closely related to the bubble diameter and relative refractive index. Based on the single bubble scattering model, the properties of bubble group scattering are further discussed. Under the condition of irrelevant scattering, the scattering of the bubble group satisfies the linear superposition of single bubble scattering. Under the assumed mathematical model of bubble group scattering, the scattered light intensity of wake can be measured experimentally, and then, the velocity, diameter, and density distribution of the bubble group can be calculated by using the mathematical inversion algorithm. The experimental results show that the diameter of the main bubbles in the bubble group is about 240, accounting for about 50% of the whole bubble group in number, the bubbles with a diameter of about 140 account for 24% of the whole bubble group, and the bubbles with a diameter of about 350 account for 24% of the whole bubble group. Conclusion. It is feasible to detect the wake by the backscattered light of the wake.

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Hou, Jiacheng, Zhongquan Charlie Zheng, and John S. Allen. "Immersed-boundary time-domain simulation of acoustic pulse scattering from a single or multiple gas bubble(s) of various shapes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015738.

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Acoustic scattering and resonances resulting from a point pulse on a single or multiple gas bubbles are simulated using a time-domain simulation. The time histories of scattering pressure and velocity, both outside and inside the bubbles, are obtained simultaneously with an immersed-boundary method implementation. The acoustic resonances of the bubbles are investigated for various bubble numbers, sizes, shapes and interior gas parameters. For several cases, the scattering and resonance behaviors are compared with the existing theoretical and experimental results.

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Liu, Ruoyun, and Zhenglin Li. "The Effects of Bubble Scattering on Sound Propagation in Shallow Water." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121441.

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As sea waves break, a bubble layer forms beneath the sea surface. The bubble scattering affects sound propagation, thus influencing the accuracy of sound field prediction. This paper aims to investigate the effects of bubble scattering on the statistical characteristics of the sound field, the distribution of transmission loss (TL), and the average scattering attenuation in shallow water. A bubble layer model based on the bubble spectrum and a parallel Parabolic Equation (PE) model are combined to calculate and analyse the sound field in the marine environment with bubbles. The effects of the bubble layer are then compared with those of the fluctuant sea surface. The results show that the bubble scattering causes additional energy loss and random fluctuations of the sound field. The TL distribution properties and the average scattering attenuation are related to the wind speed, range, frequency, and source position relative to the negative gradient sound speed layer in shallow water. The comparison demonstrates that the random variation caused by the fluctuation of the sea surface is more significant than that caused by bubbles, and the energy loss caused by bubble scattering is more significant than the fluctuant sea surface under strong wind conditions.

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Zhang, Sai, Kai Wei Wang, Fan He, and Bin Zhou. "Simulation and Analysis of Light Scattering by Air Bubble in Optical Glass." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.98.

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Mie scattering theory is used in this paper to analyze the forward scattered light intensity distribution of an air bubble in the subsurface of optical glass, shining by a monochrome laser with a wavelength of 632.8um. The scattering process can be classified as uncorrelated single scattering .according to the properties of optical media. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) software is used to establish a 3-d simulation model to calculate for forward scattered intensity distribution of different sized air bubbles. Moreover, according to the relationship between Mie scattering intensity pattern and the size of bubbles, the size of bubbles are figured out with the help of neural network algorithm. The errors are lower than 10%. The simulation results can improve the precision of defects detection in optical glass.

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Ye, Zhen, and Li Ding. "A study of multiple scattering in bubbly liquids by many-body theory." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1996): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-014.

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In this paper it is suggested that acoustic-wave propagation in bubbly liquids can be easily studied using the diagram method in many-body theory. The merit of this method is that it allows convenient inclusion of any higher order bubble interactions. In particular consideration is given to a higher order correction due to the mutual interaction of bubbles. It is shown that under certain circumstances, this correction could be rather significant. Other higher order interactions are also briefly discussed.

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Paskevicius, M., and C. E. Buckley. "Analysis of polydisperse bubbles in the aluminium–hydrogen system using a size-dependent contrast." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 5 (September 12, 2006): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806032407.

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The characterization of hydrogen defects in an aluminium–hydrogen system was performed previously [Buckleyet al.(2001).J. Appl. Cryst.34, 119–129] using small-angle scattering, inelastic neutron scattering and electron microscopy techniques. This analysis resulted in the determination of the relative change in lattice parameter as a result of hydrogen introduction into the Al matrix. However, this method relied on the average volume of the bubbles of hydrogen and also the pressure in a bubble of average volume. The characterization of the Al–H system has been improved by considering the size polydispersity of the hydrogen bubbles. The determination of a volume-fraction size distribution of the bubbles from small-angle scattering data has allowed a polydispersity analysis to be undertaken. A size-dependent contrast has been utilized in the modification of the volume-fraction size distribution into a more accurate form that accounts for varying concentrations of hydrogen within bubbles of different sizes. The determination of the size-dependent contrast is based upon an equation of state for molecular hydrogen which incorporates the compressibility of hydrogen under high pressures. The formation of alane (AlH3) is also investigated, as it can be formed by the chemisorption of hydrogen in aluminium under high pressures. The polydispersity analysis has allowed a more accurate description of the Al–H system and can be applied to similar scattering systems where the scattering length density is not constant over the whole scattering size regime.

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Thomas, Gilles P., Tatiana D. Khokhlova, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov, and Vera A. Khokhlova. "Extension of boiling histotripsy lesions by axial focus steering during pulse delivery." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016164.

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Boiling histotripsy (BH) is a pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) method relying on the generation of high amplitude shocks and bubble activity to induce tissues liquefaction. A sequence of pulses, 1–20 ms long, generates boiling bubbles at the focus of the HIFU transducer within each pulse, and the remainder of the pulse then interacts with those bubbles. One effect is the creation of a prefocal bubble cloud due to shock scattering: the shock is inverted when reflected from the bubble wall resulting in sufficient negative pressure to reach intrinsic cavitation threshold immediately proximally to these bubbles. Here, a methodology is proposed to extend the length of this prefocal bubble cloud by steering the focus toward the transducer during the BH pulse and thus accelerate treatment. A BH system comprising a 1.5 MHz 256-element phased array connected to a Verasonics V1 system was used. High-speed imaging in transparent gels was performed to observe the extension of the bubble cloud resulting from shock scattering. Volumetric BH lesions were generated in ex vivo tissue. Results showed a threefold increase of the volumetric ablation rate with focus steering compared to standard BH. [Work supported by NIH R01EB007643, R01GM122859, and R01EB25187.]

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Bren˜a de la Rosa, A., S. V. Sankar, B. J. Weber, G. Wang, and W. D. Bachalo. "A Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Characterization of Bubbles Using Light Scattering Interferometry." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909518.

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The present work details the theoretical and experimental research undertaken to determine the size and morphology of bubbles, and their dynamic characteristics such as velocity, number density, and volume flux using light scattering interferometry. The approach is based on the measurement of the phase difference of the interference fringe pattern which is produced when a particle passing through the probe volume defined by the intersection of two laser beams scatters light and interferes in the surrounding medium. Detailed analytical/numerical modeling of the phase Doppler approach using Mie scattering theory and the geometrical optics approximation resulted in optimum light scattering collection angles and calibration curves for bubble diagnostics. Using several techniques to generate a steady stream of monosize bubbles in the range from 6 μ to 1800 μm in diameter, the measurements obtained using the phase Doppler method were compared with direct photography yielding an agreement of better than 95 percent. The morphology of spheroidal bubbles was also investigated by placing the transmitting and receiving optical units at specified locations with respect to the scatterers. It is believed that this theoretical and experimental work has given the phase Doppler method general validity as applied to bubble diagnostics and promises to become a powerful research tool in the study of two phase flows.

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Qian, Shao Yu, and John J. J. Chen. "Experimental Investigation of Mueller Matrix of a Bidispersed Foam Using Polarised Light Scattering." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.303.

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We have previously investigated foams with monodispersed bubbles using a polarised light scattering technique. The liquid fraction and the bubble size distribution were found to influence scattering properties of polarised light and correlate with the Mueller matrix elements. This paper focused on an investigation of the Mueller matrix of a bidispersed foam. Comparisons were made between the results of bidispersed foam and monodispersed foam.

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Owen, Ellis R., and H.-Y. Karen Yang. "Multiwavelength emission from leptonic processes in ageing galaxy bubbles." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 510, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): 5834–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac119.

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ABSTRACT The evolutionary behaviour and multiwavelength emission properties of bubbles around galaxies, such as the Fermi bubbles of the Milky Way, is unsettled. We perform 3D magneto-hydrodynamical simulations to investigate the evolution of leptonic galaxy bubbles driven by a 0.3-Myr intense explosive outburst from the nucleus of Milky-Way-like galaxies. Adopting an ageing model for their leptonic cosmic rays, we post-process our simulations to compute the multiwavelength emission properties of these bubbles. We calculate the resulting spectra emitted from the bubbles from radio frequencies to γ-rays, and construct emission maps in four energy bands to show the the development of the spatial emission structure of the bubbles. The simulated bubbles show a progression in their spectral properties as they age. In particular, the TeV γ-ray emission is initially strong and dominated by inverse Compton scattering, but falls rapidly after ∼1 Myr. In contrast, the radio synchrotron emission remains relatively stable and fades slowly over the lifetime of the bubble. Based on the emission properties of our post-processed simulations, we demonstrate that γ-ray observations will be limited in their ability to detect galaxy bubbles, with only young bubbles around nearby galaxies being within reach. However, radio observations with, e.g. the upcoming Square Kilometer Array, would be able to detect substantially older bubbles at much greater distances, and would be better placed to capture the evolutionary progression and diversity of galaxy bubble populations.

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Bulanov, Vladimir A., Lubov K. Bugaeva, and Andrey V. Storozhenko. "On Sound Scattering and Acoustic Properties of the Upper Layer of the Sea with Bubble Clouds." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10070872.

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The presence of bubbles near the sea surface under certain conditions leads to abnormal sound scattering and a significant change in the acoustic properties of the upper layer of the sea. The article presents some results of sound scattering studies under various sea conditions, up to stormy conditions, when extensive bubble clouds arise. By the method of unsteady acoustic spectroscopy, data on the size distribution of bubbles at various depths have been obtained, which can be described by a power function with exponential decay at small bubble sizes of the order of 10 microns. Estimates of the gas content in bubble clouds and their influence on the acoustic characteristics of the upper layer of the sea have been carried out. It is shown that at sufficiently high concentrations, sharp increases in absorption and dispersion of the sound velocity are observed. Modeling of sound propagation in the presence of a quasi-homogeneous bubble layer shows that it leads both to a change in the laws of the average decay of the sound field along the sound propagation path and to a change in the shallow spatial structure of the field.

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Mitchell, Katherine, Jungkyu Park, Alex Resnick, Hunter Horner, and Eduardo B. Farfan. "Phonon Scattering and Thermal Conductivity of Actinide Oxides with Defects." Applied Sciences 10, no. 5 (March 9, 2020): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10051860.

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In the present study, we examine the effect of point defects and fission gases on thermal transport in representative actinide oxides used in modern reactors. In particular, oxygen interstitials and Kr/Xe fission gas bubbles are of primary focus. Reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics is employed to investigate thermal transport in UO2 and PuO2 with oxygen interstitials at the defect concentrations of 0.1%, 1%, and 5%. The results show that any alteration to the lattice structures of these fuels reduce their thermal conductivities significantly. For the largest UO2 structure simulated in the present study, for example, 0.1% oxygen interstitials decreased the thermal conductivity by 18.6%. For the case of the effect of fission gas bubbles, serious modification to phonon dispersion in oxide fuels is caused by the presence of a single fission gas bubble, resulting in a large temperature drop in their temperature profiles. The average interfacial thermal resistance across a fission gas bubble (comprised of 30 Kr and/or Xe atoms) is estimated to be 2.1 × 10−9 Km2/W.

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Tian, Jing, Hang Chen, and Xiao Xi Qu. "Study on Far-Field Scatter of Ship Wake for Micro-Bubbles Based on CST." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 2042–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.2042.

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Reliable predictions of ship wakes scattering strength are required for laser radar modeling. In this paper, far-field light scatter of wake bubbles is firstly simulated by CST software and used linearly polarized light at a frequency of 563THz (wavelength 532nm,blue light) as probe light; Analyzed the far-filed radar cross section performance of effect factors such like bubbles radius, absorption coefficient in sea water with the method of finite integral of CST. The experiment result shows scatter strength and depolarization characteristics are great variable on conditions of forward and backward scattering, and affected by the bubble radius and seawater absorption coefficient as well, this method all directions of the scatter strength and depolarization characteristics that also can be get in figures. These results provides important basis for subsequent research.

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15

Langley, Dean S., and Philip L. Marston. "Forward glory scattering from bubbles." Applied Optics 30, no. 24 (August 20, 1991): 3452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.003452.

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Krishnamoorthy, Gautham, Rydell Klosterman, and Dylan Shallbetter. "A Radiative Transfer Modeling Methodology in Gas-Liquid Multiphase Flow Simulations." Journal of Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/793238.

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A methodology for performing radiative transfer calculations in computational fluid dynamic simulations of gas-liquid multiphase flows is presented. By considering an externally irradiated bubble column photoreactor as our model system, the bubble scattering coefficients were determined through add-on functions by employing as inputs the bubble volume fractions, number densities, and the fractional contribution of each bubble size to the bubble volume from four different multiphase modeling options. The scattering coefficient profiles resulting from the models were significantly different from one another and aligned closely with their predicted gas-phase volume fraction distributions. The impacts of the multiphase modeling option, initial bubble diameter, and gas flow rates on the radiation distribution patterns within the reactor were also examined. An increase in air inlet velocities resulted in an increase in the fraction of larger sized bubbles and their contribution to the scattering coefficient. However, the initial bubble sizes were found to have the strongest impact on the radiation field.

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VIVIEN, L., D. RIEHL, F. HACHE, and E. ANGLARET. "NONLINEAR SCATTERING ORIGIN IN CARBON NANOTUBE SUSPENSIONS." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 09, no. 03 (September 2000): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021886350000025x.

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In order to determine the origin of optical limiting in singlewall carbon nanotube (SWNT) suspensions, we carried out Z-scan and pump-probe experiments at 532 nm and 1064 nm, for different input energies. We evidenced strong nonlinear scattering due to heat transfer from the carbon nanotubes to solvent which induced solvent bubble growth and a nonlinear refractive effect. We noticed similar comportment at 1064 nm and at 532 nm, but with a lower bubble growth threshold at 532 nm. At the microsecond timescale, we evidenced cavitation bubbles. We also evidenced, via emission studies, a phase change corresponding to optical limiting threshold, which we associated to carbon nanotube sublimation. Optical limiting performances of water and chloroform suspensions were compared and solvent effects are discussed.

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Leighton, Timothy, and Paul White. "Dolphin-Inspired Target Detection for Sonar and Radar." Archives of Acoustics 39, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoa-2014-0037.

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Abstract Gas bubbles in the ocean are produced by breaking waves, rainfall, methane seeps, exsolution, and a range of biological processes including decomposition, photosynthesis, respiration and digestion. However one biological process that produces particularly dense clouds of large bubbles, is bubble netting. This is practiced by several species of cetacean. Given their propensity to use acoustics, and the powerful acoustical attenuation and scattering that bubbles can cause, the relationship between sound and bub-ble nets is intriguing. It has been postulated that humpback whales produce ‘walls of sound’ at audio frequencies in their bubble nets, trapping prey. Dolphins, on the other hand, use high frequency acous-tics for echolocation. This begs the question of whether, in producing bubble nets, they are generating echolocation clutter that potentially helps prey avoid detection (as their bubble nets would do with man-made sonar), or whether they have developed sonar techniques to detect prey within such bubble nets and distinguish it from clutter. Possible sonar schemes that could detect targets in bubble clouds are proposed, and shown to work both in the laboratory and at sea. Following this, similar radar schemes are proposed for the detection of buried explosives and catastrophe victims, and successful laboratory tests are undertaken.

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Wang, Yaomei, Worakanok Thanyamanta, Craig Bulger, Neil Bose, and Jimin Hwang. "Microbubbles as Proxies for Oil Spill Delineation in Field Tests." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020126.

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To overcome the environmental impacts of releasing oil into the ocean for testing acoustic methods in field experiments using autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), environmentally friendly gas bubble plumes with low rise velocities are proposed in this research to be used as proxies for oil. An experiment was conducted to test the performance of a centrifugal-type microbubble generator in generating microbubble plumes and their practicability to be used in field experiments. Sizes of bubbles were measured with a Laser In-Situ Scattering and Transmissometry sensor. Residence time of bubble plumes was estimated by using a Ping360 sonar. Results from the experiment showed that a larger number of small bubbles were found in deeper water as larger bubbles rose quickly to the surface without staying in the water column. The residence time of the generated bubble plumes at the depth of 0.5 m was estimated to be over 5 min. The microbubble generator is planned to be applied in future field experiments, as it is effective in producing relatively long-endurance plumes that can be used as potential proxies for oil plumes in field trials of AUVs for delineating oil spills.

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Rodrigues, João D., Ruggero Giampaoli, José A. Rodrigues, António V. Ferreira, Hugo Terças, and José T. Mendonça. "Quasi-Static and Dynamic Photon Bubbles in Cold Atom Clouds." Atoms 10, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atoms10020045.

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Turbulent radiation flow is ubiquitous in many physical systems where light–matter interaction becomes relevant. Photon bubble instabilities, in particular, have been identified as a possible source of turbulent radiation transport in astrophysical objects such as massive stars and black hole accretion disks. Here, we report on the experimental observation of a photon bubble instability in cold atomic gases, in the presence of multiple scattering of light. Two different regimes are identified, namely, the growth and formation of quasi-static structures of depleted atom density and increased photon number, akin to photon bubbles in astrophysical objects, and the destabilisation of these structures in a second regime of photon bubble turbulence. A two-fluid theory is developed to model the coupled atom–photon gas and to describe both the saturation of the instability in the regime of quasi-static bubbles and the low-frequency turbulent phase associated with the growth and collapse of photon bubbles inside the atomic sample. We also employ statistical dimensionality reduction techniques to describe the low-dimensional nature of the turbulent regime. The experimental results reported here, along with the theoretical model we have developed, may shed light on analogue photon bubble instabilities in astrophysical scenarios. Our findings are consistent with recent analyses based on spatially resolved pump–probe measurements.

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Sanny, A. I., W. M. Edmund Loh, C. J. Wong, and Naser M. Ahmed. "Experimental investigation of unique color-changing property of multicolored sparkling of microbubbles formed due to femtosecond laser–water interaction." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 18 (June 26, 2019): 1950208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919502087.

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We present an experimental study on the interaction between femtosecond laser and water. When a beam of femtosecond laser is focused at a single point inside water, nonlinear interaction between the laser and water molecules gives rise to several interesting optical phenomena, starting with filamentation, supercontinuum white light generation and then the formation of cavitation microbubbles near the laser focus region. We observe drifting of the laser focus region and cavitation bubbles against the direction of laser propagation with increasing laser power. Due to conical emission, geometric scattering of white light on the bubble surface manifests itself as multicolored sparkling at the edge of the bubbles. Careful analysis of the video footage of the geometric scattering event reveals a unique color-changing property which occurs only within a tiny fraction of a second. This property can be explained as due to the hydrodynamical flow of the laser-induced plasma strings that leads to instability in the frequency of the emitted light.

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Буланов, В. А., И. В. Корсков, and Е. В. Соседко. "ABOUT THE USE OF NON-LINEAR SOUND SCATTERING FOR ESTIMATING THE OFFSHORE GAS FLARES STRUCTURE AND LENGTH COMPOSITION." Podvodnye issledovaniia i robototehnika, no. 4(34) (January 24, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37102/24094609.2020.34.4.006.

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Новые объекты в океане, подводные газовые факелы (ГФ), образованные газовыми пузырьками, выходящими из дна моря, повсеместно встречаются в районах выброса газов как из толщи донных осадков в различных районах океана, так и в районах выгрузки газа при таянии вечной мерзлоты в арктических морях, и к ним проявляется все больше внимания. Стандартное применение рассеяния звука позволяет обнаружить наличие ГФ в море, но не позволяет в полной мере корректно оценить функцию распределения пузырьков по размерам в факеле и поэтому возникают неопределенности с оценкой мощности выброса газов из моря. Обсуждаются возможности использования метода нестационарного и нелинейного рассеяния звука для получения информации о структуре и динамике подводных газовых факелов, образованных выходом газа из морского дна. Нелинейное рассеяние звука обусловлено высокой нелинейностью пузырьковых структур в воде. Нестационарное рассеяние звука возникает вследствие переходных процессов раскачки пузырьков под действием акустических импульсов, и оно ранее использовалось для изучения распределения пузырьков в приповерхностных слоях морской воды. В работе показано, что применение нелинейного нестационарного рассеяния на встречных пучках позволит проводить дистанционную спектроскопию пузырьков в газовых факелах и проводить корректные оценки газосодержания в факелах. New objects in the ocean, underwater gas flares (GF) formed by gas bubbles emerging from the sea floor, are ubiquitous in areas where gases are released from the bottom sediments in various areas of the ocean, and in areas where gas is discharged during permafrost melting in the Arctic seas, and they are receiving increasing attention. The standard application of sound scattering allows detecting the presence of GF in the sea, but does not allow us to fully correctly estimate the bubble size distribution function in the flare, and therefore there are uncertainties with the estimation of the power of gas emission from the sea. The possibilities of using the method of non-stationary and nonlinear sound scattering to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of underwater gas flares formed by gas escaping from the sea floor are discussed. Nonlinear sound scattering is caused by the high nonlinearity of bubble structures in water. Non-stationary sound scattering occurs due to transient processes of bubble swinging under the action of acoustic pulses, and it was previously used to study the distribution of bubbles in near-surface layers of seawater. It is shown that the use of nonlinear non-stationary scattering on colliding beams will allow remote spectroscopy of bubbles in gas flares and correct estimates of the gas content in the flares.

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Kokhanovsky, Alexander A. "Single light scattering: Bubbles versus droplets." American Journal of Physics 72, no. 2 (February 2004): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.1621030.

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BARBAT, TIBERIU, NASSER ASHGRIZ, and CHING-SHI LIU. "Dynamics of two interacting bubbles in an acoustic field." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 389 (June 25, 1999): 137–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099004899.

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This paper contains theoretical and experimental results on the relative motion of two pulsating spherical bubbles along their line of centres, in a liquid subjected to an acoustic field. The motion is caused only by the secondary Bjerknes forces. The linear theory for the secondary Bjerknes forces is modified by introducing a model for the coupling between the pulsations of the interfaces. The secondary effects introduced by this model are determined by the frequency indices of the bubbles, defined as the ratio of the forcing frequency to the resonance frequency of each bubble. The equations of motion are set up with the conservative Lagrangian formalism. This approach allows an analytical study of all the possible patterns of motion and the identification of the set of governing parameters: total energy and interaction coefficient. A pair of bubbles driven far from their resonance frequencies may attract or repel, depending on whether their frequency indices are respectively on the same side or on either side of unity. For forcing frequencies close to resonance, the proposed model predicts a new pattern of relative motion, namely a periodic motion (oscillations) around an equilibrium bubble separation. The experimental study identifies this new periodic pattern of motion, for acoustically levitated bubbles of nearly equal sizes, forced near their resonance frequency. A quantitative study on the variation of the relative velocity with the separation between the bubbles shows that the conservative model for the motion holds for large and moderate separations. The following information is reported: (a) a classification of the pairs of bubbles, based upon their phase difference in oscillations; (b) a model for the coupling of the pulsations of two bubbles; (c) formulas for the interaction force field of two pulsating bubbles, for all of the categories; (d) a study of all possible patterns of relative motion (collisions, scattering and oscillations), with their conditions of occurrence; (e) experimental data for two attracting bubbles; (f) experimental data for two oscillating bubbles.

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Hou, Jiacheng, Zhongquan Charlie Zheng, and John S. Allen. "Time-domain simulation of acoustic scattering and internal propagation from multiple gas bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010638.

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Acoustic scattering and resonance responses from multiple gas bubbles are computed using a time-domain simulation based on the numerical solutions of the conservation laws. The time histories of scattered pressure and velocity, both outside and inside the bubbles, are obtained simultaneously from an immersed-boundary method facilitating the investigation of both exterior and interior acoustic fields for non-spherical bubbles. Agreement is found with both analytical scattering solutions and those from empirical shape factors in limiting cases. In addition, the time-domain method allows for the study of the transient acoustic scattering from pulse forcing (Gaussian). In this case, the interior gas oscillates in an off-center, non-uniform manner compared to the steady state forcing cases. The time history and the interior gas behavior are presented in detail for combinations of two bubbles of different sizes and shapes (spherical, prolate, oblate). A comparison and analysis of this immersed-boundary method to the finite element method and boundary element methods is provided. Also, the increasingly important role of computational acoustics in the study scattering of multiple targets of diverse sizes and shapes is highlighted.

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Lee, Joohyoung, and Hyungmin Park. "Flow induced by the single-bubble chain depending on the bubble release frequency." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (March 2022): 033312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083281.

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In the present study, we experimentally investigated the flow induced by the in-chain bubbles (2.4–2.8 mm in size) while varying the bubble release frequency ([Formula: see text] Hz), using high-speed two-phase particle image velocimetry and shadowgraphy. Along the streamwise (vertical) direction, we identified the transition of in-chain bubble dynamics and associated liquid flow. That is, the released bubbles tend to follow the straight path initially but transition to the oscillating (zigzag or spiral) trajectories. In particular, in the developing regime (near the nozzle), the coherent behavior of bubble chain generates the rib-like oblique jet flow, deviating from the rise path, even after the onset of the path instability of each bubble. As the flow develops, the scattering of rising path along the lateral direction becomes significant, and the liquid flow shows the similarity to the typical single-phase jet flow, which becomes more obvious at fb > 8 Hz. In this regime, with increasing the fb, the oscillating motion of bubbles changes to the flattened spiral one, and the deviation (fluctuation) of the lateral amplitude increases resulting from the enhanced flow-induced wobbling of bubble shape. Finally, we developed an analytical model to predict the evolution of time-averaged vertical velocity profile of the liquid, which considers the contributions of (i) local void fraction and (ii) evolution of upstream flow, and validated successfully with the measurement.

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Kang, Le. "Foam Identification Based on Morphological Algorithm and Hough Transform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 1745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.1745.

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Petrochemical pharmaceutical bio-fermentation industry, witch is characterized by the production press of the material inside the device sets experiencing recessive chemical processes. In industrial production process, some media usually easy to produce large foam, witch affect production, it must be detected the amount of foam in real time, to effectively eliminate the foam bubbles and control the processes of the physical and chemical reactions to ensure the efficient, orderly and safe conduct throughout the process .Foam is multi-interface, uneven density and unstable surface shape, each bubble has its own gas and liquid interface, many bubbles overlap together, with the various interfaces. Staggered and different angles, witch making it light-scattering, in order to obtain a clear picture of foam, and effectively obtain features of foam, shoot on goal from different angles, the captured images are compared and analyzed to choose the best camera angle. Morphological methods was introduced and used to extract the edge of bubbles in foam. This work proposed a improved Hough Transform (HT) to analyze round bubbles and detect each bubble.To detect whether the captured image is the foam image, this work also proposed calculating the density of bubbles in the captured image. The preliminary results showed that the algorithm is dynamic with high efficient.

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Sangani, A. S., and R. Sureshkumar. "Linear acoustic properties of bubbly liquids near the natural frequency of the bubbles using numerical simulations." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 252 (July 1993): 239–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002211209300374x.

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We consider the problem of determining linear acoustic properties of bubbly liquids near the natural frequency of the bubbles. Since the effective wavelength and attenuation length are of the same order of magnitude as the size of the bubbles, we devise a numerical scheme to determine these quantities by solving exactly the multiple scattering problem among many interacting bubbles. It is shown that the phase speed and attenuation are finite at natural frequency even in the absence of damping due to viscous, thermal, nonlinear, and liquid compressibility effects, thus validating a recent theory (Sangani 1991). The results from the numerical scheme are in good agreement with the theory but considerably higher than the experimental values for frequencies greater than the natural frequency. The discrepancy with experiments remains even after accounting for the effect of polydispersity, finite liquid compressibility, and non-adiabatic thermal changes.

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Leighton, T. G., G. H. Chua, and P. R. White. "Do dolphins benefit from nonlinear mathematics when processing their sonar returns?" Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468, no. 2147 (July 18, 2012): 3517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0247.

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Dolphins have been observed to blow bubble nets when hunting prey. Such bubble nets would confound the best man-made sonar because the strong scattering by the bubbles generates ‘clutter’ in the sonar image, which cannot be distinguished from the true target. The engineering specification of dolphin sonar is not superior to the best man-made sonar. A logical deduction from this is that, in blowing bubble nets, either dolphins are ‘blinding’ their echolocation sense when hunting or they have a facility absent in man-made sonar. Here we use nonlinear mathematical functions to process the echoes of dolphin-like pulses from targets immersed in bubble clouds. Dolphins emit sequences of clicks, and, within such a sequence, the amplitude of the clicks varies. Here such variation in amplitude between clicks is exploited to enhance sonar performance. While standard sonar processing is not able to distinguish the targets from the bubble clutter, this nonlinear processing can. Although this does not conclusively prove that dolphins do use such nonlinear processing, it demonstrates that humans can detect and classify targets in bubbly water using dolphin-like sonar pulses, raising intriguing possibilities for dolphin sonar when they make bubble nets.

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Ma, Yan, and Feiyan Zhao. "Nonlinear oscillation and acoustic scattering of bubbles." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 74 (June 2021): 105573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105573.

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Sarkar, Kausik, and Andrea Prosperetti. "Coherent and incoherent scattering from oceanic bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406101.

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Valier-Brasier, Tony, and Jean-Marc Conoir. "Resonant acoustic scattering by two spherical bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 145, no. 1 (January 2019): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5087556.

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Dahl, Peter H. "Scattering and attenuation from near‐surface bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114, no. 4 (October 2003): 2370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777231.

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Feuillade, C., and M. F. Werby. "Resonance scattering from nonspherical bubbles in water." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 3 (September 1993): 1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.407905.

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Sarkar, K., and A. Prosperetti. "Coherent and incoherent scattering by oceanic bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 1 (July 1994): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410483.

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Vanhille and Hynynen. "Numerical Simulations of the Nonlinear Interaction of a Bubble Cloud and a High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Field." Acoustics 1, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 825–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics1040049.

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We studied the effects of a small bubble cloud located at the pre-focal area of a high-intensity focused ultrasound field. Our objective is to show that bubbles can modify the bioeffects of an ultrasound treatment in muscle tissue. We model a three-dimensional ultrasound field in an idealized configuration of real operating conditions. Simulations are performed using a combined method based on the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov equation, describing the ultrasound propagation, and a Rayleigh-Plesset equation, modeling the bubble oscillations. The nonlinear interaction of the ultrasound field and the bubble oscillations is considered. Results with and without bubbles for different void fractions of the cloud and different acoustic powers are compared. The cloud induces scattering, nonlinear distortion, and shielding of ultrasound, which increase the mechanical index in the pre-focal zone, shift the location, reduce the size, and modify the shape of the volume of tissue of high mechanical index values, and lower the pressure at the intended focus considerably. Although some hypothesis and parameters used in the models do not fit the real HIFU situations, the simulation results suggest that the effects caused by a bubble cloud located in the pre-focal area should be considered and monitored to ensure the safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound treatments.

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Zhang, Wanyuan, Tian Zhou, Jianghui Li, and Chao Xu. "An Efficient Method for Detection and Quantitation of Underwater Gas Leakage Based on a 300-kHz Multibeam Sonar." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 4301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174301.

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In recent years, multibeam sonar has become the most effective and sensitive tool for the detection and quantitation of underwater gas leakage and its rise through the water column. Motivated by recent research, this paper presents an efficient method for the detection and quantitation of gas leakage based on a 300-kHz multibeam sonar. In the proposed gas leakage detection method based on multibeam sonar water column images, not only the backscattering strength of the gas bubbles but also the size and aspect ratio of a gas plume are used to isolate interference objects. This paper also presents a volume-scattering strength optimization model to estimate the gas flux. The bubble size distribution, volume, and flux of gas leaks are determined by matching the theoretical and measured values of the volume-scattering strength of the gas bubbles. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed method have been verified by a case study at the artificial gas leakage site in the northern South China Sea. The results show that the leaking gas flux is approximately between 29.39 L/min and 56.43 L/min under a bubble radius ranging from 1 mm to 12 mm. The estimated results are in good agreement with the recorded data (32–67 L/min) for gas leaks generated by an air compressor. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve effective and accurate detection and quantitation of gas leakages.

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Sprague, Mark W., Michael L. Fine, and Timothy M. Cameron. "An investigation of bubble resonance and its implications for sound production by deep-water fishes." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 12, 2022): e0267338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267338.

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Although the continental slope and abyss comprise the largest habitat on earth, the absence of documented fish sounds from deep waters is striking. Fishes with sexually dimorphic muscles attached to their swim bladders suggests that sounds are likely used in male courtship on the upper, mid and lower continental slope. To investigate the effects of environmental extremes on fish sound production, the acoustic behavior of a driven bubble is examined. This study is also relevant to target strength of sonar returns from fish and hearing in auditory specialist fishes. A bubble is a classic, if imperfect, model for swim bladder behavior since the swim-bladder wall is an anisotropic viscoelastic structure responsible for rapid damping. Acoustic properties of bubbles–including far-field resonant frequency, damping factor, and quality factor–are calculated in warm and cold surface conditions and in cold deep-water (depths 1000 m, 2000 m, and 3500 m) conditions using parameters for oxygen and nitrogen, the dominant gases in swim bladders. The far-field resonant frequency and damping factor of a bubble increase with depth, and the scattering cross-section and quality factor decrease with depth. These acoustic properties scale with undamped oscillation frequency of the bubble and do not vary significantly due to gas type or temperature. Bubbles in the deep-water environments are much less efficient radiators of sound than bubbles near the surface because the far-field radiated power for the same excitation decreases with depth. A bubble at depth 3500 m has a 25 dB loss in radiated sound power compared to the same-radius bubble at the surface. This reduction of radiation efficiency in deep water likely contributes to the absence of fish sound recordings in those environments.

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Nadimi, Nahid, Reza Javidan, and Kamran Layeghi. "Efficient Detection of Underwater Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Based on Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) Systems." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111273.

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Natural gas is an important source of energy. Underwater gas pipeline leaks, on the other hand, have a serious impact on the marine environment; hence, the need for a reliable and preferably automated inspection method is essential. Due to the high impedance difference and strong scattering properties of gas bubbles in the marine environment, sonar systems are recognized as excellent tools for leak detection. In this paper, a new method for gas leak detection is proposed based on gas bubble acoustic scattering modeling using Synthetic Aperture Sonar (SAS) technology, in which a coherent combination of gas bubble and pipeline scattering fields at different angles along synthetic apertures is used for leak detection. The proposed method can distinguish leak signals from the background noise using coherent processing in SAS range migration. SAS as an active sonar can collect accurate information at wide area coverage rate, independent of operating range and frequency, which can potentially reduce the time and cost of pipeline inspection. The simulation and comparison results of the proposed method based on coherent processing of synthetic aperture technology and the real aperture system show that the proposed method can effectively distinguish gas bubble signals at different ranges even in a single pass and improves pipeline leak detection operations.

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Grimshaw, R., L. A. Ostrovsky, A. S. Topolnikov, and K. R. Khusnutdinova. "Influence of Internal Wave on the Sound Propagation in the Subsurface Bubble Layer." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 8, no. 1 (2011): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2011.1.005.

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In the paper the influence of non-linear internal wave on the propagation of acoustic signal in the subsurface ocean layer containing gas bubbles is considered. During interaction with surface waves the internal wave causes its collapse and influences the structure of bubble layer. Inhomogeneous structure of the layer promotes the local speed of sound and intensity of scattering near the ocean surface to modulate by internal wave with slight shift in phase in the direction of its propagation, which agree with recent experimental observations made on the shelf of Japan Sea.

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Zhou, Liao, Hui Jiao, Ting Qin, Ping Huang, Guanghui Zhang, Yuxing Huang, Jia Zhou, and Yuhong Long. "Study on the mechanism of ultrasonic-assisted laser processing carbon fiber reinforced plastics in ethanol solution." Journal of Laser Applications 34, no. 4 (November 2022): 042012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/7.0000811.

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The water-assisted laser processing of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) can reduce thermal damage. However, the machining quality and efficiency will be reduced by laser-induced cavitation bubbles when laser processing in the water. A method of in situ ultrasonic vibration-assisted laser processing of CFRPs in the ethanol solution was proposed to reduce the adverse effect of cavitation bubbles on machining. The influence of process parameters on machining was studied by the design of experiments. The dynamic ablation behavior of the laser-ablated area was captured in situ by a high-speed camera. The machining mechanism was analyzed. The results show that the volume of the cavitation bubble is reduced in the ethanol solution, and the laser scattering is reduced. The machining quality is improved. When the volume fraction of ethanol exceeds 40%, the laser extinction rate is increased by the accumulation of cavitation bubbles. The heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the etching depth were reduced by 57% and 25%, respectively. The ultrasonic vibration can explode the cavitation bubble, and the interference of the cavitation bubble to the laser is reduced. The effect of mechanical erosion is enhanced. The etching depth was increased by 119%. The cooling effect of the ablated area is enhanced by ultrasonic vibration. The HAZ is reduced by 57%. According to the findings of this study, the material deposition can be effectively reduced when the method of the paper is used, a clean groove is generated, the fiber pull-out is improved, and better machining quality can be obtained.

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Su Liping, 苏丽萍, 赵卫疆 Zhao Weijiang, 任德明 Ren Deming, 曲彦臣 Qu Yanchen, and 胡孝勇 Hu Xiaoyong. "Processing Methods for Laser Scattering Signals of Bubbles." Chinese Journal of Lasers 36, no. 4 (2009): 814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20093604.0814.

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Culver, R. L., Robert W. Smith, and Dale I. McElhone. "Scattering by bubbles at frequencies well below resonance." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 3 (September 2012): 2039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4755496.

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Maksimov, A. O., and Yu A. Polovinka. "Scattering from a pair of closely spaced bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 1 (July 2018): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5044754.

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Apfel, Robert E., Sameer Madenshetty, Ronald A. Roy, and Qihong Xu. "Acoustic scattering from transient, micron‐sized cavitation bubbles." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, S1 (November 1989): S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2027441.

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Sboros, V., S. D. Pye, T. A. Anderson, C. M. Moran, and W. N. McDicken. "Acoustic Rayleigh scattering at individual micron-sized bubbles." Applied Physics Letters 90, no. 12 (March 19, 2007): 123902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2714996.

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Huang, Chaoqiang, Guanyun Yan, Qiang Tian, Guangai Sun, Bo Chen, Liusi Sheng, Yaoguang Liu, et al. "Evolution of Helium with Temperature in Neutron-Irradiated10B-Doped Aluminum by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/506936.

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Helium status is the primary effect of material properties under radiation.10B-doped aluminum samples were prepared via arc melting technique and rapidly cooled with liquid nitrogen to increase the boron concentration during the formation of compounds. An accumulated helium concentration of ~6.2 × 1025 m−3was obtained via reactor neutron irradiation with the reaction of10B(n,α)7Li. Temperature-stimulated helium evolution was observed via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and was confirmed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The SAXS results show that the volume fraction of helium bubbles significantly increased with temperature. The amount of helium bubbles reached its maximum at 600°C, and the most probable diameter of the helium bubbles increased with temperature until 14.6 nm at 700°C. A similar size distribution of helium bubbles was obtained via TEM after in situ SAXS measurement at 700°C, except that the most probable diameter was 3.9 nm smaller.

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Peripolli, S., Marie France Beaufort, David Babonneau, Sophie Rousselet, P. F. P. Fichtner, L. Amaral, Erwan Oliviero, Jean François Barbot, and S. E. Donnelly. "A New Approach to Study the Damage Induced by Inert Gases Implantation in Silicon." Solid State Phenomena 108-109 (December 2005): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.108-109.357.

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In the present work, we report on the effects of the implantation temperature on the formation of bubbles and extended defects in Ne+-implanted Si(001) substrates. The implantations were performed at 50 keV to a fluence of 5x1016 cm-2, for distinct implantation temperatures within the 250°C≤Ti≤800°C interval. The samples are investigated using a combination of cross-sectional and plan-view Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observations and Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS)measurements. In comparison with similar He implants, we demonstrate that the Ne implants can lead to the formation of a much denser bubble system.

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Ihas, G. G., and T. M. Sanders. "Multi-Electron Bubbles and Roton Scattering in Super fluid4He." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, S3-3 (January 1, 1987): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjaps.26s3.2097.

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Zhao Weijiang, 赵卫疆, 苏丽萍 Su Liping, 任德明 Ren Deming, 曲彦臣 Qu Yanchen, and 胡孝勇 Hu Xiaoyong. "Measurement on the Angular Scattering Properties of Wake Bubbles." Chinese Journal of Lasers 35, no. 5 (2008): 744–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20083505.0744.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bubbles – Scattering'

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