Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bubbles – Scattering

Academic literature on the topic 'Bubbles – Scattering'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bubbles – Scattering"

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Ammari, Habib, Brian Fitzpatrick, David Gontier, Hyundae Lee, and Hai Zhang. "Sub-wavelength focusing of acoustic waves in bubbly media." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 473, no. 2208 (December 2017): 20170469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0469.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate acoustic wave scattering by a large number of bubbles in a liquid at frequencies near the Minnaert resonance frequency. This bubbly media has been exploited in practice to obtain super-focusing of acoustic waves. Using layer potential techniques, we derive the scattering function for a single spherical bubble excited by an incident wave in the low frequency regime. We then propose a point scatterer approximation for N bubbles, and describe several numerical simulations based on this approximation, that demonstrate the possibility of achieving super-focusing using bubbly media.
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Chen, Suting. "Application Effect Analysis of the Mie Scattering Theory Based on Big Data Analysis Technology in the Optical Scattering Direction." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6158067.

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In order to study the characteristics of wake, an application method of the Mie scattering theory based on big data analysis technology in the optical scattering direction is proposed in this paper. Firstly, based on the scattering theory, the optical scattering model of a single bubble is simulated on the computer. It is concluded that the light scattering properties of a single bubble are closely related to the bubble diameter and relative refractive index. Based on the single bubble scattering model, the properties of bubble group scattering are further discussed. Under the condition of irrelevant scattering, the scattering of the bubble group satisfies the linear superposition of single bubble scattering. Under the assumed mathematical model of bubble group scattering, the scattered light intensity of wake can be measured experimentally, and then, the velocity, diameter, and density distribution of the bubble group can be calculated by using the mathematical inversion algorithm. The experimental results show that the diameter of the main bubbles in the bubble group is about 240, accounting for about 50% of the whole bubble group in number, the bubbles with a diameter of about 140 account for 24% of the whole bubble group, and the bubbles with a diameter of about 350 account for 24% of the whole bubble group. Conclusion. It is feasible to detect the wake by the backscattered light of the wake.
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Hou, Jiacheng, Zhongquan Charlie Zheng, and John S. Allen. "Immersed-boundary time-domain simulation of acoustic pulse scattering from a single or multiple gas bubble(s) of various shapes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015738.

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Acoustic scattering and resonances resulting from a point pulse on a single or multiple gas bubbles are simulated using a time-domain simulation. The time histories of scattering pressure and velocity, both outside and inside the bubbles, are obtained simultaneously with an immersed-boundary method implementation. The acoustic resonances of the bubbles are investigated for various bubble numbers, sizes, shapes and interior gas parameters. For several cases, the scattering and resonance behaviors are compared with the existing theoretical and experimental results.
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Liu, Ruoyun, and Zhenglin Li. "The Effects of Bubble Scattering on Sound Propagation in Shallow Water." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121441.

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As sea waves break, a bubble layer forms beneath the sea surface. The bubble scattering affects sound propagation, thus influencing the accuracy of sound field prediction. This paper aims to investigate the effects of bubble scattering on the statistical characteristics of the sound field, the distribution of transmission loss (TL), and the average scattering attenuation in shallow water. A bubble layer model based on the bubble spectrum and a parallel Parabolic Equation (PE) model are combined to calculate and analyse the sound field in the marine environment with bubbles. The effects of the bubble layer are then compared with those of the fluctuant sea surface. The results show that the bubble scattering causes additional energy loss and random fluctuations of the sound field. The TL distribution properties and the average scattering attenuation are related to the wind speed, range, frequency, and source position relative to the negative gradient sound speed layer in shallow water. The comparison demonstrates that the random variation caused by the fluctuation of the sea surface is more significant than that caused by bubbles, and the energy loss caused by bubble scattering is more significant than the fluctuant sea surface under strong wind conditions.
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Zhang, Sai, Kai Wei Wang, Fan He, and Bin Zhou. "Simulation and Analysis of Light Scattering by Air Bubble in Optical Glass." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.98.

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Mie scattering theory is used in this paper to analyze the forward scattered light intensity distribution of an air bubble in the subsurface of optical glass, shining by a monochrome laser with a wavelength of 632.8um. The scattering process can be classified as uncorrelated single scattering .according to the properties of optical media. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) software is used to establish a 3-d simulation model to calculate for forward scattered intensity distribution of different sized air bubbles. Moreover, according to the relationship between Mie scattering intensity pattern and the size of bubbles, the size of bubbles are figured out with the help of neural network algorithm. The errors are lower than 10%. The simulation results can improve the precision of defects detection in optical glass.
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Ye, Zhen, and Li Ding. "A study of multiple scattering in bubbly liquids by many-body theory." Canadian Journal of Physics 74, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1996): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p96-014.

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In this paper it is suggested that acoustic-wave propagation in bubbly liquids can be easily studied using the diagram method in many-body theory. The merit of this method is that it allows convenient inclusion of any higher order bubble interactions. In particular consideration is given to a higher order correction due to the mutual interaction of bubbles. It is shown that under certain circumstances, this correction could be rather significant. Other higher order interactions are also briefly discussed.
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Paskevicius, M., and C. E. Buckley. "Analysis of polydisperse bubbles in the aluminium–hydrogen system using a size-dependent contrast." Journal of Applied Crystallography 39, no. 5 (September 12, 2006): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889806032407.

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The characterization of hydrogen defects in an aluminium–hydrogen system was performed previously [Buckleyet al.(2001).J. Appl. Cryst.34, 119–129] using small-angle scattering, inelastic neutron scattering and electron microscopy techniques. This analysis resulted in the determination of the relative change in lattice parameter as a result of hydrogen introduction into the Al matrix. However, this method relied on the average volume of the bubbles of hydrogen and also the pressure in a bubble of average volume. The characterization of the Al–H system has been improved by considering the size polydispersity of the hydrogen bubbles. The determination of a volume-fraction size distribution of the bubbles from small-angle scattering data has allowed a polydispersity analysis to be undertaken. A size-dependent contrast has been utilized in the modification of the volume-fraction size distribution into a more accurate form that accounts for varying concentrations of hydrogen within bubbles of different sizes. The determination of the size-dependent contrast is based upon an equation of state for molecular hydrogen which incorporates the compressibility of hydrogen under high pressures. The formation of alane (AlH3) is also investigated, as it can be formed by the chemisorption of hydrogen in aluminium under high pressures. The polydispersity analysis has allowed a more accurate description of the Al–H system and can be applied to similar scattering systems where the scattering length density is not constant over the whole scattering size regime.
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Thomas, Gilles P., Tatiana D. Khokhlova, Oleg A. Sapozhnikov, and Vera A. Khokhlova. "Extension of boiling histotripsy lesions by axial focus steering during pulse delivery." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016164.

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Boiling histotripsy (BH) is a pulsed high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) method relying on the generation of high amplitude shocks and bubble activity to induce tissues liquefaction. A sequence of pulses, 1–20 ms long, generates boiling bubbles at the focus of the HIFU transducer within each pulse, and the remainder of the pulse then interacts with those bubbles. One effect is the creation of a prefocal bubble cloud due to shock scattering: the shock is inverted when reflected from the bubble wall resulting in sufficient negative pressure to reach intrinsic cavitation threshold immediately proximally to these bubbles. Here, a methodology is proposed to extend the length of this prefocal bubble cloud by steering the focus toward the transducer during the BH pulse and thus accelerate treatment. A BH system comprising a 1.5 MHz 256-element phased array connected to a Verasonics V1 system was used. High-speed imaging in transparent gels was performed to observe the extension of the bubble cloud resulting from shock scattering. Volumetric BH lesions were generated in ex vivo tissue. Results showed a threefold increase of the volumetric ablation rate with focus steering compared to standard BH. [Work supported by NIH R01EB007643, R01GM122859, and R01EB25187.]
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Bren˜a de la Rosa, A., S. V. Sankar, B. J. Weber, G. Wang, and W. D. Bachalo. "A Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Characterization of Bubbles Using Light Scattering Interferometry." Journal of Fluids Engineering 113, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 460–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2909518.

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The present work details the theoretical and experimental research undertaken to determine the size and morphology of bubbles, and their dynamic characteristics such as velocity, number density, and volume flux using light scattering interferometry. The approach is based on the measurement of the phase difference of the interference fringe pattern which is produced when a particle passing through the probe volume defined by the intersection of two laser beams scatters light and interferes in the surrounding medium. Detailed analytical/numerical modeling of the phase Doppler approach using Mie scattering theory and the geometrical optics approximation resulted in optimum light scattering collection angles and calibration curves for bubble diagnostics. Using several techniques to generate a steady stream of monosize bubbles in the range from 6 μ to 1800 μm in diameter, the measurements obtained using the phase Doppler method were compared with direct photography yielding an agreement of better than 95 percent. The morphology of spheroidal bubbles was also investigated by placing the transmitting and receiving optical units at specified locations with respect to the scatterers. It is believed that this theoretical and experimental work has given the phase Doppler method general validity as applied to bubble diagnostics and promises to become a powerful research tool in the study of two phase flows.
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Qian, Shao Yu, and John J. J. Chen. "Experimental Investigation of Mueller Matrix of a Bidispersed Foam Using Polarised Light Scattering." Advanced Materials Research 1101 (April 2015): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1101.303.

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We have previously investigated foams with monodispersed bubbles using a polarised light scattering technique. The liquid fraction and the bubble size distribution were found to influence scattering properties of polarised light and correlate with the Mueller matrix elements. This paper focused on an investigation of the Mueller matrix of a bidispersed foam. Comparisons were made between the results of bidispersed foam and monodispersed foam.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bubbles – Scattering"

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Kapodistrias, Georgios. "A theoretical and experimental study on multiple scattering from bubbles, with emphasis on scattering from a bubble located close to the air-sea interface /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7150.

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Guan, Jingfeng. "Light scattering and imaging techniques applied to sonoluminescence and ultrasound contrast bubbles /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5883.

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Chen, Xiaojun. "Multiple Scattering from Bubble Clouds." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/36.

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Multiple scattering effects from bubble clouds are investigated in this study. A high performance, general purpose numerical tool for multiple scattering calculations is developed. This numerical tool is applied in three computational scenarios in this study. The total scattering cross section of a bubble cloud is investigated. Numerical results indicate that the resonant frequency of the bubble cloud is much lower than that of a single bubble. The variation of resonant frequency of multiple scattering is also studied. It is found that the resonant frequency decreases as the number of bubbles increases, or as the void fraction of the bubble cloud decreases. Phase distributions of bubble oscillations in various multiple scattering scenarios are presented. It is found that, at resonance, the bubbles synchronize to the same phase, which is indicative of the lowest mode of collective oscillation. At wave localization, half of the bubbles oscillate at phase 0 while the other half oscillate at phase Pi. An intuitive interpretation of this behavior is given.
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Wilson, Preston Scot. "Sound propagation and scattering in bubbly liquids." Thesis, Boston University, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/1369.

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In the ocean, natural and artificial processes generate clouds of bubbles which scatter and attenuate sound. Measurements have shown that at the individual bubble resonance frequency, sound propagation in this medium is highly attenuated and dispersive. Theory to explain this behavior exists in the literature, and is adequate away from resonance. However, due to excessive attenuation near resonance, little experimental data exists for comparison. An impedance tube was developed specifically for exploring this regime. Using the instrument, unique phase speed and attenuation measurements were made for void fractions ranging from 6.2 × 10^−5 to 2.7 × 10^−3 and bubble sizes centered around 0.62 mm in radius. Improved measurement speed, accuracy and precision is possible with the new instrument, and both instantaneous and time-averaged measurements were obtained. Behavior at resonance was observed to be sensitive to the bubble population statistics and agreed with existing theory, within the uncertainty of the bubble population parameters. Scattering from acoustically compact bubble clouds can be predicted from classical scattering theory by using an effective medium description of the bubbly fluid interior. Experimental verification was previously obtained up to the lowest resonance frequency. A novel bubble production technique has been employed to obtain unique scattering measurements with a bubbly-liquid-filled latex tube in a large indoor tank. The effective scattering model described these measurements up to three times the lowest resonance frequency of the structure.
United States Navy Office of Naval Research Ocean Acoustics Program
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Guichou, Rafaël. "Etude des perturbations du champ électromagnétique par un écoulement de métal liquide contenant une inclusion isolante." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0044/document.

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Cette thèse se situe dans le cadre de la conception du réacteur nucléaire à caloporteur sodium ASTRID, actuellement à l'étude au CEA Cadarache. La mesure de vitesse du sodium liquide dans les boucles primaire et secondaire, ainsi que la détection de bulles, en cas de fuite par exemple, représentent un enjeu majeur pour le contrôle et la surveillance en fonctionnement du réacteur. Le caractère conducteur électrique du sodium liquide permet d'envisager l'utilisation de débitmètres à courants de Foucault, ou ECFM (pour Eddy Current Flow Meter) pour répondre à ces fonctions. Une précédente thèse réalisée par Mitlesh Kumar a permis de découpler le signal mesuré à l'ECFM relatif à la vitesse du métal, de celui relatif à la présence d'hétérogénéités dans le métal (telles que des bulles). L'objet de la présente thèse est de caractériser expérimentalement et analytiquement les effets de la vitesse et de la présence d'une inclusion isolante sur le signal mesuré, à partir d'écoulements modèles. Cette approche, complémentaire avec un certain nombre d'études en écoulement réel recensées dans la littérature, a pour objectif d'apporter un outil de compréhension physique au système. Deux dispositifs expérimentaux en métal liquide (galinstan) sont réalisés. Le premier dispositif représente un écoulement de galinstan en conduite cylindrique avec un champ de vitesse uniforme (écoulement piston), contenant une inclusion rigide électriquement isolante simulant une bulle. Le second dispositif expérimental est un écoulement en conduite de galinstan réel en l'absence d'inclusion. Les paramètres contrôlés sont la vitesse débitante du métal liquide (de 0.01 à 1 m/s), la taille et la position de l'inclusion (rayon entre 1 et 2.5 mm, profondeur entre 3 et 6 mm) et la fréquence (de 0.5 à 20 kHz). Le rayon de la conduite vaut 12.5 mm, et l'épaisseur de peau varie entre 2.4 et 15.3 mm sur cette plage de fréquence. Deux modèles théoriques, basés sur la résolution de l'équation d'induction du potentiel vecteur, sont en outre développés pour déterminer les effets de la vitesse et les effets de la présence de l'inclusion sur le signal mesuré. Dans les deux expériences, il est montré que le signal mesuré relatif à la vitesse du métal varie linéairement avec la vitesse et est maximal à une certaine fréquence (f = 2 kHz ici). Ces résultats correspondent à ceux du premier modèle théorique et montrent un bon accord avec la littérature. Dans la première expérience par ailleurs, le passage de l'inclusion à travers l'ECFM se manifeste par une oscillation du signal mesuré. Le comportement de l'oscillation est correctement décrit par le second modèle théorique dans la limite des basses fréquences (jusqu'à 2 kHz) : l'amplitude de l'oscillation est alors proportionnelle au volume de l'inclusion et suit une loi de puissance en f^2. Aux hautes fréquences, il est montré que l'amplitude et le déphasage du signal mesuré relatif à la présence de l'inclusion sont impactés de manière importante par la taille et la profondeur de l'inclusion. Un début de méthode inverse est développé à partir de ce résultat, pour déterminer la taille et la position de l'inclusion
This thesis is included in the conception of the prototype of Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) ASTRID, currently studied in the CEA Cadarache. Velocimetry of liquid sodium in the primary andsecondary loops, and bubble detection in sodium (e.g. in case of leaks) represent a major issue for the control and oversight of the reactor. The electrical conductive property of liquid sodium allows to consider the use of Eddy Current Flow Meters (ECFM) for this purpose. A previous thesis realized by Mithlesh Kumar highlighted a decoupling of the signal measured with the ECFMrelative to the velocity, to the one relative to the presence of heterogeneities (such as bubbles). The object of the present thesis is to caracterize experimentally and analytically the effects of velocity and the effects of the presence of an insulating inclusion on the measured signal, thanks to modeled flows. This approach, complementary with most of the studies of real flows existing in the litterature, aims to give a tool for a physical comprehension of the system. Two experimental set-ups with liquid metal (galinstan) have been developed. The first set-up represent a galinstan flow in a cylindrical duct at uniform velocity (plug flow), advecting electrically insulating rigidinclusion simulating a bubble. The second experimental set-up is a galinstan flow in a cylindrical duct without inclusion. The controled parameters are the flow velocity (from 0.01 to 1 m/s), the size and location of the inclusion (radius from 1 to 2.5 mm, depth of 3 and 6 mm) and the frequency (from 0.5 to 20 kHz). The radius of the duct is equal to 12.5 mm, and the skin depth varies between 2.4 and 15.3 mm for this frequency range. Two theoretical models, based on the resolution of the induction equation of the vector potential, are moreover developed to determine velocity effects and inclusion effects on the measured signal. In both experimental studies, it is shown that the measured signal relative to the liquid metal velocity varies linearly with velocity and is maximal at a given frequency (f = 2 kHz here). These results are corresponding well with those of the first theoretical model and show a good agreement with litterature. Besides, in the first experimental study, the passage of the inclusion through the ECFM manifests itself by an oscillation of the measured signal. The behaviour of the oscillation is well described by the second theoretical model within the limit of low frequencies (up to 2 kHz) : the amplitude of the oscillation is then proportionnal to the inclusion volume and follows a power law in f^2. At high frequencies, it is shown that amplitude and phaseshift of the measured signal relative to the presence of an inclusion are highly impacted by inclusion size and depth. A first step of inverse method is developed from this result, in order to determine size and location of an inclusion
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"Studies on nanobubbles in aqueous solutions." Thesis, 2007. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074438.

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Chapter 1 briefly introduces the background, problems, applications as well as recent progress of the nanobubbles research. The relationship between the formation/stabilization of nanobubbles and the long-rang structures of water molecules, particularly the restructuring of water molecules at the water/gas interface, are emphasized.
Chapter 2 introduces the theories of static and dynamic light scattering and Zeta-potential measurements as well as the details of the instrument set-up. In this chapter, the fundamental equations of the scattering theory are figured out basis on the quasi-classical electrodynamics and combination of the statistical mechanics as well as molecular dynamic theory. Finally, the statistical properties of photon counting are discussed.
In chapter 3, aqueous solutions of tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, urea and alpha-cyclodextrin were studied by a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering (LLS). In textbooks, these small organic molecules are soluble in water so that there should be no observable large structures or density fluctuation in either static or dynamic LLS. However, a slow mode has been consistently observed in these aqueous solutions in dynamic LLS. Such a slow mode was previously attributed to some large complexes or supramolecular structures formed between water and these small organic molecules, Our current study reveals that it is actually due to the existence of small bubbles (∼100 nm in diameter) formed inside these solutions. Our direct evidence comes from the fact that it can be removed by repeated filtration and regenerated by air purging. Our results also indicate that the formation of such nanobubbles in small organic molecules aqueous solutions is a universal phenomenon. Such formed nanobubbles are rather stable. The measurement of isothermal compressibility confirms the existence of a low density micro-phase, presumably nanobubbles, in these aqueous solutions. Using a proposed structural model, i.e., each bubble is stabilized by small organic molecules adsorbed at the gas/water interface, we have, for the first time, estimated the pressure inside these nanobubbles.
In chapter 4, by using a combination of laser light scattering (LLS) and zeta-potential measurements, we investigated effects of salt concentration and pH on stability of the nanobubbles in alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) aqueous solutions. Our LLS results reveal that the nanobubbles are unstable in solutions with a higher ionic strength, just like colloidal particles in an aqueous dispersion, but become more stable in alkaline solutions. The zeta-potential measurement shows that the nanobubbles are negatively charged with an electric double layer, presumably due to the adsorption of negative OTT ions at the gas/water interface. It is this double layer that plays dual roles in the formation of stable nanobubbles in aqueous solutions of water-soluble organic molecules; namely, it not only provides a repulsive force to prevent the inter-bubble aggregation and coalescence, but also reduces the surface tension at the gas/water interface to decreases the internal pressure inside each bubble.
In chapter 5, the addition of salt can induce slow coalescence of nanobubbles (∼100 nm) in an aqueous solution of alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD). A combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering was used to follow the coalescence. Our results reveal that its kinetic and structural properties follow some scaling laws; namely, the average size (<zeta>) of nanobubbles is related to their average mass (<M>) and the coalescence time (t) as <M> <zeta>dr and <zeta> ∼ tgamma with two salt-concentration dependent scaling exponents (df and gamma) For a lower sodium chloride concentration (C NaCl = 40 mM), gamma = 0.13 +/- 0.01 and df = 1.71 +/- 0.02. The increase of CNaCl to 80 mM results in gamma = 0.32 +/- 0.01 and df = 1.99 +/- 0.01. The whole process has two main stages: the aggregation and the coalescence. At the lower C NaCl, the process essentially stops in the aggregation stage with some limited coalescence. At higher CNaCl leads the coalescence after the aggregation and results in large bubbles.
In this thesis, the nanobubbles in the aqueous solutions have been studied by using combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering (LLS), isothermal compressibility measurements and Zeta-potential measurements. We found that the nanobubbles extensively exist in aqueous solutions and the interface of each nanobubble is negatively charged. The addition of electrolytes can destabilize such interface to induce the coalescence of nanobubbles.
Jin, Fan.
"Aug 2007."
Adviser: Chi Wu.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1030.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.
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Thompson, Matt Andrew Trevor. "Measuring helium nano-bubble formation in tungsten with grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/112236.

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The behaviour of helium in tungsten is an important concern for the fusion materials community. Under helium plasma exposure, small nano-scale bubbles form beneath the material surface as helium precipitates from the tungsten matrix. Under certain conditions this can lead to the subsequent formation of a surface “nano-fuzz”, though the mechanisms of this process are not presently understood. For sub-surface nano-bubble formation transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been the most widely used technique. While certainly a powerful technique, TEM suffers from a number of significant drawbacks: sample preparation is difficult and destructive, and there are sampling limitations as nano-structures must be located and characterised individually. This makes quantitative characterisation of nano-scale modification in tungsten challenging, which in turn makes it difficult to perform systematic studies on the effects of factors such as temperature and plasma composition on nano-scale modification. Here, Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) is presented as a powerful addition to the field of fusion materials. With GISAXS, one can measure the X-ray scattering from nano-scale features throughout a relatively large volume, allowing information about full nano-bubble size distributions to be obtained from a simple, non-destructive measurement. Where it typically takes days or weeks to prepare a sample and study it under TEM, GISAXS measurements can be performed in a matter of minutes, and the data analysis performed autonomously by a computer in hours. This thesis describes the work establishing GISAXS as a viable technique for fusion materials. A GISAXS pattern fitting model was first developed, and then validated via comparison between GISAXS and TEM measurements of helium induced nano-bubble formation in tungsten exposed to a helium discharge in the large helical device. Under these conditions, nano-bubbles were found to follow an approximately exponential diameter distribution, with a mean nano-bubble diameters μ=0.596±0.001 nm and μ=0.68±0.04 nm computed for GISAXS and TEM, respectively. Depth distributions were also approximately exponential, with average bubble depths estimated at τ=9.1±0.4 nm and τ=8.4±0.5 for GISAXS and TEM, respectively. GISAXS was then applied to study the effects of plasma fluence, sample temperature and large transient heat and particle loads on nano-bubble formation. Nano-bubble sizes were found to saturate with increasing fluence at fluences less than 2.7×〖10〗^24 He/m^2 at 473 K. At higher temperatures larger nano-bubbles are able to form, suggesting a shift in the growth mechanisms, possibly from vacancy capture to bubble coalescence. Evidence is also presented which indicates that nano-bubble size distributions are qualitatively different for tungsten exposed to transient heat and particle loads due edge localised modes (ELMs) in the DIII-D tokamak, with a relatively large population of smaller (0.5-1 nm) nano-bubbles forming in this case. This is posited to be a consequence of rapid precipitation due to either extremely high helium concentrations during the ELM, or rapid cooling after it. Finally, synergistic effects between plasma composition and sample temperature are explored to determine which factors are most relevant for hydrogen and helium retention. Here, evidence has been found that helium ions from the plasma require a minimum energy of 9.0±1.4 eV in order to be implanted into tungsten. This was the dominant factor governing helium retention in this experiment. On the other hand, sample temperature is the dominant factor for hydrogen retention.
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Chen, Simon. "Test et calibrations technologiques avec PICO-0.1 pour les futurs détecteurs de chambre à bulle de matière sombre de PICO." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24366.

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Parmi les douzaines d’expériences qui visent à découvrir la matière sombre, l’expérience de détection directe PICO utilise des détecteurs à liquide surchauffé comme moyen pour s’y prendre. La chambre à bulle PICO-40L remplie de C3F8, présentement située dans le laboratoire sous-terrain SNOLAB, est en cours de test en vue d’une recherche aveugle de WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) d’une durée de 1 an. Pour assurer la stabilité du détecteur pendant les périodes de préparation et pendant l’acquisition de données, un logiciel de surveillance a été écrit. Un moyen fiable de surveiller les paramètres importants du détecteur et d’envoyer des alarmes en cas d’urgence joue un rôle important à non seulement au succès de PICO-40L, mais aussi au développement du futur détecteur PICO-500. Située à l’Université de Montréal, la chambre à bulle PICO-0.1 a été conçue afin de calibrer les nombreux événements de fond qui se présentent dans ce type de détecteur. De plus, cette chambre à bulle a été utilisée comme première tentative au monde de mesurer la diffusion Thomson sur un noyau d’atome en exposant le détecteur rempli de C3F8 à une source de gamma produite par la réaction 19F proton à alpha et gamma 16O à l’aide d’un faisceau de protons crée par l’accélérateur de particules de l’Université de Montréal. Ce type d’interaction s’avérera à un événement de fond important pour les expériences de détection directe de matière sombre à bas seuil.
Amongst the dozens of experiments aiming to be the first to claim a dark matter signal, PICO is a direct dark matter detection experiment that utilizes superheated liquid detectors as a means of doing so. The latest C3F8 filled PICO-40L bubble chamber currently located in the SNOLAB underground laboratory is under testing to prepare for a 1 live-year blinded WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) search. To ensure the stability of the detector during both the testing and the data acquisition phases, a monitoring software was coded. A reliable way to monitor all the parameters and to send alerts accordingly plays an important role in not only the success of PICO-40L, but also the development of the future larger-scale PICO-500 detector. PICO-0.1 is a test bubble chamber located at the University of Montreal that was built to calibrate for the numerous background events that can occur in this kind of technology. This test chamber was also used as a world’s first attempt to measure the coherent (Thomson) photon scattering onto a nucleus by exposing the C3F8 filled detector to a gamma source produced by the 19F proton to alpha and gamma 16O reaction using a proton beam created by the University of Montreal particle accelerator. This kind of interaction will prove to be a significant background for future sub-keV direct dark matter detection experiments.
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Books on the topic "Bubbles – Scattering"

1

TE Scattering From Bubbles In RAM. Storming Media, 1999.

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2

Arnott, William Patrick. Generalized glory scattering from spherical and spheroidal bubbles in water: Unfolding axial caustics with harmonic angular perturbations of toroidal wavefronts. 1988.

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Bäumer, Stefan. Observation of Brewster angle light scattering from air bubbles rising in water. 1988.

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Billette, Stuart C. Computational analysis of the effects of surface films on the optical scattering properties of bubbles in water. 1986.

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Dean, Cleon Eugene. Analysis of scattered light: I. Asymptotic series for critical angle scattering from bubbles : II. The opening rate of the transverse cusp from oblate drops. 1989.

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Thompson, Matt. Helium Nano-bubble Formation in Tungsten: Measurement with Grazing-Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Springer, 2019.

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Thompson, Matt. Helium Nano-bubble Formation in Tungsten: Measurement with Grazing-Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering. Springer, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bubbles – Scattering"

1

Onofri, Fabrice R. A., and Matthias P. L. Sentis. "Light Scattering by Large Bubbles." In Springer Series in Light Scattering, 109–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70808-9_3.

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Herwig, Heinz, and Bernd Nützel. "The Influence of Bubbles on Acoustic Propagation and Scattering." In Underwater Acoustic Data Processing, 105–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2289-1_10.

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Takahashi, Kayori. "Accurate Determination of the Size and Mass of Polymers, Nanoparticles, and Fine Bubbles in Water." In Springer Series in Light Scattering, 165–218. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20587-4_4.

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Brekhovskikh, Leonid M., and Yury P. Lysanov. "Scattering and Absorption of Sound by Gas Bubbles in Water." In Springer Series on Wave Phenomena, 249–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07328-5_11.

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Levitsky, S. "Temperature Effect on Sound Scattering by Fine Bubbles in Viscoelastic Liquid." In Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics, 271–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99719-3_25.

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Marston, P. L. "Light Scattering by Bubbles in Liquids and Applications to Physical Acoustics." In Sonochemistry and Sonoluminescence, 73–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9215-4_5.

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Ullmaier, H. "Gas Densities in Helium Bubbles Determined by Small Angle Neutron Scattering." In Fundamental Aspects of Inert Gases in Solids, 277–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3680-6_24.

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Gragg, R. F., and R. Pitre. "Modeling Low-Frequency Bubble Plume Scattering." In Natural Physical Sources of Underwater Sound, 329–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1626-8_25.

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Ostrovsky, L. A., and A. M. Sutin. "Nonlinear Sound Scattering from Subsurface Bubble Layers." In Natural Physical Sources of Underwater Sound, 363–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1626-8_28.

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Leighton, T. G., R. J. Lingard, A. J. Walton, and J. E. Field. "Bubble Sizing by the Nonlinear Scattering of Two Acoustic Frequencies." In Natural Physical Sources of Underwater Sound, 453–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1626-8_34.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bubbles – Scattering"

1

Langley, Dean S. "Rainbow-glory scattering from spheres: Theory and experiments." In Drops and bubbles: third international colloquium. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.38943.

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Marston, Philip L., Cleon E. Dean, and Harry J. Simpson. "Light scattering from spheroidal drops: exploring optical catastrophes and generalized rainbows." In Drops and bubbles: third international colloquium. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.38964.

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Marston, Philip L., W. Patrick Arnotto, Stefan M. Bäumer, Cleon E. Dean, and Bruce T. Unger. "Optics of bubbles in water: scattering properties, coatings, and laser radiation pressure." In Drops and bubbles: third international colloquium. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.38945.

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Randrianalisoa, Jaona H., and Dominique Baillis. "Independent and Dependent Scattering for Semitransparent Media Containing Bubbles." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59722.

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The objective of this present work is to provide a new approach for the radiative characteristics computation of semitransparent media containing spherical bubbles. The bubble size is considred much larger than the wavelength. First, previous models from the literature based on the independent theory are reviewed and established in the Geometric optic limit. Second, a predictive model using the Monte Carlo method is developed. The results obtained from the independent theory models and the Monte Carlo approach are compared. In addition, by varying the bubbles volume fraction, we investigate the limit of validity of the independent theory in such medium.
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Wong, Basil T., Rodolphe Vaillon, and M. Pinar Mengu¨c¸. "Depolarization of Light by Mono-Dispersed Air Bubbles Coated With Carbonaceous Particles." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42018.

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In this paper, the potential use of polarized light for characterization of mono-dispersed air bubbles coated with carbonaceous particles is investigated using a vector Monte Carlo approach. The medium is assumed to be water, loaded with highly-forward scattering ash and coal particles, as well as absorbing and scattering air bubbles coated with a thin carbonaceous (soot) layer. A polarized laser beam is assumed to impinge normally on a cylindrical system at the circumferential surface, and the scattered signals are assumed to be collected within the same plane. The scattering matrix for the entire medium is constructed based on the Fresnel equations. Examination of the absorbing and multiple-scattering results show that if circularly polarized light is used, the bubble size, the bubble separation, as well as the thickness of carbonaceous layer around bubbles can be determined if careful experiments are conducted. It is shown that circularly polarized light is a better choice than the linearly polarized incident radiation for the present diagnosis objectives.
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Marston, Philip L., Thomas J. Asaki, John S. Stroud, and Eugene H. Trinh. "Scattering by bubbles: general features, shape effects, and optical probes of bubble dynamics." In San Diego '92, edited by Gary D. Gilbert. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140680.

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Gong, Xiaobo, Shu Takagi, and Yoichiro Matsumoto. "A Study on the Induced Liquid Velocity in Plumes by Tiny Bubbles." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37674.

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The effect of the bubble-induced liquid velocity on the mass transfer performance in the bubble plume is analyzed quantitatively with numerical simulations. A two-way coupling Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is used in the modeling of the bubble plumes with mass transfer. The dissolution of oxygen in bubble plumes with the initial bubble diameters from 100μm to 1mm is simulated. The results show that when a single bubble generator is used with the gas flux rate equals 10−8 cubic meter per second, for the plume with 100μm bubbles inside a 0.1m height cubic tank the maximum of the bubble-induced liquid velocity is over 10 times larger than the bubble’s terminal velocity, and the averaged residence time of bubbles in the plume is around one-tenth of the rising period estimated with the terminal velocity of a single bubble. The result suggests that for bubble plumes in a shallow bulk of water, the benefits of using smaller bubbles for high mass transfer efficiency will be overestimated without considering the reduction of the residence time of bubbles because of the bubble-induced liquid velocity. The present simulation shows that the dissolution efficiency of oxygen for the bubble plume with 100μm bubbles in 0.1m tank is around 1/2 of the theoretical value estimated with a single bubble rising with negligible diameter shrink. Compared with a plume in a 0.1m tank, the shrink of bubble diameter and the scattering of bubbles from the center of plume during their rising in a 0.4m tank attenuate the reduction of the averaged residence time because of the acceleration process as shown in a 0.1m tank. The effect of bubble-induced liquid velocity on the mass transfer efficiency for plumes with initial bubble diameter smaller than 160μm does not present obviously in a 0.4m tank as it does in the shorter tank.
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Ichikawa, Yuma, Yu Nishimura, and Yuji Nagasaka. "Sensing Changes of Surface Properties of Oxygen Nano-Bubbles in Water by the Ripplon Surface Laser-Light Scattering." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44496.

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Micro and nano-sized bubbles containing in water have been attracting increasing attention from wide variety of research fields because of their remarkable bioactive effects. Although many application studies have been conducted, the fundamental understanding such as existence and stability of especially nano-bubbles in water is still unsatisfactory. The purpose of the present study is to detect the changes of surface properties (surface tension and viscosity) of nano-bubbles in water by the newly developed ripplon surface laser-light scattering apparatus. The present measurement technique is able to detect nanometer-order-amplitude surface wave usually regarded as ripplons excited by thermal fluctuations. Because of this technique’s nanometer-order sensitivity to surface properties, the present apparatus has the potential to detect the possible presence of nano-bubbles in the vicinity of water surface. We have observed temporal change of surface tension and viscosity of ultrapure water containing oxygen nano-bubbles in a closed container by the ripplon surface laser-light scattering apparatus for 2 weeks. When the bubbles was generated for at least 90 minutes by using a micro and nano bubble generator, the apparent surface tension and viscosity of ultrapure water containing oxygen nano-bubbles was decreased up to about 23% and was increased up to about 270% relative to those of reference water, respectively. It can be speculated from the present experimental evidence that the nano-bubbles are existing in the vicinity of water surface in a closed container.
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Dean, Cleon E. "Interactive electromagnetic scattering from two air bubbles in water." In San Diego '92, edited by Gary D. Gilbert. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140685.

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Li, Xudong, Hongru Yang, Lei Wu, and Yibing Song. "Study of laser scattering effect on bubbles in the ocean." In 2nd International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies, edited by Xun Hou, Jiahu Yuan, James C. Wyant, Hexin Wang, and Sen Han. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.676919.

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Reports on the topic "Bubbles – Scattering"

1

Dahl, Peter H. High-Frequency Scattering from the Sea Surface and Multiple Scattering from Bubbles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada610202.

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2

Marston, Philip L. Research on Acoustical Scattering, Diffraction Catastrophes, Optics of Bubbles, Photoacoustics, and Acoustical Phase Conjugation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada174401.

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Dahl, Peter H. Scattering from the Sea Surface and Bubbles, and the ASIAEX East China Sea Experiment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada625540.

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Chotiros, Nicholas P. Sediment Acoustics: LF Sound Speed, HF Scattering and Bubble Effects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612090.

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Chotiros, Nicholas P. Sediment Acoustics: LF Sound Speed, HF Scattering and Bubble Effects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada543370.

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Dahl, Peter H. Quantitative High-frequency Acoustic Volume Scattering from Well-characterized Bubble Clouds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627580.

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Dahl, Peter H. Bubble Attenuation Effects in High-Frequency Surface Forward Scattering Measurements from FLIP. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada271534.

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Izumi, N. Feasibility of measuring 3He bubble diameter populations in deuterium-tritium ice layers using Mie scattering. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/902305.

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Brent Heuser and Robert Averback. Characterization of Helium Bubble Formation and Microcracking in Borosilicate Glass Using Small-Angle Scattering Techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/840368.

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Roy, Ronald A., and William M. Carey. The Physics of Sound Scattering From, and Attenuation Through, Compliant Bubbly Mixtures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada610140.

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