Relevant bibliographies by topics / BTX sensors

Academic literature on the topic 'BTX sensors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "BTX sensors"

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Ruiz, Elisa, Thiaka Gueye, Claire Masson, Christelle Varenne, Alain Pauly, Jérôme Brunet, and Amadou L. Ndiaye. "Macrocycle-Functionalized RGO for Gas Sensors for BTX Detection Using a Double Transduction Mode." Chemosensors 9, no. 12 (December 7, 2021): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9120346.

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To fabricate mass and resistive sensors based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), we investigated the functionalization of RGO by tetra tert-butyl phthalocyanine (PcH2tBu), which possesses a macroring and tert-butyl peripheral groups. Herein, we present the gas sensor responses of the functionalized RGO toward benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) vapors. The RGO was obtained by the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using citrate as a reducing agent, while the functionalization was achieved non-covalently by simply using ultrasonic and heating treatment. The sensor devices based on both QCM (quartz crystal microbalance) and resistive transducers were used simultaneously to understand the reactivity. Both the GO and the RGO showed less sensitivity to BTX vapors, while the RGO/PcH2tBu presented enhanced sensor responses. These results show that the p-network plays a very important role in targeting BTX vapors. The resistive response analysis allowed us to state that the RGO is a p-type semiconductor and that the interaction is governed by charge transfer, while the QCM response profiles allowed use to determine the differences between the BTX vapors. Among BTX, benzene shows the weakest sensitivity and a reactivity in the higher concentration range (>600 ppm). The toluene and xylene showed linear responses in the range of 100–600 ppm.
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Ndiaye, A., J. Brunet, C. Varenne, P. Bonnet, A. Pauly, M. Dubois, K. Guerin, and B. Lauron. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes-Based Gas Sensors for Pollutants Detection: Investigation on the Use of a Double Transduction Mode." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.75.

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With an objective to fabricate Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) based sensors, the solution route is investigated. The dispersion routes are chosen here to avoid the CNTs to form bundles which can reduce their surface area. The results show that SWNTs-based gas sensors made by the surfactant method is possible if the annealing temperature is correctly chosen. The use of a surfactant allows preparing sensing layers which present responses to NO2 exposure in the 50-200 ppb Range. In a second procedure the CNTs are noncovalently functionalized and used as sensing material for BTX (Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes) detection. The noncovalent functionalisation occurs through p-p stacking between the SWNTs framework and the highly delocalized π-system of the macrocycle which are phthalocyanines and porphyrines derivatives. The SWNTs materials are characterized by standard techniques (UV-Vis spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, Raman analysis). For BTX detection, we used a double transduction mode: IDEs (Interdigitated electrodes) and QCM (Quartz Crystal Microbalance) in order to get insight into the sensing mechanism.
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Mirzaei, Ali, Jae-Hun Kim, Hyoun Woo Kim, and Sang Sub Kim. "Resistive-based gas sensors for detection of benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) gases: a review." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 16 (2018): 4342–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00245b.

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Matatagui, Daniel, Fabio Andrés Bahos, Isabel Gràcia, and María del Carmen Horrillo. "Portable Low-Cost Electronic Nose Based on Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors for the Detection of BTX Vapors in Air." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245406.

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A portable electronic nose based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors is proposed in this work to detect toxic chemicals, which have a great potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment or adversely affect the health of people. We want to emphasize that ferrite nanoparticles, decorated (Au, Pt, Pd) and undecorated, have been used as sensitive coatings for the first time in these types of sensors. Furthermore, the proposed electronic nose incorporates signal conditioning and acquisition and transmission modules. The electronic nose was tested to low concentrations of benzene, toluene, and xylene, exhibiting excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and response time, indicating its potential as a monitoring system that can contribute to the detection of toxic compounds.
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Kumar, Abhishek, Christelle Varenne, Amadou L. Ndiaye, Alain Pauly, Marcel Bouvet, and Jérôme Brunet. "Improvement in metrological performances of phthalocyanine-based QCM sensors for BTX detection in air through substituent’s effect." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 368 (October 2022): 132253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.132253.

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Ndiaye, Amadou L., Jérôme Brunet, Christelle Varenne, and Alain Pauly. "Functionalized CNTs-Based Gas Sensors for BTX-Type Gases: How Functional Peripheral Groups Can Affect the Time Response through Surface Reactivity." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 37 (August 29, 2018): 21632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b05379.

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Pauly, A., J. Brunet, C. Varenne, and A. L. Ndiaye. "Insight in the interaction mechanisms between functionalized CNTs and BTX vapors in gas sensors: Are the functional peripheral groups the key for selectivity?" Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 298 (November 2019): 126768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2019.126768.

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Yoon, Sungmin, Youngwoong Choi, Jabeom Koo, Yejin Hong, Ryunhee Kim, and Joowook Kim. "Virtual Sensors for Estimating District Heating Energy Consumption under Sensor Absences in a Residential Building." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2020): 6013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226013.

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District heating (DH) is an energy efficient building heating system that entails low primary energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. The estimation of the required heating load provides information for operators to control district heating systems (DHSs) efficiently. It also yields historical datasets for intelligent management applications. Based on the existing virtual sensor capabilities to estimate physical variables, performance, etc., and to detect the anomaly detection in building energy systems, this paper proposes a virtual sensor-based method for the estimation of DH energy consumption in a residential building. Practical issues, including sensor absences and limited datasets corresponding to actual buildings, were also analyzed to improve the applicability of virtual sensors in a building. According to certain virtual sensor development processes, model-driven, data-driven, and grey-box virtual sensors were developed and compared in a case study. The grey-box virtual sensor surpassed the capabilities of the other virtual sensors, particularly for operation patterns corresponding to low heating, which were different from those in the training dataset; notably, a 16% improvement was observed in the accuracy exhibited by the grey-box virtual sensor, as compared to that of the data-driven virtual sensor. The former sensor accounted for a significantly wider DHS operation range by overcoming training data dependency when estimating the actual DH energy consumption. Finally, the proposed virtual sensors can be applied for continuous commissioning, monitoring, and fault detection in the building, since they are developed based on the DH variables at the demand side.
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Tsaramirsis, Georgios, Seyed Buhari, Mohammed Basheri, and Milos Stojmenovic. "Navigating Virtual Environments Using Leg Poses and Smartphone Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020299.

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Realization of navigation in virtual environments remains a challenge as it involves complex operating conditions. Decomposition of such complexity is attainable by fusion of sensors and machine learning techniques. Identifying the right combination of sensory information and the appropriate machine learning technique is a vital ingredient for translating physical actions to virtual movements. The contributions of our work include: (i) Synchronization of actions and movements using suitable multiple sensor units, and (ii) selection of the significant features and an appropriate algorithm to process them. This work proposes an innovative approach that allows users to move in virtual environments by simply moving their legs towards the desired direction. The necessary hardware includes only a smartphone that is strapped to the subjects’ lower leg. Data from the gyroscope, accelerometer and campus sensors of the mobile device are transmitted to a PC where the movement is accurately identified using a combination of machine learning techniques. Once the desired movement is identified, the movement of the virtual avatar in the virtual environment is realized. After pre-processing the sensor data using the box plot outliers approach, it is observed that Artificial Neural Networks provided the highest movement identification accuracy of 84.2% on the training dataset and 84.1% on testing dataset.
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Purbakawaca, R., A. S. Yuwono, I. D. M. Subrata, and H. Alatas. "Low-Cost Calibration MOS Gas Sensor for Measuring SO2 Pollutants in Ambient Air." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 1 (March 6, 2022): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i01.041.

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Air pollution has evolved into a global issue that necessitates immediate and accurate pollution control. The usage of the Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) sensor as a monitoring system for air pollution levels is one possible answer to this challenge. The MQ-136 sensor is calibrated using standard SO2 (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70) ppm as the test gas in this study. To collect the sensor output signal, a variety of equipment was created, including a gas test box, a voltage divider, and follower circuit, and a gas flow control unit operated by a microcontroller. The test gas can be pumped into the test box at a constant rate of 1.0 L.min-1 by the apparatus. To evaluate a significant difference (= 0.05), an analysis of variance was performed on the response signal generated by a series of sensors due to the concentration of the test gas. To examine the correlation between the sensor response signal and the test gas concentration treatment, as well as the sensor performance, linear regression analysis was used. The ANOVA results demonstrate no significant differences amongst the sensors, indicating that they all follow the same routine. Furthermore, ANOVA analysis reveals that the sensors respond differently at each level of SO2 concentration. According to linear regression, the relationship between gas concentration and sensor-1, sensor-2, and sensor-3 output signals is reflected by coefficients of determination of 0.94, 0.91, and 0.93, respectively.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "BTX sensors"

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Kumar, Abhishek. "Development, characterization and experimental validation of metallophthalocyanines based microsensors devoted to monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon monitoring in air." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22635/document.

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Résumé indisponible
This PhD work is dedicated to investigate potentialities of phthalocyanines materials to realize a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensor for Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes (BTX) detection in air. The goal is to develop a sensor-microsystem capable of measuring BTX concentrations quantitatively below the environmental guidelines with sufficient accuracy. To achieve these objectives, our strategies mainly focused on experimental works encompassing sensors realization, sensing material characterizations, development of gas-testing facility and sensor testing for different target gases. One of the main aims is to identify most appropriate phthalocyanine material for sensor development. After comparative sensing studies, tert-butyl-copper phthalocyanine based QCM device is found as most sensitive and detail metrological characteristics are further investigated. Results show repeatable, reversible and high magnitude of response, low response and recovery times, sub-ppm range detection limit, high resolutions and combined selectivity of BTX gases among common atmospheric pollutants. Special focus is given to understand the gas/material interactions which are achieved by (a) XRD and SEM characterizations of sensing layers, (b) formalization of a two-step adsorption model and (c) assessing extent of diffusion of target gas in sensing layer. At last, possible ageing of sensor and suitable storage conditions to prevent such effect are investigated
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Lima, Kassio Michell Gomes de. "Sensores opticos e instrumentação para determinação de contaminantes em aguas." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250562.

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Orientadores: Ivo Milton Raimundo Junior, Maria Fernanda D'Oliveira Pimentel
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de sensores ópticos para determinação de benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX) e de íons metálicos em águas. Para a determinação de BTEX, monolitos de polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) foram colocados dentro de um frasco preenchido com soluções aquosas dos compostos BTEX por um determinado tempo. Em seguida, a fase sensora era removida da solução, seca rapidamente e inserida num sistema de medidas, empregando-se um espectrofotômetro FT-NIR. Limites de detecção de 0,079; 0,12; 0,14 e 0,28 mg L para benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos foram alcançados. A fase sensora foi aplicada a amostras de águas contaminadas por gasolina, quantificando teores de BT (benzeno e tolueno) sem diferença estatística, no nível de 95% de confiança, comparada a técnica GC-FID. A fase sensora também foi usada na determinação simultânea de BTX. Valores de RMSEP (raiz quadrada do erro médio quadrático de previsão) de 0,57 mg L para benzeno, 2,21 mg L para tolueno e 1,23 mg L para xilenos foram alcançados. Um fotômetro no infravermelho próximo baseado em LED (diodos emissores de luz) para a determinação de BTEX total foi desenvolvido. O instrumento desenvolvido opera com dois LED, um fotodiodo, um sistema de fibras ópticas para captação da radiação, célula de transmissão e um programa em Visualbasic.Net para controle e aquisição de dados. O instrumento pode ser uma alternativa viável, de baixo custo para a determinação de BTEX total em águas. Foi avaliado o comportamento do novo reagente luminescente di(hexafluorofosfato) de bis(1,10-fenantrolina)(2-(1H-imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]fenantrolina)Rutenio (II), abreviadamente [Ru(phen)2iip](PF6)2, no desenvolvimento de um sensor óptico para a determinação de íons metálicos em águas. A imobilização do reagente em matrizes poliméricas revelou que o sensor óptico e seletivo ao íon Cu(II), apresentando limite de detecção 32 mg L. O novo complexo de rutênio (II) foi aplicado numa determinação simultânea dos íons metálicos Cu(II) e Hg(II) em solução aquosa, alcançando valores de RMSEP de 2,12 mg L e 0,95 mg L, respectivamente
Abstract: This work describes the development of optical sensors for determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) and metal ions in water. For the determination of BTEX, monoliths of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were inserted into a bottle filled with aqueous solutions of BTEX compounds for a pre-defined period of time. Afterwards the sensing phase was removed from the solution, dried and placed in the detection system of an FT-NIR spectrophotometer. Detection limits of 0.079, 0.12, 0.14 and 0.28 mg L for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, respectively, have been achieved. The sensing phase was applied to the determination of benzene and toluene in water samples contaminated by gasoline, providing results that did not show statistical differences from those obtained by GC-FID at a confidence level of 95%. The sensing phase was also applied to the simultaneous determination of BTX in contaminated water, providing RMSEP values (root mean square error of prediction) of 0.57 mg L for benzene, 2.21 mg L for toluene and 1.23 mg L for xylenes. A near infrared photometer based on LED (light emitting diodes) for the determination of total BTEX was developed. The instrument operates with two LED as light sources and a photodiode as detector, a transmission cell connected to an optical fiber bundles; a VisualBasic.Net program was written for control and data acquisition. The instrument performance indicated that it can be a feasible and low cost alternative for the determination of total BTEX in water. Finally, it was evaluated the performance of the new luminescent reagent bis(1,10-phenanthroline)(2-(1H-imidazol-2- yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) di(hexafluorophosphate) for the development of an optical sensor for the determination of metal ions in water. The immobilization the reagent in the polymeric matrices showed that the optical sensor is selective to Cu (II) ion, providing a detection limit of 32 mg L. The new complex of ruthenium (II) was also applied to the simultaneous determination of Cu (II) and Hg (II) in aqueous solution, showing RMSEP values 2.12 mg L and 0.95 mg L, respectively
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências
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Hannani, Adnan. "Analysis of authentication systems : which is the most suitable for BTG?" Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-464.

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Törnquist, Martin. "Investigation of rotational velocity sensors." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-15904.

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To improve the speed measurement of construction equipment, different sensor technologies have been investigated. Many of these sensor technologies are very interesting but to keep the extent of the thesis only two was chosen for testing, magnetic absolute angle sensors using Hall and GMR technology, to investigate if those are a valid replacement for the current measurement system that is using a passive sensor. Tests show that these sensors are capable of speed measurement, but because of noisy angle estimates they need filtering for good speed computation. This filtering introduces a large time delay that is of significance for the quality of the estimate. A Kalman filter has been implemented in an attempt to lower the time delays but since only a very simple model has been used it does not give any improvements over ordinary low pass filtering. For these sensors the mounting tolerance is of great interest. For best performance the offset between the sensor and magnet centres need to be kept small for both sensors. This is due to a non-linearity effect this causes. The distance between the sensors and the magnet is not critical for linearity issues, but only for the quality of the signal, where it might drop out when the distance is too large. This is where the sensor using GMR technology stands out. Compared to the Hall technology sensor, the GMR sensor can handle distances that are more than 10 times larger. The conclusion is that these sensors can be a valid replacement of the current measurement system. They will introduce more functionality with the capability of detecting rotational direction and zero velocity. In an application with more than one sensor they can also be used for more purposes, like detecting slip in clutches etc. Depending on the application, the time delays may not be critical, else more work need to be done to improve the estimate, e.g. with a more advanced model for the Kalman filter.

 

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Young, Christina Rachel. "FT-IRr and quantum cascade laser spectroscopy towards a hand-held trace gas sensor for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX)." Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31702.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Boris Mizaikoff; Committee Member: Facundo Fernandez; Committee Member: Jiri Janata; Committee Member: Mark Disko; Committee Member: Oliver Brand; Committee Member: Thomas Orlando. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Young, Christina Rachel. "FT-IR and quantum cascade laser spectroscopy towards a hand-held trace gas sensor for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX)." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31702.

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The work described herein focuses on FT-IR and quantum cascade laser (QCL) based studies towards the development of compact and portable trace gas sensor for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX). FT-IR broadband radiation was used to probe the mid-infrared fingerprint region for quantitatively detecting trace gas levels of BTX. Using direct absorption through a hollow waveguide, parts-per-million (ppm) detection limits for BTX with a response time of 39 seconds was demonstrated. Univariate calibration provided limits of detection (3σ) for benzene, toluene, and meta-xylene at 5, 17, and 11 ppm, respectively. Multivariate calibration using partial least squares regression algorithms were used to simulate real-world conditions with multiple analytes present within a complex sample. A calibration model was built with 110 training set standards enabled by using a customized gas mixing system. Furthermore, a preconcentration/thermal desorption (TD) step was added to the FT-IR HWG trace gas sensor enabling parts-per-billion detection of BTX. A univariate calibration was established in the laboratory with certified gas standards over a dynamic range of 1000 - 100 ppb for benzene, toluene, and the xylenes. The sensor was then taken to an industrial site during a field measurement campaign for the quantitative determination of BTX in field air samples. The laboratory calibration was used to predict unknown concentrations which were in close agreement with industrial hygiene standard techniques, and industrial prototype analyzers, that were simultaneously operated in the field environment. In addition to FT-IR, quantum cascade laser spectroscopy was also investigated due to enhanced spectral density and efforts to precisely overlap emission with analyte absorption. Particular efforts were dedicated on a novel principle for consistent and deliberate QCL emission wavelength selection by varying the QCL cavity length. These studies experimentally confirmed that using this straight-forward post-processing technique, emission wavelength tuning across a range of one hundred wavenumbers range may be achieved. This tuning range was experimentally demonstrated for a QCL emitting across an entire absorption feature of carbon dioxide by tailoring the length of the cavity. Additionally, using an external cavity (EC) - QCL combined with a HWG gas sensor module for the first time enabled the quantitative and simultaneous determination of ethyl chloride, trichloromethane, and dichloromethane within exponential dilution experiments at ppb limits of detection. Multianalyte detection was demonstrated utilizing partial least squares regression for quantitative discrimination of individual constituents within a mixture, yet applying a single broadly tunable QCL light source.
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Ahmed, Fahad. "Invasive and non-invasive detection of bias temperature instability." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52227.

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Invasive and non-invasive methods of BTI monitoring and wearout preemption have been proposed. We propose a novel, simple to use, test structure for NBTI /PBTI monitoring. The proposed structure has an AC and a DC stress mode. Although during stress mode, both PMOS and NMOS devices are stressed, the proposed structure isolates the PBTI and NBTI degradation during test mode. A methodology of converting any data-path into ring oscillator (DPRO) is also presented. To avoid the performance overhead of attaching monitoring circuitry to functional block, a non-invasive scheme for BTI monitoring is presented for sleep transistor based logic families. Since, BTI is a critical issue for memories, a scheme for BTI monitoring of 6T SRAM cell based memories is also presented. We make use of the concept of a DPRO and show how a memory system can be made to oscillate in test mode. The frequency of oscillation is a function of the devices in the cell. After validation of the proposed schemes using extensive simulations, we have also validated the results on silicon. We also introduce the concept of wearout mitigation at the compiler level. Using an example of a register file, we present a preemptive method of wearout mitigation using a compiler directed scheme.
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Silva, Gilvaldo Gentil Da. "Métodos de síntese de estruturas metal-orgânicos de [Cu3(BTC)2.(H2O)3]n e Derivados e Aplicações para Sensores Eletroquímicos." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/15775.

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CNPQ E CAPES
Na elaboração de sínteses para estrutura metal-orgânica (Cu3BTC2), conhecido como MOE-199, ou HKUST-1, uma rota e dois métodos foram desenvolvidos: Eletroquímica em temperatura ambiente (TA) e moderada (TM), sonoeletroquímica e ablação de laser em líquido, a qual proporcionou um material desejado com moderado rendimento. Muitas técnicas de caracterização (XRD, FT–IR, SEM, e TGA) mostraram que o HKUST-1 foi obtido em muitos métodos. No entanto, foram encontradas diferenças interessantes em funcionalização, dependendo das condições de síntese que produziram a mesma estrutura de [Cu3(BTC)2] com hospedeiros, mas com diferentes espécies hóspedes coordenada em geral. Por análise de padrão de DRX foi possível identificar os picos característicos de CuO no método EQ do material obtido com fase secundária, mostrando que esta metodologia é bastante versátil dando lugar a este produto, embora o complexo [Cu3(BTC)2] tenha obtido bons rendimentos. Indepen- dentemente da fonte de energia aplicada, em todos os processos, a desejada MOE [Cu3(BTC)2] foi obtida. A fim de determinar se o método de síntese teve impacto diretamente sobre o comportamento eletroquímico do material, foi aplicada a voltametria cíclica (CV), para investigação. Os resultados eletroquímicos demonstraram que a resistência à contribuição farádica, aumenta na seguinte ordem: Cu-MOFSEQ < Cu-MOFEQ(TA) < Cu-MOFEQ(TM) e Cu-MOFLAL. Este comportamento pode ser associado com a presença de CuO em Cu-MOFEQ(TM) e de cobre em Cu-MOFLAL. No entanto, a MOE sintetizada à temperatura ambiente mostrou um teor menor de cobre, o que pode ser eletroquimicamente transformada, bem como a pureza, em comparação com os obtidos por método eletroquímico em temperatura moderada (TM) e a ablação a laser no estado líquido (LAL). Igual procedimento foi usado para os derivados de Cu-MOFEQ(RT): Cu(TFP)-MOF, and Cu(TPP).DMF-MOF. Eles apresentaram a seguinte ordem de crescimento: Cu(TFP)-MOF < Cu(TFP)DMF-MOF < Cu-MOF < Cu(DMF)-MOF. Este comportamento pode ser associado à presença da tetrafenilporfirina em Cu(TPP)-MOFEQ e Cu(TPP).DMF–MOFEQ. Seus comportamentos eletroquímicos apresentaram uma grande resistência faradáica mostrando o porquê dos seus efeitos de métodos.
In the elaboration of syntheses for metal-organic framework [Cu3(BTC)2] (commonly known as MOF-199 or HKUST-1), one route and two methods were developed: Electrochemical in room temperature (RT) and upper (HT), sonoelectrochemical and Laser ablation in Liquid (LAL); which afforded the desired material in moderate yields. Several characterization techniques (XRD, FT–IR, SEM and TGA) showed that HKUST-1 was obtained in every method. However, were found interesting differences in functionalization depending on the electrochemical synthesis conditions which produced the same [Cu3(BTC)2] host network but with different coordinative and bulk molecular guests. By XRD pattern analysis, it was possible to identify characteristic peaks of CuO and DMF in the EQ, obtained material as secondary phase, showing that this methodology is quite harsh giving place to this product, although the [Cu3(BTC)2] complex was obtained in good yield. Regardless the energy source applied, in all three cases the desired [Cu3(BTC)2] MOF was obtained. In order to determine if the method of synthesis had impacts directly on the electrochemical behavior of the material was applied cyclic voltammetry (CV), for investigation. The electrochemical results have shown that the resistance to the faradic contribution, increase in the following order: Cu–MOFSEQ < Cu–MOFEQ(RT) < Cu-MOFEQ(HT) < Cu–MOFLAL. This behavior can be associated to the presence of CuO in Cu-MOFEQ(HT) and Copper in Cu–MOFLAL. However, the synthesized MOF at room temperature showed a smaller content of copper, which could be electrochemically transformed, as well as purity, in comparison with those obtained by electrochemical (HT) and Laser ablation in Liquid (LAL) methods. The same procedure was used for derived of Cu-MOFEQ(RT): Cu(TFP)-MOF, and Cu(TPP).DMF-MOF. They presented the following growing order: Cu(TFP)-MOFEQ < Cu(TFP)DMF-MOFEQ < Cu-MOFEQ
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Ingeström, Victor, and John Hansson. "A Method for Estimating Soot Load in a DPF using an RF-based Sensor." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-77970.

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The European emission standard is an EU directive which describes what emission limits car manufactures are required to meet. In order to meet these requirements car manufacturers use different techniques and components. In a modern diesel automobile a Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is used to gather soot from the exhausts. As soot accumulates in the DPF, the back pressure increases and the capability to hold more soot decreases. Therefore the DPF continuously needs to get rid of the stored soot. The soot is removed through a process called regeneration. In order to optimize when to perform regeneration, it is vital to know the amount of soot in the filter. A method for estimating the soot mass in a DPF using a radio frequency-based sensor has been developed. The sensor that has been studied is the Accusolve soot sensor from General Electric. A parameter study has been performed to evaluate the parameters that affects the sensor’s output. Parameters that have been studied include positioning of the sensor, temperature in the DPF, flow rate through the DPF and distribution of soot in the DPF. Different models for estimation of soot mass in the DPF has been developed and analyzed. An uncertainty caused by removing the coaxial cable connectors when weighing the DPF has been identified and methods for minimizing this uncertainty has been presented. Results show that the sensor output is sensitive to temperature, soot distribution and position, and also show some sensitivity to the flow rate. An ARX model, with only one state, is proposed to estimate the soot mass in the DPF, since it gives the best prediction of soot mass and showed good resistance to bias errors and noise in all the input signals.
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Favard, Alexandre. "Multicapteurs intégrés pour la détection des BTEX." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0123/document.

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La qualité de l’air extérieur (QAE) a fait l’objet d’une législation dès 1996 avec la loi LAURE. Depuis 2008, la directive européenne 2008/50/CE a instauré des obligations de mesure et de seuils à ne pas dépasser pour certains polluants à l’échelle européenne. Selon de nombreuses données toxicologiques et épidémiologiques, la pollution de l’air est à l’origine d’insuffisances respiratoires, d’asthme, de maladies cardiovasculaires et de cancers.Les composés organiques volatils (COV) et notamment le benzène, le toluène, l’ethylbenzène et les xylènes (les composés BTEX) sont des polluants avérés et participent grandement à la dégradation de la qualité de l’air intérieur et extérieur. Ce travail de thèse a concerné la réalisation d’un multicapteur de gaz à base d’oxyde métallique pour la détection de traces de BTEX dans le cadre du projet SMARTY (SMart AiR qualiTY). Un système de caractérisation électrique complet a été conçu et mise au point pour la détection de très faibles concentrations de BTEX (le ppb). Après une étude bibliographique, plusieurs matériaux ont été sélectionnés (WO3, ZnO, SnO2). Les caractérisations électriques des couches sensibles sélectionnées ont été effectuées sous air sec et sous différents taux d’humidité en présence de BTEX et de gaz interférents (NO2, CO2). Le WO3 a montré les meilleures performances en présence d’humidité et a été choisi pour le transfert de technologie qui accompagne les nouveaux transducteurs brevetés AMU. Le multicapteur à base de WO3 a montré une détection limite de 1 ppb sous 50% d’humidité relative et a permis de détecter et de quantifier de manière efficace les BTEX
Outdoor air quality is subjected to the law LAURE since 1996. In 2008, the european directive 2008/50/EC introduced measurement requirements and thresholds that should not be exceeded for certain pollutants on a european scale. According to several toxicological and epidemiological studies, air pollution causes respiratory failure, asthma, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In Europe, air pollution is responsible for more than 300 000 early deaths a year.Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX compounds) are proven pollutants and play a major role in the degradation of indoor and outdoor air quality. This thesis is dedicated to the development of a metal oxide based multi-gas sensor for the detection of traces of BTEX within the framework of the SMARTY project (SMart AiR qualiTY). A complete electrical characterization system was designed and implemented for the detection of sub-ppm concentrations of BTEX.Based on the state-of-art, several materials were selected (WO3, ZnO, SnO2). The electrical characterizations of the selected sensitive layers were carried out under dry air and under different humidity levels in the presence of BTEX and interfering gases (NO2, CO2). Tungsten oxide (WO3) exhibits the best performance in the presence of moisture and is chosen for the technology transfer that accompanies the new patented AMU transducers. The WO3-based multi-sensor has a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ppb at 50% relative humidity and effectively detects and quantifies BTEX
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Books on the topic "BTX sensors"

1

Caldwell, Phoebe. The anger box: Sensory turmoil and pain in autism. Hove, East Sussex: Pavilion Publishing and Media Ltd., 2014.

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Frost, Roger. IT in science blue book: For blue box sensors : a science teachers guide to using computers and sensors for experiments. London: North London Science Centre, 1991.

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Caldwell, Phoebe. Anger Box: Sensory Turmoil and Pain in Autism. Pavilion Books, 2014.

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IT in science for blue box sensors: A science teachers guide to using computers and sensors for experiments. London: North London Science Centre, 1991.

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Cruise, Robin. The five senses (The story box). Wright Group Pub, 2000.

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Investigation and Interpretation of Black Box Data in Automobiles (SAE). Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 2001.

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Holmquist, Dan D., and Donald L. Volz. Chemistry with computers using Logger Pro: Chemistry experiments using Vernier sensors with the serial box interface and ULI. 2nd ed. Vernier Software & Technolgy, 2000.

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Bird Box. Ecco, 2014.

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Rossi, Claire H., and Hazel O. Torres. A Demonstration of Digital Radiography Technique for the Bitewing Exposure (BWX) and Periapical (PA) X-Ray w/Digital Sensor. The Bitewing, 2005.

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Rosenbluth, William. ASTM Monograph 4 Investigation and Interpretation of Black Box Data in Automobiles: A Guide to the Concepts and Formats of Computer Data in Vehicle Sa ... Society for Testing and Materials), 4.). ASTM International, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "BTX sensors"

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Wilks, Yorick. "Senses and texts." In Terminology, LSP and Translation, 205. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.18.20wil.

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Canu, S., Y. Grandvalet, and M. H. Masson. "Black-Box Software Sensor Design for Environmental Monitoring." In ICANN 98, 803–8. London: Springer London, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1599-1_124.

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Pritom, Yeasin Arafat, Md Sohanur Rahman, Hasib Ryan Rahman, M. Ashikuzzaman Kowshik, and Md Atiqur Rahman Ahad. "Lunch-Box Preparation Activity Understanding from Motion Capture Data Using Handcrafted Features." In Sensor- and Video-Based Activity and Behavior Computing, 193–205. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0361-8_12.

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Rohe, Daniel P., Scott Smith, Matthew R. W. Brake, James DeClerck, Mariano Alvarez Blanco, Tyler F. Schoenherr, and Troy J. Skousen. "Testing Summary for the Box Assembly with Removable Component Structure." In Sensors and Instrumentation, Aircraft/Aerospace, Energy Harvesting & Dynamic Environments Testing, Volume 7, 167–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12676-6_16.

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Heimovaara, T. J., F. A. Weststrate, and J. J. F. Van Veen. "Development of an Optical Sensor for BTEX and Chlorinated Solvents." In Field Screening Europe 2001, 151–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0564-7_24.

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Chelliah, Ramachandran, Imran Khan, Shuai Wei, Inamul Hasan Madar, Ghazala Sultan, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri, Caroline Swamidoss, and Deog Hwan Oh. "Intelligent Packaging Systems: Food Quality and Intelligent Medicine Box Based on Nano-sensors." In Smart Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications, 555–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84262-8_19.

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Back, Sung-Hyun, Jang-Ju Kim, Mi-Jin Kim, Hwa-Sun Kim, You-Sin Park, and Jong-Wook Jang. "Implementation of the Vehicle Black Box Using External Sensor and Networks." In Communication and Networking, 217–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17587-9_25.

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Hofer, Julien, and Markus Watermeyer. "(DT)2-Box – A Multi-sensory Approach to Support Design Thinking Teams." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 24–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90176-9_4.

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Suzuki, Noriko, Tosirou Kamiya, Shunsuke Yoshida, and Sumio Yano. "A Basic Study of Sensory Characteristics toward Interaction with a Box-Shaped Interface." In Human-Computer Interaction. Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques, 513–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02577-8_56.

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Gagana, H. S., N. R. Sunitha, and K. N. Nishanth. "Vehicle Detection Using Point Cloud and 3D LIDAR Sensor to Draw 3D Bounding Box." In Computational Vision and Bio-Inspired Computing, 983–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37218-7_104.

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Conference papers on the topic "BTX sensors"

1

Sun, Xueyou, Ye Chang, Hemi Qu, Wei Pang, and Xuexin Duan. "A single-chip dual-transduction gas sensor for BTX detection." In 2021 IEEE Sensors. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensors47087.2021.9639661.

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Arias Espinoza, Juan Diego, Sami Sabik, Edsger Smith, Herman Schoo, Viacheslav Sazhnikov, Dmitriy Ionov, Michail Alfimov, Sandeep Kalathimekkad, Geert Van Steenberge, and Malgorzata Pósniak. "7.5.4 Flexible optical chemical sensor platform for BTX." In 14th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors - IMCS 2012. AMA Service GmbH, Von-Münchhausen-Str. 49, 31515 Wunstorf, Germany, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5162/imcs2012/7.5.4.

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Camou, S., T. Horiuchi, and T. Haga. "Ppb Level Benzene Gas Detection by Portable BTX Sensor Based on Integrated Hollow Fiber Detection Cell." In 2006 5th IEEE Conference on Sensors. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2007.355765.

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Heller, Daniel, Ibrahim Sever, and Christoph W. Schwingshackl. "Vibration Analysis From Simulated Tip Timing Sensor Signal Shape Modulation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75010.

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Blade Tip Timing (BTT) enables non-contact and non-intrusive measurements of the vibrational behaviour of rotating blades. The classical tip timing technology is based on arrival times when blades pass sensors mounted around the casing. Various post-processing methods have been proposed in the literature to extract the vibration behaviour of the bladed disk from arrival time data. However, the accuracy of these methods to determine vibration and modal parameters suffers from inherent under-sampling of BTT. Novel solutions are needed to extend BTT capabilities to non-linear and multi-mode vibration analysis. In this paper, an alternative approach to the signal processing of BTT sensor data is presented, focusing on the actual sensor signal shape data. The approach is based on the assumption that the vibration of blades leads to a certain modulation of the sensor output. Comparing this modulation with one from a non-vibrating condition, it is possible to extract vibration information. In this numerical study, a virtual capacitance sensor and bladed disk model is introduced to simulate the sensors with adjustable signal shape functions and to generate signal shapes from passing blades for three test cases. Data processing techniques are used to extract relevant vibration data from simulated signal shapes. It could be shown that the sensor signal shapes are modulated differently depending on the vibrational state of a passing blade. Parameters such as the blade tip dimension, sensor field characteristics, excitation, rotational speed, amplitude and frequency of vibration have a discernible effect on the sensor signal shapes.
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Blähser, Jannik. "ECCO-Box." In SenSys '21: The 19th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3485730.3492898.

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Wang, Weimin, Huajin Shao, Lifang Chen, and Huibin Song. "Investigation on the Turbine Blade Tip Clearance Monitoring Based on Eddy Current Pulse-Trigger Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56931.

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The efficiency and reliability of turbomachinery will be improved by blade tip clearance (BTC) and blade tip timing (BTT) monitoring. Several types of sensors such as eddy-current, capacitance and optical probes are used to realize this objective. Eddy current sensor (ECS) is an ideal choice with its advantage of durablity and that it is unaffected by gas stream properties such as contamination, water vapor, and moisture. However, the bandwidth of ECS is usually less than 100 kHz, which will limit the resolution of the monitoring result. In this paper, a pulse-trigger technology based BTC method was presented. This method optimizes the static radial and circumferential calibration technology to obtain the sensitivity of the ECS in the different relative locations against the tip of blade. The information from the clearance sensor will be fused with that from the once per revolution (OPR) or key phase sensor. The method is more generally applicable in the condition where the ECS is insufficient sampling caused by the limit of narrow bandwidth, especially under the high blade tip velocity condition. A small scale and larger scale BTC measurement rig are established to validate the feasibility of this method. The small one is easy to calibrate with high accuracy and can be used to illustrate the performance of the method, while the larger scale test rig is close to real industry turbine blade. In this apparatus, the axial displacement and radial displacement of rotor vibration as well as the clearance can be monitored together so that further investigation can be conducted. Experimental research was carried out on both test rig at different rotating speed. The results show that the method presented in this paper can improve the accuracy of tip clearance monitored by ECS very well. Furthermore, this work is a proof-of-concept demonstration using a laboratory setup providing the basis for BTC active control and blade health monitoring (BHM) based on ECS.
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Mende, Michael, and Philipp Begoff. "Sensors with Digital Output – A Metrological Challenge." In 19th International Congress of Metrology (CIM2019), edited by Sandrine Gazal. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metrology/201922002.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) as well as many other new applications require sensors that can already process data inside the sensor and exchange the pre-processed data more or less directly with their environment. Such sensors typically have a digital output and thus challenge current calibration systems which usually have analogue input channels. Furthermore most calibration standards were written for an analogue world and do not fit to sensors with internal A/D converters and data pre-processing. Based on experiences of the authors with the calibration of accelerometers with digital output, the paper will give an overview over the challenges that we will face in a digital sensor world. How will calibration systems for such transducers will look like? How do I calculate a measurement uncertainty if the signal processing inside a sensor is a black box? The paper addresses the challenges and tries to give an outlook how to meet them.
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Jamia, Nidhal, Michael I. Friswell, Sami El-Borgi, and Prakash Rajendran. "Simulating Eddy Current Sensors in Blade Tip Timing Application: Modeling and Experimental Validation." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87414.

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In gas turbines, the blade vibration caused by aerodynamic excitation or by self-excited vibration and flutter leads to high cycle fatigue that represents the main cause of damage in turbomachinery. Turbine operators have resorted to assess the blade vibrations using non-contact systems. One of the well-known non-contact methods is Blade Tip Timing (BTT). BTT is based on monitoring the time history of the passing of each blade tip by stationary sensors mounted in a casing around the blades. The BTT method evaluates the blade time of arrival (ToA) in order to estimate the vibration. To perform the BTT technique, optical sensors were widely used by industry due to their high accuracy and performance under high temperatures, but the main drawback of these systems is their low tolerance to the presence of contaminants. To mitigate this downside, Eddy Current Sensors (ECS) are a good alternative for health monitoring application in gas turbines due to their immunity to contaminants and debris. This type of sensor was used by many researches, predominantly on the experimental side. The focus was to extract response frequencies and therefore the accuracy of the timing measurement was ignored due to the lack of modeling. This paper fills the gap between experiments and modeling by simulating a BTT application where detailed finite element modeling of active and passive ECS outputs was performed. A test rig composed of a bladed disk with 12 blades clamped to a rotating shaft was designed and manufactured in order to validate the proposed models with experimental measurements. Finally, a comparison between these different types of sensor output is presented to show the effect of the blade tip clearance and rotational speed on the accuracy of the BTT measurement.
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9

Aoyagi, Seiji, Masato Suzuki, Tomokazu Takahashi, Tsutomu Tajikawa, Ken-ichi Saitoh, Shoso Shingubara, Yasuhiko Arai, Hiroyuki Tajiri, and Yasuhiro Yoshikawa. "Micro Accelerometer and Magnetoresistive (MR) Sensor Directly Fabricated on a Ceramic Substrate." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52290.

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The concept of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) sensors directly fabricated on a ceramic substrate, which can be used for a package of end product, was proposed. As demonstrations of the sensors directly fabricated on a ceramic package, an accelerometer and a magnetoresistive (MR) sensor are focused on, and their fabrications on a ceramic substrate is investigated. The accelerometer utilizes a fringe capacitance formed in a ferroelectric material. For this sensor, in stead of a previously used bulk PZT plate, a screen-printed BaTiO3 (BTO) film on a ceramic alumina substrate was herein employed. An accelerometer using a BTO film was practically fabricated. The sensitivity of it was estimated as 0.1 pF/g, which is degraded a little compare with the previously developed accelerometer using a PZT plate; however, the order is the same. The magnetoresistive (MR) sensor can detect not only x- and y-axes magnetic field intensities but also z-axis one, where all fields are based on the sensor coordinate system. Namely, not only azimuth but also angle of elevation of the sensor can be detected from triaxis components of geomagnetic field. The principle is as follows: a permalloy (FeNi) plate is stood aside MR element. The plate distorts magnetic field and generates x- (or y-) component from originally z-directional field. So, the resistance of MR element changes in proportional to z-axis field intensity, provided that other axes intensities are kept constant.
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Hanschke, Lars, Christian Renner, Jannick Brockmann, Tobias Hamann, Jannes Peschel, Alexander Schell, and Alexander Sowarka. "Light in the Box." In SenSys '17: The 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3131672.3136981.

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Reports on the topic "BTX sensors"

1

Candy, J., K. Fisher, S. Lehman, M. Converse, H. Teng, and N. Smidth. Vibration-Based Sensor Design: A Grey-Box Approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1806417.

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Rey, D., R. Breeding, J. Hogan, J. Mitchell, R. G. McKeen, and J. Brogan. Development of Green Box sensor module technologies for rail applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/242786.

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Patel, Viral K., Ayyoub Mehdizadeh Momen, Kashif Nawaz, Ahmad Abu-Heiba, Nathaniel O'Connor, and Jamal Yagoobi. BTO 3.1.2.55 Milestone Report - Shortlist of potential sensors to be used to detect refrigerant maldistribution in HXs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1510579.

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Roach, Dennis. Application and Certification of Comparative Vacuum Monitoring Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of 737 Wing Box Fittings. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1660800.

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Yalovsky, Shaul, and Julian Schroeder. The function of protein farnesylation in early events of ABA signal transduction in stomatal guard cells of Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695873.bard.

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Loss of function mutations in the farnesyltransferase β subunit gene ERA1 (enhanced response to abscisic acid), cause abscisic acid hypersensitivity in seedlings and in guard cells. This results in slowed water loss of plants in response to drought. Farnesyltransferase (PFT) catalyses the attachment of the 15-carbon isoprenoid farnesyl to conserved cysteine residues located in a conserved C-terminal domain designated CaaX box. PFT is a heterodimeric protein comprised of an a and b sununits. The a subunit is shared between PFT and geranylgeranyltransferase-I (PGGTI) which catalyses the attachemt of the 20-carbon isoprenoid geranylgeranyl to CaaX box proteins in which the last amino acid is almost always leucine and in addition have a polybasic domain proximal to the CaaL box. Preliminary data presented in the proposal showed that increased cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in stomal guard cells in response to non-inductive ABA treatements. The goals set in the proposal were to characterize better how PFT (ERA1) affects ABA induced Ca2+ concentrations in guard cells and to identify putative CaaX box proteins which function as negative regulators of ABA signaling and which function is compromised in era1 mutant plants. To achieve these goals we proposed to use camelion Ca2+ sensor protein, high throughput genomic to identify the guard cell transcriptome and test prenylation of candidate proteins. We also proposed to focus our efforts of RAC small GTPases which are prenylated proteins which function in signaling. Our results show that farnesyltransferaseprenylates protein/s that act between the points of ABA perception and the activation of plasma membrane calcium influx channels. A RAC protein designated AtRAC8/AtRop10 also acts in negative regulation of ABA signaling. However, we discovered that this protein is palmitoylated and not prenylated although it contains a C-terminal CXXX motif. We further discovered a unique C-terminal sequence motif required for membrane targeting of palmitoylatedRACs and showed that their function is prenylation independent. A GC/MS based method for expression in plants, purification and analysis of prenyl group was developed. This method would allow highly reliable identification of prenylated protein. Mutants in the shared α subunit of PFT and PGGT-I was identified and characterized and was shown to be ABA hypersensitive but less than era1. This suggested that PFT and PGGT-I have opposing functions in ABA signaling. Our results enhanced the understanding of the role of protein prenylation in ABA signaling and drought resistance in plants with the implications of developing drought resistant plants. The results of our studies were published 4 papers which acknowledge support from BARD.
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