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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Ahuja, Umesh, Bhumika Shokeen, Ning Cheng, Yeonjoo Cho, Charles Blum, Giovanni Coppola, and Jeff F. Miller. "Differential regulation of type III secretion and virulence genes inBordetella pertussisandBordetella bronchisepticaby a secreted anti-σ factor." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 9 (February 16, 2016): 2341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600320113.

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The BvgAS phosphorelay regulates ∼10% of the annotated genomes ofBordetella pertussisandBordetella bronchisepticaand controls their infectious cycles. The hierarchical organization of the regulatory network allows the integration of contextual signals to control all or specific subsets of BvgAS-regulated genes. Here, we characterize a regulatory node involving a type III secretion system (T3SS)-exported protein, BtrA, and demonstrate its role in determining fundamental differences in T3SS phenotypes amongBordetellaspecies. We show that BtrA binds and antagonizes BtrS, a BvgAS-regulated extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor, to couple the secretory activity of the T3SS apparatus to gene expression. InB. bronchiseptica, a remarkable spectrum of expression states can be resolved by manipulatingbtrA, encompassing over 80 BtrA-activated loci that include genes encoding toxins, adhesins, and other cell surface proteins, and over 200 BtrA-repressed genes that encode T3SS apparatus components, secretion substrates, the BteA effector, and numerous additional factors. InB. pertussis, BtrA retains activity as a BtrS antagonist and exerts tight negative control over T3SS genes. Most importantly, deletion ofbtrAinB. pertussisrevealed T3SS-mediated, BteA-dependent cytotoxicity, which had previously eluded detection. This effect was observed in laboratory strains and in clinical isolates from a recent California pertussis epidemic. We propose that the BtrA-BtrS regulatory node determines subspecies-specific differences in T3SS expression amongBordetellaspecies and thatB. pertussisis capable of expressing a full range of T3SS-dependent phenotypes in the presence of appropriate contextual cues.
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2

Peluffo, R. Daniel, Yukio Hara, and Joshua R. Berlin. "Quaternary Organic Amines Inhibit Na,K Pump Current in a Voltage-dependent Manner." Journal of General Physiology 123, no. 3 (February 23, 2004): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200308872.

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The effects of organic quaternary amines, tetraethylammonium (TEA) chloride and benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA) chloride, on Na,K pump current were examined in rat cardiac myocytes superfused in extracellular Na+-free solutions and whole-cell voltage-clamped with patch electrodes containing a high Na+-salt solution. Extracellular application of these quaternary amines competitively inhibited extracellular K+ (K+o) activation of Na,K pump current; however, the concentration for half maximal inhibition of Na,K pump current at 0 mV (K0Q) by BTEA, 4.0 ± 0.3 mM, was much lower than the K0Q for TEA, 26.6 ± 0.7 mM. Even so, the fraction of the membrane electric field dissipated during K+o activation of Na,K pump current (λK), 39 ± 1%, was similar to λK determined in the presence of TEA (37 ± 2%) and BTEA (35 ± 2%), an indication that the membrane potential (VM) dependence for K+o activation of the Na,K pump current was unaffected by TEA and BTEA. TEA was found to inhibit the Na,K pump current in a VM-independent manner, i.e., inhibition of current dissipated 4 ± 2% of the membrane electric field. In contrast, BTEA dissipated 40 ± 5% of the membrane electric field during inhibition of Na,K pump current. Thus, BTEA inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase is VM-dependent. The competitive nature of inhibition as well as the similar fractions of the membrane electric field dissipated during K+o-dependent activation and BTEA-dependent inhibition of Na,K pump current suggest that BTEA inhibits the Na,K-ATPase at or very near the enzyme's K+o binding site(s) located in the membrane electric field. Given previous findings that organic quaternary amines are not occluded by the Na,K-ATPase, these data clearly demonstrate that an ion channel–like structure provides access to K+o binding sites in the enzyme.
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3

Gönülşen, R., N. Yıldız, and A. Çalımlı. "Adsorption of Organic Compounds on to Bentonites Modified with Single or Dual Quaternary Ammonium Cations." Adsorption Science & Technology 21, no. 2 (March 2003): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026361703769013871.

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The adsorption of benzoic acid, hydroquinone and toluene on to bentonites modified with single or dual quaternary ammonium cations was studied. Thus, the mineral surface of the bentonite was modified by replacing the inorganic ions with four quaternary ammonium cations, i.e. tetramethylammonium (TMA), benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA), hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) and octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA). The inorganic cations on the bentonite were exchanged with the quaternary ammonium cations to the respective extent of ca. 35% TMA, 75% BTEA, 83% HDTMA, 90% ODTMA, 35% TMA/54% HDTMA, 35% TMA/58% ODTMA and 75% BTEA/12% HDTMA of the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the bentonite, resulting in a change in the surface properties from hydrophilic to organophilic. The experimental results obtained indicated that the adsorption affinity on dual-modified bentonites was generally lower than that on single-modified bentonites. It was concluded that this resulted from two different adsorption mechanisms and the competitive adsorption of binary solutes.
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4

Yıldız, N., M. Erol, Z. Aktas, and A. Çalımlı. "Adsorption of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on BTEA–Bentonites." Adsorption Science & Technology 22, no. 2 (March 2004): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026361704323150926.

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5

Guttman, Chen, Geula Davidov, Adi Yahalom, Hadassa Shaked, Sofiya Kolusheva, Ronit Bitton, Shiran Barber-Zucker, Jordan H. Chill, and Raz Zarivach. "BtcA, A Class IA Type III Chaperone, Interacts with the BteA N-Terminal Domain through a Globular/Non-Globular Mechanism." PLoS ONE 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2013): e81557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081557.

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6

Restrepo, Alvaro, and Edson Bazzo. "Biomasa residual : alternativa técnica y ambiental en el proceso de generación termoeléctrica." Ingenieria y Universidad 19, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.iyu19-1.btea.

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El siguiente artículo presenta los resultados del análisis técnico (basado en la cantidad exergía) y ambiental realizado en una planta termoeléctrica de 50MWe nominales, localizada al sur del estado de Santa Catarina – Brasil, diseñada para operar con carbón pulverizado y adaptada para operar en proceso co-firing carbón - biomasa residual. Además de la planta termoeléctrica, el estudio consideró una frontera extendida que involucró los procesos relacionados con la obtención, transporte y manipulación tanto del carbón como de la biomasa. El análisis exergético siguió lineamentos de la segunda ley de la termodinámica; mientras que el análisis ambiental se realizó siguiendo la metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), considerando 1 MWh como unidad funcional y la categoría de impacto calentamiento global, mediante el método IPCC 2007 GWP 100 años. Para ambos casos (operación sólo con carbón y en co-firing) el análisis exergético indicó que la planta termoeléctrica responde por más del 95% del total de la exergía consumida. Para el análisis ambiental, los resultados indicaron que para el caso de operación sólo con carbón, son emitidos 1230 kg de CO por MWh, mientras que para la operación en co-firing, con una participación de hasta 10% de biomasa en base energética, el valor efectivo de la emisión fue de 1103 kg de CO por MWh.
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7

Guttman, Chen, Geula Davidov, Hadassa Shaked, Sofiya Kolusheva, Ronit Bitton, Atish Ganguly, Jeff F. Miller, Jordan H. Chill, and Raz Zarivach. "Characterization of the N-Terminal Domain of BteA: A Bordetella Type III Secreted Cytotoxic Effector." PLoS ONE 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2013): e55650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055650.

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8

Han, Hyun-Ja, Asaomi Kuwae, Akio Abe, Yoshichika Arakawa, and Kazunari Kamachi. "Differential Expression of Type III Effector BteA Protein Due to IS481 Insertion in Bordetella pertussis." PLoS ONE 6, no. 3 (March 10, 2011): e17797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017797.

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9

Malcova, Ivana, Ladislav Bumba, Filip Uljanic, Darya Kuzmenko, Jana Nedomova, and Jana Kamanova. "Lipid binding by the N-terminal motif mediates plasma membrane localization of Bordetella effector protein BteA." Journal of Biological Chemistry 296 (January 2021): 100607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100607.

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10

Wang, Yi, Dai Zeng, Fan Zhou, Dongya Zhang, Jiansheng Li, and Tao Zheng. "A supramolecular uranyl phosphonate [BTEA]2[(UO2)2(1,3-pbpH2)2F2]: Synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic characterization." Journal of Molecular Structure 1173 (December 2018): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.107.

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11

Bayram, Jan, Ivana Malcova, Larisa Sinkovec, Jana Holubova, Gaia Streparola, David Jurnecka, Jan Kucera, Radislav Sedlacek, Peter Sebo, and Jana Kamanova. "Cytotoxicity of the effector protein BteA was attenuated in Bordetella pertussis by insertion of an alanine residue." PLOS Pathogens 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2020): e1008512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008512.

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12

Vlassa, Mircea, Ioan A. Silberg, Radu Custelceanu, and Monica Culea. "Reactions of π-Deficient Aromatic Heterocycles with Ammonium Polyhalides I. Halogenation of Acridone and Acridine Derivatives Using Benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA) Polyhalides." Synthetic Communications 25, no. 21 (November 1995): 3493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00397919508013873.

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13

French, Christopher T., Ekaterina M. Panina, Sylvia H. Yeh, Natasha Griffith, Diego G. Arambula, and Jeff F. Miller. "TheBordetellatype III secretion system effector BteA contains a conserved N-terminal motif that guides bacterial virulence factors to lipid rafts." Cellular Microbiology 11, no. 12 (December 2009): 1735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01361.x.

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14

Meftah Elgubbi, Hana, Siti Salhah Othman, and Farah Wahida Harun. "Modification of kaolinite clay using benzyltriethylammonium chloride as a surfactant: Preparation and characterization." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 9, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i4.31088.

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Natural kaolinite clay from Perak, Malaysia with cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2.5 meq/100g was modified using cationic surfactant, benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEA-Cl), at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the CEC. A number of techniques, namely energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption-desorption were then used for characterization of the kaolinite and/or organo-modified kaolinite clays. The presence of alkyl groups as a result of successful intercalation of cationic surfactant within the organo-kaolinite layers of the clay was exhibited by the FTIR spectra. The SEM microphotographs exhibited good dispersion of the natural clay particles and slight agglomeration in the organo-modified clay particles. XRD patterns showed that the d001 spacing of the natural kaolinite clay increased from 7.12 Å to between 7.20 - 7.34 Å for the organo-modified clays. Following the BET nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique, all clay samples were of Type IV with narrow hysteresis loops. Surface areas of the clays showed drastic decrease from (25.34 m2/g) for natural kaolinite clay to between 5.90 - 13.11 m2/g for organo-modified clays. The results suggested that modification of natural kaolinite clay using cation surfactant had successfully occurred. The modification can therefore be further applied for alteration and improvement of the properties of natural clays for various industrial applications.
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15

Holubova, Jana, Ondrej Stanek, Attila Juhasz, Illiassou Hamidou Soumana, Peter Makovicky, and Peter Sebo. "The Fim and FhaB adhesins play a crucial role in nasal cavity infection and Bordetella pertussis transmission in a novel mouse catarrhal infection model." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): e1010402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010402.

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Pulmonary infections caused by Bordetella pertussis used to be the prime cause of infant mortality in the pre-vaccine era and mouse models of pertussis pneumonia served in characterization of B. pertussis virulence mechanisms. However, the biologically most relevant catarrhal disease stage and B. pertussis transmission has not been adequately reproduced in adult mice due to limited proliferation of the human-adapted pathogen on murine nasopharyngeal mucosa. We used immunodeficient C57BL/6J MyD88 KO mice to achieve B. pertussis proliferation to human-like high counts of 108 viable bacteria per nasal cavity to elicit rhinosinusitis accompanied by robust shedding and transmission of B. pertussis bacteria to adult co-housed MyD88 KO mice. Experiments with a comprehensive set of B. pertussis mutants revealed that pertussis toxin, adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin, the T3SS effector BteA/BopC and several other known virulence factors were dispensable for nasal cavity infection and B. pertussis transmission in the immunocompromised MyD88 KO mice. In contrast, mutants lacking the filamentous hemagglutinin (FhaB) or fimbriae (Fim) adhesins infected the nasal cavity poorly, shed at low levels and failed to productively infect co-housed MyD88 KO or C57BL/6J mice. FhaB and fimbriae thus appear to play a critical role in B. pertussis transmission. The here-described novel murine model of B. pertussis-induced nasal catarrh opens the way to genetic dissection of host mechanisms involved in B. pertussis shedding and to validation of key bacterial transmission factors that ought to be targeted by future pertussis vaccines.
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16

Kuwae, Asaomi, Fumitaka Momose, Kanna Nagamatsu, Yasuharu Suyama, and Akio Abe. "BteA Secreted from the Bordetella bronchiseptica Type III Secetion System Induces Necrosis through an Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Phagocytosis by Macrophages." PLOS ONE 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): e0148387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148387.

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17

VLASSA, M., I. A. SILBERG, R. CUSTELCEANU, and M. CULEA. "ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of π-Deficient Aromatic Heterocycles with Ammonium Polyhalides. Part 1. Halogenation of Acridone and Acridine Derivatives Using Benzyltriethylammonium (BTEA) Polyhalides." ChemInform 27, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199603155.

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18

Kuwae, Asaomi, Fumitaka Momose, Kanna Nagamatsu, Yasuharu Suyama, and Akio Abe. "Correction: BteA Secreted from the Bordetella bronchiseptica Type III Secetion System Induces Necrosis through an Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Phagocytosis by Macrophages." PLOS ONE 12, no. 6 (June 22, 2017): e0180287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180287.

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19

Elgubbi, Hana Meftah, Siti Salhah Othman, and Farah Wahida Harun. "Comparative Study on Lipase Immobilized onto Organo-Cation Exchanged Kaolin and Metakaolin: Surface Properties and Catalytic Activity." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 214–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10230.214-233.

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Clay mineral has received much attention to be used as biocatalysts as it is cheaper, easily available and environmentally friendly. However, the use of unmodified clay, in particular kaolin for enzyme immobilization showed unsuitability of this support due to its negative charge. In this study, the hydrophobic properties of kaolin and metakaolin (kaolin heated to 650 °C) were adjusted by the intercalation with benzyltriethylammonium chloride (BTEA-Cl), at concentrations 2.0 times the cation exchange capacities (CEC) of the clays. The supports were then used for immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL). From the study, the highest percentage of lipase immobilization was achieved (70.14%), when organo-modified metakaolin (2.0 MK) was used. The supports as well as the immobilized biocatalysts were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption techniques. Comparisons of the efficiencies of immobilized with free CRL in the synthesis of nonyl hexanoate showed that immobilized CRL achieved enzymatic activities of between 5.24×10−3 to 3.63×10−3 mmol/min/mg, while free CRL achieved enzymatic activity of 3.27×10−3 mmol/min/mg after 5 h of reaction at 30 ℃. The immobilized CRLs also maintained 70.81% – 80.59% thermostabilities at 70 ℃ as compared to the free CRL (28.13%). CRL immobilized on 2.0 NK and 2.0 MK also maintained 38.54% and 62.56%, respectively, of the initial activities after 10 continuous cycles, showing the excellent stability and reusability of the immobilized lipases, suitable as substitute for expensive, hazardous catalysts used in industries. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
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20

Nguyen, Thuy Duong, Boi An Tran, Thanh Thao Phan, Anh Son Nguyen, Ke Oanh Vu, Anh TRuc Trinh, To Thi Xuan Hang, and Marie-Georges Olivier. "INFLUENCE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE ON THE CORROSION INHIBITION EFFECT OF HYDROTALCITE LOADED WITH 2-BENZOTHIAZOLYTHIO-SUCCINIC ACID." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56, no. 3B (September 13, 2018): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/56/3b/12782.

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Hydrotalcite intercalated with 2-benzothiazolylthio-succinic acid and graphene oxide (HT-BTSA/GO) was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize obtained HT-BTSA/GO. The release of BTSA from HT-BTSA/GO in NaCl solution at different concentrations was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. HT-BTSA/GO was incorporated in solvent free epoxy coatings at concentration of 1 wt% and the corrosion protection of these coatings on carbon steel were examined by salt spray test and adhesion measurement. It was shown that GO and BTSA were intercalated in hydrotalcite structure and BTSA content was about 19.7 wt%. The release of BTSA from HT-BTSA/GO depended on chloride ion concentrations. After 72 h immersion in 0.1 M and 0.5 M NaCl solutions, the BTSA release were about 19.3 % and 61.0 % respectively. The presence of HT-BTSA/GO improved the corrosion resistance and adhesion of solvent free epoxy coatings. The corrosion protection performance of coatings containing HT-BTSA/GO was higher in comparison to the coating containing HT-BTSA.
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21

Cheng, Tian-You, Ya-Juan Liu, Hong Yan, Yi-Bo Xi, Li-Qiang Duan, Yang Wang, Tian-Tian Zhang, et al. "Tumor Cell-Intrinsic BTLA Receptor Inhibits the Proliferation of Tumor Cells via ERK1/2." Cells 11, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 4021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11244021.

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B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune checkpoint molecule that mediates the escape of tumor cells from immunosurveillance. Consequently, BTLA and its ligand herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) are potentially immunotherapeutic targets. However, the potential effects of BTLA on tumor cells remain incompletely unknown. Here, we show that BTLA is expressed across a broad range of tumor cells. The depletion of BTLA or HVEM promotes cell proliferation and colony formation, which is reversed by the overexpression of BTLA in BTLA knockout cells. In contrast, overexpression of BTLA or HVEM inhibits tumor cell proliferation and colony formation. Furthermore, the proliferation of a subpopulation with high BTLA was also significantly slower than that of the low BTLA subpopulation. Mechanistically, the coordination of BTLA and HVEM inhibits its major downstream extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, thus preventing tumor cell growth. This study demonstrates that tumor cell-intrinsic BTLA/HVEM is a potential tumor suppressor and is likely to have a potential antagonist for immunotherapy, thus representing a potential biomarker for the optimal cancer immunotherapeutic treatment.
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22

Tamada, Koji, Yukimi Sakoda, JangJune Park, and Yuming Zhao. "BTLA-HVEM interaction delivers bidirectional signals and modulates the severity of GVHD (169.48)." Journal of Immunology 186, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2011): 169.48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.169.48.

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Abstract B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), upon interaction with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), delivers an inhibitory co-signal which regulates immune response in various diseases. In graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), unexpectedly, BTLA mediates positive effects on donor T cell survival, but immunological mechanisms of this function have yet to be fully explored. Our recent studies addressed a role of BTLA in GVHD by employing the newly established agonistic anti-BTLA mAb that stimulates BTLA signal without antagonizing BTLA-HVEM interaction. We revealed that BTLA signal inhibited donor anti-host T cell responses and ameliorated GVHD with a successful engraftment of donor hematopoietic cells. These effects were dependent on BTLA signal into donor T cells but neither donor non-T cells nor recipient cells. On the other hand, expression of BTLA mutant lacking an intracellular signaling domain restored impaired survival of BTLA-deficient T cells, suggesting that BTLA also serves as a ligand and delivers HVEM prosurvival co-signal in donor T cells. Thus, BTLA-HVEM interaction delivers positive and negative bidirectional co-signals to donor T cells via HVEM and BTLA, respectively, and modulates the severity of GVHD. Additional data obtained by recent studies will be also presented.
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23

Sakoda, Yukimi, Jang-June Park, Yuming Zhao, Atsuo Kuramasu, Degui Geng, Yingjia Liu, Eduardo Davila, and Koji Tamada. "Dichotomous regulation of GVHD through bidirectional functions of the BTLA-HVEM pathway." Blood 117, no. 8 (February 24, 2011): 2506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-08-301325.

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Abstract B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a coinhibitory receptor that interacts with herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), and this interaction regulates pathogenesis in various immunologic diseases. In graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), BTLA unexpectedly mediates positive effects on donor T-cell survival, whereas immunologic mechanisms of this function have yet to be explored. In this study, we elucidated a role of BTLA in GVHD by applying the newly established agonistic anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody that stimulates BTLA signal without antagonizing BTLA-HVEM interaction. Our results revealed that provision of BTLA signal inhibited donor antihost T-cell responses and ameliorated GVHD with a successful engraftment of donor hematopoietic cells. These effects were dependent on BTLA signal into donor T cells but neither donor non-T cells nor recipient cells. On the other hand, expression of BTLA mutant lacking an intracellular signaling domain restored impaired survival of BTLA-deficient T cells, suggesting that BTLA also serves as a ligand that delivers HVEM prosurvival signal in donor T cells. Collectively, current study elucidated dichotomous functions of BTLA in GVHD to serve as a costimulatory ligand of HVEM and to transmit inhibitory signal as a receptor.
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24

Karabon, Lidia, Anna Andrzejczak, Lidia Ciszak, Anna Tomkiewicz, Aleksandra Szteblich, Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak, Jacek Roliński, Dariusz Wołowiec, Tomasz Wróbel, and Agata Kosmaczewska. "BTLA Expression in CLL: Epigenetic Regulation and Impact on CLL B Cell Proliferation and Ability to IL-4 Production." Cells 10, no. 11 (November 4, 2021): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10113009.

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In our previous study, while chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cases showed higher levels of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) mRNA compared to controls, lower BTLA protein expression was observed in cases compared to controls. Hence we hypothesize that micro RNA (miR) 155-5p regulates BTLA expression in CLL. In line with earlier data, expression of BTLA mRNA and miR-155-5p is elevated in CLL (p = 0.034 and p = 0.0006, respectively) as well as in MEC-1 cell line (p = 0.009 and 0.016, respectively). Inhibition of miR-155-5p partially restored BTLA protein expression in CLL patients (p = 0.01) and in MEC-1 cell lines (p = 0.058). Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the significance of BTLA deficiency in CLL cells on proliferation and IL-4 production of B cells. We found that secretion of IL-4 is not dependent on BTLA expression, since fractions of BTLA positive and BTLA negative B cells expressing intracellular IL-4 were similar in CLL patients and controls. We demonstrated that in controls the fraction of proliferating cells is lower in BTLA positive than in BTLA negative B cells (p = 0.059), which was not observed in CLL. However, the frequency of BTLA positive Ki67+ B cells in CLL was higher compared to corresponding cells from controls (p = 0.055) while there were no differences between the examined groups regarding frequency of BTLA negative Ki67+ B cells. Our studies suggest that miR-155-5p is involved in BTLA deficiency, affecting proliferation of CLL B cells, which may be one of the mechanisms responsible for CLL pathogenesis.
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25

Mautner, Franz A., Florian Bierbaumer, Roland C. Fischer, Ana Torvisco, Ramon Vicente, Mercè Font-Bardía, Ànnia Tubau, Saskia Speed, and Salah S. Massoud. "Diverse Coordination Numbers and Geometries in Pyridyl Adducts of Lanthanide(III) Complexes Based on β-Diketonate." Inorganics 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9100074.

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Ten mononuclear rare earth complexes of formula [La(btfa)3(H2O)2] (1), [La(btfa)3(4,4′-Mt2bipy)] (2), [La(btfa)3(4,4′-Me2bipy)2] (3), [La(btfa)3(5,5′-Me2bipy)2] (4), [La(btfa)3(terpy)] (5), [La(btfa)3(phen)(EtOH)] (6), [La(btfa)3(4,4′-Me2bipy)(EtOH)] (7), [La(btfa)3(2-benzpy)(MeOH)] (8), [Tb(btfa)3(4,4′-Me2bipy)] (9) and (Hpy)[Eu(btfa)4] (10), where btfa = 4,4,4-trifuoro-1-phenylbutane-1,3-dionato anion, 4,4′-Mt2bipy = 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-Me2bipy = 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 5,5′-Me2bipy = 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, terpy = 2,2′:6′,2′-terpyridine, phen = 1,10-phenathroline, 2-benzpy = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, Hpy = pyridiniumH+ cation) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The complexes display coordination numbers (CN) eight for 1, 2, 9, 10, nine for 5, 6, 7, 8 and ten for 3 and 4. The solid-state luminescence spectra of Tb-9 and Eu-10 complexes showed the same characteristic bands predicted from the Tb(III) and Eu(III) ions. The Overall Quantum Yield measured (ϕTOT) at the excitation wavelength of 371 nm for both compounds yielded 1.04% for 9 and up to 34.56% for 10.
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Grover, Ajay, Jolynn Troudt, Chad Foster, Nick May, and Angelo Izzo. "A role for B and T lymphocyte attenuator in regulating T cell responses during Tuberculosis (P3088)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 187.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.187.16.

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Abstract B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) (CD272) is a coinhibitory receptor expressed by most leukocytes, with the highest expression levels observed on T and B cells, and is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance by dampening the activation of lymphocytes. We wanted to determine if BTLA signaling played a role in T cell meditated regulation during tuberculosis infection. The expression of BTLA was examined on activated (CD44hiCD62Llo) CD4+ T cells in lungs, spleen and lymph nodes in mice during pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The expression of BTLA on activated CD4+ T cells increased at day 10 post-infection in lungs, when compared to naïve mice, but then declined at day 21 post-infection. In the spleen and lymph nodes while the number of cells expressing BTLA increased, the expression of BTLA on these cells did not increase. Although the number of CD4+BTLA+ T cells in the lungs had increased at day 21, these cells expressed lower levels of BTLA than at day 10, suggesting that BTLA expression was down-regulated during this time. We also found an increase in the percentage of activated and effector memory T cells in the organs when BTLA was blocked using an anti-BTLA antibody during early stage of tuberculosis infection. Further, increased bacterial load was observed in the lungs of mice treated with anti-BTLA antibody indicating that BTLA regulates T cell-driven exacerbation of infection during the early stages of tuberculosis.
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Xue, Tianchen, Juha Jokisalo, Risto Kosonen, Mika Vuolle, Federica Marongiu, Sami Vallin, Nina Leppäharju, and Teppo Arola. "Numerical modeling and validation of a large-scale borehole thermal energy storage system in Finland." E3S Web of Conferences 362 (2022): 06003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236206003.

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With the increasing demand in reducing carbon dioxide emissions, utilizing thermal energy storage technology, including borehole thermal energy storage (BTES), has become an efficient way to improve energy efficiency. Accurate modelling of the BTES is crucial to correctly predict the BTES performance in the building energy simulation. In this study, a large-scale BTES used for an educational building in Finland, was modelled in the IDA ICE 4.8. The BTES consists of 74 groundwater-filled boreholes with 310 m depth. The boreholes were installed with single U-tube heat exchangers. The BTES model was validated by 1.5-years measured inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of the BTES field. The results show the developed BTES model can predict the storage performance with high accuracy. During the 1.5-years validation period, the average difference between simulated and measured inlet and outlet fluid temperatures of the BTES field were within 1 °C.
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Haymaker, Cara, Jie Qing Chen, Chantale Bernatchez, Charuta Kale, Carlos Torres-Cabala, and Laszlo Radvanyi. "Usurpation of a lymphocyte costimulatory molecule as a novel melanoma cell survival pathway (P2187)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 170.50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.170.50.

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Abstract BTLA (B- and T- lymphocyte attenuator), binds to the TNF-R family member HVEM (herpes virus entry mediator). HVEM through its interaction with BTLA in trans or in cis has been shown to act as a pro-survival signal through activation of NF-κB. In contrast, signaling through BTLA following HVEM engagement has been found to induce a negative signaling pathway by activating SHP1/2 phosphatases. During an initial immunohistochemistry screen for the expression of BTLA in melanoma tumor sections, we unexpectedly found that a many tumor cells also exhibited a uniform and strong positive intracellular expression of BTLA. BTLA was expressed in both primary and metastatic melanoma cells with low to negative expression in benign nevi. PCR analysis also revealed that although most tumor lines expressed isoform 1 of BTLA, some lines expressed both isoform 1 and 2 suggesting BTLA by be secreted. Moreover, we also found that melanoma cells express both surface and intracellular HVEM. Intriguingly, significant pools of BTLA were found to be co-localized with intracellular HVEM in the melanoma cells. This co-localization suggests that tumor cells may use HVEM activation as a mechanism of cell survival. Blockade of BTLA or inhibition of BTLA or HVEM expression on melanoma cells may therefore be a novel approach to inhibit tumor cell survival as well as prevent negative signaling through BTLA in immune cells.
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Malik, P., T. Hashim, S. Varma, L. Diaz, A. Chowdhary, P. Bapat, L. Alkhatib, et al. "BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) and risk of cancer - a study from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 158, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): S102—S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqac126.216.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) is well know for its toxicity via through environmental, occupational and recreational exposures. However, there is limited literature about the carcinogenic effect of BTEX. Hence, we aim to study the prevalence and association of cancer amongst individuals with exposure of BTEX. Methods/Case Report A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between 2013 and 2018 utilizing the NHANES database. Adult individuals having data on socio-demographic questionnaires and lab findings on exposure to BTEX were included. Prevalence of cancer was identified amongst exposure to BTEX (vs no-BTEX). Univariate (chi-squre test and Mann–Whitney U test) and Multivariate (survey logistic regression) analysis was performed to evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of individuals exposred to BTEX and association of cancer with BTEX exposure in comparison to no BTEX exposure.The p value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) 124,162 participants were identified with BTEX exposure. Individuals with BTEX exposure were young (40 vs 51 year old), male (91% vs female: 87%), and Mexican American (92% vs Non-Hispanic Black: 89% vs Non-Hispanic White: 89% vs other Hispanic: 87%). Univariate analysis showed higher total prevalence of cancer in BTEX (9.3% vs. 1.3%; p<0.0001) compared to no BTEX. Individuals with BTEX exposure had higher prevalnece of blood cancer (0.47% vs 0.00; p<0.0001), leukemia (0.56% vs 0.00; p<0.001), and lymphoma (1.72% vs 0.39%; p<0.0001) in comparison with no exposure. Multivaritate analysis showed participants with BTEX exposure had 10% higher risk of cancer (aOR: 1.10; 95%CI: 1.10-1.10; p<0.0001) compared to no BTEX exposure. Additionally, exposure to individual components of benzene (aOR: 1.24; 95%CI: 1.24; p<0.0001), ethylbenzene (aOR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.08-1.08; p<0.0001), and o-xylene (aOR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.19-1.19; p<0.0001) had higher risk of cancer compared to no exposure participants. Conclusion Our study conclude higher risk of cancer among participants with exposure to benzene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the association of various types of cancers in BTEX exposure.
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Duong, Nguyen Thuy. "CORROSION INHIBITION OF CARBON STEEL BY LDH/GO HYBRID INTERCALATED WITH 2-BENZOTHIAZOLYTHIO-SUCCINIC ACID." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 5B (March 24, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/5b/12217.

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Layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide hybrid (LDH/GO) intercalated with corrosion inhibitor 2-benzothiazolylthio-succinic acid (BTSA) was prepared using co-precipitation method. The synthesized LDH/GO-BTSA was characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The inhibitive action of LDH/GO-BTSA on carbon steel was evaluated and compared with LDH-BTSA by electrochemical measurement. It was shown that the GO and BTSA were intercalated in LDH structure. The obtained results showed that LDH/GO-BTSA is anodic corrosion inhibitors, and the inhibition efficiency was 94 % at concentration of 1 g/l.
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Adegoke, Adeolu, John R. Šedý, Carl F. Ware, Troy A. Baldwin, and Colin C. Anderson. "Regulation of T cell CD5 levels by BTLA." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 103.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.103.15.

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Abstract Many coinhibitory receptors are absent from naïve T cells and upregulated upon activation. In contrast, there are a small number of coinhibitory receptors expressed constitutively by naïve T cells, including CD5, BTLA, and VISTA. The relationship between these constitutively expressed coinhibitors is unknown. We examined the relationship between the constitutively expressed BTLA and CD5 in T cell ontogeny. We found an inverse relationship between CD5 and BTLA expression levels, with low BTLA expression in the thymus and higher BTLA expression in the periphery, corresponding with high and low CD5 expression, respectively. To determine if there is a causal relationship between BTLA expression and CD5 expression, we examined CD5 expression in wild type (WT) vs. btla−/− T cells. Interestingly, btla−/− T cells consistently expressed higher levels of CD5 both in thymic and splenic CD4 and CD8 T cells, indicating that BTLA expression directly or indirectly determines the level of CD5 expression broadly across T cells. In contrast, the loss of an inducible coinhibitor, PD-1, only affected CD5 levels on splenic CD8+ T cells. The loss of BTLA expression early in ontogeny might alter the TCR repertoire indirectly affecting CD5 levels, or instead its loss might affect CD5 expression rapidly within mature T cells. To examine the latter, we deleted btla by administering tamoxifen to adult btlafl/fl CreERT2+/− mice and WT CreERT2+/− controls. Loss of btla in adults led only to a transiently heightened CD5 expression. Together our data indicates that loss of BTLA early, but not later in ontogeny, leads to a long-term increase in CD5 expression by T cells. Such calibration of CD5 levels early in ontogeny might serve to reduce autoimmunity. Funded by the CIHR, NSERC, and an AAI fellowship; btlafl/fl mice provided by the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.
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Acuna-Askar, K., A. J. Englande, A. Ramirez-Medrano, J. E. Coronado-Guardiola, and B. Chavez-Gomez. "Evaluation of biomass production in unleaded gasoline and BTEX-fed batch reactors." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0461.

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BTEX removal under aerobic conditions by unleaded gasoline acclimated biomass and BTEX acclimated biomass, and the effect of surfactant on BTEX biodegradation were evaluated. The effect of BTEX concentration as the sole source of carbon for biomass acclimation and the effect of yeast extract on cell growth in unleaded gasoline-fed reactors were also evaluated. For the unleaded gasoline acclimated biomass, benzene was shown the most recalcitrant among all BTEX, followed by o-xylene and toluene with 16–23%, 35–41% and 57–69% biodegradation, respectively. Ethylbenzene was consistently the fastest BTEX chemical removed with 99% biodegradation for the four bioreactor acclimated biomasses tested. For the 1,200 ppm BTEX acclimated biomass, benzene showed the highest removal efficiency (99%) among the four biomass environmental conditions tested, along with 99% toluene and 99% ethylbenzene biodegradation. O-xylene showed 92–94% removal. In all bioassays tested Tergitol NP-10 was fully removed, and did not have a substantial effect on BTEX biodegradation at the end of a 10-day evaluation.
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Wang, Huannan, Dandan Yan, Huan Zeng, and Jiajie He. "Using corncob-based biochar to intercept BTEX in stormwater filtration systems." Water Science and Technology 82, no. 9 (September 23, 2020): 1858–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.463.

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Abstract A biochar material made from corncobs was tested for its capability in BTEX adsorption/interception in stormwater filtration systems. Batch experiments were conducted to examine the adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, and adsorption thermodynamics of BTEX onto this biochar. The feasibility of applying this biochar in stormwater filtration was studied by dynamic transport experiments and model simulations. The result showed that this biochar can adsorb BTEX and the adsorption is a thermodynamically spontaneous, and endothermic process. The BTEX adsorption kinetic experiment and adsorption retarded BTEX transport experiment indicated that the BTEX adsorption kinetics can be changed by the driving force between the BTEX concentrations and the active adsorption site as well as the contact time between BTEX and the biochar. In terms of applying this biochar in stormwater filtration, the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis indicated that the BTEX interception is sensitive to the hydraulic conductivity of the biochar filter and the adsorption kinetics of the biochar material. Although this corncob-made biochar demonstrated effective pollutant adsorption capability, the biochar adsorption capability should be utilized to retain the pollutant long enough for biodegradation to take effect for ultimate pollutant attenuation.
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34

Gan, Lebin, Chen Hu, Zhihong Deng, Hongxiang Lu, Jiali Sun, Guoxuan Peng, Jianxin Jiang, Ling Zeng, and Jin Deng. "Rs1982809 is a functional biomarker for the prognosis of severe post-traumatic sepsis and MODs." Experimental Biology and Medicine 244, no. 16 (October 9, 2019): 1438–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370219880490.

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BTLA is a useful biomarker to characterize the immune states of sepsis patients. We investigated the association between genetic variations of BTLA and morbidity of sepsis and MODS in severe traumatic patient. Three tag single nucleotide polymorphisms of BTLA were genotyped in 562 severe trauma patients. To further elucidate the mechanism, mRNA stability, BTLA 3ʹ-UTR activity, and its expression on T lymphocytes were measured. Only rs1982809 which located in 3ʹ-UTR of BTLA showed a significant clinical relevance with the incidence rate of sepsis and MOD scores. The sepsis incidence and MOD score of rs1982809 CC genotype carriers were higher than TT carriers. The percentage of circulating BTLA + CD4 + CD3 + T lymphocytes was markedly lower in CC genotype carriers. Luciferase activity in plasmids containing C allele was lower than that of T allele. Thus, the differential expression of BTLA on T lymphocytes might be caused by the different 3ʹ-UTR activity induced by rs1982809 T/C. Therefore, rs1982809 is a useful clinical biomarker in the prognosis evaluating of sepsis and subsequent MODS. Moreover, it is also a functional single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the activity of BTLA 3ʹ-UTR and the expression of BTLA in peripheral blood T lymphocytes. Impact statement This work is useful in the field of genetic mechanism of severe post-traumatic complications, as it provides important evidence for the influence of BTLA gene polymorphism on sepsis and MODS susceptibility. The results are useful and of importance because rs1982809 is a useful clinical biomarker in the prognosis evaluating of sepsis and subsequent MODS. It is also a functional single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the activity of BTLA 3ʹ-UTR and the expression of BTLA in peripheral blood T lymphocytes.
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Whitson, Sally, and Peter Whitson. "BTEs." Hearing Journal 56, no. 3 (March 2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000293017.40757.3a.

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36

Spodzieja, Marta, Katarzyna Kuncewicz, Adam Sieradzan, Agnieszka Karczyńska, Justyna Iwaszkiewicz, Valérie Cesson, Katarzyna Węgrzyn, et al. "Disulfide-Linked Peptides for Blocking BTLA/HVEM Binding." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 18, 2020): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020636.

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Immune checkpoints are crucial in the maintenance of antitumor immune responses. The activation or blockade of immune checkpoints is dependent on the interactions between receptors and ligands; such interactions can provide inhibitory or stimulatory signals, including the enhancement or suppression of T-cell proliferation, differentiation, and/or cytokine secretion. B-and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a lymphoid-specific cell surface receptor which is present on T-cells and interacts with herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), which is present on tumor cells. The binding of HVEM to BTLA triggers an inhibitory signal which attenuates the immune response. This feature is interesting for studying the molecular interactions between HVEM and BTLA, as they may be targeted for novel immunotherapies. This work was based on the crystal structure of the BTLA/HVEM complex showing that BTLA binds the N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of HVEM. We investigated the amino acid sequence of HVEM and used molecular modeling methods to develop inhibitors of the BTLA/HVEM interaction. We synthesized novel compounds and determined their ability to interact with the BTLA protein and inhibit the formation of the BTLA/HVEM complex. Our results suggest that the HVEM (14–39) peptide is a potent inhibitor of the formation of the BTLA/HVEM protein complex.
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Liu, Xikui, Maria Alexiou, Natalia Martin-Orozco, Yeonseok Chung, Roza Nurieva, Qiang Tian, Sijie Lu, George Kollias, Daniel Graf, and Chen Dong. "A critical role of BTLA in peripheral T cell tolerance induction (48.18)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 48.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.48.18.

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Abstract T cell activation and tolerance are delicately regulated by costimulatory molecules. Although B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) has been shown as a negative regulator for T cells activation, its role in peripheral T cell tolerance induction in vivo has not been addressed. In this study, we generated a novel strain of BTLA-deficient mice, and employed three different models to characterize the function of BTLA in controlling T cell tolerance. In an oral tolerance model, BTLA-deficient mice were found resistant to the induction of T cell tolerance to an oral antigen. Moreover, compared with wild-type OT-II cells, BTLA-/- OT-II cells were less susceptible to tolerance induction by high-dose Ova peptide administered intravenously. Finally, BTLA-/- OT-I cells caused autoimmune diabetes in RIP-mOVA recipient mice. Our results thus demonstrate an important role of BTLA in the induction of peripheral tolerance of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vivo.
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Liu, Jiayu, Jiaqian Li, Min He, Geng-Lin Zhang, and Qiyi Zhao. "Distinct Changes of BTLA and HVEM Expressions in Circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients." Journal of Immunology Research 2018 (July 18, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4561571.

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BTLA/HVEM (B and T lymphocyte attenuator/herpes virus entry mediator) pathways play a critical role in T cell suppression in tumor. However, its dynamic changes in different T cell subsets in peripheral blood and their clinical significance are largely unclear in cancer patients. In the current study, we showed distinct changes of BTLA and HVEM expressions on peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); BTLA expression were significantly upregulated on circulating CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells. In sharp contrast, the levels of HVEM expression were significantly downregulated on circulating CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells. A strong positive correlation between BTLA expression on circulating CD4+ T cells and BTLA expression on autologous CD8+ counterparts was observed in healthy donors but absent in HCC patients. More importantly, we found that blockade of the BTLA/HVEM pathway increased IFN-γ production in both circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our data suggested that the BTLA/HVEM pathway contributes to peripheral T cell suppression in HCC patients, and BTLA/HVEM may serve as attractive targets for HCC immunotherapy.
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Oki, Mie, Norihiko Watanabe, Takayoshi Owada, Yoshihiro Oya, Kei Ikeda, Yasushi Saito, Ryutaro Matsumura, Yohei Seto, Itsuo Iwamoto, and Hiroshi Nakajima. "A Functional Polymorphism in B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator Is Associated with Susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/305656.

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Inhibitory coreceptors are thought to play important roles in maintaining immunological homeostasis, and a defect in the negative signals from inhibitory coreceptors may lead to the development of autoimmune diseases. We have recently identified B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), a new inhibitory coreceptor expressed on immune cells, and we suggest that BTLA may be involved in the development of autoimmune diseases using BTLA-deficient mice. However, the role of BTLA in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in humans remains unknown. We, therefore, examined the possible association between BTLA and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome (SS) by conducting a case-control genetic association study. We found that 590C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of BTLA gene was significantly associated with susceptibility to RA, but not to SLE or SS. Furthermore, RA patients bearing this 590C SNP developed the disease significantly earlier than the patients without this allele. We also found that BTLA with 590C allele lacked the inhibitory activity on concanavalin A- and anti-CD3 Ab-induced IL-2 production in Jurkat T cells. These results suggest that BTLA is an RA-susceptibility gene and is involved in the protection from autoimmunity in humans.
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40

Mahmoud, Ahmed S., Mohamed K. Mostafa, and Soha A. Abdel-Gawad. "Artificial intelligence for the removal of benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) from aqueous solutions using iron nanoparticles." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (November 21, 2017): 1650–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.225.

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Abstract Magnetic nanosorbents proved to be highly effective in inorganic and organic contaminants removal from aqueous solutions, especially nano zero valent iron (nZVI). The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using nZVI in removing benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene (BTEX) contaminants from aqueous solutions. The nZVI and the standard BTEX solution were prepared in the laboratory. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used for nZVI characterization. The effects of contact time, initial BTEX mixture concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, and pH on the amount of BTEX absorbed were investigated. The highest removal efficiency of 97% for the BTEX mixture was achieved at a stirring rate of 100 rpm, temperature of 60°C, and pH 7. The minimum effective time for efficient removal was 30 min, while the effective dose for BTEX compounds removal was 0.22 g/L. The Freundlich model was the best fit of experimental data. An artificial neural network (ANN) was used to predict the BTEX removal efficiency. Modeling results showed that ANN with average absolute error of 0.6272% is reliable in describing the adsorption of BTEX onto the iron nanoparticles. It is estimated that the cost of BTEX removal by nZVI under the optimal conditions will be about 3.5 USD per cubic meter.
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Sordo-Bahamonde, Christian, Seila Lorenzo-Herrero, Ana P. Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Ángel R. Payer, Esther González-García, Alejandro López-Soto, and Segundo Gonzalez. "BTLA/HVEM Axis Induces NK Cell Immunosuppression and Poor Outcome in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia." Cancers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13081766.

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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by progressive immunosuppression and diminished cancer immunosurveillance. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based therapies, a major breakthrough against cancer, have emerged as a powerful tool to reinvigorate antitumor responses. Herein, we analyzed the role of the novel inhibitory checkpoint BTLA and its ligand, HVEM, in the regulation of leukemic and natural killer (NK) cells in CLL. Flow cytometry analyses showed that BTLA expression is upregulated on leukemic cells and NK cells from patients with CLL, whereas HVEM is downregulated only in leukemic cells, especially in patients with advanced Rai-Binet stage. In silico analysis revealed that increased HVEM, but not BTLA, mRNA expression in leukemic cells correlated with diminished overall survival. Further, soluble BTLA (sBTLA) was found to be increased in the sera of patients with CLL and highly correlated with poor prognostic markers and shorter time to treatment. BTLA blockade with an anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody depleted leukemic cells and boosted NK cell-mediated responses ex vivo by increasing their IFN-γ production, cytotoxic capability, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In agreement with an inhibitory role of BTLA in NK cells, surface BTLA expression on NK cells was associated with poor outcome in patients with CLL. Overall, this study is the first to bring to light a role of BTLA/HVEM in the suppression of NK cell-mediated immune responses in CLL and its impact on patient’s prognosis, suggesting that BTLA/HVEM axis may be a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Ho, Quoc Bang, Hoang Ngoc Khue Vu, Thoai Tam Nguyen, and Thi Thao Nguyen Huynh. "An Innovative Method for BTEX Emission Inventory and Development of Mitigation Measures in Developing Countries—A Case Study: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 16156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316156.

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Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) are carcinogenic pollutants. However, the average concentration in 1 h of some pollutants belonging to BTEX, such as benzene, in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) is higher than the national standard QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT by about ten times. This research is the first to calculate the emission of BTEX for developing countries on a city scale. This paper developed a method to calculate cold emission factors based on hot emission factors for BTEX. Five spreadsheets developed and calculated these cold emission factors for five vehicle categories. A comprehensive emission inventory (EI) for BTEX was conducted in HCMC to determine the cause of BTEX pollution. An innovative methodology with bottom-up and top-down combination was applied to conduct BTEX EI, in which the EMISENS model was utilized to generate the EI for road traffic sources, and the emission factors method was utilized for other emission sources. Among emission reasons, motorcycles contribute the highest to HCMC air pollution, responsible for 93%, 90%, 98.9%, and 91.5% of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. Cars contributed 5%, 6%, 0.8%, and 6.5% of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, respectively. For LDVs, the emission from benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene accounted for 1%, 2%, 0.2%, and 1.9%. The major reasons for point sources were metal production, which had 1%, 2%, and 0.1% for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes emissions. The area source had a minority emission of total BTEX in Ho Chi Minh City. Our findings can be used to invest in the most significant sources to reduce BTEX in HCMC. Our approach can be applied in similar urban areas in BTEX EI. This research also developed nine measures to reduce BTEX in HCMC for human health protection.
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Liu, Xiu Li, Lin Zhao, She Jiang Liu, and Cheng Yang Cui. "Remediation of Groundwater Contaminated by BTEX Using a Biological Barrier." Advanced Materials Research 178 (December 2010): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.178.254.

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In this study, a biological permeable reactive barrier system was designed to evaluate the remediation effectiveness of BTEX-contaminated groundwater. The biological barrier using immobilized bio-beads encapsulated with calcium alginate and activated carbon fiber as microbial carrier is able to biodegrade BTEX entering the barrier system. A laboratory-scale experiment using one continuous up-flow stainless steel column was then performed to evaluate the feasibility of this designed system. The second column was filled with bio-beads immobilizing BTEX-degrading microbial consortium. Simulated BTEX-contaminated groundwater, in which dissolved oxygen (DO) content was saturated, was pumped into this system at a flow rate of 0.07ml/min. Samples from the column were analyzed for BTEX and effluent DO. Results showed that BTEX could be well removed in this biological barrier.
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Small, Annabelle, Suzanne Cole, Jing J. Wang, Sunil Nagpal, Ling-Yang Hao, and Mihir D. Wechalekar. "Attenuation of the BTLA/HVEM Regulatory Network in the Circulation in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11030535.

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Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder which targets the lacrimal and salivary glands, resulting in glandular dysfunction. Currently, the immune drivers of SjS remain poorly understood and peripheral biomarkers of disease are lacking. The present study therefore sought to investigate the immune cell constituents of the SjS peripheral blood, and to assess the role of the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 co-stimulatory network by characterizing expression within the periphery. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from whole blood of n = 10 patients with SjS and n = 10 age- and sex-matched healthy control donors. Cells were divided and stained with three panels of antibodies, allowing assessment of T, B, and myeloid cell subsets, and measurement of BTLA, HVEM, and CD160 surface expression by flow cytometry. We identified distinct alterations in proportions of peripheral T, B, and myeloid cell types in SjS compared with healthy controls. Expression of BTLA/CD160/HVEM and frequency of BTLA/CD160/HVEM-expressing cells were significantly altered in peripheral SjS lymphocytes. The proportion of T cells co-expressing BTLA/HVEM and CD160/HVEM were significantly reduced in SjS. We found decreased BTLA and HVEM levels on peripheral B and T cells of SjS patients, and decreased BTLA/HVEM and CD160/HVEM co-expression, demonstrating dysregulation of the BTLA/HVEM axis in the peripheral blood of SjS patients. These results indicate the potential of targeting the BTLA-HVEM axis for the treatment of SjS.
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45

Xin, Haiming, Jinhong Zhu, Hongcheng Miao, Zhenyu Gong, Xiaochen Jiang, Xiaoyan Feng, and Yalin Tong. "Adenovirus-Mediated CCR7 and BTLA Overexpression Enhances Immune Tolerance and Migration in Immature Dendritic Cells." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3519745.

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Our previous report revealed that immature dendritic cells (imDCs) with adenovirus-mediated CCR7 overexpression acquired an enhanced migratory ability but also exhibited the lower immune tolerance observed in more mature cells. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether BTLA overexpression was sufficient to preserve immune tolerance in imDCs with exogenous CCR7 overexpression. Scanning electron microscopy and surface antigens analysis revealed that BTLA overexpression suppressed DC maturation, an effect further potentiated in CCR7 and BTLA cooverexpressing cells. Correspondingly, in vitro chemotaxis assays and mixed lymphocyte reactions demonstrated increased migratory potential and immune tolerance in CCR7 and BTLA coexpressing cells. Furthermore, CCR7 and BTLA cooverexpressed imDCs suppressed IFN-γ and IL-17 expression and promoted IL-4 and TGF-beta expression of lymphocyte, indicating an increase of T helper 2 (Th2) regulatory T cell (Treg). Thus, these data indicate that CCR7 and BTLA cooverexpression imparts an intermediate immune phenotype in imDCs when compared to that in CCR7- or BTLA-expressing counterparts that show a more immunocompetent or immunotolerant phenotype, respectively. All these results indicated that adenovirus-mediated CCR7 and BTLA overexpression could enhance immune tolerance and migration of imDCs. Our study provides a basis for further studies on imDCs in immune tolerance, with the goal of developing effective cellular immunotherapies for transplant recipients.
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46

Morita, Masanobu, Akira Kobayashi, Toshiharu Yamashita, Tomomasa Shimanuki, Osamu Nakajima, Satoru Takahashi, Shiro Ikegami, et al. "Functional Analysis of Basic Transcription Element Binding Protein by Gene Targeting Technology." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 7 (April 1, 2003): 2489–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.7.2489-2500.2003.

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ABSTRACT Basic transcription element binding protein (BTEB) is a transcription factor with a characteristic zinc finger motif and is most remarkably enhanced by thyroid hormone T3 treatment (R. J. Denver et al., J. Biol. Chem. 272:8179-8188, 1997). To investigate the function of BTEB per se and to touch on the effects of T3 (3,5,3′-triiodothyronine) on mouse development, we generated BTEB-deficient mice by gene knockout technology. Homologous BTEB−/− mutant mice were bred according to apparently normal Mendelian genetics, matured normally, and were fertile. Mutant mice could survive for at least 2 years without evident pathological defects. From the expression of lacZ, which was inserted into the reading frame of the BTEB gene, BTEB showed a characteristic tissue-specific expression profile during the developmental process of brain and bone. Dramatically increased expression of BTEB was observed in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and pyramidal cell layers of the hippocampus at P7 when synapses start to form in the brain. Although general behavioral activities such as locomotion, rearing, and speed of movement were not so much affected in the BTEB−/− mutant mice, they showed clearly reduced activity levels in rotorod and contextual fear-conditioning tests; this finding was probably due to defective functions of the cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala.
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47

Sun, Yonglian, Matthew Ruddy, Mendy Miller, Yang Wang, Youjin Lee, Jonathan Kaye, Kenneth Murphy, Klaus Pfeffer, and Yang-Xin Fu. "HVEM-BTLA interactions regulate early CD8+ T cell response against Listeria monocytogenes (88.33)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.88.33.

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Abstract Negative regulation of T cell responses at the early phase of an immune response is largely unknown. Here, we show that the newly discovered co-inhibitory interaction between B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) receptor and herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) ligand is essential and sufficient to negatively regulate the early CD8+ T cell response against Listeria monocytogenes infection. BTLA expression is transiently up-regulated on bacteria-specific CD8+ T cells shortly after infection. Both HVEM−/− and BTLA−/−, but not LIGHT−/− mice, demonstrate resistance to Listeria infection. Accordingly, blocking BTLA pathway by antagonist anti-BTLA monoclonal antibody promotes antigen-specific CD8+ T cell expansion and IFN-γ production as well as bacteria clearance in vivo. In contrast, engagement of BTLA inhibitory signal with HVEM-Ig inhibited antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses as well as bacteria clearance in a CD8+ T cell dependent manner, indicating the critical role of CD8+ T cell in early bacteria clearance and that cross-linking BTLA is sufficient to suppress CD8+ T cell response at an early stage. These studies reveal that HVEM-BTLA co-inhibitory interactions play a critical regulatory role in the early stages of the CD8+ T cell response against bacteria infection.
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48

Li, Jun Hui, Shan Shan Dong, and Ho Jae Shim. "Cometabolism of CAHs while Growing on BTEX in Soil Slurry." Advanced Materials Research 807-809 (September 2013): 1662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.807-809.1662.

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An indigenous Pseudomonas sp., isolated from the heavily petroleum-contaminated soil and identified as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, was evaluated for its aerobic cometabolic removal of mixture of two representative chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE), with BTEX/toluene provided as substrate in a laboratory-scale soil slurry. The aerobic simultaneous bioremoval of the cis-DCE/TCE/BTEX mixture was studied under different conditions. Results showed that the increased BTEX concentration from 400 to 600 mg/kg prolonged the bioremoval of BTEX. The cometabolism of cis-DCE and TCE was significantly greater when toluene was provided as growth substrate compared to the BTEX mixture as substrates. Additionally, the bioremoval of toluene in the treatment with toluene as sole growth substrate was higher compared to the treatment with BTEX mixture as substrate. Results would enhance the applicability of bioremediation technology to the mixed wastes-contaminated sites.
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Fu, Yang-Xin, and Xuanming Yang. "Permission of pathogen expansion inside a specialized DC by a co-inhibitory pathway dictates T cell response (P4249)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 130.24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.130.24.

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Abstract B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), a co-inhibitory receptor, is required to suppress T cell mediated immunity. We demonstrated that cross-linking BTLA by herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) suppresses T cell responses against Listeria, while blocking BTLA enhances the T cell response at not only primary but also memory phase. Unexpectedly, BTLA-/- mice have significantly lower CD8+ T cell effector and memory cells while paradoxically being more resistant to Listeria monocytogenes infection. Although there is no reduction in listerial entry into BTLA-/- CD8+ DCs, intriguingly, Listeria fails to expand within these DCs. We show that BTLA signaling is essential for limiting Fas/FasL-mediated suppression of Listeria expansion within host CD8+ DCs, which more effectively alert adaptive immune cells. This study provides new evidence that a co-inhibitory pathway for T cells can increase overall T cell responses by permitting pathogen proliferation within specialized DCs.
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50

Taneepanichsku, Nutta, Wassana Loonsamrong, Tanasorn Tungsaringkarn, Bizu Gelaye, and Michelle A. Williams. "Occupational exposure to BTEX compounds among enclosed multi-storey car park workers in central Bangkok area." Indoor and Built Environment 27, no. 5 (January 22, 2017): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16689408.

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Multi-storey parking structures have potentially high concentrations of benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and xylene (X) – known as BTEX which could cause adverse health effects to humans. This study sought to estimate BTEX exposure concentrations among car park workers and to evaluate the extent to which, if at all, changes in urine metabolites are associated with BTEX exposure. Personal BTEX samples were collected from workers. Pre-shift and post-shift urinary metabolites, trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), hippuric acid (HA) and methyl hippuric acid were assessed using standard procedures. Linear regression models were used to examine associations between BTEX exposure concentrations and changes in urinary metabolites. BTEX concentrations in the car park on Sunday were lower than other days of the week, for instance median concentrations of toluene were 23.3 µg/m3 on Sunday and 48.3 µg/m3 during average weekdays (Tuesday–Friday). Benzene and toluene concentrations adjusted for day of week differences were associated with changes from pre-shift to post-shift in urine t,t-MA and HA, respectively. Car park workers were more likely to be exposed to lower concentrations of BTEX during weekdays compared to weekends. Provision of personal chemical safety protection and rigorous evaluation of its effectiveness in reducing BTEX exposure should be provided to protect workers of car parks.
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