Dissertations / Theses: 'Bt'

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Knowles, Tim C., Vic Wakimoto, Del Wakimoto, and Mike Keavy. "Aflatoxin Contamination of Bt and Non-Bt Cottonseed." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210387.

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Transgenic Bt cotton varieties that are resistant to pink bollworm should sustain less feeding damage to bolls and cottonseed, compared to non-Bt varieties that are more susceptible to feeding damage by pink bollworm larvae. Prior to boll opening, the aflatoxin producing fungus Aspergillus flavus cannot penetrate undamaged cotton bolls. Thus resistance to pink bollworm could result in reduced aflatoxin contamination under high pink bollworm pressure. Cottonseed aflatoxin levels of Bt and non-Bt varieties were compared at various planting and harvest dates. Bt and non-Bt cotton varieties had similar cottonseed aflatoxin levels. Long season production systems favored high cottonseed aflatoxin levels, compared to short season production systems, regardles of the cotton variety grown.

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Rodrigues, Tatiana Rojas. "Distribuição Espacial de Insetos em Algodoeiro Bt e não-Bt." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2008. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/268.

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Among the several options for controlling Alabama argillacea (Hübner) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) larvae on the cotton crop, as insecticides spraying and biological control, the transgenic Bt-cotton has been inserted as an extremely viable alternative, however it is not known with accuracy as the transgenic plants affect the populations of organisms that correlate with each other in an agroecossistem. In that sense, the knowledge of the possible alterations in the spatial disposition of the pests or beneficial insects it is extremely important, because it can alter the sampling method for those species on the crop, besides its control method. This study was carried out aiming to determine the spatial distribution pattern of A. argillacea and H. virescens eggs on cotton crop, cultivars DeltaOpal® (conventional) and DP90B® (Bt-cotton). The data were collected during the agricultural year 2006/2007 in two different areas of 5,000 m2 each one in Dourados region. In each sampling area, composed for 100 plots of 50m2 each one, 15 evaluations were accomplished through the countings of eggs from these pests in two plants per plot. The aggregation indexes (variance/mean rate, Morisita index, and Exponent k of the Negative Binomial Distribution) and the qui-square test with the adjustment of the found and expected values to the frequencies theoretical distributions (Poisson, Negative Binomial, and Positive Binomial) revealed that in the both cultivars the spatial distribution of egss from those species are distributed in agreement to the aggregated spatial distribution model, being adjusted to the pattern of the negative binomial distribution.
Dentre as opções para o controle de lagartas de Alabama argillacea (Hübner) e Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) na cultura algodoeira tem-se, normalmente, a aplicações de inseticidas e o controle biológico. Nesse contexto, o algodão transgênico Bt tem se inserido como uma alternativa extremamente viável, porém não se sabe, com exatidão, como as plantas transgênicas afetam as populações de organismos que se inter-relacionam em um agroecossistema. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento da possível alteração da forma da disposição espacial de insetos pragas, ou benéficos é extremamente importante, pois esta disposição pode alterar o método de amostragem dessas espécies na cultura, além de sua forma de controle. Este estudo foi conduzido buscando investigar o padrão da distribuição espacial de ovos de A. argillacea e de H. virescens em cultivar DeltaOpal® (convencional) e DP90B® (algodão-Bt). A coleta dos dados ocorreu durante o ano agrícola 2006/2007 em duas áreas de 5.000 m2 localizada na região da Grande Dourados. Em cada área amostral, composta por 100 parcelas de 50m2, foram realizadas 15 avaliações com contagens dos ovos das pragas em análise, em duas plantas por parcela. Os índices de agregação (razão variância/média, índice de Morisita e Expoente k da Distribuição Binomial Negativa) e o teste de qui-quadrado, com o ajuste dos valores encontrados e esperados às distribuições teóricas de freqüência (Poisson, Binomial Negativa e Binomial Positiva), mostraram que em ambas cultivares a distribuição espacial de posturas dessas espécies estão distribuídas de acordo com o modelo de distribuição espacial agregada, ajustando-se ao padrão da distribuição binomial negativa

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Luz, Priscila Maria Colombo da. "Noctuóideos e parasitoides associados à soja não-Bt e Bt (Cry1Ac) no Cerrado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/23416.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, 2016.
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O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de soja do mundo, com áreas de cultivo ocupando 3,5% do território nacional. Grande parte da produtividade é oriunda de cultivares transgênicas que expressam a toxina Cry1Ac de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, que visam reduzir densidades populacionais dos lepidópteros praga-chave. A cienciometria realizada nos registros do sítio Web of ScienceTM, aponta um número crescente de pesquisas envolvendo toxinas Cry e os noctuóideos, buscando estratégias e soluções para uma melhor gestão dos agroecossistemas. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em cultivo de soja não-Bt e Bt sem a utilização de inseticidas, na safra 2015/2016, na área experimental da Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF. Foram listadas 13 espécies de noctuóideos associados à cultura da soja, registrando-se pela primeira vez as espécies Elaphria deltoides (Möschler, 1880) e Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus,1758). A baixa incidência de lagartas em campo não atingiu o nível de controle, no entanto o número de lagartas coletadas na soja não-Bt foi 11,5 vezes superior ao encontrado na soja Bt, indicando os efeitos da toxina Cry1Ac sobre os noctuóideos associados à soja. Dessa forma, reforça-se a necessidade de monitoramento das áreas de cultivos de soja, visando a melhor avaliação dos reais acontecimentos em nível de campo. Ao final, aponta-se que o os parasitoides foram beneficiados pelo manejo da área experimental sem a utilização de inseticidas, proporcionando o controle biológico natural com uma taxa de parasitismo superior a 35%.
Brazil is the second largest producer country of soybean in the world, with crop areas occupying 3.5% of the national territory. Most of the productivity comes from transgenic varieties that express the Cry1Ac toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, which aim to reduce the population densities of the moth key pests. In the cienciometry carried out by the registries on the Web of ScienceTM, it is pointed out an increase of investigations involving Cry toxins and noctuids, searching strategies and solutions for a better management of the agroecosystems. Our study realized in the 2015/2016 crops in the experimental area of Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, DF on non-Bt and Bt soybean cultivation areas without insecticides sprayed reports a total of 13 species of noctuids associated with soybean cultivation, with Elaphria deltoides (Möschler, 1880) and Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus,1758) being registered for the first time. The low incidence of caterpillars in the field did not reach the Control Level, however the number of caterpillars collected in non-Bt soybean was 11.5 times higher than that found in Bt soybean, indicating the effects of the Cry1Ac toxin on the noctuids associated with soybean. Therefore, it is necessary to reinforce monitor soybean crop areas, aiming at the best evaluation of the real events at the field level. It is pointed out that the parasitoids were benefited by the management of the experimental area without the use of insecticides, providing the natural biological control with a parasitism rate up to 35%.

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Fanela, Thiago Luis Martins. "Caracterização de movimento larval de importantes noctuídeos-praga em soja Bt e não Bt /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191421.

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Orientador: Edson Luiz Baldin
Resumo: Embora o Brasil seja o segundo maior produtor de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] do mundo, a produtividade desse grão é afetada diretamente pela incidência de insetos-praga. Dentre as pragas, os lepidópteros Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) e Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) (Noctuidae) têm causado danos expressivos nos últimos anos. As práticas de controle mais empregadas no manejo dessas pragas envolvem a aplicação de inseticidas sintéticos e o uso da tecnologia Bt. No entanto, a movimentação larval dessas espécies pode comprometer essas estratégias, com impactos relevantes sobre o Manejo Integrado de Pragas (MIP) e o Manejo de Resistência de Insetos (MRI). Para a espécie S. eridania, existe um agravante, visto que a mesma apresenta baixa suscetibilidade à toxina Cry1Ac. Nesse sentido, esse estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a movimentação de diferentes ínstares larvais dessas duas espécies e o possível impacto que esse comportamento tem sobre o MIP e MRI. Assim, foram realizados estudos de movimentação larval na planta e entre plantas em cultivares de soja Bt (TMG 7062 IPRO) e não Bt (TMG 7262 e 92Y83 “Pioneer”) em período reprodutivo sob condições de laboratório, casa de vegetação e campo. Nos estudos de movimentação na planta. Foram avaliadas a distribuição larval em três posições (superior, mediano e basal) das plantas e em diferentes períodos, além da permanência dos insetos sobre as plantas. Os estudos de movimentação larval entre plantas tiveram como objetivo caracteri... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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Silvertooth, J. C., E. R. Norton, S. H. Husman, T. Knowles, and D. Howell. "Agronomic Evaluations of Bt Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210928.

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In 1996 transgenic Bt cotton was first grown on a commercial level in Arizona and the U.S. cottonbelt. Insecticidal properties of Bt varieties had been evaluated rather thoroughly in both the private and public sectors prior to commercial release. However, the agronomic characteristics had not been evaluated to any sufficient extent beyond the level of the developing companies. Lab and field tests were conducted in Arizona in 1996 dealing with the Delta and Pine Land Co. (DPL) companion varieties 5415/NuCOTN 33b (similar to 5415 but with the Bt gene) and 5690/NuCOTN 35b (with Bt gene). Most field comparisons were between 5415 and 33b. Lab and field studies revealed very similar agronomic characteristics between the companion varieties. No differences were detected with respect to heat tolerance, as determined by comparative fruit loss and abortion rates at the onset of the monsoon season. Only slightly higher vigor or growth rates were noted for 33b over 5415, which was considered to be negligible. Yield results revealed higher lint yields for 33b over 5415 in most cases. The difference in yields were attributed to pink bollworm infestations and damage, even when chemical control measures were being taken. It was concluded that 33b, as a transgenic version of 5415, is indeed very close to it's non-Bt counterpart.

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Cotty, P. J., D. R. Howell, C. Bock, and A. Tellez. "Aflatoxin Contamination of Bt Cottonseed." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211132.

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Transgenic Bt cotton may have reduced susceptibility to aflatoxin contamination as a result of pink bollworm resistance. During 1995 and 1996, Bt cottonseed from several commercial fields in Arizona contained aflatoxin levels unacceptable for dairy use. Comparison of cottonseed with and without BGYF (bright-green-yellow fluorescence) from one highly contaminated (> 6,000 ppb aflatoxin Bj) Bt seed lot indicated that most contamination probably resulted from exposure of mature cotton to high humidity. Seed exhibiting BGYF was repeatedly detected in Bt cottonseed lots but, pink bollworm exit holes were not observed in the field. A field plot test in 1996 demonstrated high resistance among Bt cultivars to both pink bollworm damage and formation of BGYF seed cotton. These observations suggest that resistance to pink bollworm will result in reduced aflaaoxin contamination when pink bollworm pressure coincides with conditions conducive to Aspergillus flavus infection. However, Bt cultivars are not resistant to aflatoxin increases occurring after boll opening and large quantities aflatoxin can form during this period. If insect control provided by Bt cultivars leads growers to hold crops in the field longer, most advantages of Bt cotton in aflatoxin management may be lost. Combined use of Bt cultivars and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus may result in the most reliable control of aflatoxin contamination.

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Bilíková, Eva. "Marketingový plán pro BT SERVIS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225036.

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The scope of this diploma thesis is the creation of a marketing strategy for the BT servis company, which is about to open a new branch office in the South Moravian Region. The First part introduces the theoretical bases, which relates to the issue. The Next is the analysis of the current state of the business and its surroundings. Information collected are evaluated and then the marketing strategy is created for the period of one year.

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Knowles, Tim C., Tim J. Dennehy, and Albert Rovey. "Late Season Pink Bollworm Pressure in the Top Crop of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197248.

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Green bolls (100/field) were sampled from the uppermost internodes within adjacent fields of Bt (Deltapine 33B) and non-Bt refuge (Hyperformer HS 44 or Deltapine 20) experiencing severe pink bollworm pressure late in the growing season. Evidence of 3rd instar or larger pink bollworm larvae survival was higher in susceptible bolls sampled from transgenic Bt cotton late in the 1998 growing season, compared to that observed late in the 1997 growing season.

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Knowles, Tim C., Tim J. Dennehy, and Albert Rovey. "Late Season Pink Bollworm Pressure in the Top Crop of Bt and Non-Bt Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210372.

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Green bolls (100/field) were sampled from the uppermost internodes within adjacent fields of Bt (Deltapine 33B) and non-Bt (Hyperformer HS 44) cotton experiencing severe pink bollworm pressure late in the growing season. Average top crop lint yield reductions ranging from 30 to 70% were observed in the uppermost bolls of the non-Bt cotton variety. Average top crop lint yield reductions ranging from 0 to 40% were observed in the uppermost bolls of the transgenic Bt cotton variety.

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Van, Wyk Annemie. "Comparative phenology of Lepidoptera on genetically modified BT- and non-BT maize / A. van Wyk." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/3688.

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The maize stem borers, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) are economically important pests of maize in South Africa. Genetically modified Bt maize (MON810) expressing Cry1Ab protein is used to control these pests on approximately 425 000 hectares in South Africa. Before this study no information was available on the diversity of Lepidoptera on maize in South Africa or the potential impact of Bt maize on non-target Lepidoptera species under field conditions. There was also no information on the susceptibility to Bt maize of another stem borer species, Sesamia calamistis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is not a target species of Bt maize. The aims of this study were to determine which Lepidoptera species occur and feed on maize and could be directly exposed to Bt toxin as well as to assess the levels of infestation of target stem borer species and non-target Lepidoptera species on Bt- and non-Bt maize fields. Field collections of Lepidoptera that were directly exposed to Bt toxin through feeding on Bt maize plants were done between January 2004 and May 2006. Surveys were conducted in the North-West, Free State, Gauteng and Limpopo provinces. In order to quantify infestation levels and incidence of larvae on plants, sampling was done by inspecting between 300 – 900 plants per field. Studies were also done to compare the incidence of damaged plants and larvae on plants between Bt- and adjacent non-Bt maize fields. The susceptibility of S. calamistis to several Bt maize hybrids was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Fifteen species of Lepidoptera were recorded on maize plants. The following six species were recorded to feed on Bt maize and were reared on Bt maize until the adult stage: Acantholeucania loreyi (Noctuidae), Agrotis segetum (Noctuidae), B. fusca (Noctuidae), Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae), Eublemma gayneri (Noctuidae) and Nola phaeocraspis (Nolidae). Although Bt maize was damaged by several species of leaf, stem and ear feeding Lepidoptera in this study, the incidence of damage was always significantly lower on Bt maize fields than susceptible fields. This study provided base line data on Lepidoptera that feed on Bt maize in South Africa. Non-target Lepidoptera species that are directly exposed to Bt toxin was identified. An ecological model wasused to develop a preliminary risk assessment for Bt maize through which priority species for research and monitoring was identified as well as species that are at risk of resistance development.
Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Plant Protection))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

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Faria, Rodrigo Donizeti. "Resistência de genótipos de milho Bt e não-Bt a Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera : Cicadellidae) e molicutes /." Botucatu, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192354.

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Orientador: Edson Luiz Lopes Baldin
Resumo: O milho (Zea mays L.) é um dos principais cereais cultivados no mundo. O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor deste grão ficando atrás somente da China e dos Estados Unidos da América. A cigarrinha Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) causa danos diretos à cultura por meio da sucção contínua de seiva, além de ser vetora de fitopatógenos como o espiroplasma Spiroplasma kunkelli Whitcomb (CSS) e o fitoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (MBSP), molicutes responsáveis por enfezamentos nas lavouras. O uso do controle químico dessa espécie apresenta baixa eficiência por se tratar de um inseto com alto grau de dispersão. A utilização de genótipos resistentes a pragas agrícolas é uma estratégia valiosa e compatível com as demais ferramentas do manejo integrado de pragas (MIP). O presente estudo objetivou avaliar 32 genótipos de milho não-Bt e Bt sob condições de campo, visando caracterizar a expressão de antixenose e a incidência de molicutes. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro na “safrinha” (2018) e o segundo na “safra de verão” (2018/2019). Para a constatação da presença do espiroplasma e do fitoplasma, foi realizada análise PCR na “safra de verão” (2018/2019). Posteriormente, avaliou-se a possível expressão de resistência por antixenose e/ou antibiose em 11 genótipos de milho previamente selecionados no ensaio conduzido a campo (Capítulo 1), sobre D. maidis em casa de vegetação. Os parâmetros biológicos avaliados foram: duração dos estádi... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the main cereals grown in the world. Brazil is the third largest producer of this grain behind only China and the United States of America. The leafhopper Dalbulus maidis (DeLong & Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) causes direct damage to the crop through the continuous suction of sap, in addition to being a vector of phytopathogens such as the Spiroplasma kunkelli Whitcomb (CSS) and the phytoplasma Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (MBSP), responsible for red stunt. The use of chemical control of this species has low efficiency because it is an individual with a high degree of dispersion. The use of genotypes resistant to agricultural pests is a valuable strategy and compatible with other integrated pest management (IPM) tools. The present study aimed to evaluate 32 no-Bt and Bt corn genotypes under field conditions, aiming to characterize the expression of antixenosis and the incidence of molicutes. Two experiments were carried out, the first in the second harvest (2018) and the second in the first harvest (2018/2019). To contact the presence of spiroplasma and phytoplasma, PCR analysis was performed in the first harvest (2018/2019). Subsequently, the possible expression of resistance by antixenosis and /or antibiosis was evaluated in 11 corn genotypes previously selected in the field trial (Chapter 1), on D. maidis in a greenhouse. The biological parameters evaluated were: duration of the stages and the nymphal period, viability per instar and to... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Mildner, Uwe, Angela Kühne, Birgit Pölitz, Karsten Westphal, Olaf Steinhöfel, Annette Schaerff, Birgit Lichtenberg-Kraag, Helga Gruber, and Oliver Roscher. "Anbauversuche mit Bt-Mais in Sachsen." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-68838.

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In mehrjährigen Feldversuchen wurde der Anbau von Bt-Mais mit unbehandelt angebautem Mais und einer Anbauvariante, die mit Insektiziden gegen den Maiszünsler behandelt wurde, verglichen. Untersucht wurden Maiszünslerbefall, entstandene Ertragsverluste, Futterwert, Futterqualität, Polleneintrag in Bienenvölker und Auskreuzung. Ökonomische Vorteile von Bt-Mais zeigen sich bei Körnermais ab Ertragsverlusten von 3 - 7 dt/ha und bei Silomais ab 5 Prozent Ertragsverlust gegenüber der konventionellen Sorte. Eine Veränderung der Futterqualität bei Bt-Mais oder der behandelten Variante konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Bt-Maispolleneintrag in Honig wurde im Spurenbereich nachgewiesen. Die Kennzeichnungsschwelle von 0,9 Prozent wird dabei deutlich unterschritten. Bt-Maispollenanteile im Honig sind in einer Entfernung von 3 km nachweisbar. In Bodenproben konnte keine Anreicherung mit Cry1Ab-Protein, das im Bt-Mais (MON 810) auf den Maiszünsler toxisch wirkt, nachgewiesen werden.

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Pekaric-Falak, Ivana. "The trade effects of Bt corn." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ56359.pdf.

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Martinez, Jeannette Carole. "Theoretically tested remediation in response to insect resistance to Bt corn and Bt cotton| A new paradigm." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3700069.

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Various models of density dependence predicted different evolutionary outcomes for Helicoverpa zea, Diabrotica virgifera, and Ostrinia nubilalis using simple and complex resistance evolution models, different dose assumptions and refuge proportions. Increasing available refuge increased durabilities of pyramided Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs), especially between 1–5%. For some models of density dependence and pests, additional refuge resulted in faster adaptation rates. Significant considerations should be given to a pest's intra-specific competition in simple and complex theoretical models when designing insect resistance management plans.

Life-history, refuge, and dose characteristics of a PIP had different effects on the adaptation rate of a generic pest of Bt, and unexpected outcomes occurred. Intrinsic growth rate 'R₀' was the strongest evolutionary force, and large R₀'s reduced time to resistance for a high dose PIP to similar levels as projected for a low dose PIP. This was caused by differential density dependent effects in refuge and Bt fields that elevated generational resistance increases beyond those from selection alone. Interactions between density dependence and R₀ were always present and further affected the life-time of the PIPs. Varying 'average dispersal distance' did not affect evolutionary outcomes; however, increasing the proportion of the population engaging in dispersal often increased the durability of high dose PIPs. When resistance genes spread from a hypothetical hotspot, local resistance phenomena developed in the immediate surroundings. Higher growth rates lead resistance to spread faster through the landscape than lower rates. Increasing available refuges slowed adaptation rates to single PIPs and low dose pyramids, although non-linear trends were possible.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices at the onset of PIP commercialization slowed pest adaptation rates. For corn rootworm, interspersing non-selective periods with IPM+IRM delayed resistance evolution, yet crop rotation was the best strategy to delay resistance. For bollworm inclusion of isoline corn as an IPM tool did not increase the life-time of the PIP. A local resistance phenomenon for rootworm was maintained immediately surrounding the hotspot; random selection of mitigatory strategies in the landscape slowed adaptation rates while mitigation in the hotspot alone did not. Mitigation extended the life-time of the pyramid minimally for both corn rootworm and bollworm.

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Heuberger, Shannon. "Understanding Transgene Flow from Bt Cotton into Non-Bt Cotton Fields and its Consequences for Pest Resistance Evolution." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196057.

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Refuges of non-Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton are used to delay Bt resistance in several key insect pests. In 2004, I discovered that Bt cotton plants sometimes enter refuges via the seed bag, and hypothesized that this type of gene flow could have important effects on resistance evolution in insect pests. In the research described herein, I investigated the sources of Bt plants in the non-Bt cotton seed supply and assessed the potential implications of this gene flow on pest resistance evolution. I report results from an empirical study of gene flow in 15 non-Bt cotton seed production fields, as well as results from simulation modeling studies of gene flow from one-toxin and two-toxin Bt cotton. The current policy on gene flow from genetically engineered crops in the United States is also reviewed, including the implications of my research findings for policymakers. Key findings of this study included the prominent role of seed-mediated gene flow in the seed-production setting, and the utility of a geographic information system (GIS) ring analysis approach for describing pollen-mediated gene flow in cotton fields. Modeling results indicated that high rates of gene flow of Bt cotton into refuges could have large effects on pest resistance evolution under certain sets of assumptions, particularly in parts of the world where farm-saved seed is planted year after year in cotton fields. It appears that some of these effects could be mitigated by using non-cotton refuges or by using plants that contain linked transgenes that confer multiple toxins. There are no clear regulations in the United States regarding gene flow of Bt cotton into refuge seed or into seed production fields of non-Bt cotton, as Bt cotton has been deregulated following extensive safety testing. Nevertheless, results from this research suggest that limiting gene flow into refuge seed could be important for sustaining the efficacy of Bt cotton against targeted insect pests in regions where refuges are used.

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Kabaalioğlu, Nilgün Uygur Kemal. "Akut sinüzitte paranazal BT bulgularının semptomlarla korelasyonu /." Isparta : SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi, 2001. http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TT00070.pdf.

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Jensen, Mari N. "Designer Toxins Kill Bt- Resistant Insect Pests." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622102.

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Dubec, Linda, and Emma Lif. "Is Bt cotton a magic wand? : A Minor Field Study about farmers' experiences of Bt cotton cultivation, Maharashtra, India." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68983.

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This study aimed to examine farmers’ descriptions of their experiences of cultivating Bt cotton and to see whether or not the farmers’ descriptions of their experiences are in coherence with the purposes with Bt cotton. This was carried out through qualitative semi-structured interviews with Bt cotton farmers in Vidarbha, Maharashtra, and a qualitative content analysis of the farmers’ descriptions. Our conclusions are among other, that the experiences of the farmers are various. Some farmers have experienced what Bt cotton was aimed to lead to; higher yields and reduced use of pesticides while other farmers have experienced the opposite.

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Henneberry, T. J., Jech L. Forlow, and la Torre T. de. "Cabbage Looper, Tobacco Budworm, and Beet Armyworm Larval Mortalities, Development and Foliage Consumption on Bt and Non-Bt Cottons." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197915.

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Tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae were highly susceptible to feeding on Bt cotton leaves or flower buds with 100% and 96% mortality occurring within 4 days, respectively, compared to an average mortality of 95% for cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), and 57% for beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), after 14 days feeding on Bt leaves. Larval weights, of CL and BAW after 7, 10, or 14 days of feeding on Bt leaves were lower compared with those feeding on non-Bt cotton leaves. BAW, CL, and TBW larvae consumed significantly less Bt leaf area per feeding day compared with DPL 5415.

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Zaayman, Jazel Larissa. "Bt maize and frogs : an investigation into possible adverse effects of Bt toxin exposure to amphibian larvae / J.L. Zaayman." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9869.

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Genetically modified maize expressing the Bt-protein Cry1Ab (Bt maize) is planted widely in South Africa. Crop residues of Bt maize often end up in aquatic ecosystems where aquatic organisms are exposed to Cry1Ab protein. The effect of this protein on non-target aquatic organisms has not yet been studied in South Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of exposure to Bt maize on morphological development of Xenopus laevis and Amietophrynus gutturalis tadpoles. Three experiments were conducted with each of X. laevis and A. gutturalis. Five of these were conducted in the bio-secure Amphibian Biology laboratory and one with A. gutturalis in a shade-house facility where microcosms were exposed to natural conditions. In the first experiment of X. laevis and A. gutturalis, which was replicated three times, large portions of maize leaves were placed in the bottoms of microcosms. X. laevis received supplementary pulverised leaves in suspension while A. gutturalis tadpoles fed on provided leaves. For both control and experimental groups microcosms were divided in three groups receiving respectively 15, 30 and 45 g of maize leaves. In the second and third experiment tadpoles only received pulverised Bt maize leaves in suspension. Each replicate (microcosm) contained 50 one-day old tadpoles. Experiment two was conducted to determine whether the Bt-protein has adverse effects on A. gutturalis tadpoles when tadpoles are exposed to the protein in the water but not feeding on the plant material. A total of 100 tadpoles were used during the experiment and tadpoles were placed individually in 250 ml plastic cups that were filled with 100 ml water witch contained an extract of either Bt and non-Bt maize leaves. Tadpoles were fed twice a week with TetraTabimin bottom-feeding fish pellets in suspension. Experiment three was conducted to determine whether the Bt-protein will have adverse effects on A. gutturalis tadpoles when tadpoles feed on Bt maize leaves. Tadpoles were divided into a treatment in which 50 tadpoles were fed Bt maize leaves and a control treatment in which 50 tadpoles were fed non-Bt maize leaves. Tadpoles were placed individually in 250 ml plastic cups that were each filled with 100 ml borehole water. On a weekly basis 10 randomly selected tadpoles were collected, measured and staged for morphological development, using the Nieuwkoop and Faber Normal Table for X. laevis and Gosner stages for A. gutturalis tadpoles. The significant effects observed in some life history parameters of tadpoles exposed to Cry1Ab protein cannot be ascribed to the effect of the protein. Poor husbandry turned out to be the single most important confounding factor. Before follow-up studies are conducted husbandry practices should be optimized.
Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

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21

Sturza, Vinícius Soares. "População, danos e parasitoides larvais de spodoptera frugiperda (j. e smith) (lepidoptera: noctuidae) em milho bt e não-bt." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5050.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the Fall armyworm, has led to increased adoption of Bt maize genotypes in Brazil. However, the field impacts on parasitoids of using these genotypes, especially those associated with the larval stage of this insect pest, are little known. The aim of this study was to evaluate two different Bt maize genotypes and its isoline (non-Bt) on Fall armyworm larvae population, its damage to maize plants and its larval parasitoids in early and late cropping season (sowing dates). The experiments were conducted in areas of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, which were grown three maize areas in both early an late sowing, with the treatments: control (non-Bt), YieldGard®, expressing the Bt toxin Cry1Ab and Herculex®, which expresses the Bt toxin Cry1F, all comercial hybrids 30F53 and isolines among them. The area of each treatment was divided into 20 points, 36 m2 each, composed by 12 rows of 6 m, where 4 plants per point were randomly sampled, totaling 80 sampled plants per treatment. In early and late season, 14 maize plant surveys were made and afterwards transferred to the laboratory and evaluated for: number of S. frugiperda egg masses, total and percentage of collected larvae, in different size ranges (up to 0.5 , 0.6 to 1.0, 1.1 to 1.5, 1.6 to 2.0 and > 2.0 cm), total and average larvae per plant in different size ranges, percentage of plants without damage, with scratches and leaf holes on the whorl; percentage and mean number of parasitized larvae, number of emerged parasitoids and percentage of parasitism by the main parasitoids found. The results on percentage were compared among evaluation dates by t test between two proportions. For the other results t test for two independent samplings with Bootstrap resampling (10000 simulations). There was a greater number of egg masses in Bt Herculex® and Bt YieldGard® genotypes, in early and late sowing dates, respectively, with a predominance of up to 0.5 cm size larvae, especially in Bt genotypes, and higher larvae mortality by Bt Herculex® than Bt YieldGard®. Undamaged plants in the whorl predominate in Bt Herculex® area, in both sowing seasons, and the low incidence of whorl leaf wholes was predominant in both Bt genotypes in both sowing seasons. The predominance among larval parasiotids was of Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead, 1890) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Chelonus insularis Cresson, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in early and late sowing seasons, respectively. Parasitized larvae occurred more frequently in late sowing season, for the three genotypes with higher parasitism in non-Bt maize and Bt YieldGard® in early and late seasons, respectively. The low amount of parasitoids found in Bt Herculex® was associated with the low larvae survivorship.
A ocorrência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a lagarta-do-cartucho, levou ao aumento da adoção de genótipos de milho Bt no Brasil. No entanto, são pouco conhecidos os impactos da utilização desses materiais sobre os parasitoides desse inseto-praga, em especial aqueles associados à fase larval. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dois genótipos de milho Bt e suas isolinhas (não-Bt) sobre populações de larvas de S. frugiperda, além dos danos e parasitoides larvais, em semeadura de safra (do cedo) e safrinha (do tarde). Os experimentos foram realizados em três áreas de milho, situadas em Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, cultivadas em duas épocas (safra e safrinha), com os tratamentos: testemunha (não-Bt), Bt Yieldgard®, com expressão da toxina Cry1Ab, e Bt Herculex®, que expressa a toxina Cry1F, todos híbridos comerciais 30F53 e isolinhas entre si. A área de cada tratamento foi dividida em 20 parcelas, de 36 m2 cada, compostas de 12 linhas de 6 m de comprimento, em que foram amostradas, aleatoriamente, quatro plantas por parcela, totalizando 80 plantas amostradas por área em cada data de amostragem. Em cada época, safra e safrinha, foram realizadas 14 coletas de plantas de milho, sendo que essas foram transferidas para o laboratório e avaliadas quanto ao número de posturas de S. frugiperda encontradas em laboratório, número de larvas coletadas em diferentes faixas de comprimento (até 0,5; 0,6-1,0; 1,1-1,5; 1,6-2,0 e >2,0 cm), de plantas sem danos, com raspagens e com perfurações no cartucho de larvas parasitadas e de parasitoides emergidos. Os resultados percentuais foram comparados entre as datas de avaliação mediante o teste t entre duas proporções. Para os demais resultados foram realizados contrastes por data de avaliação utilizando o teste t para duas amostras independentes, com Reamostragem Bootstrap (10.000 simulações). Houve maior número de posturas nos genótipos Bt Herculex® e Yieldgard®, na safra e na safrinha, respectivamente, um predomínio de larvas com até 0,5 cm, especialmente nos genótipos Bt, e maior mortalidade das mesmas no Bt Herculex® do que no Bt Yieldgard®. As plantas sem danos no cartucho predominaram em área com Bt Herculex®, tanto na safra quanto na safrinha, e a baixa incidência de perfurações no cartucho predominou em ambos os genótipos Bt, nas duas épocas. O predomínio dentre os parasitoides foi de Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead, 1890) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) e Chelonus insularis Cresson, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), em cultivo de safra e safrinha, respectivamente. As larvas parasitadas ocorrem em maior número nos cultivos de safrinha, com maior parasitismo em milho não-Bt e Bt Yieldgard®, na safra e na safrinha, respectivamente. A menor quantidade de parasitoides encontrada no Bt Herculex® foi associada à baixa sobrevivência de larvas.

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Horikoshi, Renato Jun. "Dominância funcional e monitoramento da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) a tecnologias Bt no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-10052016-104045/.

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Plantas transgênicas que expressam toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) têm sido amplamente utilizadas para o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) no Brasil. Entretanto, a evolução da resistência é um dos maiores entraves para a continuidade do uso desta tecnologia. Para subsidiar programas de Manejo da Resistência de Insetos (MRI), foram conduzidos estudos para o aprimoramento dos programas de manejo da resistência de S. frugiperda a tecnologias Bt. Foram realizadas estudos para determinar a dominância funcional da resistência de S. frugiperda a tecnologias Bt mediante a avaliação da sobrevivência de larvas neonatas provenientes das linhagens de S. frugiperda resistentes ao milho Herculex® que expressa a proteína Cry1F (HX-R), ao milho YieldGard VT PRO™ que expressa as proteínas Cry1A.105 e Cry2Ab2 (VT-R), ao milho PowerCore™ que expressa as proteínas Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 e Cry1F (PW-R), e ao milho Agrisure Viptera™ que expressa a proteína Vip3Aa20 (Vip-R), além da linhagem suscetível (Sus) e de suas respectivas linhagens heterozigotas em diversas tecnologias de milho e algodão Bt. Posteriormente, um método prático para o monitoramento fenotípico da suscetibilidade a diferentes tecnologias de milho e algodão Bt foi testado a partir da avaliação da sobrevivência de larvas neonatas em folhas de plantas Bt em populações de S. frugiperda provenientes dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Goiás e Bahia na safra agrícola 2014/15. E por último, a estimativa da frequência de alelos de resistência de S. frugiperda a Vip3Aa20 foi validada pelo método de F1 screen. Em geral, observou-se alta mortalidade dos heterozigotos nas tecnologias Bt testadas, comprovando que a resistência de S. frugiperda a proteínas Bt é funcionalmente recessiva o que suporta a estratégia de refúgio em programas de MRI. Verificou-se também que linhagens resistentes a eventos que expressam proteínas Cry não sobrevivem em tecnologias que expressam proteína Vip. No monitoramento prático da suscetibilidade a tecnologias Bt, sobrevivência larval superior a 70% foi observada para populações de campo do Paraná, Goiás e Bahia no milho Herculex®. Em tecnologias de milho PowerCore™ e YieldGard VT PRO™ houve sobrevivência larval variando de 1,1 a 17,9%. Em contraste, não houve sobreviventes em tecnologias de milho Viptera™. Em algodão WideStrike® que expressa as proteínas Cry1Ac e Cry1F, sobrevivência acima de 41% foi observada para populações de campo de S. frugiperda. A sobrevivência larval em Bollgard II® que expressa as proteínas Cry1Ac e Cry2Ab2 variou de 14 a 40%. No algodão TwinLink® que expressa as proteínas Cry1Ab e Cry2Ae, a sobrevivência larval das populações foi menor que 20%. O método de F1 screen foi eficiente na detecção de alelos de resistência a Vip3Aa20 em populações de S. frugiperda provenientes de diferentes regiões produtoras de milho no Brasil na safra 2014/2015. De 263 isofamílias testadas, foram detectadas três isofamílias positivas oriundas do Paraná, Mato Grosso e Goiás. A frequência de resistência estimada a Vip3Aa20 variou de 0,0140 a 0,0367 nas populações avaliadas, sendo que a frequência total foi de 0,0076. Neste estudo, fornecemos informações para refinar as estratégias de MRI, além de introduzir novas técnicas para monitorar a resistência de S. frugiperda a tecnologias Bt no Brasil.
Transgenic plants expressing toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) have been widely used to the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Brazil. However, the resistance evolution is one of the major threats to the continuous use of this technology. To subsidize Insect Resistance Management (IRM), studies were conducted to improve S. frugiperda resistance management programs to Bt technologies. Studies to determine functional dominance of resistance of S. frugiperda to Bt technologies were conducted by evaluating neonate larval survival of S. frugiperda strains resistant to Herculex® maize expressing Cry1F protein (HX-R), to YieldGard VT PRO™ maize expressing Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins (VT-R), to PowerCore™ maize expressing Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab2 and Cry1F proteins (PW-R) and to Agrisure Viptera™ maize expressing Vip3Aa20 protein (Vip- R), in addition to susceptible strain (Sus) and the respective heterozygous strains in several Bt maize and cotton technologies cultivated in Brazil. Then, a practical method for phenotypic resistance monitoring of several Bt maize and cotton were tested, based on neonate larval survival on Bt leaf tissue in S. frugiperda populations collected from Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, São Paulo, Goiás and Bahia States. Finally, the F1 screen method was validated to estimate the frequency of Vip3Aa20 resistance alleles in S. frugiperda. In general, high mortality of heterozygous individuals was observed on Bt technologies, confirming that resistance of S. frugiperda to Bt proteins is functionally recessive and supporting the importance of refuge areas in IRM programs. No larval survival on Vip expressing maize was found with strains of S. frugiperda resistant to maize expressing Cry toxins. In the practical resistance monitoring, more than 70% of larval survival in field populations of S. frugiperda from Paraná, Goiás and Bahia was detected in Herculex® maize. Larval survival on PowerCore™ and YieldGard VT PRO™ maize technologies ranged from 1.1 to 17.9%. In contrast, no larval survival of field populations was observed on Viptera™ maize technologies. On WideStrike® cotton, more than 41% larval survival was observed in field populations of S. frugiperda. The larval survival was on Bollgard II® ranged from 14 to 40%. In TwinLink® the larval survival was lower than 20%. The F1 screen method was efficient in detecting Vip3Aa20 resistance alleles in field populations of S. frugiperda. From a total of 263 isofamily lines tested, three positive isofamily lines from Paraná, Mato Grosso and Goiás were found. The frequency of Vip3Aa20 resistance alleles ranged from 0.0140 to 0.0367, with overall frequency of 0.0076. In this study, we provide valuable information to improve IRM strategies and propose new methods to monitor resistance of S. frugiperda to Bt technologies in Brazil.

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Andersson, Kim, and Ridder Henk de. "Förbättring av slangtillverkningen på BT : En produktionsteknisk studie." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11425.

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BT Products avdelning för slangtillverkning har i dagsläget problem med att klara av dagens produktionstakt. Målet med detta arbete är att identifiera och komma till rätta med dagens problem samt förbereda avdelningen inför en taktökning från dagens 50 000 till 60 000 truckar per år.

I arbetets första skede gjordes en beskrivning av nuläget. Detta genom att observera och aktivt delta i arbete på avdelningen, intervjua personal, samla in data och göra en tidsstudie. Med resultatet av tidsstudien och datainsamlingen gjordes en beräkning av hur mycket tid som behövs för att hinna med dagens produktionstakt. Beräkningen visade att drygt hälften av den tillgängliga tiden borde räcka för att klara denna och att maskinernas kapacitet gott och väl räcker till. De problem som identifierats som orsak till att produktionen ändå inte hinns med är främst dålig layout, ineffektiva arbetssätt, onödiga arbetsmoment samt planeringsproblem kopplat till eftersläpning i produktionen.

För att åtgärda dessa problem och förbereda slangavdelningen för en 60 000 takt har en rad förbättringsförslag arbetats fram. Ett förslag på en ny layout har gjorts för att uppnå ett bättre flöde i produktionen med mindre transporter och färre onödiga förflyttningar. Ett införande av standardiserat arbete bör göras för att säkerställa att alltid det mest effektiva arbetssättet används. Fler maskiner behöver inte införskaffas för att klara av produktionen, om de inte köps in i syfte att användas som säkerhetskapacitet, men en del hjälputrustning bör införskaffas för att underlätta och förbättra arbetet på avdelningen. Exempel på detta är en bättre slangvinda, streckkodläsare och monteringsutrustning.

The department for hydraulic hose manufacturing at BT Products has problems keeping up with today’s productionpase. The goal for this project is to identify and fix today’s problems and prepare the hosemanufacturing department for an increasment in productionpase from today’s 50 000 to 60 000 forklifts per year.

To begin with an analysis of the situation today was made, this by observing and participating in the daily work at the department, interviewing the personal, collecting data and performing a timestudy. The results of the timestudy combined with the collected data were used to calculate the time needed to cope with today’s productionpase. The calculation showed that a little more than half the available time should be enough to do this and that the capacity of the machines is by far more than needed. The problems identified causing the department falling behind is mainly bad layout, ineffective operation routines, unnecessary operations and planning problems due to delays in the production.

In order to fix these problems and prepare the hosemanufacturing department for the increased productionpase a series of suggestions for improvement has been developed. A suggestion for a new layout has been made in order to reach a better productionflow with less transports and unnecessary movements. An implementation of standardized operations should be made in order to be sure that the best operations routine always is used. Investments in new machines are not necessary to cope with the future productionpase unless they are bought in purpose to serve as safetycapacity. However investments in some smaller equipment are necessary to ease and improve the daily work at the department. Examples of equipment needed are a better hosereel, barcode reader and assemble equipment.

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Gustafsson, Fredrik, and Fredrik Trygg. "Outsourcing : En analys av transportplaneringsprocessen vid BT - Europe." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Business Studies, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-532.

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Syftet med den här undersökningen är att beskriva och analysera vilka fördelar och nackdelar det finns med att utkontraktera en transportplaneringsprocess till en extern part. Undersökningen genomfördes på uppdrag av BT-Europe i Mjölby på avdelningen som ansvarar för distribution av produkter och reservdelar. BT är i grunden ett svenskt företag som startade sin verksamhet 1946 och är idag världsledande tillverkare av eldrivna lagertruckar. År 2000 förvärvades BT av Toyota och detta skapade en världsledande konstellation inom truckbranschen.

Bakgrunden till undersökningens syfte är att arbetet med att effektivisera och förbättra transportplaneringsprocessen inom BT har blivit eftersatt på grund av den kraftiga produktionsökningen de senaste 5 åren. Detta har lett till stigande kostnader för distribution av färdiga produkter och reservdelar.

I dagsläget finns inget centralt kontrollorgan över transportplaneringsprocessen på BT utan all transportplanering av produkter och reservdelar till truckar, sker lokalt på varje marknadsbolag i Västeuropa. I en framtid har BT som förhoppning att bedriva transportplaneringsprocessen på central nivå, antingen inom koncernen eller genom att utkontraktera transportplaneringsprocessen till en extern part, det vill säga till ett fjärdepartslogistikföretag.

Vid beslut om transportplaneringsprocessen ska genomföras centralt internt eller utföras externt med hjälp av en fjärdepartslogistiker finns en rad viktiga faktorer att ta i beaktning. De faktorer som valts att studera i denna undersökning är kärnverksamhet, processens mognad, flexibilitet, kontroll, beroende och transaktionskostnader. Dessa faktorer studeras genom att undersöka inom vilka områden BT anser sig att besitta kärnkompetens idag och i en framtid, samt hur BT ser på faktorer som flexibilitet, beroende och kontroll vid en eventuell outsourcing. Genom att ställa detta mot vad fjärdepartlogistikföretag erbjuder för lösningar till sina kunder och hur de hantera faktorer som flexibilitet, kontroll och beroende, kan för- och nackdelar med en utkontraktering av transportplaneringsprocessen definieras.

En fördel med att utkontraktera transportplaneringsprocessen uppnås genom att ingå ett samarbete med en fjärdepartslogistiker och därigenom kan BT få tillgång till spetskompetens och tillgång till större distributionsnätverk.

En annan fördel med ett nära samarbete med en leverantör av fjärdepartslogistiska tjänster är att det kan skapa ökad flexibilitet för BT. Detta genom att BT i ett samarbete kan tillgå skräddarsydda lösningar för företagsunika behov samtidigt som möjligheten att byta transportleverantörer ökar, då fjärdepartsaktörer vanligen arbeter med korttidskontrakt emot transportföretagen

Nackdelar som kan uppkomma med utkontraktering av transportplaneringsprocessen är att denna process kan komma att ses som betydande för framtida verksamhet. Det kan då vara förenat med risk att tappa kompetens inom området.

En nackdel är även att outsourcing av transportplaneringsprocessen kan innebär en beroendeställning för BT gentemot en tilltänkt fjärdepartsleverantör. Kontrollen av processen som koordinerar försörjningen av färdiga produkter och reservdelar från BT till företagets kunder eller marknadsbolag överlämnas därmed till en extern part.

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Mikulášová, Jana. "Zvláštnosti podnikání v biotechnologiích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-7660.

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Use of biotechnology in agriculture has become beneficial for many farmers. However, growing of genetically modified crops has it's own specifics. Paper describes and evaluates specifics of use of biotechnologies in agriculture in the Czech Republic.

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Silva, João Pedro. "Produção de Milho Bt em solo alcalino de irrigação em gotas." Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 2018. http://bdtd.inpa.gov.br/handle/tede/2600.

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Submitted by Repositorio Tarefa (tarefarepositorio@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T18:09:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 MilhoBtAnaLuciadaSilva.pdf: 210188 bytes, checksum: 48be6db4c74cfd24c695d9be1afaf99a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T18:09:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MilhoBtAnaLuciadaSilva.pdf: 210188 bytes, checksum: 48be6db4c74cfd24c695d9be1afaf99a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-15
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Maize Bt is obtained through the genetic transformation between the culture with genes of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, responsible for promoting the expression of proteins with insecticidal action. A job that requires a lot of research, investment and time, so it is so important to plant the refuge.
O milho Bt é obtido por meio da transformação genética entre a cultura com genes da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis, responsáveis por promover a expressão de proteínas com ação inseticida. Um trabalho que exige muita pesquisa, investimento e tempo, por isso é tão importante o plantio do refúgio.

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Rozumna, Yuliia. "The interrelatedness of doctrine and ascetic life : St Basil of Caesarea's proof of the divinity of the Holy Spirit." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51735/.

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This thesis comprises the comprehensive study of St Basil of Caesarea’s theology of the Holy Spirit. It is argued that St Basil believes in the divinity of the Spirit, even though he never calls him ‘God’ or ‘of the same nature’ (homoousion) with the Father and the Son. This silence can be explained by the fact that the nature of the Spirit is such that it cannot be revealed. The Spirit reveals the Son, but stays hidden himself. In the present age we can only judge about the nature of the Spirit from Scripture, his actions in the world, and in the lives of prominent ascetics. In this thesis we demonstrate that St Basil defends the divinity of the Spirit not only from traditional ideas of agency of the Spirit in inspiration of Scripture and in baptism, and not only in sanctification, but also from his role in creating the world, angels and humanity, his role in teaching true doctrines and guiding the Christians, in supporting humans in their ascetic struggles, and in providing knowledge of the Father and the Son. St Basil affirms the divine nature of the Spirit by describing his divine activities in all spheres of human life and in the history of humanity, by asserting his equal honour (homotimia) with the other two Persons and his sharing in communion (koinonia) of the Father and the Son. Moreover, it is argued that for St Basil the ascetic life is grounded in the right doctrines, especially doctrine on the Spirit, and that one can understand the true doctrines only by living an ascetic life, that is, the life in the Spirit. We show that St Basil’s teaching on the divinity of the Spirit is evident in his ascetic works, but also that his dogmatic letters and treatises speak of the ascetic life. Finally, it is demonstrated that the theologian addresses his ascetic ideals to the whole of the Church and not just to monastics. He explains the truth of the doctrine of the Spirit to lay people, clergy, and ascetics. The Spirit is divine and communicates divine life through and in himself.

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28

Steinbrecher, Isolde. "Effects of Bt transgenes on herbivorous insect-parasitoid interactions." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974147257.

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29

Johansson, Markus, and Marcus Larsson. "Totalkostnadsanalys : En studie av materialflödet på BT Powered Trucks." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-51047.

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BT Powered Trucks (BTP) is a company belonging to the Material Handling Division of Toyota Industries Corporation. BTP is located in the town Mjölby where they produce different types of forklifts for indoor use. The year 2008 was for BTP, similar to many other companies, a year with a high turnover. Though, since then the inflow of orders has been drastically reduced, a phenomenon that more than anything else can be said to depend on the worldwide economic turndown. That has in turn brought a higher cost awareness to the company.

Today BTP believes that its material supply is costing a large amount of money every year and therefore the company wants to investigate if they can reduce these costs. To do that, a complete picture of the material supply costs is needed, and in particular how a changed transport strategy affects this total cost.

Thus, the purpose with this study has been to perform a total cost analysis of BTP´s raw material flow from suppliers to the own production process and in the next step investigate how this total cost can be reduced with a changed material supply strategy. A basic delimitation that is done is that the study only analyzes the supply from BTP´s Swedish suppliers.

In the study we have made an analysis model, which we later on follows in order to fulfil the purpose of the study. The first step in the model involved a mapping of the material flow as it is today followed by cost calculations of the flows´ different parts. Finally, a number of different material supply strategies have been evolved. With the theoretical framework and BTPs’ organization as base, we separated the material flow into different parts. The total cost which has calculated in the study can be seen in the following table.

Transport 10 700 000 kr

Material planning 3 485 000 kr

Material handling 8 545 000 kr

Inventory carrying 5 180 000 kr

Total cost 27 910 000 kr

The biggest contribution by this study is the full scale approach that has been taken involving the whole material supply from the Swedish suppliers. By that we have showed which parts of the flow that stands for the largest costs and, in the next stage, left suggestions of possible improvements and the consequences the suggestions would have on an article level. It has been shown how the four separate costs; Material planning, Transport, Material Handling and Inventory carrying costs is related to each other and how the total cost is affected when you try to reduce one of these costs. The cost changes that have calculated for the new strategies have been done for number of different articles. If BTP wants to implement these strategies full scale they first have to calculate how a changed strategy would affect a larger amount of articles. The suggestion that where supposed to reduce the largest cost, the transport cost, affected the total cost different for different articles. The result of the suggestion is presented report.

The study is also supposed to give BTP a method for the company to use when it want calculate costs or analyze effects of changes in the material flow structure.

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30

Sieglaff, D. H., Peter C. Ellsworth, Jeffrey C. Silvertooth, and E. Hamilton. "Preliminary Evaluation of the "Next Generation" of Bt Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/197246.

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The next generation of Bollgard® cotton was evaluated for agronomic and insecticidal efficacy under central Arizona growing conditions. Two novel lines were compared with their recurrent parents, DP50 and DP50B. There were no seasonlong differences observed among the varieties in most plant development and insect parameters. However, DP50 had significantly lower emergence than the other lines tested (possibly related to seed quality). The lower plant population may have been responsible for greater whitefly abundance observed on two dates mid-season. During early-season ratings of secondary “pests” (15 DAP) (scaled on damage and/or presence), the two test lines received lower ratings for thrips and flea beetle when compared with DP50, DP50B and DP50Bu (untreated for Lepidoptera). However, these difference are likely as a result of the difference in seed treatments that the two test lines received (Gaucho®) and the others did not. This seed treatment does have known activity against thrips and beetle pests. In mid-season, the two test lines received lower ratings for beet armyworm when compared to DP50, DP50B and DP50Bu (although, not significantly different from DP50B or DP50Bu). Efficacy against pink bollworm (PBW) was assessed one time at the end of the season (we were limited to this time, so as to not affect yield), and DP50 was the only variety in which PBW exit holes were observed and PBW larvae collected. However, the low Lepidoptera pressure experienced during the season limited assessments of the two novel lines’ efficacy toward PBW. There was no significant difference in yield (bale/A) among the varieties. Although, one of the test lines had a lower lint turnout than each other variety. The two novel Bollgard lines performed well under our growing conditions, but continued evaluations will be necessary under more conditions and more insect pressures before “varietal” performance and gene efficacy can be assessed adequately.

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31

Husman, Stephen H. "Do PIX® Application Guidelines Change for Bt Cotton?" College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/210340.

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Two PIX experiments were conducted on commercial cooperator sites in Waddell and Buckeye, Az in 1997 to evaluate the validity of the published University of Arizona (UA) PIX application guidelines for Bt cotton. Experimental treatments consisted of an untreated check, a calendar based application schedule (early bloom, peak bloom, cutout), and a feedback approach using plant growth measurements based on the UA PIX guidelines (height:node ratio, fruit retention). There were no significant yield differences at the Waddell site where height:node ratios and fruit retention values were above the optimum baseline season long, conditions not supportive of PIX applications. There was a significant yield decline at the Buckeye site between the untreated check and the calendar based treatment. Due to low plant vigor season long , there were no feedback based PIX applications. PIX applications under low vigor conditions can further compromise plant vigor and ultimately yield. The UA PIX application use guidelines are valid and should be used for both Bt and non -transgenic Upland cotton varieties.

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32

Raina, Sunita. "Making a Bioempire: The Indian Encounter with Bt Technology." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77261.

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This dissertation contributes to an understanding of the relationship between the new politicaleconomic configuration of neoliberalism and the commercialization of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton in India. Situated against an intensified agrarian crisis in India, it explores the dynamic relationship among the triad of a neoliberlizing Indian State, global neoliberal regimes and transnational corporations. This study shows that Bt technology and the neoliberal order were internally connected in a system of power relations that I call 'bioempire'. Examining the dynamic of the making of a bioempire—how it emerged, how it was contested, and how it was stabilized—I focus on four processes involved in the formation of the bioempire in India. It is through these interconnected, mutually reinforcing processes—rationalization, standardization, privatization and mobilization—that we understand the dynamic—the foundation, introduction, extension and reconfiguration—of the bioempire. Using an approach that combines the idiom of co-production, discourse analysis, and a sociotechnical network perspective, the study explores the dynamics of the introduction of Bt technology into India from the time the Indian state embarked on a path of liberalizing its economy in the early 1990s through 2002, when the Indian government first gave approval to this transgenic crop. I focus on Bt technology as operating politically in several different registers—as a material technology, as a metaphysical device, as a discourse, and as an institution of governance—in order to show how this technology activated, and was activated by, a new political economy, new governance regimes and new forms of political struggle. The mutually reinforcing relations among varied elements—including technologies, institutions, policy instruments, regulatory regimes, and activist networks—form the heterogeneous network constituting a bioempire. The dissertation highlights that the conflicts and contradictions emerging at the interfaces of various political arenas were negotiated and reconciled in order to create a hospitable technological, institutional, political-economic and discursive space for the bioempire to emerge within India.
Ph. D.

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33

Farias, Juliano Ricardo. "Milho bt e inseticidas no manejo de lepidópteros-praga." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5015.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Bt toxin and seeds treatment with insecticides (imidacloprid + thiodicarb) on initial growth of corn and the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in soil; the effect of Bt corn and insecticides (seed treatment with imidacloprid + thiodicarb and spray application of novaluron and/or methomyl) for the control of S. frugiperda in crop shoots during early and late planting seasons; and the effects of Bt corn and insecticides control of S. frugiperda on the occurrences and damages from Diatraea sp. and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) pests. Three experiments were conducted under field conditions and natural infestation of pests, in Itaara and Santiago, in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, during the 2008/2009 planting seasons. The initial growth of corn was not affected by the production of Bt toxin (Cry1Ab) and insecticide seed treatment in areas without pest infestation. The toxin (Cry1Ab) present in the Bt corn as well as seeds treatment in non-transformed corn effectively protected the plants to cut-off S. frugiperda. Seeds treatment enables the reduction of damages caused by S. frugiperda in Bt corn (Cry1Ab) to the shoots of crops in early infestations. The Bt corn (Cry1Ab) is effective in controlling S. frugiperda, especially when infestations are low to moderate. When high infestations of S. frugiperda occurred in late planting, insecticide spray on Bt corn (Cry1Ab) resulted to less damages and fewer lavae development comparatively with unsprayed plots. Insecticide treatment of nontransformed corn seeds during early infestations of Diatraea sp. and Bt corn reduced the percentage of stems attacked and injuries. However, insecticides sprayed for the control of S. frugiperda had no effect on the percentage of stems attacked and the injuries caused by Diatraea sp.. Application of insecticides to seeds or spraying for the control of S. frugiperda did not affect the percentage of corn ears attacked and the injuries caused by H. zea, while the Bt corn (Cry1Ab) reduced the percentage of ears attacked by H. zea despite not having much effect in reducing the ear-feeding injuries.
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar: o efeito da toxina Bt e do tratamento de semente com inseticidas (imidacloprido + tiodicarbe), no crescimento inicial das plantas de milho e no controle de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) no solo; o efeito do milho Bt e dos inseticidas (imidacloprido + tiodicarbe em tratamento de semente e novalurom e/ou metomil em pulverizações), no controle de S. frugiperda na parte aérea da cultura, na semeadura do cedo e do tarde; e os efeitos do milho Bt e dos inseticidas para o controle de S. frugiperda, na ocorrência e na injúria da Diatraea sp. e da Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Foram realizados três experimentos em condições de campo e com infestação natural dos insetos-praga, em Itaara e Santiago, RS, durante a safra 2008/09. O crescimento inicial das plantas de milho não é afetado pela produção da toxina Bt (Cry1Ab) e pelos inseticidas em tratamento de semente, em áreas sem infestação de insetos-praga. A toxina Cry1Ab, presente no milho Bt, assim como o tratamento de semente no milho convencional, protegem de forma eficiente as plantas do corte de S. frugiperda. O tratamento de semente, possibilita a redução da injúria na parte aérea da cultura causada por S. frugiperda em milho Bt (Cry1Ab), em infestações precoces. O milho Bt (Cry1Ab) é eficiente no controle de S. frugiperda, especialmente quando as infestações são baixas a moderadas. Em época de semeadura, na qual ocorrem altas infestações de S. frugiperda, o milho Bt (Cry1Ab) quando pulverizado com inseticida, apresenta em relação ao sem pulverização, menos injúria e menor número de lagartas grandes. O tratamento de semente com inseticidas em milho convencional, quando em infestações precoces de Diatraea sp. e o milho Bt, reduzem as injúrias e o percentual de colmos atacados, porém os inseticidas pulverizados para o controle de S. frugiperda, não têm efeito sofre as injúrias e no percentual de colmos atacados por Diatraea sp.. Os inseticidas aplicados na semente ou em pulverizações para o controle de S. frugiperda, não afetam as injúrias e o percentual de espigas atacadas por H. zea, porém o milho Bt (Cry1Ab) reduz o percentual de espigas atacadas por H. zea, apesar de não ter efeito significativo na redução das injúrias nas espigas.

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34

Bow, R. T. "HARDWARE PERFORMANCE FOR BINARY GMSK WITH BT=1/5." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608734.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
The design, implementation, and performance of a digital modem employing Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) is described. The GMSK modem is implemented in field programmable gate array (FPGA) chips, and a laboratory test setup was developed to validate its performance for a signal BT value of 1/5. The measured spectrum of the GMSK modem and its bit error rate (BER) performance, which are found in very close agreement with those of theory and simulation, are presented in this paper.

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35

Pretorius, Johannes Diederik. "Status of resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diparopsis castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Bt cotton in South Africa / Pretorius J.D." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7310.

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Genetically modified (GM) cotton expressing Cry1Ac proteins was released in South Africa in 1997 for control of the bollworm complex on this crop. No reports of the failure of Bollgard® cotton to control these pests have yet been made. Throughout the world there are concerns about the development of resistance of target pests to Bt cotton due to the use of only one Bt gene. The aim of this study was to determine if Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diparopsis castanea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) developed resistance to Bt cotton in South Africa. To determine if H. armigera developed resistance, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the levels of larval survival and development time when feeding on Bt and non–Bt cotton. Bollworm populations were collected on maize and cotton at different sites in South Africa and reared on Bt and non–Bt cotton under laboratory conditions. Results showed that some populations survived on Bt cotton and that a significant proportion of the individuals successfully completed their life cycles on Bt cotton. Surveys were also conducted amongst cotton farmers to determine the levels of compliance to the refuge strategy that has to be implemented by farmers as an insect resistance management (IRM) strategy to delay resistance development. The levels of compliance to refugia requirements were low and farmers generally only started planting refugia several years after they planted Bt cotton for the first time. The development of resistance of H. armigera to Bt cotton in South Africa can possibly be ascribed to non–compliance to the prescribed refuge requirements. No conclusions can be made on resistance of D. castanea to Bt cotton but the relatively long time to mortality of larvae could indicate development of tolerance to Cry1Ac proteins. The new generation Bollgard II® cotton, expressing both Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 proteins, has been released in South Africa during the 2010/11 growing season and field observations showed effective control of the bollworm complex at several sites in the country. Monitoring of refuge compliance levels as well as resistance development in the bollworm complex to Bollgard II® cotton is necessary to ensure the future success of GM cotton.
Thesis (M. Environmental Science)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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36

Brink, Daniël Erasmus. "Diversity of gut–microorganisms in Bt–resistant and Bt–susceptible larvae of the maize stem borer (Busseola fusca) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Daniël Erasmus Brink." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8235.

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Maize is one of Africa’s main food sources. It is therefore important to protect this crop against pests such as the maize stem borer Busseola fusca. Genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize has been shown to be very effective against pests like B. fusca. However, this pest developed resistance to Bt–maize. The current study was inspired by the lack of knowledge on microorganisms associated with these insects as they play a vital role in the growth and development of herbivorous insects. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the community diversity of microorganisms present in the midgut of resistant and susceptible B. fusca larvae. Secondly Escherichia coli and Enterobacter spp. present in the midgut were quantified and compared with community diversity obtained with DGGE analysis. The midgut of B. fusca was removed after which DNA was extracted from the contents. Extracted DNA was subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) analysis after which prominent bands were excised and sequenced. Serial dilutions were also done of the contents of the midgut and plated out on Brilliant Green Bile agar and mFc agar for quantification. DGGE analysis showed no differences in the community structure of the midgut contents of Bt–resistant or susceptible B. fusca reared under either laboratory, greenhouse or field conditions. Sequencing results revealed the dominance of Enterococcus spp., specifically Enterococcus mundtii, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus hirae and Enterococcus durans. Other organisms isolated included Staphylococcus sp., Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Peptostreptococcaceae bacterium and several uncultured bacteria. Quantification of E. coli and Enterobacter spp. suggested that Bt–maize and environmental factors might play a role in the abundance of these organisms in the midgut. Dominance by E. coli and Enterobacter spp. might suppress the growth of other bacteria in the midgut.
Thesis (MSc (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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37

Garcia, Guilherme Volante. "Comunidade microbiana da rizosfera do milho Bt YieldGard VTPRO 2." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2012. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000178873.

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O milho YieldGard VTPRO2® foi produzido através da transformação do híbrido LH172 mediada por Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Esta variedade de milho transgênico produz as proteínas Cry1A105 e Cry2Ab2 derivadas da bactéria de solo Bacillus thiringiensis. Estas proteínas são ativas contra lepidóptero-praga importantes na cultura do milho como a lagarta do cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda) e a lagarta da espiga (Helicoverpa zea). Apesar dos benefícios das culturas transgênicas, alguns questionamentos têm sido levantados sobre o risco ambiental de sua utilização em sistemas intensivos. Entre estas preocupações incluem efeitos negativos sobre a dinâmica do solo. Considerando que o solo constitui um ambiente caracterizado por sustentar uma enorme diversidade de organismos que interagem entre si e exercem funções fundamentais à manutenção da fertilidade, à nutrição e proteção das plantas, e que os potenciais impactos das culturas transgênicas teriam uma influência direta sobre este ecossistema; este trabalho teve como objetivo principal, avaliar em campo, a influência do milho transgênico YieldGard VTPRO2® sobre alguns indicadores biológicos da qualidade do solo, em relação com a sua variedade parental. O experimento foi instalado em campo no município de Rolândia (PR); com delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. As avaliações foram feitas em três tempos de amostragem (45, 90, 120 dias após a germinação), em cada tempo, a partir do solo rizosférico coletado foram avaliados parâmetros como: populações de grupos funcionais de micro-organismos (bactérias diazotrófizas, fungos micorrízicos, protozoários ciliados e flagelados); biomassa microbiana do solo, respiração basal, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade enzimática (urease, asparaginase, celulase, amilase e fosfatase ácida). Os grupos funcionais de micro-organismos não tiveram diferença significativa entre o milho Bt e a variedade convencional, porém durante o crescimento da planta houve variação na população de ciliado. A respiração basal mostrou diferença significativa somente durante o tempo de 120 dias após emergência, já o coeficiente metabólico apresentou diferenças entre as plantas Bt e convencional e também durante o crescimento da planta do milho. As enzimas do solo apresentaram a mesma atividade na rizosfera do milho Bt e convencional. Apesar da pouca influência significativa do milho Bt sob os parâmetros avaliados, estudos locais em longo prazo são necessários para conclusão dos efeitos positivos ou negativos sobre a microbiota do solo.
The maize YieldGard VTPRO2® was produced by transforming the hybrid LH172 mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This variety of transgenic maize produces proteins and Cry1a105 Cry2Ab2 derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thiringiensis. These proteins are active against lepidopteran pests in maize important as the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and the maize earworm (Helicoverpa zea). Despite the benefits of gm crops, some questions have been raised about the environmental risk of their use in large scale. These concerns include negative effects on soil microbes. Considering that soil is an environment characterized by supporting a wide diversity of organisms that interact and play key roles for the maintenance of fertility, nourishment and protection of plants, and the potential impacts of gm crops would have a direct influence on this ecosystem, this study aimed to assess in the field, the influence of transgenic maize YieldGard® VTPRO2 on some biological indicators of soil quality, compared with its parental variety. The field experiment was conducted in the municipality of Rolândia (PR), with completely randomized experimental design. Assessments were made at three sampling times (45, 90, 120 days), each time from the rhizosphere soil collected parameters were evaluated as populations of functional groups of microorganisms (diazotrophic bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, ciliates and flagellates protozoa), microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2) and enzyme activity (urease, asparaginase, cellulase, amylase and acid phosphatase). The functional groups of microorganisms showed no significant difference between the bt variety and conventional, but during the plant growth was variation in the ciliated. The basal respiration showed significants differences only during the time 120 since the coefficient showed metabolic differences between Bt and conventional plants and also during the growth of maize. The soil enzymes showed the same activity at rhizosphere of Bt maize and conventional. Despite the lack of significant effect of Bt corn in the evaluated parameters, local long-term studies are needed to complete the positive or negative effects on soil microbiota.

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38

Petts, David. "Healing and the atonement." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11341/.

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The purpose of the thesis is to examine the doctrine that physical healing is provided in the atonement. This is defined as "the view that Christians may claim healing from sickness on the grounds that Christ has already carried that sickness for them just as he has carried their sins". The theological and literary origins of the doctrine are traced and developments and modifications noted, particular reference being made to the Classical Pentecostal groups among which the doctrine is largely to be found. The New Testament passages used to support the doctrine are identified. These include Matthew 8:17, 1 Peter 2:24, Galatians 3:13, 1 Corinthians 11:29-30, James 5:14-15, and Mark 16:15-18. The conclusion is drawn that none of these passages supports the doctrine as it was originally propounded. The doctrine is also examined in the light of a possible relationship between healing and salvation, healing and the Gospel, sickness and sin, sickness and Satan, and sickness and suffering. The bearing on the doctrine of New Testament references to sick Christians and to the art of medicine is also considered. The examination of these themes leads to a conclusion that a modified form of the doctrine might well find a basis in the New Testament. Theological difficulties dealt with include the problem of relating the word "atonement" to sickness and the notion that Bible verses are "promises" to be "claimed". Practical and pastoral difficulties are also considered. In the final chapter a modification to the doctrine is proposed. Healing may be understood to be in the atonement both ultimately and indirectly. This is based on the Pauline teaching that those in Christ are to be clothed with an incorruptible body at the Parousia. Meanwhile healings occur as a work of the Spirit who is given to Christians as an αρραβών of their inheritance.

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39

O'Brien, Gerard. "A theological analysis of post-conciliar Roman Catholic catechetics as an aspect of the ministry of the divine word." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3857/.

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The norms and criteria for the authentic transmission of the Gospel message in catechesis as postulated in the General Director for Catechesis (1997) are identified, after which they are used to assess some existing theoretical catechetical material that has informed the practice of post-conciliar Roman Catholic catechetics. Next catechetics - and the above norms and criteria - are shown to discover their ground in relation to the divine Revelation of the person of Jesus Christ and the response of faith. By utilising the scheme of fundamental theology derived from the contribution of Balthasar as presented in his Trilogy the relationship between the divine Revelation of Jesus Christ and the faith response and the norms and criteria necessary for the transmission of the Gospel message in catechesis is further explicated. This allows the presentation of a post-conciliar catechetics as grounded in the derived scheme of fundamental theology from Balthasar's contribution. The scheme of fundamental theology derived from Balthasar is then married with Lonergan's contribution on transcendental method and Dulles' work on systems of revelation in order to present a way to deepen the understanding of the whole structure of knowledge of the faith made in response to the divine Revelation of the person of Jesus Christ. This takes the form of a detailed theoretical template that identifies and addresses the elements intrinsic to, and constitutive of the relationship between the divine Revelation of the person of Jesus Christ and the faith response, and the norms and criteria that govern the authentic transmission of the Gospel message in catechesis as consistent with the workings and autonomy of the human mind. Finally, the detailed theoretical template is applied to the practice of post-conciliar catechetics, and used to critique more precisely those theoretical catechetical materials formerly investigated at the initial stages of the thesis.

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40

MacLeod, Ian. "The sacramental theology and practice of the Reverend John Willison (1680-1750)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1609/.

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John Willison (1680-1750) was a leading Evangelical in the Church of Scotland, whose prolific writing had a pronounced sacramental emphasis, at a time when the Lord's Supper was infrequently celebrated. The thesis aims to examine his sacramental theology and practice. Chapter one reconstructs his 'roots' and considers the influence of family, home church and university on his thinking. Ministries at Brechin and Dundee are outlined and his publications are placed in context. Chapter two examines his adherence to the federal scheme of theology. Willison is shown to identify three covenants, which he understands as having a contractual basis. Consideration is given to his stance on the Marrow Controversy, and to areas of agreement and disagreement with the Marrow men. Chapter three examines his sacramental theology which is based on that of the Westminster Confession. His adherence to federalism is shown to result in his assertion that the sacrament is not a 'converting ordinance', his emphasis that it is a seal of the believer's faith and a badge of Christian profession, and his rigorous 'fencing' of the table. Consideration is also given to his positive stress on the sacrament as a means of grace, and to his teaching on the 'real presence' of Christ. Chapter four analyses the form, style and content of Willison's preaching, and his aversion to that of the Moderates. His sacramental sermons, prayers, 'fencing' of the table and table addresses are examined and compared with those of contemporaries from both parties.

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41

Koltaj, Bojan. "Žižek, Bonhoeffer and the revolutionary body : the sociological potential of critical theology." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2016. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/15684/.

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This thesis explores the potential that lies in the engagement of critical theory and theology. Rather than a mere demonstration of how theology can be used in the service of critical theory, its original contribution is in the demonstration of theological selfreflective criticality that this engagement brings about. It therefore represents an attempt to further develop the potential of this engagement, by showing how critical theory can function as a resource for theological self-reflection. This is achieved through exploration of the method, function and effect of Slavoj Žižek's materialist appropriation of theology for political thought. The resulting struggling universality of abandonment and its ethic of indifference challenging any notion of identity is then applied in examination of Dietrich Bonhoeffer's own social theology of a transcendental personalist community of saints and its ethic of universal love in Sanctorum Communio. Žižek's community, grounded in the absence of God, draws attention to the theological character as never submitting to an identity but rather blurring the hypostasized boundaries between them irrevocably. It challenges Bonhoeffer's community, grounded in and by God, as abstracting and suspending identities only through the creation of a new one. The thesis thus draws attention to and clarifies the full dimensionality of the necessary critical character of theology.

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Thomas, G. R. "Divine, yet vulnerable : Gregory Nazianzen's human eikon." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41833/.

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This thesis examines Gregory Nazianzen’s approach to the human eikon, vis à vis the imago Dei. In the following pages I challenge the popular view amongst scholars that Gregory presents the human eikon solely as the soul or the spiritual intellect. Rather, I argue that Gregory’s vision of the human eikon extends much further than this, embracing the full complexity and mystery of human existence. First, I argue that the eikon relates not only to the soul but also to the whole, dynamic human. I demonstrate this by considering Gregory’s treatment of a) the human eikon as a literal, physical eikon of God, b) Christ the identical Eikon, and c) his theological anthropology where the ‘divine’ eikon transforms the dust. These three strands together reveal that Gregory’s approach to the human eikon encompasses the whole human person, as a dynamic unity of body and soul. Gregory’s presentation of the human eikon narrates the struggles of being human, which as a matter of priority attempts to describe human experience rather than focusing upon the question, “what is the human eikon?” Drawing on biblical narratives, Gregory posits the human eikon in a cosmological battle with the forces of evil, which is only won through participation in Christ and the protection offered by the Holy Spirit. A comprehensive analysis of Gregory’s approach to the human eikon must incorporate her battle with the spiritual forces of evil. Second, throughout the project, I argue that Gregory’s approach is theological, since he interprets the human eikon primarily in light of the identical Eikon, Christ. Regarding his theological anthropology, Gregory is often read in light of philosophical sources such as Plato and the Stoics, with little reference to biblical and extra-biblical writings. Redressing the balance, I highlight how Gregory draws from biblical and extra-biblical traditions in order to weave together the threads which run through his overall vision of being human. Finally, I analyse Gregory’s intentions when he refers to the eikon as ‘divine.’ I argue that if we consider together a) Gregory’s theological anthropology in which God creates the human person specifically to be vulnerable (or porous) to the spiritual realm, b) Gregory’s high pneumatology, c) his ideas about baptism and d) the interaction between the human eikon and the devil, then we must take seriously Gregory’s ideas about a ‘divine’ eikon. Regarding how we may understand this ‘divinity,’ I contend that it encompasses the ontological, functional and relational aspects of the human eikon where she both participates in and functions like the identical Eikon, Christ. In light of the argument which evolves throughout the thesis, I suggest that Gregory’s presentation of the human eikon is summarised best as ‘divine, yet vulnerable.’ I intend this expression to reflect Gregory’s multifaceted and open approach, which relates to human experience. It incorporates both the positive and negative vulnerability of the human eikon, since she is vulnerable to God, having been created with the purpose of becoming ‘divine,’ but at the same time vulnerable to ‘the world, the flesh and the devil.’

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Wilson, L. C. "Across the bridge of sighs : reading a Christian theology of melancholy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/41910/.

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In this thesis, I will proceed by the examination of exemplary texts in the western Christian understanding of, and engagement with, the concept of chronically melancholic and destructively sorrowful states. I will begin with influential texts from the ancient west and near east, such as The Book of Job, and the Pseudo-Aristotle, that have provided the touchstones and archetypes of the subject throughout – and beyond – the historical period covered, as well as contemporary narratives whose concerns and themes instructively throw salient features of the former icons into high relief. Thereafter, I shall trace these themes and their development through the work of those Christians who have most powerfully and significantly dealt with the concept of melancholy theologically. In doing so, I will argue, certain significant patterns of interpretation and thematic weighting become apparent. In the narratives surrounding melancholy heroes, we find a personal interlocution with the divine that characteristically takes place in a public context. This is because they contain both a revolutionary critique, and radical reintegration, of a fractured society along compassionate lines. This compassion is interpersonal empathy in the face of the ultimately incomprehensible contradictions and limitations of human life - both in terms of theodicy, and the particularities of every individual’s melancholy, which is grounded in the metaphysically-ambiguous nature of humanity, whose limitations reflect our melancholic distance from divine consummation - the very atmospheric dynamic of contemplation itself. From Evagrius to Kierkegaard, sorrow is the kernel and fulcrum of both sin and moral development. To paraphrase Camus, sorrow is the theological question.

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Fountain, James Stephen. "The death of God and the negation of eternal return in the theology of Thomas J.J. Altizer and the fiction of A.S. Byatt." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6578/.

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This thesis is an attempt to explicate the concept of the death of God as it arises within Thomas Altizer's theological writings and the fiction of A.S. Byatt, paying special attention to the idea of the negation of eternal return. The negation of eternal return not only informs Altizer's theology, but also provides a metaphor with which to critique not only the traditional theological idea of God, but also the self-sufficiency of the theological tradition. As Altizer's theology is informed by a literary tradition outside the circle of traditional theological reflection, so this thesis suggests that theology comes about necessarily through self-emptying fictions, and not through the closedness of scholasticism; therefore the fiction of Byatt becomes a point of entry into theological reflection. The negation of eternal return also provides a useful metaphor for the metaphysics of the Proper, and economies of the Same. An intertextual consideration of Altizer's influences and theological development alongside the works of Byatt (specifically Possession, The Virgin in the Garden and Still Life), the thesis is informed also by thinkers such as Mark C. Taylor, Jacques Derrida, and Julia Kristeva, disciplines such as modern physics and nineteenth century biology, and literary works such as "The Dream of the Rood" and Iris Murdoch's The Time of the Angels.

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Pavouris, Raphael. "The condemnation of the Christology of the three chapters in its historical and doctrinal context : the assessment and judgement of Emperor Justinian and the Fifth Ecumenical Council (553)." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2001. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1503/.

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This study examines - in its immediate and larger context - the exposition of christological doctrine in the fifth and sixth centuries, and in particular, how Justinian and the Fifth Ecumenical Council (553) interpreted the Chalcedonian Definition through the condemnation of the Three Chapters, namely 1) the person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, 2) the writings of Theodoret of Cyrus against Cyril of Alexandria and the Council of Ephesus, and 3) the Letter of Ibas of Edessa to Maris. All three theologians belonged more or less to what is conveniently called 'the Antiochene school' of thought and were in one way or another associated with the doctrine of Nestorius. In tackling the heretical (Monophysite) teaching of Eutyches, the Council of Chalcedon proclaimed the christological doctrine in dyophysite terms: Christ is one hypostasis or prosopon in two natures. By it, Chalcedon meant to safeguard the oneness of the subject in Christ and its identification with that of the Logos as well as the 'difference' of the two natures in him. However, the terms it used (hypostasis, prosopon nature) were not clearly defined. Thus the Definition was open to misinterpretation from two points of view. Firstly, the 'strict Cyrillians' or 'Monophysites', with their Alexandrian background, regarded the Chalcedonian Definition with its 'in two natures' doctrine as vindication of Nestorius. For them, to say 'in two natures' was to say 'two Christs' and 'two Sons'. They contended that the only way to safeguard Christ's oneness without abolishing the 'difference' of his natures was to confess Cyril's 'one incarnate nature of the God Logos'. Secondly, a group of Christians with Antiochene background, concerned primarily about preserving the distinction of the two natures in Christ and the impassibility of God, refused to identify Chalcedon's one hypostasis with that of the eternal Logos. As a reaction to both interpretations of Chalcedon, a number of Cyrillian Chalcedonians or 'neo-Chalcedonians' undertook to show that, although they used different language, Chalcedon and Cyril were in essential agreement. In other words, they both taught that Christ is the same hypostasis or prosopon as the God-Logos who really became man by assuming perfect human nature. To these Cyrillian Chalcedonians belong Justinian and the fathers of the fifth ecumenical council.

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Thomson, John Bromilow. "The ecclesiology of Stanley Hauerwas as a distinctively Christian theology of liberation (1970-2000)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11192/.

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Of all the concepts that informed what is often called the Enlightenment Project, liberation is arguably central. Nevertheless the experience of the past 200 years has raised serious questions about the character of this liberation and its pathology. In particular, the place of Christian theology in sustaining, concepts of freedom appears to have been marginalised in much post- Enlightenment thought, a challenge of particular significance to theologians and ethicists. Stanley Hauerwas represents one response to the manifestation of the Enlightenment Project in the United States, a response which, I believe, can be described as a distinctive theology of liberation chiefly from the Enlightenment legacy. This approach involves the integration of theology and ethics in the practices of a people whose identity is correlative to the particular narrative which they embody as that diachronic and synchronic, international community called Church. It also reflects an ambivalence about metaphysics and idealism and a preference for demonstrative, ecclesially mediated, truthful living. Yet the credibility of Hauerwas' ecclesiology as a genuinely Christian politics of liberation depends upon whether Hauerwas can not only identify the limitations of post-Enlightenment liberalism, but transcend them in a way that demonstrates the truthful character of the Christian narrative he believes to be embodied in this community called church. In order to determine whether Hauerwas' Project is a genuinely Christian theology of liberation from the Enlightenment legacy, we shall need to gauge the architecture of that project in chapter 1. Then, in chapter 2, we shall locate him in the wider post-Enlightenment debate, before doing the same in terms of the theological debate in chapter 3. This will bring us into conversation with his use of narrative and story as heuristic tools to resource the character of this ecclesiology in chapter 4, before our attempt, in chapter 5, to explore whether his ecclesial politics represent a distinctively Christian expression of liberty.

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47

Rayner, Margaret. "The theology of Hastings Rashdall : a study of his part in theological debates during his lifetime." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2005. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3132/.

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Hastings Rashdall was a well-known Anglican Churchman, who was engaged in debates and discussions with theologians and other scholars of his time. The thesis aims (i) negatively, to repudiate the view that Rashdall's work can be dismissed as stereotyped and outdated; (ii) positively, to show that he is a major contributor to the contemporary debates and a perennially outstanding theologian. Including in its detailed presentation of Rashdall's theological ideas previously unpublished material, the thesis aims to be an original contribution to scholarship in a hitherto neglected area. In Chapter 1 (Introduction) the life and work of Rashdall have been set out in historical context; that is: the later Victorian period from his birth in 1858, through the Edwardian reign and earlier period of George V, to his death in 1924. The main Chapters, 2-5, are on the following aspects respectively of Rashdall's work: doctrine of Atonement; Christology; doctrine of the Church; doctrine of Immortality. Chapter 2, centred on Rashdall's major work, The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology of 1919, is an analysis of his controversial writings and discussions. Chapter 3 is an investigation into his Christology, especially his speech to the Modern Churchman's Union at Girton College Cambridge in 1921. Chapter 4 treats a wide range of ecclesial topics: they may be identified as: ministry and orders; sacraments; ritual; subscription debates; disestablishment; ecumenism; education. Chapter 5: Rashdall's doctrine of immortality has been analysed in three respects: (i) the resurrection of Jesus; (ii) the after-life; (iii) current debates on the credibility of immortality. A final concluding Chapter reviews the themes of the major areas of Rashdall's theology, seeking to demonstrate its outstanding character. Some avenues for further research are suggested. The Conclusion includes reference to the discussions stimulated by his approaches for contemporary and later theologians.

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Griffiths, John Mark Ainsley. "The trinitarian gift unfolded : sacrifice, resurrection, communion." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29014/.

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Contentious unresolved philosophical and anthropological questions beset contemporary gift theories. What is the gift? Does it expect, or even preclude, some counter-gift? Should the gift ever be anticipated, celebrated or remembered? Can giver, gift and recipient appear concurrently? Must the gift involve some tangible ‘thing’, or is the best gift objectless? Is actual gift-giving so tainted that the pure gift vaporises into nothing more than a remote ontology, causing unbridgeable separation between the gift-as-practised and the gift-as-it-ought-to-be? In short, is the gift even possible? Such issues pervade scholarly treatments across a wide intellectual landscape, often generating fertile inter-disciplinary crossovers whilst remaining philosophically aporetic. Arguing largely against philosophers Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Marion and partially against the empirical gift observations of anthropologist Marcel Mauss, I contend in this thesis that only a theological – specifically trinitarian – reading liberates the gift from the stubborn impasses which non-theological approaches impose. That much has been argued eloquently by theologians already, most eminently John Milbank, yet largely with a philosophical slant. I develop the field by demonstrating that the Scriptures, in dialogue with the wider Christian dogmatic tradition, enrich discussions of the gift, showing how creation, which emerges ex nihilo in Christ, finds its completion in him as creatures observe and receive his own perfect, communicable gift alignment. In the ‘gift-object’ of human flesh, believers rejoicingly discern Christ receiving-in-order-to-give and giving-in-order-to-receive, the very reciprocal giftedness that Adamic humanity spurned. Moreover, the depths of Christ’s crucified self-giving and the heights of resurrectional glory, culminating in the Spirit’s eternal communion, convey sin-bound creatures into the new creation, towards their deified end, through liturgical mediation which reveals true giftedness. The gift is thus no aporetic embarrassment but the means of entry into and – more significantly – the very texture of the new, eucharistic creation.

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Morrison, Ruth Helen Bell. "A study of the Special Commission on Baptism (1953-63) and developments in baptismal doctrine and practice in the Church of Scotland since 1963." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7276/.

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In 1953 a Special Commission on Baptism was appointed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, under the convenorship of The Very Rev Dr Thomas F. Torrance, to carry out a fresh examination of the Doctrine of Baptism, in order to lead the Church to theological agreement and uniform practice. The Commission had emerged after years of disagreement related to the meaning of baptism and its administration, especially in light of infant baptism. What followed was seven years of Interim Reports and the production of a Biblical Doctrine of Baptism. Since then, Act XVII (1963) pertaining to Baptism has been revisited on several occasions. It is the contention of this thesis that Torrance greatly influenced the work of the Commission and shaped substantially the doctrine that emerged. The result was an understanding of baptism that whilst rooted in the Reformed tradition, departed from it. By suggesting that baptisma was closely aligned to Christ’s vicarious death, and that the sanctifying nature of the incarnation was the primary justification for the baptism of infants, a different trajectory was proposed. This created a tension between two differing paradigms, one that led to discriminate baptism and another, that could have led to indiscriminate baptism. The result was confusion in the General Assembly, and failure to unify doctrine and practice. In light of this, this thesis will explore the baptismal theology of Thomas F. Torrance. It will then examine the reports of the Special Commission, the minutes of their meetings, and the verbatim minutes of the General Assembly during that period, in order to establish Torrance’s influence upon the Commission and the reception of the reports within the church. Identifying that the main areas of tension lay in sacramental and covenantal theology, it will then offer an overview of both the Reformed tradition and the Special Commission to see points of agreement and disagreement, in order to assess the extent to which the Special Commission departed from Reformed principles. Finally, it will explore the influence of the Special Commission’s work on the Church of Scotland since 1963, highlighting the watershed in baptismal theology that occurred in 2003, with the acknowledgement that believers’ baptism, and not infant baptism, was the theological norm.

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Allert, Craig D. "Revelation, truth, canon and interpretation : studies in Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11370/.

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Revelation, Truth, Canon, and Interpretation are four fundamental issues in pre-Nicene Christianity. This dissertation seeks to examine these in Justin Martyr's Dialogue with Trypho. The INTRODUCTION indicates the impetus for this investigation and reviews the pertinent secondary sources and their contributions to these issues. A review of Justin's life and his extant writings is also included. CHAPTER ONE examines Justin's concept of Revelation. Justin's conversion to Christianity is placed in the context of his Middle Platonism. From this context we learn that, as a philosopher, Justin's primary goal was knowledge of God. The case Justin builds throughout the Dialogue is that the true philosophy, the incarnate Logos, is witnessed to only in the Prophets and the Apostles. The incarnate Logos is seen as the culmination in God's plan for salvation and is thus revelation. CHAPTER TWO examines Justin's concept of truth. From the genre that Justin chose and his understanding of the attainment of truth as the goal of a philosopher, we see that Justin saw truth as located in the Logos. Justin is differentiated from the Hebrew and the Platonic concepts of truth and continues the line of argument established in the NT writers. Truth is fulfilled and found in Jesus Christ, through his pre-existence and his incarnation. CHAPTER THREE examines Justin's concept of canon. Justin did not conceive of a closed collection of Christian writings. While his references to Memoirs are important, they should not be seen as implying a closed collection of Christian writings. Concerns about this belong to an age later than Justin's. CHAPTER FOUR highlights the foundations upon which Justin interpreted the Hebrew scriptures. The determining factor here is the new Covenant which was Christ himself. Because of Christ, the old Law has become obsolete and a new Law has replaced it. This is why the Jew and the Christian can use the same scripture yet end up with differing interpretations. APPENDIX ONE is a listing of Gospel quotations and allusions in the Dialogue. APPENDIX TWO is a review of the issue of the primary audience of the Dialogue. Here arguments are offered for an audience that is primarily Jewish.

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