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Academic literature on the topic 'BSS techniques'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "BSS techniques"

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NAIK, GANESH R., and DINESH K. KUMAR. "SUBTLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC PATTERN RECOGNITION FOR FINGER MOVEMENTS: A PILOT STUDY USING BSS TECHNIQUES." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 12, no. 04 (September 2012): 1250078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519412005009.

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In the recent past, blind source separation (BSS) algorithms using multivariate statistical data analysis technique have been successfully used for source identification and separation in the field of biomedical and statistical signal processing. Recently numbers of different BSS techniques have been developed. With BSS methods being the feasible method for source separation and decomposition of biosignals, it is important to compare the different techniques and determine the most suitable method for the applications. This paper presents the performance of five BSS algorithms (SOBI, TDSEP, FastICA, JADE and Infomax) for decomposition of sEMG to identify subtle finger movements. It is observed that BSS algorithms based on second-order statistics (SOBI and TDSEP) gives better performance compared to algorithms based on higher-order statistics (FastICA, JADE and infomax).
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MÜLLER, KLAUS-ROBERT, RICARDO VIGÁRIO, FRANK MEINECKE, and ANDREAS ZIEHE. "BLIND SOURCE SEPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR DECOMPOSING EVENT-RELATED BRAIN SIGNALS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 14, no. 02 (February 2004): 773–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127404009466.

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Recently blind source separation (BSS) methods have been highly successful when applied to biomedical data. This paper reviews the concept of BSS and demonstrates its usefulness in the context of event-related MEG measurements. In a first experiment we apply BSS to artifact identification of raw MEG data and discuss how the quality of the resulting independent component projections can be evaluated. The second part of our study considers averaged data of event-related magnetic fields. Here, it is particularly important to monitor and thus avoid possible overfitting due to limited sample size. A stability assessment of the BSS decomposition allows to solve this task and an additional grouping of the BSS components reveals interesting structure, that could ultimately be used for gaining a better physiological modeling of the data.
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Zhang, Chao Zhu, Ahmed Kareem Abdullah, and Ali Abdullabs Abdullah. "Electroencephalogram-Artifact Extraction Enhancement Based on Artificial Intelligence Technique." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 27 (May 2016): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.27.77.

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Blind source separation (BSS) is an important technique used to recover isolated independent sources signals from mixtures. This paper proposes two blind artificial intelligent separation algorithms based on hybridization between artificial intelligent techniques with classical blind source separation algorithms to enhance the separation process. Speedy genetic algorithm SGA directly guesses the optimal coefficients of the separating matrix based on candidate initial from classical BSS algorithms also the separation criteria based on minimization of mutual information between the separating independent components. The proposed algorithms are tested by real Electroencephalogram (EEG) data, the experimental results indicate that the algorithms can quickly and effectively get optimum solution to linear blind source separation compared to classical BSS techniques, the proposed works are described by high accuracy and robustness.
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Vullings, Rik, and Massimo Mischi. "Probabilistic Source Separation for Robust Fetal Electrocardiography." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/109756.

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Blind source separation (BSS) techniques are widely used to extract signals of interest from a mixture with other signals, such as extracting fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) signals from noninvasive recordings on the maternal abdomen. These BSS techniques, however, typically lack possibilities to incorporate any prior knowledge on the mixing of the source signals. Particularly for fetal ECG signals, knowledge on the mixing is available based on the origin and propagation properties of these signals. In this paper, a novel source separation method is developed that combines the strengths and accuracy of BSS techniques with the robustness of an underlying physiological model of the fetal ECG. The method is developed within a probabilistic framework and yields an iterative convergence of the separation matrix towards a maximum a posteriori estimation, where in each iteration the latest estimate of the separation matrix is corrected towards a tradeoff between the BSS technique and the physiological model. The method is evaluated by comparing its performance with that of FastICA on both simulated and real multichannel fetal ECG recordings, demonstrating that the developed method outperforms FastICA in extracting the fetal ECG source signals.
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Abidin, Zainal, and Endah Wahyuningsih. "TEKNIK KOMUNIKASI DAN TEKNIK PEMBELAJARAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19." JP2KG AUD (Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengasuhan, Kesehatan dan Gizi Anak Usia Dini) 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jp2kgaud.2022.3.1.3.1.51-66.

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This study aims to describe communication techniques and learning techniques for Children with Special Needs during the Covid19 pandemic at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta. The research used descriptive qualitative research. The qualitative approach was chosen because this study used social interaction to obtain data from natural data sources. The data source of this research is Children with Special Needs (ABK) or Special Needs at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta in kindergarten and elementary school levels. From this research, it was found that in KTK BSS Giwangan there are three types of children with special needs, namely speech impaired, autism and learning difficulties. Communication techniques used are: 1) Using private learning methods (one teacher one child); 2) Make eye contact with the child you are talking to; 3) Cultivating a sense of empathy in conversation; 4) Discuss specific and clear topics and 5) Be patient in waiting for answers from children. Different learning techniques from other children. The learning technique used is the learning technique used for the speech impaired using the Indonesian Sign Language System (SIBI) and the Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). For children with Autism constraints using 1) Modeling; 2) Latent Learning 3) Give positive praise and 4) Divide all activities step by step. Learning Difficulties using 1) Multisensory Method; 2) Linguistic Method and 3) Glass Analysis
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Abidin, Zainal, and Endah Wahyuningsih. "TEKNIK KOMUNIKASI DAN TEKNIK PEMBELAJARAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19." JP2KG AUD (Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengasuhan, Kesehatan dan Gizi Anak Usia Dini) 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jp2kgaud.v3n1.51-66.

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This study aims to describe communication techniques and learning techniques for Children with Special Needs during the Covid19 pandemic at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta. The research used descriptive qualitative research. The qualitative approach was chosen because this study used social interaction to obtain data from natural data sources. The data source of this research is Children with Special Needs (ABK) or Special Needs at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta in kindergarten and elementary school levels. From this research, it was found that in KTK BSS Giwangan there are three types of children with special needs, namely speech impaired, autism and learning difficulties. Communication techniques used are: 1) Using private learning methods (one teacher one child); 2) Make eye contact with the child you are talking to; 3) Cultivating a sense of empathy in conversation; 4) Discuss specific and clear topics and 5) Be patient in waiting for answers from children. Different learning techniques from other children. The learning technique used is the learning technique used for the speech impaired using the Indonesian Sign Language System (SIBI) and the Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). For children with Autism constraints using 1) Modeling; 2) Latent Learning 3) Give positive praise and 4) Divide all activities step by step. Learning Difficulties using 1) Multisensory Method; 2) Linguistic Method and 3) Glass Analysis
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Abidin, Zainal, and Endah Wahyuningsih. "TEKNIK KOMUNIKASI DAN TEKNIK PEMBELAJARAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19." JP2KG AUD (Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengasuhan, Kesehatan dan Gizi Anak Usia Dini) 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jp2kgaud.2021.3.1.51-66.

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This study aims to describe communication techniques and learning techniques for Children with Special Needs during the Covid19 pandemic at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta. The research used descriptive qualitative research. The qualitative approach was chosen because this study used social interaction to obtain data from natural data sources. The data source of this research is Children with Special Needs (ABK) or Special Needs at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta in kindergarten and elementary school levels. From this research, it was found that in KTK BSS Giwangan there are three types of children with special needs, namely speech impaired, autism and learning difficulties. Communication techniques used are: 1) Using private learning methods (one teacher one child); 2) Make eye contact with the child you are talking to; 3) Cultivating a sense of empathy in conversation; 4) Discuss specific and clear topics and 5) Be patient in waiting for answers from children. Different learning techniques from other children. The learning technique used is the learning technique used for the speech impaired using the Indonesian Sign Language System (SIBI) and the Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). For children with Autism constraints using 1) Modeling; 2) Latent Learning 3) Give positive praise and 4) Divide all activities step by step. Learning Difficulties using 1) Multisensory Method; 2) Linguistic Method and 3) Glass Analysis
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Abidin, Zainal, and Endah Wahyuningsih. "TEKNIK KOMUNIKASI DAN TEKNIK PEMBELAJARAN ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID 19." JP2KG AUD (Jurnal Pendidikan, Pengasuhan, Kesehatan dan Gizi Anak Usia Dini) 3, no. 1 (July 16, 2022): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jp2kgaud.2022.3.1.51-66.

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Abstract:
This study aims to describe communication techniques and learning techniques for Children with Special Needs during the Covid19 pandemic at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta. The research used descriptive qualitative research. The qualitative approach was chosen because this study used social interaction to obtain data from natural data sources. The data source of this research is Children with Special Needs (ABK) or Special Needs at KTK BSS Giwangan Yogyakarta in kindergarten and elementary school levels. From this research, it was found that in KTK BSS Giwangan there are three types of children with special needs, namely speech impaired, autism and learning difficulties. Communication techniques used are: 1) Using private learning methods (one teacher one child); 2) Make eye contact with the child you are talking to; 3) Cultivating a sense of empathy in conversation; 4) Discuss specific and clear topics and 5) Be patient in waiting for answers from children. Different learning techniques from other children. The learning technique used is the learning technique used for the speech impaired using the Indonesian Sign Language System (SIBI) and the Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). For children with Autism constraints using 1) Modeling; 2) Latent Learning 3) Give positive praise and 4) Divide all activities step by step. Learning Difficulties using 1) Multisensory Method; 2) Linguistic Method and 3) Glass Analysis
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Xu, Peng Xia, and Yan Feng Geng. "Wet Gas Flow Metering Based on Differential Pressure and BSS Techniques." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 4922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.4922.

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Wet gas flow is a typical two-phase flow with low liquid fractions. As differential pressure signal contains rich information of flow parameters in two-phase flow metering, a new method is proposed for wet gas flow metering based on differential pressure (DP) and blind source separation (BSS) techniques. DP signals are from a couple of slotted orifices and the BSS method is based on time-frequency analysis. A good relationship between the liquid flow rate and the characteristic quantity of the separated signal is established, and a differential pressure correlation for slotted orifice is applied to calculate the gas flow rate. The calculation results are good with 90% relative errors less than ±10%. The results also show that BSS is an effective method to extract liquid flow rate from DP signals of wet gas flow, and to analysis different interactions among the total DP readings.
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Lee, Woongsup, and Bang Chul Jung. "Improving Energy Efficiency of Cooperative Femtocell Networks via Base Station Switching Off." Mobile Information Systems 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3073184.

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Recently, energy efficiency (EE) of cellular networks has become an important performance metric, and several techniques have been proposed to increase the EE. Among them, turning off base stations (BSs) when not needed is considered as one of the most powerful techniques due to its simple operation and effectiveness. Herein, we propose a novel BS switching-off technique for cooperative femtocell networks where multiple femtocell BSs (FBSs) simultaneously send packets to the same mobile station (MS). Unlike conventional schemes, cooperative operation of FBSs, also known as coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission, is considered to determine which BSs are turned off in the proposed technique. We first formulate the optimization problem to find the optimal set of FBSs to be turned off. Then, we propose a suboptimal scheme operating in a distributed manner in order to reduce the computational complexity of the optimal scheme. The suboptimal scheme is based on throughput ratio (TR) which specifies the importance of a particular FBS for the cooperative transmission. Through simulations, we show that the energy consumption can be greatly reduced with the proposed technique, compared with conventional schemes. Moreover, we show that the suboptimal scheme also achieves the near-optimal performance even without the excessive computations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "BSS techniques"

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Li, Kun. "Advanced Signal Processing Techniques for Single Trial Electroencephalography Signal Classification for Brain Computer Interface Applications." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3484.

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Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a direct communication channel between brain and computer. It allows the users to control the environment without the need to control muscle activity [1-2]. P300-Speller is a well known and widely used BCI system that was developed by Farwell and Donchin in 1988 [3]. The accuracy level of the P300-BCI Speller as measured by the percent of communicated characters correctly identified by the system depends on the ability to detect the P300 event related potential (ERP) component among the ongoing electroencephalography (EEG) signal. Different techniques have been tested to reduce the number of trials needed to be averaged together to allow the reliable detection of the P300 response. Some of them have achieved high accuracies in multiple-trial P300 response detection. However the accuracy of single trial P300 response detection still needs to be improved. In this research, two single trial P300 response classification methods were designed. One is based on independent component analysis (ICA) with blind tracking and the other is based on variance analysis. The purpose of both methods is to detect a chosen character in real-time in the P300-BCI speller. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods dramatically reduce the signal processing time, improve the data communication rate, and achieve overall accuracy of 79.1% for ICA based method and 84.8% for variance analysis based method in single trial P300 response classification task. Both methods showed better performance than that of the single trial stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA), which has been considered as the most accurate and practical technique working with P300-BCI Speller.
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Salido-Ruiz, Ricardo Antonio. "Problèmes inverses contraints en EEG : applications aux potentiels absolus et à l'influence du signal de référence dans l'analyse de l'EEG." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0403/document.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre du prétraitement des signaux EEG et s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux perturbations dues à la référence de mesure non nulle. Les perturbations induites par une fluctuation électrique de la référence peuvent engendrer des erreurs d'analyse comme on peut aisément le constater sur les mesures de synchronisation inter-signaux (par exemple la cohérence). Donc, la référence idéale serait une référence nulle. Au cours des travaux développés, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'estimation des potentiels électriques dit absolus (référence nulle) à partir d'une reformulation du problème inverse. Deux cas sont traités, soit la référence est suffisamment éloignée des sources électrophysiologiques cérébrales et de fait elle peut être considérée comme indépendante, sinon, elle est modélisée comme une combinaison linéaire des autres sources. Grâce à cette modélisation, il a été montré explicitement que les meilleures estimations des potentiels absolus sans aucune information a priori sont les potentiels calculés par rapport à une référence moyenne. D'autre part, le problème inverse de la référence source-indépendante est résolu dans un contexte de type séparation de sources. Il a été démontré que la meilleure estimation des potentiels absolus sans aucune information a priori est équivalente à l'estimateur MPDR/MVDR (Minimum Power Distortionless Response/Minimum Variance Distortionless Response). Concernant le prétraitement de données EEG, on montre sur signaux simulés et réels que les potentiels mesurés transformés en référence moyenne améliorent certaines méthodes d'analyse utilisées en EEG telles que la séparation aveugle des sources (BSS) et la localisation de sources cérébrales. Au delà des problèmes de référence, la méthode peut être appliquée sous contraintes pour estimer de façon plus robuste des sources singulières telles que les artefacts ou une stimulation électrique exogène déterministe
This thesis concerns the issue of scalp EEG signals pre-processing and it is focused on signal's disturbances caused by non zero reference measurements. These signals perturbations induced by an electrical fluctuation of reference signal can lead to misinterpretation errors in certains analysis. This can be easily seen in inter-signal synchronization measurements such as in coherence studies. Thus, the ideal reference is a null reference. During this research work, we focused on the absolute (zero-reference) potentials estimation from a inverse problem reformulation. Here, two cases are treated, one deals with the case of a reference signal that is sufficiently distant from electrophysiological brain sources so, it is considered as independent signal ; otherwise, it is modeled as a linear combination of sources. Thanks to this modeling, it was shown explicitly that the best estimates of absolute potentials without any a priori information are the average reference potentials. On the other hand, the source-independent reference inverse problem is resolved in a source separation context. For this case, it has been shown that the best estimate of the absolute potentials without any a priori information is equivalent to Minimum Power Distortionless Response/Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR/MPDR) estimators. On the pretreatment of EEG data, we show on simulated and real signals that measured potentials transformed into average reference improve certain analytical methods used in EEG such as blind source separation (BSS) and localization of brain sources. Beyond the problems of reference, this method can be applied as a constrained source estimation algorithm in order to estimate in a more robust way, particular sources such as artifacts or deterministic exogenous electrical stimulation
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Ousley, Larry James. "Solo Techniques for Unaccompanied Pizzicato Jazz Double Bass." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/96.

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The purpose of this study was to research and demonstrate various techniques that a double bassist may utilize when performing an unaccompanied solo in a jazz setting. This study primarily focused on pizzicato (plucked) styles and sought to maximize the polyphonic potential of the double bass, which has traditionally been considered a homophonic instrument. This study provides a written, organized approach that illustrates recorded examples and augments private instruction for the double bass. This study offers a vocabulary of techniques comprising chords and intervals that allow the double bassist to accompany oneself. It uses an intervallic approach to determining practical ways of voicing chords and accompanying melodic statements. Specific songs from the standard repertoire were chosen to demonstrate self-accompaniment techniques in the contexts of melodic and harmonic movement. Recorded examples are provided that show how specific bassists successfully used certain techniques in the context of songs. Bassists that were examined include Ray Brown, Niels-Henning Orsted Pedersen, Dave Holland, Charlie Hayden, Ron Carter, Edgar Meyer, Lynn Seaton, and David Friesen.
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Meyer, Mariechen. "Contemporary Double Bass Techniques: An Advanced Technical Approach." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157540/.

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Diverse practicing methods are evidence of the importance of applying creativity in our practice regimes. Regardless of a player's technique - traditional or modern - it must be regularly practiced and then applied. One of the most common ways to do that is through practicing technical exercises, which generally means the practice of scales, arpeggios and etudes. These exercises generally function as a warm-up regime for all musicians, but this regime doesn't necessarily provide enough reference for the player in the learning process of a new piece. Adapting exercises to address technical difficulties in a newly learned piece can provide the player with a wide range of practice methods to use, to be creative, to be more aware while practicing, and to build a solid technical foundation for the newly learned piece. Two well-known pedagogues who applied this approach are German bassist Ludwig Streicher and Czech violinist Otakar Ševčik. By implementing analytical studies and composing exercises based on the standard repertoire, Ševčik and Streicher became highly influential teachers in the 20th century. Their work serves as a model in achieving the purposes of this dissertation: the assessment of technical difficulties and compilation of a technique booklet based on six unaccompanied contemporary solo pieces written as required works for the solo competition of the International Society of Bassists' biennial convention since 2007.
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Sharpe, Chris M. "A Modern Pedagogical Method for Developing Valve Technique on Independent Double Valve Bass Trombone." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609158/.

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The modern bass trombone has undergone many changes in design since the 1960s and a student beginning on or switching to bass trombone today needs pedagogical material that methodically addresses the many valve combinations available on an independent double valve bass trombone. The existing books for bass trombone contain useful exercises, but none of the currently available books address all the valve combinations and patterns that are helpful for developing proficient valve technique on bass trombone. Therefore, I created a new bass trombone double valve technique method book that includes a thorough exploration of the bass trombone's two valves within the context of scales, scale exercises, and original material specifically designed to be applicable to common literature for the bass trombone.
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Lemmers, Alan. "Techniek op schaal : modellen en het technologiebeleid van de Marine 1725-1885 /." Amsterdam : de Bataafsche leeuw, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39283502d.

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Ilenda, Mbemba. "Impact de l'éducation sur les comportements techniques des agriculteurs : le cas du Bas-Zaïre (Zaïre)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29292.

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Everall, Philip. "A digital resource for navigating extended techniques on bass clarinet." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1940.

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Extended techniques are integral to the creation and interpretation of works for the bass clarinet. Effects such as multiphonics, microtones, or percussive and air sounds, have become commonplace in repertoire from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This PhD dissertation posits that the bass clarinet’s affinity for these sounds can be traced back to the instrument’s earliest uses, and thus extended techniques should be central to the understanding of the bass clarinet. While there is a large knowledge-base of these techniques, the paradigm of print resources with accompanying music media in which it is catalogued is old-fashioned and inefficient. This project centres around the creation of a digital resource (an iPad application) that allows performers and composers access to this body of information in a format that is portable, powerful, and intuitive. It strives to organise the information in more efficient and useful ways, to present it elegantly, and to facilitate quick and intelligent methods of retrieval. The app can also be used as an educative tool enabling performers and composers to more quickly obtain mastery of this material. The efficacy of the app is demonstrated through a lecture recital and accompanying exegetical discussion explicating the ways that the app can add (or could have added) value in the composition, notation, learning, and performance of the works presented.
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Tremblay, Yves. "Histoire sociale et technique de l'électrification au Bas-Saint-Laurent, 1888-1963." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29274.

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Bystritskaya, Alina. "La technique pour la contrebasse de François Rabbath." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20012.

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François Rabbath a maintenant plus de 80 ans ; il sillonne toujours le monde en tant que soliste et professeur. Sa contribution majeure à la pédagogie de la contrebasse est sa méthode en 4 volumes : La nouvelle technique de la contrebasse. Sa méthode est une nouvelle approche de l'enseignement de la contrebasse.Pour F. Rabbath, la qualité de la musique depend de : l'instrument, les cordes, l'archet, la position des mains.Sa contrebasse datée de 1936, a été fabriquée par Ch. Quenoil. C'est un instrument pour les solistes aux petites épaules, mais par sa sonorité est ample comme celle d'un instrument de l'orchestre, l'ampleur qui se combine avec la facilité de jeu d'une petite contrebasse.En s'intéressant à la pique comme à un axe d'équilibre entre le bas et la tête de l'instrument, il découvrit aussi que le matériau dont la pique est construite permet d'avoir plus ou moins de vibrations.Le luthier Ch. Laborie avec F. Rabbath ont eu l'idée d'une solution élégante, une tige de carbone mise directement en bas de la contrebasse dans l'angle précis. Cette nouvelle version de la pique s'appelle la « pique Rabbath-Laborie ».Gerold Genßler (chef d'une entreprise allemande indépendante de fabrication de cordes) demanda de l'aide à F. Rabbath pour découvrir le son d'une nouvelle corde ; F. Rabbath joua ensuite avec ces cordes.Dans la Nouvelle technique de la contrebasse, F. Rabbath a divisé la touche en 6 positions, définies en fonction de l'harmonie naturelle des cordes. Cela vient de l'utilisation élargie du placement des doigts, non pas de l'extension du mouvement. Cela vient aussi de l'élargissement de la main pour atteindre de nouvelles notes : F. Rabbath appelle cette technique pivot. Le joueur peut utiliser par exemple la position 1, 2 ou 3, sans forcément bouger la main, mais seulement en plaçant le pouce à la bonne place, et en remuant la main d'avant en arrière. Cette méthode de pivot permet la succession de différentes positions.La technique du crabe découverte par F. Rabbath est constituée par le mouvement de la main qui ressemble à la marche d'un crabe, de côté. Il permet à une partie de cette main de bouger lorsque l'autre est immobile, puis inversement. Ainsi elle peut monter et descendre le long de la corde dans certains passages sans changer de position.F. Rabbath a développé un nombre important de variation de coups d'archet. Cette méthode est différentes des autres qui se concentrent sur certains segments de la contrebasse plutôt qu'uniquement sur la touche.F. Rabbath a travaillé sur la théorie qui contribue au développement de la méthode d'enseignement de la contrebasse, à travers ses années d'enseignement et sa riche expérience, il donne plus d'importance à la relation entre l'interprétation et l'éducation. Dans cette méthode, il développe l'art d'être un artiste et son désir de partager sa passion de la contrebasse
Although F. Rabbath is more than 80 years old, he goes on traveling all over the world as a soloist and as a teacher. The major contribution of the double-bass pedagogy is the method of the double-bass playing published in the four volumes of the Nouvelle technique de la contrebasse (trad. New Technique of double-bass).His Nouvelle technique de la contrebasse is a new approach to double-bass playing in the pedagogy of this instrument. For F. Rabbath, to get a good quality of music all is important : the sound of the instrument, of the string, of the bow and also the position of the hands, etc.His double-bass was built by Charles Quenoil in 1936. It is the instrument for soloists with « small shoulders », and with a pitch like an orchestral instrument. It seems that this form combines the size of an orchestral instrument sound with the easiness of the playing of a small double-bass.F. Rabbath discovered how the endpins influence the playing. By focusing on the endpins as a balance between the bottom and top of the instrument, he also discovered how the material used for endpins allows more or less vibrations.He and Christian Laborie « took the idea to an elegant solution with a graphite rod installed directly into the end block at the proper angle.1» The new and improved version is called The Rabbath-Laborie Endpin. Gerold Genßler, germany independent production, asked F. Rabbath for help discovered the new string sound. After his production, F. Rabbath play with these strings. In Nouvelle technique de la contrebasse F. Rabbath divided the fingerboard into six positions, defined by the location of natural harmonics on the strings. This is done by using extension fingerings, not extensions with shifts. It is an extension where there is a widening of the hand to reach a new note. F. Rabbath called this technique « pivot ».The player can use for example first, second, third positions without the need for shifts but only by placing the thumb in an appropriate place and just rocking the hand back and forth. Thus, the pivot method enables the succession of several different positions. The « Crab Technique », is another technique discovered by Francois Rabbath. The hand movement resembles a crab's sideways walking : allows for part of the hand to move while the other part remains and vice versa - in this way the hand can move up and down the strings in certain passages without ever fully shifting. F. Rabbath has also developed a number of bowing variations, from whole notes to even faster, middle, tip, and then middle parts of the bow.F. Rabbath works on the theory contributes to the development of the teaching methodology of the double-bass. Over the years has been, still is, teaching the importance of the movement and the position of the body, more than musical. For him, this is the base towards good interpretation of any level of music.In his method François Rabbath also develops his art of being an artist and the desire to share and pass his passion for the double-bass
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Books on the topic "BSS techniques"

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Advanced bass techniques. Minneapolis, Minn: North American Fishing Club, 1993.

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Hiland, Mike. Rock bass technique. [S.l: s.n.], 1989.

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Panofsky, Margaret. Bass viol technique. [U.S.A.]: PRB Productions, 1991.

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Gary, White. Bassing with the best: Techniques of America's top pros. New York: Quill, 1997.

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Larsen, Larry. Bass pro strategies: Locating and catching techniques of the professionals. Lakeland, FL: Larsen's Outdoor Pub., 1988.

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Maze, T. H. Bus fleet management techniques guide. Washington, D.C: University Research and Training Program, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Maze, T. H. Bus fleet management techniques guide. Washington, D.C: University Research and Training Program, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Maze, T. H. Bus fleet management techniques guide. Washington, D.C: University Research and Training Program, Urban Mass Transportation Administration, U.S Dept. of Transportation, 1986.

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Fravel, Frederick D. Planning techniques for intercity transportation services. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Office of Technology and Planning Assistance, 1987.

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E, Burkhardt Jon, Menzer R. Eric, and United States. Dept. of Transportation. Office of Technology and Planning Assistance, eds. Planning techniques for intercity transportation services. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Office of Technology and Planning Assistance, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "BSS techniques"

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Blanco, Yolanda, and Santiago Zazo. "An Overview of BSS Techniques Based on Order Statistics: Formulation and Implementation Issues." In Independent Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, 73–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30110-3_10.

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Antoni, J., and S. Chauhan. "Second Order Blind Source Separation techniques (SO-BSS) and their relation to Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) algorithm." In Structural Dynamics, Volume 3, 177–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9834-7_16.

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Weekhout, Hans. "Advanced Mixing Techniques | Bass." In Music Production, 305–8. Third edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429459504-30.

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Scheer, August-Wilhelm, and Ursula Markus. "Knowledge Management: Life Cycle and Implementation Techniques." In BIS ’99, 76–85. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0875-7_7.

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Havlena, Vojtěch, Ondřej Lengál, and Barbora Šmahlíková. "Sky Is Not the Limit." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 118–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99527-0_7.

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AbstractWe propose several heuristics for mitigating one of the main causes of combinatorial explosion in rank-based complementation of Büchi automata (BAs): unnecessarily high bounds on the ranks of states. First, we identify elevator automata, which is a large class of BAs (generalizing semi-deterministic BAs), occurring often in practice, where ranks of states are bounded according to the structure of strongly connected components. The bounds for elevator automata also carry over to general BAs that contain elevator automata as a sub-structure. Second, we introduce two techniques for refining bounds on the ranks of BA states using data-flow analysis of the automaton. We implement out techniques as an extension of the tool Ranker for BA complementation and show that they indeed greatly prune the generated state space, obtaining significantly better results and outperforming other state-of-the-art tools on a large set of benchmarks.
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Richard, H., M. Raffel, M. Rein, J. Kompenhans, and G. E. A. Meier. "Demonstration of the applicability of a Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) method." In Laser Techniques for Fluid Mechanics, 145–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08263-8_9.

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Mukherjee, Sumit, Ranjit Ghoshal, and Bibhas Chandra Dhara. "Tiny Vessels Exploration in Retinal Image Using BFS Influenced Flood Filling." In Advanced Techniques for IoT Applications, 48–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4435-1_6.

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Guyot, Laurent, Pierre Seguin, and Hervé Benateau. "Greffe du bas-fond sinusien." In Techniques en chirurgie maxillo-faciale et plastique de la face, 89–91. Paris: Springer Paris, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0073-8_23.

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Li, Ge, Yue Hu, and Yanyu Yu. "Popularity Prediction of Tianya BBS Posts Based on User Behavior." In Applications and Techniques in Information Security, 33–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45670-5_4.

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Wei, Tang Siau. "Endoscopy-Assisted Breast Surgery for Breast Cancer." In Mastering Endo-Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery, 169–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3755-2_28.

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AbstractModified radical mastectomy was traditionally the preferred method for treating operable breast cancer. With advances in surgical techniques over the past few decades, breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and sentinel lymph node biopsy are now acceptable treatments for early breast cancer. Over the last two decades, endoscopic techniques had initially been adapted to facilitate cosmetic breast augmentation surgery but are now increasingly adopted in the surgical management of breast cancer [1–3]. It is often done to optimize the cosmetic outcome by performing surgery through small wounds hidden in the axilla or periareolar areas. If endoscopic mastectomy is performed, it is often followed by immediate reconstruction.
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Conference papers on the topic "BSS techniques"

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Sarmiento, Luis, Alberto Gonzalez, and Jose Millet. "Fetal ECG extraction using hybrid BSS techniques." In 2015 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cic.2015.7408606.

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Alvarez, Luis Omar Sarmiento, Alberto Gonzalez, and Jose Millet. "Hybrid BSS techniques for fetal ECG extraction using a semi-synthetic database." In 2015 20th Symposium on Signal Processing, Images and Computer Vision (STSIVA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsiva.2015.7330411.

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Nichols, W. L., S. E. Kaese, D. A. Gastineau, L. A. Otteman, and E. J. W. Bowie. "BERNARD-SOULIER SYNDROME: WHOLE BLOOD DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS OF PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644561.

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Diagnosis of Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) is complicated by the difficulty of separating the giant platelets from other blood cells to pursue analyses of platelet function and structure. We report on the utility of three whole blood assay techniques for diagnosis of a patient with BSS. To our knowledge, these three techniques have not been simultaneously applied or compared for efficacy in laboratory diagnosis of BSS. (1) Whole blood platelet aggregation responses, studied with an electrical impedence aggregometer, were equivalent to those more laboriously obtained using platelet-rich plasma prepared by unit gravity sedimentation, studied with an optical light transmittance aggregometer. Platelet aggregation responses were normal with ADP or collagen stimulation, and absent with Ristocetin or bovine plasma stimulation. (2) Whole blood radioimmunoassay of platelet glycoprotein (GP) expression was performed using iodinated murine monoclonal antibodies HP1-1D (anti-GP IIb/IIIa) and 6D1 (anti-GPlb, kindly supplied by Dr. Barry Coller, Stony Brook, NY). After incubation with citrated whole blood, centrifugation was used to separate cell-bound antibody which was quantitated with a gamma counter. The patient’s whole blood had a normal level of cell-bound GP Ilb/IIIa, but a markedly reduced level of cell-bound GP lb (5% of normal mean; n = 20). (3) Whole blood smear immunocytochemical staining with the monoclonals (indirect immuno-alkaline phosphatase technique), and qualitative analysis by light microscopy, revealed a marked reduction of GP lb expression by the patient’s giant platelets, whereas GP Ilb/IIIa expression was normal. This latter technique might be especially valuable as a screening technique when the patient is not directly available for laboratory study. Together with the patient’s life-long history of thrombocytopenia and moderate bleeding diathesis, and other laboratory observations including markedly prolonged bleeding times and reduced whole blood prothrombin consumption, these data established diagnosis of BSS. We conclude that these three relatively simple assays of platelets in whole blood should be of particular value in the laboratory differential diagnosis of patients with congenital thrombocytopenias and giant platelet syndromes.
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Poncelet, F., G. Kerschen, J. C. Golinval, and F. Marin. "Second-Order Blind Identification for Operational Modal Analysis." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34480.

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For modal analysis of large structures, it is unpractical and expensive to use artificial excitation (e.g., shakers). However, engineering structures are most often subject to ambient loads (e.g., traffic and wind) that can be exploited for modal parameter estimation. One difficulty is that the actual loading conditions cannot generally be measured, and output-only measurements are available. This paper proposes to explore the utility of blind source separation (BSS) techniques for operational modal analysis. The basic idea of BSS is to recover unobserved source signals from their observed mixtures. The feasibility and practicality of the proposed method are demonstrated using an experimental application.
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Naik, Ganesh R., Dinesh K. Kumar, Hans Weghorn, and Marimuthu Palaniswami. "Subtle Hand Gesture Identification for HCI Using Temporal Decorrelation Source Separation BSS of Surface EMG." In 9th Biennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications (DICTA 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2007.4426772.

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Sahroni, Alvin, Hendra Setiawan, and Erlina Marfianti. "Performance of blind source separation (BSS) techniques for mixed source signals of EEG, ECG, and voice signal." In 2014 IEEE 7th International Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Applications (IWCIA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwcia.2014.6988108.

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Wei, Bing, Chao Zhang, and Xiaopei Wu. "Comprehensive comparison study on different ICA/BSS methods in IPPG techniques for obtaining high-quality BVP signal." In the 2016 International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3028842.3028890.

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Alinaghi, A., W. Wang, and P. J. B. Jackson. "Comparison between the Statistical cues in BSS techniques and Binaural cues in CASA approaches for reverberant speech separation." In IET Intelligent Signal Processing Conference 2013 (ISP 2013). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.2076.

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Krishnaraj, Naveen, Michael Myers, Alon Arad, Lori Hathon, and Xinmin Ge. "Joint Inversion and Unsupervised Learning Applied to NMR Data Processing That Eliminates the Need for Regularization." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0056.

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An accurate data processing algorithm is at the heart of successful Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) log interpretation. The first step in the traditional inversion algorithm is inverting for the T2 distribution from the magnetization data at a single depth. A recent innovation involves finding volume fractions of the different components (e.g., capillary bound water, clay bound water, free water, oil, etc.) using data from multiple depths/measurements and adopting Blind Source Separation (BSS) techniques. NMR data inversion and BSS are both ill-posed problems. These types of algorithms are strongly influenced by noise and have significant error bars, especially for low values of T2. In this work we develop a new algorithm that utilizes a joint inversion and blind source separation., "Kernel Incorporated Non-Negative Matrix Factorization" (KINMF). The outputs are T2 distributions and the volume fractions of different components from the magnetization data. This is accomplished by incorporating multiple measurements with varying volume fraction of the individual components. This single-step, hybrid approach has a de-noising effect which generates accurate results without regularization. It leads to one-to-two orders of magnitude improvement in processing speeds (e.g., compute time for the conventional method in a clastic system is higher than 120 sec; for the KINMF it is less than 15 sec). Improved interpretation of NMR physics. This algorithm also eliminates the “smearing effects” due to the standard inversion which implements regularization using an L2 norm. This norm is typically used because of its computational efficiency and ease of implementation. The impact of other regularization techniques including L1 normalization, Entropy and Elastic–Net are also investigated. These results justify the use of conventional inversion techniques and demonstrates the improvements in interpretation due to the use of the KINMF technique. The results of the KINMF algorithm were validated using forward modeling and comparison with several experimental datasets. These included varying mixtures of brine, oil, and sand. The technique was also applied to a suite of carbonates with varying volumes of vuggy and matrix porosity. The T2 distributions in the carbonates were validated using image analysis. In all cases the KINMF technique improves the results of the inversion. The major impact of applying KINMF is for T2 relaxation times less than 100 ms and it also significantly improved computational times (enhanced real-time data processing). This should lead to broader applicability and improved physical interpretation of NMR data.
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McNeill, Scot. "Extending Blind Modal Identification to the Underdetermined Case for Ambient Vibration." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-93140.

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The modal identification framework known as Blind Modal Identification (BMID) has recently been developed, drawing on techniques from Blind Source Separation (BSS). Therein, a BSS algorithm known as Second Order Blind Identification (SOBI) was adapted to solve the Modal IDentification (MID) problem. One of the drawbacks of the technique is that the number of modes identified must be less than the number of sensors used to measure the vibration of the equipment or structure. In this paper, an extension of the BMID method is presented for the underdetermined case, where the number of sensors is less than the number of modes to be identified. The analytic signal formed from measured vibration data is formed and the Second Order Blind Identification of Underdetermined Mixtures (SOBIUM) algorithm is applied to estimate the complex-valued modes and modal response autocorrelation functions. The natural frequencies and modal damping ratios are then estimated from the corresponding modal auto spectral density functions using a simple Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF), frequency-domain method. Theoretical limitations on the number of modes identified given the number of sensors are provided. The method is demonstrated using a simulated six DOF mass-spring-dashpot system excited by white noise, where displacement at four of the six DOF is measured. All six modes are successfully identified using data from only four sensors. The method is also applied to a more realistic simulation of ambient building vibration. Seven modes in the bandwidth of interest are successfully identified using acceleration data from only five DOF. In both examples, the identified modal parameters (natural frequencies, mode shapes, modal damping ratios) are compared to the analytical parameters and are demonstrated to be of good quality.
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Reports on the topic "BSS techniques"

1

Willocq, Stephane. Search for Time-Dependent B0s - B0s-bar Oscillations Using a Vertex Charge Dipole Technique. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801777.

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Noga, Edward J., Ramy R. Avtalion, and Michael Levy. Comparison of the Immune Response of Striped Bass and Hybrid Bass. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568749.bard.

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We developed methods for examining the pathophysical response of striped bass and hybrid bass to various forms of stress. This involved development of techniques for the measurement of lysozyme, mitogen blastogenesis, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and oxidative burst, which are important general indicators of systemic immune function. We also examined local immune defenses (epithelial integrity), as well as homeostatic indicators in blood, including osmotic balance and glucose. Acute stress resulted in significant perturbations in a number of parameters, including glucose, electrolytes, osmolarity, lysozyme, and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Most significantly, acute confinement stress resulted in severe damage to the epidermal epithelium, as indicated by the rapid (within 2 hr) development of erosions and ulcerations on various fins. There were significant differences in the resting levels of some immune functions between striped bass and hybrid bass, including response to mitogens in the leukocyte blastogenesis test. Our studies also revealed that there were significant differences in how striped bass and hybrid bass respond to stress, with striped bass being much more severely affected by stress than the hybrid. This was reflected in more severe changes in glucose, cortisol dynamics, and plasma lysozyme. Most significantly, striped bass developed more severe idiopathic skin ulceration after stress, which may be a major reason why this fish is so prone to develop opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections after stress. Hybrid bass injected with equine serum albumin developed a typical humoral immune response, with peak antibody production 28 days after primary immunization. Fish that were exposed to a chronic stress after a primary immunization showed almost complete inhibition of antibody production.
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Tsuchiya, K., H. Higuchi, and Y. Atarashi. Dual Stack Hosts using the "Bump-In-the-Stack" Technique (BIS). RFC Editor, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2767.

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Arhin, Stephen, Babin Manandhar, Hamdiat Baba Adam, and Adam Gatiba. Predicting Bus Travel Times in Washington, DC Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Mineta Transportation Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1943.

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Washington, DC is ranked second among cities in terms of highest public transit commuters in the United States, with approximately 9% of the working population using the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Metrobuses to commute. Deducing accurate travel times of these metrobuses is an important task for transit authorities to provide reliable service to its patrons. This study, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), developed prediction models for transit buses to assist decision-makers to improve service quality and patronage. For this study, we used six months of Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) and Automatic Passenger Counting (APC) data for six Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) bus routes operating in Washington, DC. We developed regression models and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models for predicting travel times of buses for different peak periods (AM, Mid-Day and PM). Our analysis included variables such as number of served bus stops, length of route between bus stops, average number of passengers in the bus, average dwell time of buses, and number of intersections between bus stops. We obtained ANN models for travel times by using approximation technique incorporating two separate algorithms: Quasi-Newton and Levenberg-Marquardt. The training strategy for neural network models involved feed forward and errorback processes that minimized the generated errors. We also evaluated the models with a Comparison of the Normalized Squared Errors (NSE). From the results, we observed that the travel times of buses and the dwell times at bus stops generally increased over time of the day. We gathered travel time equations for buses for the AM, Mid-Day and PM Peaks. The lowest NSE for the AM, Mid-Day and PM Peak periods corresponded to training processes using Quasi-Newton algorithm, which had 3, 2 and 5 perceptron layers, respectively. These prediction models could be adapted by transit agencies to provide the patrons with accurate travel time information at bus stops or online.
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Song, Yaowen, Shuiyu Lin, Jun Chen, Silu Ding, and Jun Dang. First-line treatment with TKI plus brain radiotherapy vs TKI alone in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0013.

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Review question / Objective: It remains uncertain whether first-line treatment with upfront brain radiotherapy (RT) in combination with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is superior to EGFR-TKIs alone in EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer with newly diagnosed brain metastases (BMs). We performed a meta-analysis to address this issue. Condition being studied: Brain radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to damage the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and improve the concentration of EGFR-TKIs in the CSF. Additionally, RT can result in a reduction of EGFR-TKIs resistance. Therefore, EGFR-TKIs in combination with brain RT should be more effective than EGFR-TKIs alone theoretically. However, results from retrospective studies are inconsistent. There is the possibility that patients characteristics or brain RT technique affect the efficacy of treatments. To date, there is still no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the two treatment strategies.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. role of FLS3 and BSK830 in pattern-triggered immunity in tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604270.bard.

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Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the plant cell surface initiate immune responses by perceiving conserved pathogen molecules known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs typically function in multiprotein complexes that include transmembrane and cytoplasmickinases and contribute to the initiation and signaling of pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). An important challenge is to identify molecular components of PRR complexes and downstream signaling pathways, and to understand the molecular mechanisms that mediate their function. In research activities supported by BARD-4931, we studied the role of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 3 (FLS3) PRR in the response of tomato leaves to flagellin-derivedPAMPs and PTI. In addition, we investigated molecular properties of the tomato brassinosteroid signaling kinase 830 (BSK830) that physically interacts with FLS3 and is a candidate for acting in the FLS3 signaling pathway. Our investigation refers to the proposal original objectives that were to: 1) Investigate the role of FLS3 and its interacting proteins in PTI; 2) Investigate the role of BSK830 in PTI; 3) Examine molecular and phosphorylation dynamics of the FLS3-BSK830 interaction; 4) Examine the possible interaction of FLS3 and BSK830 with Pstand Xcveffectors. We used CRISPR/Cas9 techniques to develop plants carrying single or combined mutations in the FLS3 gene and in the paralogsFLS2.1 and FLS2.2 genes, which encode the receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2), and analyzed their function in PTI. Domain swapping analysis of the FLS2 and FLS3 receptors revealed domains of the proteins responsible for PAMP detection and for the different ROS response initiated by flgII-28/FLS3 as compared to flg22/FLS2. In addition, in vitro kinase assays and point mutations analysis identified FLS2 and FLS3 domains required for kinase activity and ATP binding. In research activities on tomato BSK830, we found that it interacts with PRRs and with the co-receptor SERK3A and PAMP treatment affects part of these interactions. CRISPR/Cas9 bsk830 mutant plants displayed enhanced pathogen susceptibility and reduced ROS production upon PAMP treatment. In addition, BSK830 interacted with 8 Xanthomonastype III secreted effectors. Follow up analysis revealed that among these effectors XopAE is part of an operon, is translocated into plant cells, and displays E3 ubiquitinligase activity. Our investigation was also extended to other Arabidopsis and tomato BSK family members. Arabidopsis BSK5 localized to the plant cell periphery, interacted with receptor-like kinases, and it was phosphorylatedin vitro by the PEPR1 and EFRPRRs. bsk5 mutant plants displayed enhanced susceptibility to pathogens and were impaired in several, but not all, PAMP-induced responses. Conversely, BSK5 overexpression conferred enhanced disease resistance and caused stronger PTI responses. Genetic complementation suggested that proper localization, kinase activity, and phosphorylation by PRRs are critical for BSK5 function. BSK7 and BSK8 specifically interacted with the FLS2 PRR, their respective mutant plants were more susceptible to B. cinereaand displayed reduced flg22-induced responses. The tomato BSK Mai1 was found to interact with the M3KMAPKKK, which is involved in activation of cell death associated with effector-triggered immunity. Silencing of Mai1 in N. benthamianaplants compromised cell death induced by a specific class of immune receptors. In addition, co-expression of Mai1 and M3Kin leaves enhanced MAPKphosphorylation and cell death, suggesting that Mai1 acts as a molecular link between pathogen recognition and MAPK signaling. Finally, We identified the PP2C phosphatase Pic1 that acts as a negative regulator of PTI by interacting with and dephosphorylating the receptor-like cytoplasmickinase Pti1, which is a positive regulator of plant immunity. The results of this investigation shed new light on the molecular characteristics and interactions of components of the immune system of crop plants providing new knowledge and tools for development of novel strategies for disease control.
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