Journal articles: 'Bryozoa'

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Ciavatta, Maria Letizia, Florence Lefranc, Leandro M. Vieira, Robert Kiss, Marianna Carbone, Willem A. L. van Otterlo, Nicole B. Lopanik, and Andrea Waeschenbach. "The Phylum Bryozoa: From Biology to Biomedical Potential." Marine Drugs 18, no. 4 (April 9, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18040200.

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Less than one percent of marine natural products characterized since 1963 have been obtained from the phylum Bryozoa which, therefore, still represents a huge reservoir for the discovery of bioactive metabolites with its ~6000 described species. The current review is designed to highlight how bryozoans use sophisticated chemical defenses against their numerous predators and competitors, and which can be harbored for medicinal uses. This review collates all currently available chemoecological data about bryozoans and lists potential applications/benefits for human health. The core of the current review relates to the potential of bryozoan metabolites in human diseases with particular attention to viral, brain, and parasitic diseases. It additionally weighs the pros and cons of total syntheses of some bryozoan metabolites versus the synthesis of non-natural analogues, and explores the hopes put into the development of biotechnological approaches to provide sustainable amounts of bryozoan metabolites without harming the natural environment.

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Swami, Pavan S., Ananta D. Harkal, and Satish S. Mokashe. "An assessment of bryozoan (Phylactolaemata) fauna of Kagzipura Lake, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 3 (March 26, 2016): 8611. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.1607.8.3.8611-8614.

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Freshwater Bryozoa is one of the less explored or ignored animal groups from India. Kagzipura Lake, a rainwater fed water body was surveyed for three years to understand the diversity and distribution of bryozoan fauna. The present study depicts four Phylactolaemata bryozoans species as Rumarcanella vorstmani, Plumatella casmiana, Lophopodella carteri and Swarupella divina. The manuscript provides brief descriptions of these species, photomicrographs of statoblasts using scanning electron microscopy and colony characteristics.

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Zhang, Zhiliang, Zhifei Zhang, Junye Ma, Paul D. Taylor, Luke C. Strotz, Sarah M. Jacquet, Christian B. Skovsted, Feiyang Chen, Jian Han, and Glenn A. Brock. "Fossil evidence unveils an early Cambrian origin for Bryozoa." Nature 599, no. 7884 (October 27, 2021): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04033-w.

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AbstractBryozoans (also known as ectoprocts or moss animals) are aquatic, dominantly sessile, filter-feeding lophophorates that construct an organic or calcareous modular colonial (clonal) exoskeleton1–3. The presence of six major orders of bryozoans with advanced polymorphisms in lower Ordovician rocks strongly suggests a Cambrian origin for the largest and most diverse lophophorate phylum2,4–8. However, a lack of convincing bryozoan fossils from the Cambrian period has hampered resolution of the true origins and character assembly of the earliest members of the group. Here we interpret the millimetric, erect, bilaminate, secondarily phosphatized fossil Protomelission gatehousei9 from the early Cambrian of Australia and South China as a potential stem-group bryozoan. The monomorphic zooid capsules, modular construction, organic composition and simple linear budding growth geometry represent a mixture of organic Gymnolaemata and biomineralized Stenolaemata character traits, with phylogenetic analyses identifying P. gatehousei as a stem-group bryozoan. This aligns the origin of phylum Bryozoa with all other skeletonized phyla in Cambrian Age 3, pushing back its first occurrence by approximately 35 million years. It also reconciles the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of an early Cambrian origination and subsequent Ordovician radiation of Bryozoa following the acquisition of a carbonate skeleton10–13.

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O'Dea, Aaron, and Beth Okamura. "Life history and environmental inference through retrospective morphometric analysis of bryozoans: a preliminary study." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 6 (December 2000): 1127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400003210.

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A preliminary comparative analysis of colony growth and zooid size in the perennial bryozoan Flustra foliacea (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) reveals reduced colony growth in the Bay of Fundy relative to growth in the Menai Straits and the Skagerrak, while seasonal fluctuations in zooid size are in synchrony with temperature regimes. Such retrospective morphometric analyses may allow inferences of primary productivity and thermal regimes and provide insights into the life histories of both Recent and fossil bryozoans.

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Evseeva, O. Yu. "Bryozoa of the northern part of Barents Sea: species composition, distribution, ecology (based on the materials of expeditions MMBI 2016–2017)." Transaction Kola Science Centre 11, no. 5-2020 (March 25, 2020): 50–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.11.5.006.

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The modern data about fauna of Bryozoa in the northern part of Barents Sea are obtained. The taxonomic and biogeographic composition, distribution features of bryozoan communities, and their quantitative indicators are analyzed. 124 Bryozoa species are identified in the samples, one of which (Uschakovia gorbunoviKluge, 1946) is a new for the Barents Sea fauna. It was found that the richness of the bryozoan fauna is determined by the variety of environmental conditions and depends on the bottom relief (and related factors: soil, hydrodynamic intensity and sedimentation) and the parameters of water masses.

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Smith, Abigail M. "Bryozoans as southern sentinels of ocean acidification: a major role for a minor phylum." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 5 (2009): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08321.

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Rapid anthropogenic production of CO2 has driven the carbonate chemistry of the sea, causing lowered pH in surface waters. Increasingly, scientists are called on to study ocean acidification and its effects. The ‘minor’ phylum Bryozoa shows considerable potential in understanding temperate southern hemisphere shelf carbonate dynamics, thus complementing tropical studies based mainly on corals. Lowered pH affects skeletons differently depending on their composition, but skeletons are even more strongly affected by morphology. Different bryozoans will manifest the effects of acidification at different times, thus some particularly vulnerable species may act as ‘canaries’ providing an early warning for some shelf communities, such as bryozoan-dominated thickets. A carbonate budget based on several studies of the bryozoan Adeonellopsis in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand, shows that increasing dissolution pressure in cool temperate environments dramatically reduces sediment accumulation rates. Bryozoan shelf carbonate sediments, which blanket the southern shelves of New Zealand and Australia, may serve as biological saturometers, monitoring the effects of acidification over shelf depths. Whether acting as canaries, models or sentinels, bryozoans have great potential to provide insight into the next global challenge: ocean acidification.

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Šatkauskienė, Ingrida, Timothy Wood, Jurgita Rutkauskaitė-Sucilienė, Vida Mildažienė, and Simona Tučkutė. "Freshwater bryozoans of Lithuania (Bryozoa)." ZooKeys 774 (July 12, 2018): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.774.21769.

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Nine species of freshwater bryozoans were recorded in Lithuania in a survey of 18 various types of freshwater bodies. Eight species were assigned to the Class Phylactolaemata and families Plumatellidae and Cristatellidae (Plumatellarepens,Plumatellafungosa,Plumatellafruticosa,Plumatellacasmiana,Plumatellaemarginata,Plumatellageimermassardi,HyalinellapunctataandCristatellamucedo). The ninth species,Paludicellaarticulata, represented the Class Gymnolaemata.PlumatellageimermassardiandP.casmianawere recorded for the first time in Lithuania. For the plumatellids, species identification was achieved partly by analysing statoblasts’ morphological ultrastructures by scanning electron microscopy.

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GRISCHENKO, ANDREI V., DENNIS P. GORDON, and VIACHESLAV P. MELNIK. "Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion–Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean—taxon novelty and implications of mining." Zootaxa 4484, no. 1 (September 25, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4484.1.1.

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This work describes Bryozoa of the orders Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata found associated with polymetallic nodules collected by box-coring in the eastern part of the Russian exploration area of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) under contract to Yuzhmorgeologiya. Scanning electron microscopic study of 358 cyclostome colonies and 14 ctenostome colonies from 4510–5280 m depth has resulted in the recognition of two new species of Ctenostomata, and 14 new species, nine new genera and two new families of Cyclostomata; three additional species of Cyclostomata are left in open nomenclature pending the discovery of missing reproductive characters. The taxonomic novelty is thus notable. One of the new Ctenostomata represents the first living example of the previously monotypic Late Cretaceous genus Pierrella. Twelve of the new cyclostome taxa have well-developed gonozooids, indicating that embryonic cloning (polyembryony) is normal in this deep-sea environment. On the other hand, one indeterminate tubuliporine and two rectangulates have dimorphic peristomes. In the latter two cases, enough mature colonies were found to suggest that this feature is normal, and that the dimorphic zooids are possibly female—in other words, capacious incubation chambers are apparently lacking, and therefore polyembryony would also be lacking or reduced. In one of these species, evidence is presented to suggest that the ancestrular zooid can reproduce precociously. Of the species reported here, only one has previously been found outside the exploration area, highlighting both the limited knowledge we have of bryozoans in the deep Pacific and/or a fauna that is largely endemic to the nodule environment. An additional 31 species of Cheilostomata have also been discovered that will be described in a subsequent publication. Most bryozoans are macrofaunal-sized, so are both inadequately determinable and overlooked in images obtained by remotely operated vehicles; yet, with 50 species, Bryozoa is the most speciose sessile macrofaunal phylum on the nodules. Nodules constitute hard substrata in an area otherwise mostly inhospitable for Bryozoa, hence mining would lead to loss of critical habitat. Further, as suspension-feeders, bryozoans are highly susceptible to smothering by suspended sediment, and non-mined areas closely adjacent to extraction zones would likely also be affected and their associated bryozoan fauna obliterated. More data are required on the distribution of the CCFZ bryozoan species elsewhere in the east Central Pacific to determine if mining would lead to local taxon extirpation or global extinction at both low and high taxonomic levels.

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Horowitz, Alan Stanley, and Joseph F. Pachut. "Specific, generic, and familial diversity of Devonian bryozoans." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 1 (January 1993): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000021156.

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Lack of an adequately calibrated Devonian time scale precludes satisfactory comparisons of Recent and Devonian bryozoan diversities. Nevertheless, Devonian bryozoans apparently are 3–100 times less diverse than Recent bryozoans. This variation is a function of how Devonian time is divided (whole period, stages, per million years) as well as the diverse skeletal architecture of cheilostome bryozoans, the most abundant Recent bryozoan order.The Givetian has the largest specific, generic, and familial diversity of any Devonian stage and the drop in bryozoan diversity from the Givetian to the Frasnian is greater than the rise or fall of diversity between any other adjacent stages. Diversity hardly changes among bryozoans across the Frasnian–Famennian boundary. Among bryozoans the Givetian–Frasnian extinction was a major event.Devonian taxonomic diversity is less than nomenclatorial diversity, although both exhibit the same trends from stage to stage during the Devonian. The amount of difference between the two measures of diversity is probably a reflection of the intensity of research on Devonian Bryozoa, especially revisionary studies of previously described faunas. Monographic bursts in diversity are present and are a measure of the episodic character of taxonomic studies on less popular phyla. Examination of the literature commonly provides a finer stratigraphic resolution than indicated in compilations such as the Zoological Record.Although some significant areas of the exposed continents have not received adequate study, Devonian bryozoans show marked geographic changes in diversity that can not be ascribed entirely to lack of study.

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NAUFAL, MOHAMMED, and K. A. JAYARAJ. "Short Communication: First report of Thalamoporella rozieri (Bryozoa: Thalamoporellidae) from Andaman waters with reference to its epibiotic colonization on marine sponges." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 1521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190444.

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Naufal M, Jayaraj KA. 2018. Short Communication: First report of Thalamoporella rozieri (Bryozoa: Thalamoporellidae)from Andaman waters with reference to its epibiotic colonization on marine sponges. Biodiversitas 19: 1521-1526. Bryozoans areaquatic, sessile, colonial, fouling invertebrates, which are found in most marine habitats. Considering the ecological and economicconsequence due to the biofouling behavior of bryozoans, a far-reaching study has been carried out on it throughout the world.However, Andaman waters are lacking the bryozoan research for last nine decades. A study on the bryozoan distribution in the littoralregion in the eastern coasts of the Andaman Islands was carried out during August 2016. This is the first study on the intertidalbryozoans of Andaman Islands and identified a new report of bryozoan Thalamoporella rozieri from Andaman and Nicobar Waters.Tuberosities in the present T. rozieri colonies are large. The minute calcareous spicules are also examined. Our study has also comeacross an interesting association in which the epibiont bryozoan T. rozieri adhere to the basibiont sponge Placospongia sp on a big rock.The colony of epizoic T. rozieri on the sponge was lengthier and continuous than on other inert host substrata. This may be because ofactive substrate selection by settling larvae. As both are filter feeders, no deleterious effect was noticed either in the basibiont side ofPlacospongia or in the epibiont side of T. rozieri.

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Nirmiti D., Nimbalkar, Wood Timothy S., and Chondekar Ramesh P. "New Record of Two Freshwater Bryozoan Species (Phylactolaemata) from Kagzipura Reservoir, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.020.

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A reassessment of the freshwater Bryozoa (Phylactolaemata) has carried out for two years at Kagzipura lake, 40 km northwest of Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. Collected samples were primarily identified on the basis of their colony morphology and statoblast features under light microscope, and species identification was confirmed on the basis of Scanning Electron Microscopic Images (SEM) of statoblast and standard keys of freshwater Bryozoa. In the present study we are reporting two bryozoan species first time at Kagzipura lake which were not reported earlier at this region. So this paper has updated the bryozoan diversity of Kagzipura lake with two more species i.e. Hyalinella lendenfeldi (Ridley, 1886) and Plumatella bombayensis Annandale, 1908. The present study also provided brief descriptions of these species, including images taken with light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope.

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GORDON, DENNIS P., and PHILIP E. BOCK. "Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831 in the first twenty years of Zootaxa." Zootaxa 4979, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.27.

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This short account is an invited contribution to the Zootaxa special volume ‘Twenty years of Zootaxa.’ Zootaxa was first published on 28 May 2001. Between this date and December 2020, 116 papers were published in Zootaxa that mention Bryozoa, comprising mostly descriptions of new species and higher taxa, but also including molecular sequencing (e.g. Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2011; Taylor et al. 2011; Franjevic et al. 2015), invasive-species research (e.g. Ryland et al. 2014; Vieira et al. 2014), checklists (e.g. Vieira et al. 2008), classification (e.g. Bock & Gordon 2013), bryozoans as associates of other organisms (e.g. Rudman 2007; Chatterjee & Dovgal 2020; Chatterjee et al. 2020), metazoan phylogeny (e.g. Giribet et al. 2013), biographies of historical figures who worked on bryozoans (e.g. Calder & Brinkmann-Voss 2011; Calder 2015) and a catalogue of the fossil invertebrate taxa described by William Gabb (including 67 bryozoan species) (Groves & Squires 2018). Of the 116 papers, 15 (13%) were open-access.

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Gontar, V. I., and T. A. Sharapova. "New species of freshwater bryozoans Plumatella sibirica (Phylactolaemata), Western Siberia (Russia)." Vestnik MGTU 26, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21443/1560-9278-2023-26-2-131-136.

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Western Siberia is the least studied region with respect to the distribution, ecology, and systematic composition of freshwater bryozoans. The collection of material on freshwater bryozoans of the West Siberian Plain was carried out as part of study of the zooperiphyton of the water bodies of the Tyumen region (including the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts) in 1987–2016. As a result of the collected material analysis, description of a new species of phylactolemic bryozoans (Bryozoa) Plumatella sibirica has been presented. The new species has autozooids in the form of tubules with a rounded cross section. Phlotoblasts are oval, with slightly narrowed poles. Size and surface morphology of flotoblasts and sessoblasts distinguish the species from related species Plumatella repens (Linn?) and P. buschnelli (Wood). The maximum biomass of zooperiphyton in forest-tundra lakes has been noted in communities dominated by large colonies of Plumatella sibirica, where this bryozoan is the absolute dominant. In the course of further studies, a new species of bryozoans Plumatella sibirica may also be found in other regions of Siberia.

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Gruhl, Alexander. "Muscular systems in gymnolaemate bryozoan larvae (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata)." Zoomorphology 127, no. 3 (February 26, 2008): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-008-0059-3.

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Wood, Christine, John Bishop, Patrick Adkins, and Helen Jenkins. "The genome sequence of an erect bryozoan, Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960)." Wellcome Open Research 8 (January 18, 2023): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18775.1.

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We present a genome assembly from a Bugulina stolonifera colony (an erect bryozoan; Bryozoa; Gymnolaemata; Cheilostomatida; Bugulidae). The genome sequence is 235 megabases in span. Most of the assembly (99.85%) is scaffolded into 11 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome was also assembled and is 14.4 kilobases long.

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Bishop, John, Christine Wood, Patrick Adkins, and Helen Jenkins. "The genome sequence of an encrusting bryozoan, Cryptosula pallasiana (Moll, 1803)." Wellcome Open Research 8 (March 23, 2023): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19100.1.

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We present a genome assembly from a colony of Cryptosula pallasiana (an encrusting bryozoan; Bryozoa; Gymnolaemata; Cheilostomatida; Cryptosulidae). The genome sequence is 605.6 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 12 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.1 kilobases in length.

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Harkal, Ananta Dnyanoba, and Satish Sumanrao Mokashe. "First record of Hislopia malayensis Annandale, 1916 (Bryozoa: Gymnolaemata) from freshwaters of India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2018): 12432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.3400.10.10.12432-12433.

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The manuscript reports the first record of Hislopia malayensis, Annandale, 1916 (Bryozoa, Gymnolaemata) from India. These kinds of studies are to understand the real picture of diversity, distribution, and ecology of bryozoans in India.

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Ricciardi, Anthony, and Henry M. Reiswig. "Taxonomy, distribution, and ecology of the freshwater bryozoans (Ectoprocta) of eastern Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-048.

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The freshwater Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) are one of the most poorly known faunal groups in Canada. A recent survey of 80 freshwater habitats in eastern Canada (from Ontario to Newfoundland) revealed 14 species of bryozoans, representing 56% of described species in North America. The greatest numbers of species and specimens were found in alkaline waters (pH 7.0–9.8) near lake outflows, wherever hard substrates were present. Paludicella articulata, Cristatella mucedo, Fredericella indica, and Plumatella fungosa are among the most frequently encountered, widely distributed, and eurytopic species. Pottsiella erecta and Plumatella fruticosa are rare, and new to eastern Canada. Lophopodella carteri, an exotic Asian species discovered in Lake Erie in the early 1930s, has become firmly established in the lower Ottawa and upper St. Lawrence rivers. Detailed notes on taxonomy, morphology, distribution, and ecology are given for each bryozoan. New limits of tolerance to water temperature, pH, and calcium and magnesium hardness are established for several species. A taxonomic key to the freshwater bryozoans of eastern Canada, including a key to statoblast types, is presented for the first time.

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Ernst, Andrej, Priska Schäfer, and Jack A. Grant-Mackie. "New Caledonian Triassic Bryozoa." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 5 (September 2015): 730–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2015.50.

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AbstractFour trepostome bryozoan species are described from the Upper Triassic of New Caledonia. They include one new genus Metastenodiscus n. gen. The studied fauna shows strong paleobiogeographic relations to New Zealand and less so to Japan. Morphological similarities between Middle Paleozoic and Triassic trepostome bryozoans (e.g., abundant diaphragms) are explained by homeomorphy.

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Evseeva, O. Yu. "Bryozoa of the Laptev and East Siberian seas: modern research." Transaction Kola Science Centre 12, no. 3-2021 (October 12, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2021.3.9.008.

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The new data about bryozoan fauna of the Siberian seas (Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea) are obtained. 48 species of Bryozoa were identified in the samples, collected in the MMBI RAS expedition (2014) at 50 stations: 45 – in the Laptev Sea and 16 – in the East Siberian Sea. The taxonomic and biogeographic composition, the features of distribution of Bryozoa are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the studies of the end of the 20th century (1986, 1987 and 1993–1998) based on literature data is carried out (Gontar, 1990, 1994, 2004, 2015а,б, 2016). There was a significant increase 60 in the share of boreal-arctic species due to a significant decrease of arctic species (by almost a third), which probably reflects the climate change towards warming , observed at the beginning of the 21st century.

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Watts, Phillip C., John P. Thorpe, and Paul D. Taylor. "Natural and anthropogenic dispersal mechanisms in the marine environment: a study using cheilostome Bryozoa." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1367 (March 29, 1998): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0222.

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The global geographic ranges occupied by 197 species of cheilostomate Bryozoa found in British waters were obtained by a literature survey. Morphological grade, larval mode, environmental tolerance, species abundance and the ability to raft and to foul shipping were all investigated as traits potentially able to affect the geographic ranges of these bryozoan species. When considered independently all variables except larval mode had a significant correlation with the geographic range occupied by a species. However, when controlling for the potentially confounding effects of the other covariates, only the ability to foul or raft and species abundance had a significant effect on median geographic range and only fouling and abundance had a significant effect over global ranges. The strength of the association between fouling ability and range suggests that transport upon the hulls of ships is a very important dispersal mechanism for bryozoans, as it is thought to be also for various other marine taxa. Potential long-term (evolutionary) consequences of increased ranges brought about by anthropogenic mechanisms are discussed.

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Barnes, David K. A., and Andrew Clarke. "Epibiotic communities on sublittoral macroinvertebrates at Signy Island, Antarctica." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 75, no. 3 (August 1995): 689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400039102.

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The epibiotic communities on locally abundant macroinvertebrates, in particular the brachiopodLiothyrella uvaand the limpetNacella concinna, were examined from depths between 0 and 50 m at Signy Island, Antarctica. The percentage cover by epibionts onLiothyrellaincreased from <20% on the smallest individuals to >50% on the largest, and decreased slightly with depth. The percentage cover ofNacellaby epibionts increased with size of individual over an approximately similar range of values, but in contrast withLiothyrellaincreased greatly with depth. Cheilostome bryozoans and annelids of the genusSpirorbisformed >90% (by area) of the colonists onLiothyrellaand 30–60% onNacella, the coralline algaLithothamnionand sponges making up the remainder. The bryozoans, which generally dominated the epibiotic communities, comprised complex associations of species which could be described as either generalists, host-specific epibiotic, low specificity epibiotic or locally abundant background species. Positive associations of both occurrence and abundance were found between some of the bryozoans living epibiotically on the brachiopodLiothyrella. The overgrowth interactions recorded, between the three main epibiotic faunal taxa; sponges, bryozoans and annelids, were essentially hierarchical. Sponges usually overgrew Bryozoa, and Bryozoa overgrewSpirorbisas well as occasion-ally smothering small brachiopods. In four adultLiothyrelladeath may have been caused by the epibiotic bryozoanArachnopusia inchoatagrowing over the gape, so preventing feeding and/or respiration.

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Whitfield, F. B., K. J. Shaw, and D. I. Walker. "The Source of 2,6-Dibromophenol: Cause of an Iodoform Taint in Australian Prawns." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0044.

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The presence of 2,6-dibromophenol in prawn meat in concentrations above 60 ng/kg produces a detectable iodoform-like flavour. This compound is usually accompanied by other bromophenols including .2- and 4-bromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. Previous studies have suggested that some marine algae and bryozoa from the Gutters region of Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, were the possible sources of these compounds in the local endeavour prawn Metapenaeusendeavouri. Recently, a selection of eight marine algae, two bryozoa, a hydroid and eight sponges were collected from this region and were extracted by simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction. The extracts were analysed for bromophenols by high resolution gas chromatography-multiple ion detection-mass spectrometry. Quantitative data were obtained on individual compounds by the use of 3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trichloroanisole as an internal standard. 2-Bromophenol, 2,4- and 2,6-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were shown to be present in all species and 4-bromophenol in all but two species of marine algae. The concentrations of these compounds varied from 0.1 µg/kg for 4-bromophenol in a marine algae to 240 µg/kg for 2,4,6-tribromophenol in a sponge. The highest concentration of 2,6-dibromophenol was found in a bryozoan (96 µg/kg) and the lowest in a marine algae (0.29 µg/kg). In general, there was about 30 times more of the latter compound in the bryozoa than in the algae. Sponges contained about one twelfth of that found in bryozoa. This paper discusses the significance of these results for the possible origin of 2,6-dibromophenol in endeavour prawns, taking into account the latest data available on the feeding habits of penaeid prawns.

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Erickson, J. Mark, and Timothy D. Bouchard. "Description and interpretation ofSanctum laurentiensis, new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, a domichnium mined into Late Ordovician (Cincinnatian) ramose bryozoan colonies." Journal of Paleontology 77, no. 5 (September 2003): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000044826.

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During the Late Ordovician, arborescent and frondose trepostome, and cystoporate Bryozoa were frequently bored in a manner distinctly different fromTrypanites, Palaeosabella, andVermiforichnus, domichnia that are commonly associated with these organisms. Maysvillian and Richmondian bryozoan taxa on the Cincinnati Arch were particularly infested by an unidentified organism that used the interior of bryozoan branches as its domicile. The domichnial traceSanctum laurentiensisis newly described. Dwelling openings range in size from 1.1 mm to 3.2 mm and are located singly on surfaces of colony branches, commonly in a somewhat protected position. The circular opening leads through the exozone into an elongate or saccate chamber representing a variably shaped excavation of the bryozoan endozone. Traces ranging from 3.0 mm to 8.8 mm wide and 9.7 mm to 53 mm long are documented. Thin sections demonstrate that chambers were unlined and had irregular interior walls resulting from organismal mining of zooecial tubes.Cavity makers likely were multiple individuals of amphipod-like crustaceans (Arthropoda) that fed outside their domicile. Bryozoan colonies were occupied while upright, either entirely or partially live, or in some cases dead and overgrown by other bryozoans. Avoidance of predation and the ability to dwell and feed in a higher tier than that of infaunal tracemakers at the sediment-water interface were potential benefits of this domichnium. Presence of cavities reduced the strength of host branches, thus having a profound effect on colony morphology and growth over its lifetime. Unlike the many epizoans that used trepostomes as substrates with little long-term affect,Sanctum laurentiensissignificantly impacted its bryozoan host.

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Pagès-Escolà, M., PE Bock, DP Gordon, S. Wilson, C. Linares, B. Hereu, and MJ Costello. "Progress in the discovery of extant and fossil bryozoans." Marine Ecology Progress Series 635 (February 6, 2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13201.

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The number of species that exist on Earth has been an intriguing question in ecology and evolution. For marine species, previous works have analysed trends in the discovery of extant species, without comparison to the fossil record. Here, we compared the rate of description between extant and fossil species of the same group of marine invertebrates, Bryozoa. There are nearly 3 times as many described fossil species as there are extant species. This indicates that current biodiversity represents only a small proportion of Earth’s past biodiversity, at least for Bryozoa. Despite these differences, our results showed similar trends in the description of new species between extant and fossil groups. There has been an increase in taxonomic effort during the past century, characterized by an increase in the number of taxonomists, but no change in their relative productivity (i.e. similar proportions of authors described most species). The 20th century had the most species described per author, reflecting increased effort in exploration and technological developments. Despite this progress, future projections in the discovery of bryozoan species predict that around 10 and 20% more fossil and extant species than named species, respectively, will be discovered by 2100, representing 2430 and 1350 more fossil and extant species, respectively. This highlights the continued need for both new species descriptions and taxonomic revisions, as well as ecological and biogeographical research, to better understand the biodiversity of Bryozoa.

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Min, Bum Sik, Ho Jin Yang, Hyun Sook Chae, and Geon Woo Noh. "Fauna of intertidal bryozoa in Hallyeohaesang National Park, Korea." Korea National Park Research Institute 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54406/jnpr.2022.13.1.009.

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The intertidal bryozoan fauna of Hallyeohaesang National Park, Korea. This study aims to clarify the diversity of intertidal bryozoans which were collected from Hallyeohaesang National Park, Korea. A total of 37 species, 30 genera, 28 families, 3 orders and 2 classes of intertidal bryozoan were found in 20 locations (Tongyeong, Geoje, Sacheon, Namhae, and Yeosu) of Hallyeohaesang National Park from (July, October) 2019 to (May, September) 2020. Tongyeong⋅Hansan: 23 species, Geoje⋅Haegeumgang: 13 species, Sacheon: 20 species, Namhae: 3 species, Sangju⋅Geumsan: 26 species, Odongdo: 15 species were inhabited by region. The intertidal bryozoan of Hallyeohaesang National Park are provided with distributional data and detailed illustrations herein.

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Massard, Jos A., and Gaby Geimer. "Global diversity of bryozoans (Bryozoa or Ectoprocta) in freshwater." Hydrobiologia 595, no. 1 (December 18, 2007): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9007-3.

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Hartikainen, Hanna, Andrea Waeschenbach, Emmy Wöss, Timothy Wood, and Beth Okamura. "Divergence and species discrimination in freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12025.

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Barroso, Cristiane Xerez, Sula Salani, Mariany Oliveira Arruda, Maiara Queiroz Monteiro da Silva, Marcos Vieira da Silva, and Helena Matthews-Cascon. "THE PORIFERA, CNIDARIA, BRYOZOA, AND ECHINODERMATA COLLECTIONS OF THE UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE BIODIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE OF NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL." Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, no. 1 (August 19, 2022): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55i1.78058.

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In the last years, in addition to recording the diversity, the biological collections have also been used as repositories for ecological data. In order to contribute to the knowledge of Brazilian biological collections and, consequently, Brazil’s biodiversity, especially marine, the present study brings data from four regional collections (phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Bryozoa, and Echinodermata) of the Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará. The composition and geographic distribution data of each phylum were obtained by analyzing the digital spreadsheets containing the information about the deposited material. Together, the analyzed collections have 1,378 lots, being 303 of Porifera, 131 of Cnidaria, 414 of Bryozoa, and 530 of Echinodermata. Despite their regional nature, the collections of Porifera, Cnidaria, Bryozoa and Echinodermata of the Universidade Federal do Ceará represent, respectively, 6.5%, 6.9%, 10.7%, and 17.5% of the species so far recorded for the Brazilian coast. Although regional biological collections can help to better understand the diversity, there has never been a long-term policy formation and maintenance of scientific collections in Brazil. The preservation of these repositories, together with the sharing of their knowledge, will allow for more appropriate conservation decision-making in local, regional, and global scales. Keywords: biological collections, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, echinoderms.

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Sinko, J., J. Rajchard, Z. Balounova, and L. Fikotova. " Biologically active substances from water invertebrates: a review." Veterinární Medicína 57, No. 4 (May 18, 2012): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5914-vetmed.

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Some species of invertebrates especially bryozoans (Bryozoa syn. Ectoprocta) and marine sponges (Porifera) are very important sources of pharmacologically exploitable compounds. These substances are probably produced to protect themselves from fish predators and may be an advantage in competition. The real sources of compounds with these antipredatory effects are probably not marine invertebrates themselves, but microscopic symbionts or food which they feed on. Bryostatins from bryozoan species Bugula neritina are produced by a bacterial symbiont called Candidatus Endobugula sertula. They have significant anti-cancer effects, but also other therapeutic benefits. Compounds with the structure of bryostatins were also discovered in some other invertebrates. Sponges are a source of many compounds, e.g., ara-A (vidarabine), manzamine, lasonolides, spongistatins, peloruside and others with antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunosuppressive and similar activities. Other important sources of compounds with medical effects are tunicates (Tunicata syn. Urochordata) and some snails (Mollusca). One drug was developed from tunicates – Yondelis against refractory soft-tissue sarcomas. Certain other drugs originate from snails: e.g., prialt, which acts against chronic pain in spinal cord injury.  

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Lidgard, Scott, Frank K. McKinney, and Paul D. Taylor. "Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan diversity." Paleobiology 19, no. 3 (1993): 352–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300000324.

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One of the striking yet scarcely documented episodes of clade replacement in the post-Paleozoic fossil record is the decline of cyclostome Bryozoa and the corresponding, rapid diversification of cheilostome Bryozoa. These clades are closely associated morphologically and phylogenetically, and their ecological similarities have previously led to the inference that competition was a primary cause of the overt pattern of replacement. Alternatively, previous compilations of bryozoan families and genera have implied that extinctions at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary differentially affected cyclostomes, and thus were also an important factor in the transition.We first evaluated the ecological context for competition between the two clades, then updated and reexamined the history of absolute family diversity for bryozoans in consecutive geologic stages from Jurassic to Recent. The resulting trends echo the patterns shown in earlier family level compilations, but indicate a slight shift in the frequency of cheilostome family originations from Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene. The relative fall in cyclostome family diversity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary is significantly less than shown in earlier genus level compilations. We then assessed these various compilations of absolute diversity by analyzing species counts and percentages in 728 fossil assemblages, primarily from North America and Europe, over the same time interval. Cyclostome species overwhelmingly dominate assemblages from Jurassic through Cenomanian, then decline significantly in average percentage dominance through the Campanian. Cheilostomes are predominant in Campanian and later assemblages. Cyclostome species percentages do decrease overall through the Tertiary, but this decrease is small and non-uniform, varying around 30%, with a sharp drop in the Late Neogene. Our within-assemblage results indicate that as cheilostomes radiate, their mean species diversity, maximum diversity, and variance all increase, thereby accounting for much of the decline in average percentage of cyclostomes within assemblages. While this result does not exclude a role for competition, an hypothesis of relative decline in cyclostome species richness based on competitive extinction alone seems unlikely. Further, despite decreases in absolute species counts following end-Cretaceous extinctions, within-assemblage percentages of cheilostome or cyclostome species show only slight change relative to one another. Comparison of these and earlier diversity compilations indicates that the dynamics of bryozoan clade replacement may be perceived differently at different ecologic scales or taxonomic ranks.

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Ricciardi, Anthony, and David J. Lewis. "Occurrence and ecology of Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt) and other freshwater Bryozoa in the lower Ottawa River near Montréal, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 1401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-197.

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Seven species of freshwater Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) were collected from the lower Ottawa River near Montréal, Quebec: Lophopodella carteri (Hyatt), Plumatella repens (Linnaeus), Hyalinella punctata (Hancock), Paludicella articulata (Ehrenberg), Fredericella indica Annandale, Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy), and Cristatella mucedo Cuvier. Lophopodella carteri is reported from Canada for the first time, and this record represents a 300-km northward extension of its known range. Plumatella repens, H. punctata, F. indica, and P. articulata are new records for the province of Quebec. Bryozoan colonies were commonly associated with each other and with other macroinvertebrates, including freshwater sponges, molluscs, turbellarians, chironomid larvae, and caddisfly larvae. Larval caddisflies, Ceraclea (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae), and the microturbellarian Stenostomum (Turbellaria: Catenulida) were predators of living bryozoan colonies.

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Lira, Simone Maria de Albuquerque, Cristiane Maria Rocha Farrapeira, Fernanda Maria Duarte Amaral, and Carla Alecrim Colaço Ramos. "Sessile and sedentary macrofauna from the Pirapama Shipwreck, Pernambuco, Brazil." Biota Neotropica 10, no. 4 (December 2010): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032010000400021.

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Shipwrecks are considered artificial reef environments - structures immersed in aquatic environments (especially marine ones) that provide fauna with shelter, hard substrates, food and nursery areas. This study aimed to survey the benthic animal biodiversity of the Pirapama shipwreck, located 23 m deep and six miles off Recife harbor. From 2001 to 2007, species were observed, photographed and collected through scuba diving. The material was later sorted and identified in the laboratory. A total of 76 sessile and sedentary animal taxa were recorded belonging to the following phyla: Porifera (Demospongiae and Calcarea), Cnidaria (Hydrozoa and Anthozoa), Mollusca (Bivalvia and Gastropoda), Annelida (Polychaeta), Arthropoda (Cirripedia), Bryozoa (Gymnolaemata), Echinodermata (Asteroidea and Echinoidea), and Chordata (Ascidiacea). The greatest richness was for Porifera and Bryozoa - 13 listed species for each. Eleven new occurrences were recorded for the state of Pernambuco, the hydroid Halopteris polymorpha and ten bryozoan species, one of them being the first record for Brazil (Scrupocellaria curacaoensis). The Pirapama's biodiversity was considered typical when compared to other shipwrecks that have been studied around the world.

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McKinney, F. K. "Exploitation ofCornucopina tuba(Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) byAetea curta(Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)." Journal of Natural History 22, no. 6 (December 1988): 1545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770961.

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Gilmour, Ernest H., Miriam E. McColloch, and Bruce R. Wardlaw. "Bryozoa of the Murdock Mountain Formation (Wordian, Permian), Leach Mountains, northeastern Nevada." Journal of Paleontology 71, no. 2 (March 1997): 214–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000039159.

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A thin limestone tongue in the upper part of the Murdock Mountain Formation of northeastern Nevada contains abundant bryozoans of earliest Wordian age. This bryozoan fauna is close to the Kungurian-Kazanian boundary in Russia. These bryozoans are younger than those found in the Kaibab Formation of southern Nevada and slightly older than those in the Gerster Limestone of northern Nevada. This limestone tongue, herein referred to as the Stenodiscus beds, lies below the Thamnosia beds described by Wardlaw in the Murdock Mountain section of the Leach Mountains. This bryozoan-rich limestone tongue serves as a marker unit for mapping the Murdock Formation in the Leach Mountains.Nine new species of bryozoans occur in the Stenodiscus beds of the Murdock Mountain Formation: Hinganella felderi, Neoeridotrypella schilti, Stenopora parvaexozona, Stenodiscus murdockensis, Dyscritella acanthostylia, Pseudobatostomella irregularis, Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) elongata, Morozoviella praecurriensis, and Thamniscus erraticus, Hinganella felderi, Neoeridotrypella schilti, Dyscritella acanthostylia, and Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) elongata are very similar to species described from Russia.

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Reverter-Gil, Oscar, Javier Souto, and Eugenio Fernández-Pulpeiro. "Three new species of Iberian cheilostomate Bryozoa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 7 (June 3, 2009): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000496.

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Three new species of Iberian cheilostomate bryozoans are described from material held in our own collection as well as in the bryozoan collection in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Chaperiopsis hirsuta sp. nov., from the Mediterranean, is the second species of this genus in European waters. Metroperiella gay sp. nov. and Schizoporella artabra sp. nov. are described from material collected in Galicia (north-western Spain).

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Canning, Elizabeth U., Dominik Refardt, Charles R. Vossbrinck, Beth Okamura, and Alan Curry. "New diplokaryotic microsporidia (Phylum Microsporidia) from freshwater bryozoans (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata)." European Journal of Protistology 38, no. 3 (January 2002): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0932-4739-00867.

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Zágoršek, Kamil, Sorin Filipescu, and Katarína Holcová. "New Middle Miocene Bryozoa from Gârbova de Sus (Romania) and their relationship to the sedimentary environment." Geologica Carpathica 61, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-010-0031-2.

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New Middle Miocene Bryozoa from Gârbova de Sus (Romania) and their relationship to the sedimentary environmentThe section of Gârbova de Sus contains diverse fossil groups and rich bryozoan assemblages, with 77 species altogether. Several taxa have been recognized as very important in the assemblage and two new taxa are described in detail:Poricella garbovensissp. nov. andTherenia transylvanicasp. nov. Foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil assemblages were used for biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental interpretations. On the basis of sedimentological features and micropaleontological data, the sequence of paleoenvironments can be subdivided into two intervals indicating slightly different climatic conditions.

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Hayward, P. J. "Mauritian cheilostome Bryozoa." Journal of Zoology 215, no. 2 (June 1988): 269–356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1988.tb04900.x.

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Bergquist, Patricia R. "Antarctic Cheilostomatous Bryozoa." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 25, no. 3 (April 1997): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00009-4.

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Todini, Chiara, Antonia Concetta Elia, Roberta Selvaggi, Melissa Scoparo, and Maria Illuminata Taticchi. "Food selection by Plumatella geimermassardi Wood and Okamura, 2004 (Phylactolaemata, Bryozoa)." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 419 (2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018008.

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Bryozoans are sessile filter feeding organisms able to play an important role in the cycling of organic matter in freshwater ecosystems. However, the quality and quantity of food particles ingested by bryozoans are still not well-known. Therefore, an experimental design was performed in order to investigate the clearance rate (CR), food selection and efficiency of assimilation by the freshwater bryozoan species Plumatella geimermassardi. P. geimermassardi was collected from the Colfiorito Marsh (Umbrian Natural Park, Italy), during summer. A higher grazing rate of suspended and dissolved solids was evidenced in the colonies collected in June, July, than in August. Food selection and assimilation of phytoplankton were determined. The algal species ingested as diet food item and those excreted with the faecal pellets were taxonomically identified. The results provide new information on CR and food selection by P. geimermassardi and enhance knowledge on its biology. Insights on feeding preferences by bryozoan species can provide valid information about their feasible distribution and abundance.

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GORDON, DENNIS P. "New Hippothoidae (Bryozoa) from Australasia." Zootaxa 4750, no. 4 (March 13, 2020): 451–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4750.4.1.

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The diversity of Hippothoidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) in New Zealand is increased from 12 named species to 17 and the number of genera from three to five. New species are recognised in the genera Antarctothoa, Hippothoa, Jessethoa n. gen. and Neothoa (newly discovered in New Zealand waters). A new species of Plesiothoa from New South Wales is also described. Collectively, the new taxa encrust a range of substrata (a catenicellid bryozoan, brown and red macroalgae, rock and mollusc shell). The status of two existing species is changed—Hippothoa divaricata pacifica Gordon, 1984 is raised to full species, and Hippothoa watersi Morris, 1980 is used for putative Hippothoa flagellum in New Zealand. New data are given for these species and Hippothoa peristomata Gordon, 1984, and little-known Antarctothoa buskiana (Hutton, 1873) and Antarctothoa cancer (Hutton, 1873) are illustrated by scanning electron microscopy for the first time.

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McKinney, Frank K., and Scott Lidgard. "Competitive overgrowth and post-Paleozoic macroevolution of marine bryozoa." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007656.

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The Lower Ordovician through Upper Jurassic record of the phylum Bryozoa consists almost entirely of the class Stenolaemata, excepting a very few Gymnolaemata (ichnofossils of the order Ctenostomata and, in the uppermost Upper Jurassic, Pyriporopsis, which is the oldest known Cheilostomata). Along with the decline to eventual extinction of most Paleozoic stenolaemates beginning with the end-Permian crisis, the stenolaemate order Cyclostomata radiated in Late Triassic and Jurassic to include the diversity of growth forms and locally the abundance common for Paleozoic bryozoan faunas. By late Cretaceous, however, cheilostomes had diversified and had come to dominate in bryozoan faunas; they have continued to dominate to the present.In the abundant and diverse bryozoan fauna of the northern Adriatic Sea, cheilostomes are four to five times as diverse and are orders of magnitude more abundant than are cyclostomes. Within this fauna, encrusting sheet-like cheilostomes consistently overgrow adjacent encrusting cyclostomes. Different ontogenetic patterns of skeleton and organs, as well as larger zooid sizes at colony margins, produce patterns of feeding currents that allow cheilostomes to deliver their filtered water to and to overtop competing cyclostomes at interacting margins. These Bauplan differences apparently constitute a key evolutionary innovation characterizing the Cheilostomata. Along with higher growth rates in most cheilostomes, this key evolutionary innovation should have given cheilostomes a competitive edge since the origin of multiserial colonies within the clade in Early Cretaceous. It is hypothesized that superior overgrowth capability of cheilostomes has been an important factor in their success and the relative decline of cyclostomes.

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ALMEIDA, ANA C. S., FACELUCIA B. C. SOUZA, JAMILE FARIAS, ORANE F. S. ALVES, and LEANDRO M. VIEIRA. "Bryozoa on disarticulated bivalve shells from Todos os Santos Bay, northeastern Brazil, with the description of two new species." Zootaxa 4434, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4434.3.1.

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As sessile organisms, bryozoans are among the commonest components of the encrusting communities on hard substrata. On unconsolidated bottoms, benthic animals and their carapaces, including mollusk shells, represent potential surfaces for encrustation. Here we describe the bryozoan fauna growing on disarticulated bivalve shells collected intertidally on Itaparica beach, Todos os Santos Bay, northeast Brazil. We examined a total of 382 valves representing seven species of bivalves, among which we found 82 valves of three bivalve species to be encrusted by bryozoans, with 109 bryozoan colonies detected overall. We identified 11 cheilostome bryozoan species, among which Phidoloporidae and Smittinidae were the most diverse, with four and two species, respectively. We redescribed two bryozoan species, Parasmittina loxoides and Rhynchozoon phrynoglossum, and describe another two, Pleurocodonellina marcusi n. sp. and Rhynchozoon itaparicaensis n. sp., as new. A new combination for Cribella triangulata Canu & Bassler, 1928 is proposed, including Calyptotheca tenuata Harmer, 1957 as a new junior subjective synonym of Calyptotheca triangulata n. comb. All but one of the 11 species have encrusting colonies; Licornia aff. diadema, forms erect branching colonies. For seven of the bryozoans, ours are the first records of these species growing on shells. Although the majority of bryozoans we studied have also been reported on other substrata, Rhynchozoon brasiliensis and Parasmittina loxoides were predominant in the fauna, comprising 79 (72%) of all colonies inventoried. Due to the lack of information on the distribution of these species in northeastern Brazil, further studies are needed to determine whether they show any substratum preference.

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Pasichnyk, S., and H. Lysenko. "НОВІ ЗНАХІДКИ ПРЕДСТАВНИКІВ ТИПУ МОХУВАТКИ (ECTOPROCTA, АБО BRYOZOA) НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ ІЧНЯНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКУ." Research Notes, no. 1 (October 23, 2023): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2786-8478-2023-bn-1-39-43.

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В статті досліджується аналіз видового складу представників типу Мохуватки (Ectoprocta, або Bryozoa) на території Ічнянського національного природного парку. Досліджено природні водойми та штучно створені ставки в заплаві річки Іченька на території даної природоохоронної установи. Збір матеріалу проводився впродовж весняного, літнього та осіннього сезонів в 2022 році. Зверталася увага на видовий склад представників Bryozoa, загальну чисельність та розміри колоній. Після зниження температури води в пізній осінній період та загибелі колоній Bryozoa досліджувалися спінобласти, що знаходилися при аналізі зразків бентосу. Визначалася форма та розміри спінобластів для уточнення видової належності видів Bryozoa. З’ясовано присутність в досліджуваних водоймах Ічнянського національного парку представників виду Мохуватка гребінчаста (Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, 1798). Також з’ясовано сезонні зміни чисельності, зміна розміру колоній в різні пори року, а також значення даного виду в екосистемах водойм досліджуваної природоохоронної установи. Встановлено, що перші колонії з’являються в другий половині весни, в кінці квітня. Чисельність та розміри колоній досліджуваного виду починають зростати в другий половині липня. Таким чином, можна говорити, що вид Cristatella mucedo є звичайним видом Bryozoa в водоймах Ічнянського національного природного парку.

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SMYTH, MIRIAM J. "Penetrantia clionoides, sp. nov. (Bryozoa), a Boring Bryozoan in Gastropod Shells From Guam." Biological Bulletin 174, no. 3 (June 1988): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1541954.

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Wang, Baoqiang, Hongzhu Wang, and Yongde Cui. "Pectinatella magnifica (Leidy, 1851) (Bryozoa, Phylactolaemata), a biofouling bryozoan recently introduced to China." Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 35, no. 4 (September 8, 2016): 815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00343-017-6052-2.

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Гонтарь, В. И. "Мшанки (Bryozoa) Каспийского моря." Биология внутренних вод, no. 1 (2020): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0320965220010088.

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TILBROOK, KEVIN J., P. J. HAYWARD, and D. P. GORDON. "Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Vanuatu." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, no. 1 (January 2001): 35–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01309.x.

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50

Hughes, David J. "The Antarctic cheilostomatous bryozoa." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 208, no. 1-2 (January 1997): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-0981(96)02668-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bryozoa'

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