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Journal articles on the topic 'Bryozoa, Fossil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

O'Dea, Aaron, and Beth Okamura. "Life history and environmental inference through retrospective morphometric analysis of bryozoans: a preliminary study." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 6 (December 2000): 1127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400003210.

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A preliminary comparative analysis of colony growth and zooid size in the perennial bryozoan Flustra foliacea (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) reveals reduced colony growth in the Bay of Fundy relative to growth in the Menai Straits and the Skagerrak, while seasonal fluctuations in zooid size are in synchrony with temperature regimes. Such retrospective morphometric analyses may allow inferences of primary productivity and thermal regimes and provide insights into the life histories of both Recent and fossil bryozoans.
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2

Pagès-Escolà, M., PE Bock, DP Gordon, S. Wilson, C. Linares, B. Hereu, and MJ Costello. "Progress in the discovery of extant and fossil bryozoans." Marine Ecology Progress Series 635 (February 6, 2020): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13201.

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The number of species that exist on Earth has been an intriguing question in ecology and evolution. For marine species, previous works have analysed trends in the discovery of extant species, without comparison to the fossil record. Here, we compared the rate of description between extant and fossil species of the same group of marine invertebrates, Bryozoa. There are nearly 3 times as many described fossil species as there are extant species. This indicates that current biodiversity represents only a small proportion of Earth’s past biodiversity, at least for Bryozoa. Despite these differences, our results showed similar trends in the description of new species between extant and fossil groups. There has been an increase in taxonomic effort during the past century, characterized by an increase in the number of taxonomists, but no change in their relative productivity (i.e. similar proportions of authors described most species). The 20th century had the most species described per author, reflecting increased effort in exploration and technological developments. Despite this progress, future projections in the discovery of bryozoan species predict that around 10 and 20% more fossil and extant species than named species, respectively, will be discovered by 2100, representing 2430 and 1350 more fossil and extant species, respectively. This highlights the continued need for both new species descriptions and taxonomic revisions, as well as ecological and biogeographical research, to better understand the biodiversity of Bryozoa.
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GORDON, DENNIS P., and PHILIP E. BOCK. "Phylum Bryozoa Ehrenberg, 1831 in the first twenty years of Zootaxa." Zootaxa 4979, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.27.

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This short account is an invited contribution to the Zootaxa special volume ‘Twenty years of Zootaxa.’ Zootaxa was first published on 28 May 2001. Between this date and December 2020, 116 papers were published in Zootaxa that mention Bryozoa, comprising mostly descriptions of new species and higher taxa, but also including molecular sequencing (e.g. Fehlauer-Ale et al. 2011; Taylor et al. 2011; Franjevic et al. 2015), invasive-species research (e.g. Ryland et al. 2014; Vieira et al. 2014), checklists (e.g. Vieira et al. 2008), classification (e.g. Bock & Gordon 2013), bryozoans as associates of other organisms (e.g. Rudman 2007; Chatterjee & Dovgal 2020; Chatterjee et al. 2020), metazoan phylogeny (e.g. Giribet et al. 2013), biographies of historical figures who worked on bryozoans (e.g. Calder & Brinkmann-Voss 2011; Calder 2015) and a catalogue of the fossil invertebrate taxa described by William Gabb (including 67 bryozoan species) (Groves & Squires 2018). Of the 116 papers, 15 (13%) were open-access.
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Kopperud, Bjørn Tore, Scott Lidgard, and Lee Hsiang Liow. "Text-mined fossil biodiversity dynamics using machine learning." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1901 (April 24, 2019): 20190022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0022.

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Documented occurrences of fossil taxa are the empirical foundation for understanding large-scale biodiversity changes and evolutionary dynamics in deep time. The fossil record contains vast amounts of understudied taxa. Yet the compilation of huge volumes of data remains a labour-intensive impediment to a more complete understanding of Earth's biodiversity history. Even so, many occurrence records of species and genera in these taxa can be uncovered in the palaeontological literature. Here, we extract observations of fossils and their inferred ages from unstructured text in books and scientific articles using machine-learning approaches. We use Bryozoa, a group of marine invertebrates with a rich fossil record, as a case study. Building on recent advances in computational linguistics, we develop a pipeline to recognize taxonomic names and geologic time intervals in published literature and use supervised learning to machine-read whether the species in question occurred in a given age interval. Intermediate machine error rates appear comparable to human error rates in a simple trial, and resulting genus richness curves capture the main features of published fossil diversity studies of bryozoans. We believe our automated pipeline, that greatly reduced the time required to compile our dataset, can help others compile similar data for other taxa.
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5

Zágoršek, Kamil, Sorin Filipescu, and Katarína Holcová. "New Middle Miocene Bryozoa from Gârbova de Sus (Romania) and their relationship to the sedimentary environment." Geologica Carpathica 61, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-010-0031-2.

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New Middle Miocene Bryozoa from Gârbova de Sus (Romania) and their relationship to the sedimentary environmentThe section of Gârbova de Sus contains diverse fossil groups and rich bryozoan assemblages, with 77 species altogether. Several taxa have been recognized as very important in the assemblage and two new taxa are described in detail:Poricella garbovensissp. nov. andTherenia transylvanicasp. nov. Foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil assemblages were used for biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental interpretations. On the basis of sedimentological features and micropaleontological data, the sequence of paleoenvironments can be subdivided into two intervals indicating slightly different climatic conditions.
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6

Taylor, Paul D., Björn Berning, and Mark A. Wilson. "Reinterpretation of the Cambrian ‘bryozoan’ Pywackia as an octocoral." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 6 (November 2013): 984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/13-029.

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Pywackia baileyi Landing in Landing et al., 2010, from the upper Cambrian Yudachica Member of Oaxaca State, southern Mexico, consists of small, phosphatic, proximally tapering cylindrical rods covered by shallow polygonal calices. The bryozoan-like morphology of this fossil prompted its interpretation as the first bryozoan known from the Cambrian. However, restudy of some of the original material, employing scanning electron microscopy for the first time, questions the assignment of Pywackia to the Bryozoa. Striking similarities between Pywackia and the modern pennatulacean octocoral Lituaria lead to an alternative hypothesis interpreting Pywackia an early fossil octocoral. While Pywackia is probably not a true pennatulacean, a group with a definitive fossil record stretching back only to the Late Cretaceous, it can be envisaged as having had a similar skeletal structure and ecology to Lituaria, the rods representing mineralized axes of tiny colonies that lived with their proximal ends buried in the sediment and distal ends covered by feeding polyps. Landing et al. (2010) considered the phosphatic composition of Pywackia specimens to be the result of diagenetic replacement, but the evidence is equivocal. If Pywackia had a primary phosphatic skeleton, this would support the hypothesized existence of phosphatic biomineralization early in the evolutionary history of Cnidaria, as well as providing further evidence that Pywackia is not a bryozoan.
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7

Bock, Philip E., and Patricia L. Cook. "First fossil finds of some Australian Bryozoa (Cheilostomata)." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 25, no. 4 (January 2001): 407–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510108619231.

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8

Lidgard, Scott, Frank K. McKinney, and Paul D. Taylor. "Competition, clade replacement, and a history of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoan diversity." Paleobiology 19, no. 3 (1993): 352–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300000324.

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One of the striking yet scarcely documented episodes of clade replacement in the post-Paleozoic fossil record is the decline of cyclostome Bryozoa and the corresponding, rapid diversification of cheilostome Bryozoa. These clades are closely associated morphologically and phylogenetically, and their ecological similarities have previously led to the inference that competition was a primary cause of the overt pattern of replacement. Alternatively, previous compilations of bryozoan families and genera have implied that extinctions at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary differentially affected cyclostomes, and thus were also an important factor in the transition.We first evaluated the ecological context for competition between the two clades, then updated and reexamined the history of absolute family diversity for bryozoans in consecutive geologic stages from Jurassic to Recent. The resulting trends echo the patterns shown in earlier family level compilations, but indicate a slight shift in the frequency of cheilostome family originations from Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene. The relative fall in cyclostome family diversity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary is significantly less than shown in earlier genus level compilations. We then assessed these various compilations of absolute diversity by analyzing species counts and percentages in 728 fossil assemblages, primarily from North America and Europe, over the same time interval. Cyclostome species overwhelmingly dominate assemblages from Jurassic through Cenomanian, then decline significantly in average percentage dominance through the Campanian. Cheilostomes are predominant in Campanian and later assemblages. Cyclostome species percentages do decrease overall through the Tertiary, but this decrease is small and non-uniform, varying around 30%, with a sharp drop in the Late Neogene. Our within-assemblage results indicate that as cheilostomes radiate, their mean species diversity, maximum diversity, and variance all increase, thereby accounting for much of the decline in average percentage of cyclostomes within assemblages. While this result does not exclude a role for competition, an hypothesis of relative decline in cyclostome species richness based on competitive extinction alone seems unlikely. Further, despite decreases in absolute species counts following end-Cretaceous extinctions, within-assemblage percentages of cheilostome or cyclostome species show only slight change relative to one another. Comparison of these and earlier diversity compilations indicates that the dynamics of bryozoan clade replacement may be perceived differently at different ecologic scales or taxonomic ranks.
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9

GORDON, DENNIS P., KJETIL L. VOJE, and PAUL D. TAYLOR. "Living and fossil Steginoporellidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from New Zealand." Zootaxa 4350, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4350.2.9.

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The cheilostome bryozoan family Steginoporellidae in New Zealand comprises seven living species of Steginoporella. Three of these are new to science—Steginoporella discors n. sp., Steginoporella lineata n. sp. and Steginoporella modesta n. sp.—and one (Steginoporella magnifica) additionally occurs as a Plio-Pleistocene fossil. A new Early Pleistocene fossil species, Steginoporella tiara n. sp., is also recognised. The living species exhibit the full range of colonial morphologies known for the genus, and two of the new deep-shelf taxa described herein have the smallest known colonies, both linear, not exceeding 5 mm in width and 22 mm in length. One species has a recorded depth range down to 615 m, apparently the deepest known for the genus. Zooidal proportions vary, with a length:width ratio in the seven living species ranging from 1.31 to 1.81, exceeded only by that in the new fossil taxon, which has very elongate zooids. Notwithstanding the conspicuous differences in colonial and zooidal morphology, four of the living species appear to be closely related, sharing distinctive reticulation of opercular sclerites, a similar morphology of the median process and no B-zooid morphs. Only one New Zealand taxon has B-zooids. Biogeographically, all the species except S. magnifica (also known from Tonga) are nominally endemic, but it is possible that some of the deeper-water taxa may eventually be found outside the boundary of the New Zealand Exclusive Economic Zone. The operculum in Steginoporella species is initially a single thin layer continuous with the membranous frontal wall, becoming two-layered when fully functioning in feeding zooids and mandibulate B-zooids.
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10

GROVES, LINDSEY T., and RICHARD L. SQUIRES. "Annotated Catalog of the Fossil Invertebrates Described by, and Named for, William More Gabb (1839–1878)." Zootaxa 4534, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4534.1.1.

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William More Gabb [1839–1878] described 1163 fossil invertebrate taxa: Protozoa [1 species], Porifera [1 genus, 2 species], Cnidaria [12 species], Bryozoa (with G.H. Horn) [1 family, 8 genera, 67 species], Brachiopoda [15 species], Annelida [7 species], Mollusca [Bivalvia: 15 genera, 2 subgenera, 412 species; Gastropoda: 1 family, 2 subfamilies, 42 genera, 8 subgenera, 489 species; Scaphopoda: 10 species; Cephalopoda: 1 family, 3 genera, 51 species], Arthropoda [Crustacea: 2 species; Cirripedia 1 species], and Echinodermata [11 species]. Listed herein are all fossil taxa named by Gabb, type localities, institutional depository, and remarks concerning current taxonomic status, when known. An annotated list of Gabb’s fossil references is also included. Also listed herein are 134 fossil invertebrate taxa and 33 living mollusk taxa named for him.
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11

Jackson, Jeremy B. C., and Alan H. Cheetham. "Phylogeny reconstruction and the tempo of speciation in cheilostome Bryozoa." Paleobiology 20, no. 4 (1994): 407–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012902.

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We compared phylogenies derived from morphological data for two cheilostome bryozoan genera, Stylopoma and Metrarabdotos, with genetic differences between species (Stylopoma) and the stratigraphic occurrence of fossils (both genera). Correspondence between species of Stylopoma defined by protein electrophoresis and on preservable skeletal morphology is excellent, despite great morphological variability within colonies and the predominance of quantitative over discrete characters. Moreover, agreement between genetic and morphological classifications increased greatly when morphological discrimination was pushed to the limit, despite inability to consistently assign all specimens to species with high confidence. This “splitting” strategy also maximized the correlation between genetic distances and the distances between species in cladistically derived phylogenies.Fossil and living species of both genera are sufficiently abundant and widespread to provide credible limits for inferred ancestral relationships. Inclusion of fossils in cladistic analyses of Stylopoma increased the consistency of cladistic hypotheses by up to 30% and provided a more effective means of rooting trees than comparison with living species of the most closely related genus (“outgroup”). Moreover, in the case of Metrarabdotos, failure to incorporate stratigraphic information turned the cladogram virtually upside down, so that postulated ancestors first appear in the fossil record 6–16 m.y. after their putative descendants became extinct.Stratigraphically rooted trees suggest that most well-sampled Metrarabdotos and Stylopoma species originated fully differentiated morphologically and persisted unchanged for > 1 to > 16 m.y., typically alongside their putative ancestors. Moreover, the tight correlation between phenetic, cladistic, and genetic distances among living Stylopoma species suggests that changes in all three variables occurred together during speciation. All of these observations support the punctuated equilibrium model of speciation.
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12

Cook, P. L., and P. J. Chimonides. "Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) 4. American and Australian species ofOtionella." Journal of Natural History 19, no. 3 (June 1985): 575–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938500770351.

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13

López-Gappa, Juan, Leandro M. Pérez, and Miguel Griffin. "First Fossil Occurrence of the Genus Platychelyna Hayward and Thorpe (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata)." Ameghiniana 55, no. 5 (June 29, 2018): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.5710/amgh.11.06.2018.3188.

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14

SANTANA, FLÁVIA T., LAÍS V. RAMALHO, and CARMEN P. GUMARÃES. "A new species of Metrarabdotos (Bryozoa, Ascophora) from Brazil." Zootaxa 2222, no. 1 (September 7, 2009): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2222.1.5.

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Worldwide there are approximately 40 species of Metrarabdotos, only six of which are extant. Among the living species, three were previously recorded from the Brazilian coast: M. unguiculatum, M. tuberosum, and M. gulo, collected from Bahia and Espírito Santo States. There are no records of fossil species of Metrarabdotos from Brazil. This study reports two living Metrarabdotos species, collected from three states in Brazil―Sergipe, Bahia and Espírito Santo. One of the species, M. sergipensis, is new to science. Its morphological features, such as extreme tuberculation of the zooidal frontal shield, add appreciably to the range of morphological disparity known in the genus.Key-words: Brazil, Bryozoa, Metrarabdotosidae, new species, Southwestern Atlantic, taxonomy
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Cook, P. L., and P. J. Chimonides. "Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) 3. ‘Opesiulate’ and other species ofSelenariasensu lato." Journal of Natural History 19, no. 2 (April 1985): 285–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938500770231.

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16

Cook, P. L., and P. J. Chimonides. "Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) 5.Selenaria alataTenison Woods, and related species." Journal of Natural History 19, no. 2 (April 1985): 337–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938500770251.

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17

Cook, P. L., and P. J. Chimonides. "Recent and fossil Lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) 6.Lunulites sensu latoand the genusLunulariafrom Australasia." Journal of Natural History 20, no. 3 (June 1986): 681–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938600770471.

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18

Beratis, Ioannis. "Interpretation of the Miocene fossils in the Strymon basin in Northern Greece to determine their habitat." Acta Scientifica Naturalis 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/asn-2019-0024.

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Abstract The sedimentary sequences of the upper Miocene in the Strymon basin in Northern Greece are composed of sedimentary rocks and are separated on an entirely new lithostratigraphic shape. Fossil-fauna has been collected from specific parts of the described geological sections, which mainly include mollusks from Bivalvia and Gastropoda. From laboratory research on the micro-fauna and micro-flora a number of taxonomic units of Foraminifera were determined and representatives of Actinozoa, Bryozoa, Crinoidea, Ostracoda, Otolithus, Diatomeae and Charophyta were found, which give a more-complete biostratigraphical image of the sediments. Based on these investigations with the use of the biofacial analysis, through the study of palaeoecology data of the fossils, three basic types of palaeohabitat and development of organisms were identified and a new palaeogeographic interpretation of the depositional environments in the Miocene basin is given.
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19

Babcock, Loren E. "Trilobite malformations and the fossil record of behavioral asymmetry." Journal of Paleontology 67, no. 2 (March 1993): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000032145.

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Malformations of trilobites are classified as healed injuries, teratological conditions, and pathological conditions. An improved method of recognizing such malformations combines information about the conditions under which cell injury can occur, the processes by which animal tissues react to injury, and trilobite morphology.Study of healed injuries of polymeroid trilobites shows that injuries attributed to sublethal predation tend to be most commonly preserved on the pleural lobes, the posterior half of the body, and the right side. Statistically significant differences in the number of predation scars between the right and left sides is interpreted as evidence of right-left behavioral asymmetry in some predators of trilobites or the trilobites themselves. Asymmetrical, or lateralized, behavior in present-day animals is one manifestation of handedness, and is usually related to a functional lateralization of the nervous system. Evidence of behavioral lateralization in some Paleozoic predators or prey suggests that those organisms also possessed lateralized nervous systems. Right-left differences in preserved predation scars on trilobites date from the Early Cambrian (Olenellus Zone), and are the oldest known evidence of behavioral asymmetry in the fossil record.Other examples of structural or behavioral asymmetry from the fossil record of animals are cited. Lateralization is recognized in representatives of the Arthropoda, Annelida, Bryozoa, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Chordata, and Conodonta, and in trace fossils.
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20

SONAR, MOHAN A., and SHARAD G. GAIKWAD. "Fossil Steginoporellid (Cheilostomata: Neocheilostomina), Bryozoa from the Tertiary sediments of Western Kachchh, Gujarat, India." Journal of Earth System Science 122, no. 1 (February 2013): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12040-012-0253-z.

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21

Cairns, Stephen D. "Late Miocene (Messinian) Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Carboneras, southeastern Spain." Journal of Paleontology 94, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.91.

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AbstractFifteen species of stylasterids from the late Miocene (Messinian) are reported from the Carboneras region of southeastern Spain. Eleven of these species are described as new: Lepidopora fistulosa, Pliobothrus striatus, Pliobothrus nielseni, Distichopora patula, Stylaster (Group A) digitiformis, Stylaster multicavus, Stylaster tuberosus, Conopora forticula, Conopora alloporoides, Crypthelia zibrowii, and Crypthelia ingens. The other four have been identified as species previously described from the Recent fauna. On the basis of bathymetric ranges of similar living stylasterids and other associated fauna, the paleodepth of this fauna is estimated to be from the upper bathyal zone (200–600 m). All fossil stylasterid records, worldwide, are reviewed, resulting in four new combinations and the transfer of one species to the Bryozoa. The species reported herein increase the known number of named fossil stylasterids from 24 to 32 species.UUID: http://zoobank.org/e9140758-847c-44cb-8223-302cc0a0a14d
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22

CUMBERLIDGE, NEIL. "Boreathelphusa, a replacement name for Boreas Cumberlidge and Sternberg, 2002 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamonautidae), preoccupied by Boreas Morris, 1980 (Bryozoa: Hippothoidae)." Zootaxa 2450, no. 1 (May 10, 2010): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2450.1.7.

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Morris (1980: 9) established a new monotypic bryozoan genus Boreas, for Boreas voighti (family Hippothoidae), a fossil species from the Upper Campanian in Sweden. Cumberlidge and Sternberg (2002) independently established a new brachyuran genus, Boreas, for a new species, Boreas uglowi Sternberg & Cumberlidge, 2002 (Potamonautidae), from northern Madagascar. The genus remains monotypic.
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23

Pachut, Joseph F., and Robert L. Anstey. "Inferring evolutionary modes in a fossil lineage (Bryozoa: Peronopora) from the Middle and Late Ordovician." Paleobiology 35, no. 2 (2009): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/07055.1.

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Recent analytical advances have permitted quantitative evaluations of evolutionary mode in populations of fossil organisms by providing tests of the null hypothesis that patterns of stratigraphic character variation do not differ from the expectations of a random walk. If the hypothesis can be rejected, then stasis and anagenesis represent alternative evolutionary modes discernable using values of the Hurst estimate. We used this approach to evaluate evolutionary mode in the bryozoan genus Peronopora across 34 characters in eight unbranched, cladistically defined, evolutionary sequences. Eight monophyletic crown species and eight paraphyletic (phenetically distinct) metaspecies constitute 16 species-rank taxa within the genus.In seven of 15 species-rank transitions that had adequate sample sizes, significant character state changes—both phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium—coincided with speciation events 11% of the time and were limited to more derived, crownward, ancestor-descendant pairs. Each of the 34 measured characters exhibited instances of transpecific stasis or anagenesis. Anagenesis of some characters persisted across unbranched lineages over 13 species (i.e., across 12 speciation events), whereas character stasis continued through unbranched lineages in up to 16 species (i.e., persisted unchanged across all 15 speciation events). Transpecific stasis and anagenesis were recognizable in over one-half of the data set, with stasis being approximately twice as common as anagenesis.Across all character state transitions, approximately one-half reflect stasis, 30% anagenesis, and 20% could not be differentiated from a random walk. Similarly, across species and metaspecies characterized by a single intraspecific mode, stasis was twice as common as anagenesis and three times more common than undifferentiated random walks. The remaining instances of multiple intraspecific evolutionary modes occurred more commonly within metaspecies than within species. This difference might reflect the more frequent presence of unrecognized cryptic species or subspecies within metaspecies of Peronopora. Instantaneous rates of evolution can be estimated both within and between species of Peronopora for characters displaying anagenesis, potentially providing quantitative insights into evolutionary changes within the lineage.
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Cook, P. L., and P. J. Chimonides. "Recent and fossil lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata), 7. Selenaria maculata (Busk) and allied species from Australasia." Journal of Natural History 21, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 933–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938700770571.

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PACHUT, J. F., and R. L. ANSTEY. "INFERRING EVOLUTIONARY ORDER AND DURATIONS USING BOTH STRATIGRAPHY AND CLADISTICS IN A FOSSIL LINEAGE (BRYOZOA: PERONOPORA)." PALAIOS 22, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 476–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2005.p05-128r.

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26

ROSSO, A. "Recent and fossil species ofCharacodomaMaplestone, 1900 (Bryozoa) from the Mediterranean with description of two new species." Journal of Natural History 33, no. 3 (March 1999): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/002229399300326.

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27

Vávra, Norbert. "Myriapora kuhni n. sp. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) – a remarkable fossil from the Oligocene of the Mainz Basin (Germany)." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 262, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0179.

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28

Pérez, Leandro M., Juan López-Gappa, and Miguel Griffin. "Taxonomic status of some species of Aspidostomatidae (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)." Journal of Paleontology 92, no. 3 (March 7, 2018): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2017.143.

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AbstractThe bryozoan genus Aspidostoma Hincks, 1881 has been regarded as the only representative of the Aspidostomatidae Jullien, 1888 in Argentina to date. Its type species, Aspidostoma giganteum (Busk, 1854), is presently distributed in the Magellanic Region (Argentina and Chile) and has been recorded in Oligocene and Miocene fossil deposits of Santa Cruz and Chubut, respectively. New material from San Julián (late Oligocene), Monte León (early Miocene), Chenque (early to middle Miocene), and Puerto Madryn (late Miocene) formations suggests, however, that A. giganteum is not represented in the fossil record. Material from Puerto Madryn Formation previously regarded as A. giganteum is here recognized as Aspidostoma roveretoi new species. Aspidostoma ortmanni Canu, 1904 is revalidated for the species from the San Julián Formation. Aspidostoma armatum new species and Aspidostoma tehuelche new species are introduced for material from the Monte León and Chenque formations, respectively. Aspidostoma incrustans Canu, 1908, from the early Miocene, is redescribed. Melychocella Gordon and Taylor, 1999, which differs from Aspidostoma in having vicarious avicularia and lacking a median ridge and a quadrangular process proximal to the opesia-orifice, is so far represented by three Paleogene species from the Chatham Islands (Southwest Pacific). The material from Monte León allowed us to transfer Aspidostoma flammulum Canu, 1908 to Melychocella, resulting in the new combination Melychocella flammula (Canu, 1908). Melychocella biperforata new species is described from the lower Miocene Monte León and Chenque formations. The presence of Melychocella in the Neogene of Patagonia extends its geographic distribution and its temporal range.UUID: http://zoobank.org/d84df2d8-cab2-4e74-82b8-7c67d938a58f
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Zágoršek, Kamil, Dennis P. Gordon, and Norbert Vávra. "Revision of Chlidoniopsidae Harmer, (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) including a description of Celiopsis vici gen. and sp. nov." Journal of Paleontology 89, no. 1 (January 2015): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2014.12.

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AbstractThe bryozoan family Chlidoniopsidae Harmer, 1957 is reviewed in relation to a new Paleogene European fossil, Celiopsis vici new genus and new species. It differs from the type and only other genus of the family in having longer internodes with up to three zooids, shorter proximal caudae, and, more importantly, suture lines that unequally divided the umbonuloid frontal shield and basal (abfrontal) wall (and the hypostegal coelom in life) into sectors, analogous to the situation in the lepralioid-shielded Prostomariidae and Urceoliporidae. Unlike Prostomaria and Urceolipora, and like Chlidoniopsis, Celiopsis is uniserial. The suture lines in Celiopsis were lines of insertion (attachment) of epithecal membranes in life and each sector has its own longitudinal series of septular pores, sometimes doubled. Miocene to Recent Chlidoniopsis contains two species, and Eocene–Oligocene Celiopsis contains three species. The geographic distribution gives evidence of origination of the family in the Paratethys of Europe, with southeastwards migration to Australia and the tropical western Pacific. The temporal distribution suggests two macro-evolutionary trends—from multizooidal to unizooidal internodes, and from a broader area of basal wall, with a division into separate cryptocystal fields, to a narrower basal wall with no such division.
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30

Rosso, Antonietta, and Maja Novosel. "The genusAdeonella(Bryozoa, Ascophora) in the Mediterranean, with description of two new living species and rediscovery of a fossil one." Journal of Natural History 44, no. 27-28 (June 18, 2010): 1697–727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222931003760061.

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31

Lo Duca, Steven. "Ruedemann's Gasport Channel revisited: investigation of a Silurian (Ludlovian) Konservat-Lagerstätte." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007462.

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In 1925 Rudolf Ruedemann described a remarkable Silurian biota dominated by noncalcified plants and animals from the Lockport Dolomite of western New York State. Ruedemann stated that the biota was confined to a single lens of interreef strata exposed at a Gasport, New York quarry; hence, he referred to the deposit as the Gasport Channel. Apart from a brief taxonomic treatment of the biota, this deposit remained largely unstudied, principally due to the destruction of the fossil site (by quarrying activity) shortly after the publication of Ruedemann's report. Recently, several new exposures of this fossil-bearing interval were discovered, prompting renewed interest in this unusual occurrence.The stratigraphic relations of this fossil occurrence reveal that it is not a lenticular interreef channel deposit, as indicated by Ruedemann, but is instead a thin (10 cm on average), laterally continuous unit that overlies the bioherms. Based on the great lateral extent of this unit (over 100 km), and the abundance of the noncalcified dasyclad alga Medusaegraptus mirabilis within, this interval has been termed the Medusaegraptus epibole.The biota of the Medusaegraptus epibole is dominated by dendroid graptolites and noncalcified algae. Several well preserved worms (Protoscolex) have been recovered, as well as fragments of probable terrestrial plants. A typical Silurian shelly marine biota of brachiopods, bryozoa, corals, trilobites and crinoids is almost completely absent, although shelly material is represented by rare internal and external molds. Apparently, the Medusaegraptus epibole does not present a taphonomically biased view of a “typical” Silurian community, but instead presents a picture of an entirely different kind of Silurian association.Based on the sedimentology and paleontology of the Medusaegraptus epibole, this unit was likely deposited in rather shallow (10–20 m), stagnant marine water. The fossil-bearing beds represent a series of tempestites with sharp, slightly erosional bases and distinct internal grading; fossil material is concentrated near the tops of these graded beds.Other, quite similar Ludlovian Konservat-Lagerstätten from North America (basal Mississinewa Shale, Lecthaylus Shale) apparently were deposited concomitant with the Medusaegraptus epibole. Synchronous deposition of these widespread units suggests that a large-scale mechanism, such as the emplacement of dysaerobic water on the craton, may be at least partly responsible for the formation of these Silurian Konservat-Lagerstätten.
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32

Boardman, Richard S. "The growth and function of skeletal diaphragms in the colony life of lower Paleozoic Trepostomata (Bryozoa)." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 2 (March 2001): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000018059.

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In many species of lower Paleozoic trepostomes (Bryozoa; class Stenolaemata) transverse partitions called skeletal diaphragms differentiated feeding from non-feeding regions of colonies. It has been thought that each diaphragm floored the living chamber of a feeding polypide. However, analysis of skeletal growth patterns has shown that many diaphragms were too close to colony surfaces or too closely spaced in ontogenetic sequences to have accommodated feeding polypides at any given life horizon. Apparently colonies were capable of maintenance and even robust growth with reduced numbers of active polypides, an interpretation supported by comparison with living stenolaemates.A synthesis of the inferred functions of colonies of the extinct trepostomes with post-Triassic fossil and living stenolaemates suggests that walls of trepostome autozooids grew continuously outward so that living chambers starting from their basal diaphragms ranged from shallow to full-sized on colony surfaces. Under-sized polypides apparently grew with their under-sized living chambers and fed as they regenerated to full size, as in living stenolaemates. Actively feeding colony surfaces included autozooids either having polypides at similar or different stages of polypide regeneration, or fully regenerated. Nonfeeding colony surfaces included autozooids either having degenerated polypides, autozooids with diaphragms too closely spaced to skeletal apertures to have housed polypides, or possibly, autozooids that stopped skeletal growth in proximal regions of some large colonies.
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33

LÓPEZ-GAPPA, J., M. G. LIUZZI, and C. PEREYRA. "A new species of Hippomonavella (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the Holocene and Recent of Argentina and Uruguay (Southwest Atlantic)." Zootaxa 4728, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4728.1.8.

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Hippomonavella charrua n. sp. is introduced based on material from the continental shelf off Uruguay. Bilaminar fragments of this species were also found in mid-Holocene deposits of Destacamento Río Salado Member, Canal de las Escobas Formation (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina), ca. 6,000 yr BP. Hippomonavella charrua n. sp. resembles H. brasiliensis Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2008, but differs from this species in its more triangular and protruding avicularia occurring in just a small proportion of zooids. Hippomonavella charrua n. sp. is the third species of the genus with both fossil and Recent representatives. The tatiform ancestrula and the early astogeny are described for the first time in a species of Hippomonavella.
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Hageman, Steven J., and Christopher D. Todd. "Hierarchical (mm- to km-scale) environmental variation affecting skeletal phenotype of a marine invertebrate (Electra pilosa, Bryozoa): Implications for fossil species concepts." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 396 (February 2014): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.015.

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35

Quaglio, Fernanda, Luiz E. Anelli, Paulo R. dos Santos, José A. de J. Perinotto, and Antonio C. Rocha-Campos. "Invertebrates from the Low Head Member (Polonez Cove Formation, Oligocene) at Vauréal Peak, King George Island, West Antarctica." Antarctic Science 20, no. 2 (January 4, 2008): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102007000867.

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AbstractEight taxa of marine invertebrates, including two new bivalve species, are described from the Low Head Member of the Polonez Cove Formation (latest early Oligocene) cropping out in the Vauréal Peak area, King George Island, West Antarctica. The fossil assemblage includes representatives of Brachiopoda (generaNeothyrissp. andLiothyrellasp.), Bivalvia (Adamussium auristriatumsp. nov., ?Adamussiumcf.A. alanbeuiJonkers, andLimatula(Antarctolima)ferrazianasp. nov.), Bryozoa, Polychaeta (serpulid tubes) and Echinodermata. Specimens occur in debris flows deposits of the Low Head Member, as part of a fan delta setting in a high energy, shallow marine environment.Liothyrellasp.,Adamussium auristriatumsp. nov. andLimatula ferrazianasp. nov. are among the oldest records for these genera in King George Island. In spite of their restrict number and diversification, bivalves and brachiopods from this study display an overall dispersal pattern that roughly fits in the clockwise circulation of marine currents around Antarctica accomplished in two steps. The first followed the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary, along the eastern margin of Antarctica, and the second took place in post-Palaeogene time, following the Drake Passage opening between Antarctic Peninsula and South America, along the western margin of Antarctica.
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Underwood, Charlie J. "Faunal transport within event horizons in the British Upper Silurian." Geological Magazine 131, no. 4 (July 1994): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012115.

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AbstractMany marine fossil concentrations are considered the result of episodic sedimentological events, and in particular those due to storms. Most storm or tempestite concentrations are identified as autochthonous or parautochthonous assemblages created by a variety of winnowing processes within shallow water environments. In contrast, samples described here from both a ‘shelf’ and a ‘basinal’ setting within the Ludlow (Upper Silurian) succession of the Welsh Basin reveal the presence of a biota transported by tempestite activity into a setting dominated by a more offshore biota. Tempestite horizons from within an ‘outer shelf’ mud dominated setting include shelly lenses with a transported fauna abounding in gastropods, tentaculitids and atrypid brachiopods, the background sediment being rich in graptolites, cephalopods and small strophomenid brachiopods. Within the ‘basinal’ area, distal tempestites range from minor siltstone layers to thicker bioclastic limestone lenses. The siltstones are largely graptolitic (dominated byBohemograptus), with some small brachiopods, whilstSaetograptus colonusis the only common graptolite in the limestones, which also contain a fauna of broken brachiopods and bryozoa. The transport of assemblages distally into a variety of settings represents a potential source of error in palaeoecological analysis. Transported assemblages may, however, provide evidence of the composition of both benthic and pelagic shallower water faunas no longer knownin situ.
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37

Torrano-Silva, Beatriz Nogueira, Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez, and Mariana Cabral de Oliveira. "Systematic position of Paulsilvella in the Lithophylloideae (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) confirmed by molecular data." Phytotaxa 190, no. 1 (December 24, 2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.190.1.8.

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New specimens of Paulsilvella huveorum were collected in Brazil at Baía de Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, and Sebastião Gomes reef, Bahia. This new collections represent a relevant range extension and new hosts for the species (Amphiroa beauvoisii, Jania cubensis and non-identified Hydrozoa and Bryozoa) and enabled the first DNA amplifications for Paulsilvella. The systematic position of Pausilvella in the subfamily Lithophylloideae is confirmed based on SSU rDNA, psbA and rbcL molecular markers. Morphologically and anatomically the specimens are similar to the original description in where basal dimerous thalli with monomeric erect branches characterize the genus. But, the analyzed carposporangial conceptacles express the roof position varying from flush or above the thallus surface, the chambers always buried within tiers of columnar cells, suggesting that this feature is variable within the species and might also suggest that P. huveorum and the fossil P. antiqua should be considered as potential synonyms. We do not want to suggest this clump waiting for more collections from different geographical areas in where new data may support our idea. Our results strongly suggest that the subfamily Lithophylloideae urgently needs to be reviewed to delimit genera based on molecular and morphological analysis because monomeric and dimeric thalli organization have evolved several times in the group.
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38

Koromyslova, Anna V., and Petr V. Fedorov. "The oldest bifoliate cystoporate and two other bryozoan taxa from the Dapingian (Middle Ordovician) of north-western Russia." Journal of Paleontology 95, no. 1 (September 25, 2020): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.73.

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AbstractBryozoans from the Dapingian (Middle Ordovician) of the Baltic paleobasin remain poorly studied and their taxonomic composition is unclear. In this paper, three bryozoan taxa, a bifoliate cystoporate Planopora volkhovensis n. gen. n. sp., a trepostome Hemiphragma insolitum n. sp., and an esthonioporate Esthoniopora clara Koromyslova, are described from Dapingian deposits of an unusual clayey-calcareous Hecker-type mudmound on the right bank of the Volkhov River in Leningrad Oblast’, north-western Russia. Combined X-ray microtomography, scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy of thin sections were used to characterize their morphology. Analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of early cystoporate bryozoans suggests that Planopora n. gen. is the oldest сystoporate bryozoan with an erect, bifoliate colony. The growth modes of these bryozoans are discussed. The colonies of P. volkhovensis n. gen. n. sp. and E. clara have an attachment structure, a holdfast, at their base, probably indicating their attachment to sponge spicules. The bryozoan H. insolitum n. sp. produced rod-like colonies, formed by overgrowing the problematic tubular fossil Sphenothallus Hall. It can be assumed that sponges with unfused siliceous spicules and individuals of Sphenothallus were numerous on the surface of the mudmound during its formation and provided a suitable substrate for settlement of bryozoan larvae.UUID: http://zoobank.org/5715872a-8c61-446e-9413-d713fdef1a08
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39

Walker, S. E. "Criteria for recognizing marine hermit crabs in the fossil record using gastropod shells." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 4 (July 1992): 535–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000024410.

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Hermit crabs have left a rich fossil legacy of epi- and endobionts that bored or encrusted hermit crab-inhabited shells in specific ways. Much of this rich taphonomic record, dating from the middle Jurassic, has been overlooked. Biological criteria to recognize hermitted shells in the fossil record fall within two major categories: 1) massive encrustations, such as encrusting bryozoans; and 2) subtle, thin encrustations, borings, or etchings that surround or penetrate the aperture of the shell. Massive encrustations are localized in occurrence, whereas subtle trace fossils and body fossils are common, cosmopolitan, and stratigraphically long-ranging. Important trace fossils and body fossils associated with hermit crabs are summarized here, with additional new fossil examples from the eastern Gulf Coast.Helicotaphrichnus, a unique hermit crab-associated trace fossil, is reported from the Eocene of Mississippi, extending its stratigraphic range from the Pleistocene of North America and the Miocene of Europe.
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40

Key, Marcus M., Patrick N. Wyse Jackson, and Louis J. Vitiello. "Stream channel network analysis applied to colony-wide feeding structures in a Permian bryozoan from Greenland." Paleobiology 37, no. 2 (2011): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10008.1.

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Colony-wide feeding currents are a common feature of many bryozoan colonies. These feeding currents are centered on excurrent macular chimneys that expel previously filtered water away from the colony surface. In some bryozoans these macular chimneys consist of a branching channel network that converges at a point in the center of the chimney. The bifurcating channels of the maculae are analogous to a stream channel network in a closed basin with centripetal drainage. The classical methods of stream channel network analysis from geomorphology are here used to quantitatively analyze the number and length of macular channels in bryozoans. This approach is applied to a giant branch of the trepostome bryozoan Tabulipora from the Early Permian Kim Fjelde Formation in North Greenland. Its large size allowed 18 serial tangential peels to be made through the 8-mm-thick exozone. The peels intersected two stellate maculae as defined by contiguous exilapores. The lengths of 1460 channels radiating from the maculae were measured and their Horton-Strahler stream order and Shreve magnitude scored.We hypothesize that if fossil bryozoan maculae function as excurrent water chimneys, then they should conform to Horton's laws of stream networks and behave like closed basins with centripetal drainage. Results indicate that the stellate maculae in this bryozoan behaved liked stream channel networks exhibiting landscape maturation and stream capture. They conformed to the Law of Stream Number. They have a Bifurcation Ratio that falls within the range of natural stream channel networks. They showed a pattern opposite that expected by the Law of Stream Lengths in response to behavior characteristic of a centripetal drainage pattern in a closed basin. Thus, the stellate maculae in this bryozoan probably functioned as excurrent water chimneys with the radiating channels serving to efficiently collect the previously filtered water, conducting it to the central chimney for expulsion away from the colony surface.
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41

Aguirre-Urreta, M. B., and E. B. Olivero. "A Cretaceous hermit crab from Antarctica: predatory activities and bryozoan symbiosis." Antarctic Science 4, no. 2 (June 1992): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000324.

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A hermit crab assigned to Paguristes sp. is described from James Ross Island, Antarctica. The fossil was obtained from the Gamma Member of the Santa Marta Formation of late Campanian age. The specimen is associated with an external mould of the gastropod Taioma, that was encrusted by a colony of ascophoran bryozoans. Another specimen of Taioma shows typical predatory marks in the outer lip that are attributed to the action of pagurids. It is concluded that the particular dwelling habits of the hermit crabs, their symbiosis with bryozoan, and their predatory activities were already established by the end of the Cretaceous.
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42

Taylor, Paul David. "Pleistocene Bryozoans from the Clyde Clay Formation of Scotland, and the Holocene Retreat of Cold-Water Species." Taxonomy 1, no. 2 (May 6, 2021): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy1020008.

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Although bryozoans are a diverse phylum of aquatic invertebrates with a rich fossil record, very little has been written about bryozoan faunas from the latest Pleistocene at a time of rapid global change when temperatures increased dramatically and the sea-level rose. Two species of cyclostome and eight species of cheilostome bryozoans are here described from the late Devensian Clyde Clay Formation of Greenock, Scotland, based on historical material in the collections of the NHM, UK. All are illustrated for the first time from this deposit using scanning electron microscopy. Three of the species (Tubulipora cf. marisalbi, Rhamphostomella radiatula and Schizomavella porifera) are unknown from the seas around Scotland at the present-day but occur in colder waters to the north. This is consistent with the poleward retreat of cold-water species as seawater temperatures increased at the end of the Pleistocene.
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43

Karklins, Olgerts L. "Bryozoans from the Murfreesboro and Pierce Limestones (Early Black Riveran, Middle Ordovician), Stones River Group, of Central Tennessee." Journal of Paleontology 59, S15 (May 1985): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000061989.

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The Murfreesboro Limestone and the succeeding Pierce Limestone (Black Riveran, Middle Ordovician) of the Stones River Group, the oldest rocks exposed in central Tennessee, contain a fossil invertebrate fauna including bryozoans. Bryozoans are relatively scarce in the Murfreesboro Limestone but are abundant in the overlying Pierce Limestone. The bryozoan fauna includes the cryptostomes, Escharopora, Graptodictya, Pachydictya, Phylloporina, Stictopora, Stictoporella, Trigonodictya, Ulrichostylus; the trepostomes Amplexopora, Batostoma, Hemiphragma, Nicholsonella, Parvohallopora; and the cystoporates Ceramophylla and Constellaria. These bryozoans are the oldest known in Tennessee and are the only early Black Riveran assemblage in North America described at the species level. Species of Nicholsonella, Pachydictya, and Stictopora in the Murfreesboro and species of Constellaria and Phylloporina? in the Pierce are closely related to those found in rocks of Chazyan age in New York and Vermont. Species of Ceramophylla, Escharopora, and Trigonodictya in the Pierce Limestone of central Tennessee are decidedly similar to species found in Black Riveran strata of New York. The stratigraphic ranges, geographic distribution, and taxonomy of previously described species from Tennessee are updated.
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44

Martha, Silviu O., Paul D. Taylor, and William L. Rader. "Early Cretaceous cyclostome bryozoans from the early to middle Albian of the Glen Rose and Walnut formations of Texas, USA." Journal of Paleontology 93, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 244–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2018.79.

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AbstractThe Glen Rose and Walnut formations of southcentral and northcentral Texas comprise shallow-water carbonates deposited during the late Aptian to middle Albian on a carbonate platform. The formations are famous for their rich fossil faunas. Although bryozoans are absent in late Aptian sediments, they are frequently found encrusting bivalve shells from the early to middle Albian parts of these formations. Here, we describe the cyclostome bryozoan fauna, which includes six species;Stomatoporasp.,Oncousoecia khirarn. sp.,Reptomultisparsa mclemoreaen. sp.,Hyporosopora keeran. sp.,Mesonopora bernardwalterin. sp., and ?Unicaveasp. Most cyclostomes are found encrusting rudist shells from Unit 2 of the Lower Member of the Glen Rose Formation and units 3 and 6 of the Upper Member of the Glen Rose Formation.UUID:http://zoobank.org/4380dcb5-63b2-4aa9-959c-09eb6b03831f
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45

Tamberg, Yuta, and Abigail M. Smith. "In search of predictive models for stenolaemate morphometry across the skeletal–polypide divide." Paleobiology 46, no. 2 (April 6, 2020): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.13.

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AbstractMarine bryozoans have been members of benthic skeletal faunas since the Ordovician. These small suspension feeders collect particles in the range of 10 to 100 μm. Specific details of their feeding depend on the morphology of the feeding apparatus, which may be reflected in skeletal characters. While several studies have described the link between the skeletal and soft-body traits of gymnolaemate bryozoans, stenolaemates have received less attention. To fill this gap, we conducted a detailed analysis of morphometry within and across species and attempted to develop robust predictive models that can be used to infer the soft-body morphology from skeletal data. This, in turn, will help with extracting data on ecology of Paleozoic communities of suspension feeders from the extensive bryozoan fossil record. Characters of polypide morphology among New Zealand cyclostomates (single Recent order in Stenolaemata) displayed staggering variability and almost without exception were not connected to skeletal characters at the species level. When this variability is reduced to its central tendency, interspecific trends are more apparent. The relationship is positive, linear, and moderately strong, but the resulting models have wide predictive intervals (plus/minus hundreds of micrometers). A precise estimate of the characters of the feeding apparatus of modern, and especially fossil, stenolaemates may be difficult to attain, at least on the basis of the skeletal traits used here.
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TAYLOR, PAUL D., ANDREA WAESCHENBACH, and WAYNE K. FLORENCE. "Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans." Zootaxa 3010, no. 1 (August 31, 2011): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3010.1.5.

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Cyclostomes are an ancient order of marine bryozoans with a fossil record extending back over 450 million years into the Ordovician. The current taxonomy of both fossil and modern cyclostomes is based almost entirely on skeletal characters but newly available sequence data are beginning to reveal rampant convergence of some of them. An unusual combination of skeletal characters in the South African cyclostome Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867 has made this genus difficult to classify. After revising the taxonomy of Tennysonia, we use almost complete small and large ribosomal subunits (ssrDNA and lsrDNA) to demonstrate its close phylogenetic affinity with the tubuliporine genus Idmidronea (family Tubuliporidae) with which it shares a similar colony form, despite the presence of skeletally open kenozooids between the autozooids, reminiscent of cerioporine cyclostomes such as Favosipora. The spaces between the transverse rows of autozooidal apertures, occupied by exterior autozooidal frontal walls in Idmidronea, are occupied by kenozooids in Tennysonia, thereby maintaining the spacing between lophophores necessary for efficient suspension feeding. Sympatric colonies of T. stellata with narrow and broad branches are identical or almost identical on the basis of ssrDNA and lsrDNA sequences, respectively, suggesting within-species ecophenotypic plasticity in this aspect of colony form.
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47

Horowitz, Alan Stanley, and Joseph F. Pachut. "Lyellian Bryozoan Percentages and the Fossil Record of the Recent Bryozoan Fauna." PALAIOS 9, no. 5 (October 1994): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3515139.

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48

McKinney, Frank K. "The Age of Things Found in the Earth." Paleontological Society Special Publications 11 (2002): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009801.

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One of my favorite places to collect fossils is a steep, high railway cut in a rural part of southern Kentucky, where a ridge made of limestone sat right across the most efficient route the railway could take. When that cut was first made, professional paleontologists and amateur fossil collectors came by to have a look at the newly exposed rock; but although the fossils could be seen, we could get hardly anything out because they were almost all too firmly locked within the rock. Within just a couple of years, weathering had caused some of the weaker, clay-rich layers to break down a little, yielding loads of fossils. The rock around the fossils broke apart into small grains, and the fossils themselves, skeletal remains of marine animals, could be picked up by the hundreds of thousands: crinoids, blastoids, brachiopods, screw-shaped parts of bryozoans, trilobites, individual cone-shaped corals, strange conical snails, even rare starfish.
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49

McKinney, Frank K. "The Age of Things Found in the Earth." Paleontological Society Special Publications 9 (1999): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200014003.

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One of my favorite places from which to collect fossils is a steep, high railway cut in a rural part of southern Kentucky, where a ridge made of limestone sat right across the most efficient route the railway could take. When that cut was first made, professional paleontologists and amateur fossil collectors came by to have a look at the newly exposed rock; but although the fossils could be seen, we could hardly get anything out because they were almost all too firmly locked within the rock. Within just a couple of years, weathering had caused some of the weaker, clay-rich layers to break down a little, yielding loads of fossils. The rock around the fossils broke apart into small grains, and the fossils themselves, skeletal remains of marine animals, could be picked up by the hundreds of thousands: crinoids, blastoids, brachiopods, screw-shaped parts of bryozoans, trilobites, individual cone-shaped corals, strange conical snails, even rare starfish.
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50

Taylor, Paul D., and Raymond R. Rogers. "A new cheilostome bryozoan from a dinosaur site in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation of Montana." Journal of Paleontology 95, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2021.34.

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AbstractFew bryozoans have been described from the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS), which is consistent with the low diversity of other typically stenohaline groups in this large expanse of relatively shallow marine water. Here we describe a new cheilostome bryozoan, Conopeum flumineum n. sp., based on well-preserved material from the Campanian Judith River Formation of the Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument in north-central Montana. The new species shows strong morphological similarities with Conopeum seurati, a Recent species that is often categorized as brackish, but which is euryhaline and can also be found in marine and stenohaline environments. The new Campanian bryozoan species was found in a locality also containing fragmentary remains of dinosaurs and other terrestrial vertebrates, as well freshwater mollusks and terrestrial plant debris. The sedimentology and facies associations of the fossil-bearing site suggest that the depositional setting was a swamp or tidally influenced fluvial backwater on the Judith River coastal plain. The proximity of the site to the western shoreline of the WIS presumably made it susceptible to occasional marine flooding during storms or extreme tides. Previous occurrences of Conopeum in the Cretaceous of the Western Interior have also been associated with dinosaur remains, corroborating the very nearshore and at times even ‘upstream’ distribution of this euryhaline genus.UUID: http://zoobank.org/bb1fdc8a-5017-44c5-9251-9e24ef3995e3.
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