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Kitnick, Alex. "Review: Brutalism: Post-war British Architecture by Alexander Clement; Neo-avant-garde and Postmodern: Postwar Architecture in Britain and Beyond by Mark Crinson and Claire Zimmerman, editors; A Guide to the New Ruins of Great Britain by Owen Hatherley." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 71, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2012.71.2.232.
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Ivaschenko, Nikita A. "BRUTALIST ARCHITECTURE IN RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN ART HISTORY AFTER REYNER BANHAM." Articult, no. 4 (2022): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2022-4-6-16.
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Brutalist architecture is of great interest to contemporary art historians, architecture lovers, designers and musicians. The first large work on brutalist architecture was Reyner Banham’s “The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?”, initially published in the beginning of the 1970-s. This text, though not free of contradictions, became the start of a whole tradition of speaking about brutalism in special literature. Still being relevant, Banham’s book serves as a guiding star for the succeeding authors on the one hand and needs to be revised on the other. The article is centered on the texts that form this tradition in the history of art around the world and in Russia after Reyner Banham. It offers the result of collecting these texts on brutalist architecture and an analysis of the points of view of different authors on the problem of brutalist architecture and its history. The key questions of the article are to elaborate on the periodization and characteristic of brutalist architecture and to expose the existing tradition of studying it.
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Ben Shoshan, Liat Savin. "Architecture, cinema, and images of childhood in 1950s Britain." Architectural Research Quarterly 22, no. 2 (June 2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135913551800043x.
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In 1956, Independent Group member Eduardo Paolozzi, close friend and collaborator of Alison and Peter Smithson, starred in the film Together, directed by Lorenza Mazzetti, who had met him while a student at the Slade School of Fine Art. Strikingly, the imagery and setting of the film shares much in common with the images used by the Smithsons in their work, particularly those by Nigel Henderson, of children playing in the East End. Together is a 52-minute film screened in 1956, as part of Free Cinema programme. East London, with its narrow streets, riversides, docks, and multiple bomb sites, as well as the manner in which this location was shot, expressed the sense of disharmony – even chaos; a scenery patched together out of the remnants of prewar daily routines; a mix of dwellings, cranes, industry, and children running among the ruins. Looking more closely at Free Cinema's use of image and at the postwar concern with childhood allows us to better understand how and why children figured in the Smithsons’ work and how they came to inspire a new creative consciousness in New Brutalism more generally.
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Holland, Jessica, and Iain Jackson. "A Monument to Humanism: Pilkington Brothers’ Headquarters (1955–65) by Fry, Drew and Partners." Architectural History 56 (2013): 343–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00002537.
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The architect Maxwell Fry (1899–1987) is widely recognized as one of the key protagonists in the development of Modernist architecture in Britain. Discussion of this role perhaps inevitably tends to focus on Fry's early involvement in the Modern Architectural Research (MARS) Group and his inter-war work, particularly his prestigious partnership with the Bauhaus-founder Walter Gropius. Post-war, emphasis shifts to Fry's advancement of ‘Tropical Architecture’ in former British colonies with his wife and partner, the architect Jane Drew (1911–96). Despite a string of important commissions on home soil, their post-war work in Britain has been sidelined due to a historical narrative focused on the rise of ‘New Brutalism’. This article contributes to a reassessment of Fry, Drew and Partners’ work in 1950s and 1960s Britain. It uses the Pilkington Brothers’ Headquarters (1955–65) in St Helens as a case study to examine post-war industrial patronage and how this affected the architectural approach of the project's lead designer, Maxwell Fry. In particular, it investigates his background in civic design at Charles Reilly's Liverpool School of Architecture. Furthermore, it examines Fry's reassessment of pre-war Modernist theory and practice during the mid-1950s and his response to the younger generation of MARS members, such as the Smithsons and Denys Lasdun.
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Nikcevic, Sanja. "British Brutalism, the ‘New European Drama’, and the Role of the Director." New Theatre Quarterly 21, no. 3 (July 18, 2005): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x05000151.
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The explosion of new theatre writing in Britain during and since the 'nineties contrasted with a dearth of original plays on continental Europe, east and west. Sanja Nikcevic attributes this in part to the dominance over the previous decades of the role of leading directors, who increasingly sought out raw materials to shape productions conforming to their own or their company's ideas. She traces the attempts in a number of countries to correct the imbalance by encouraging new writing through workshops and festivals—yet also how the explosion and importation of the British ‘in-yer-face’ style then affected the kind of new writing that was considered innovative and acceptable at such events. She argues against the claims made for the political significance of plays such as Sarah Kane's Blasted, suggesting rather that the acceptance of the normality of violence without reference to its social context negates the possibility of remedial action. A former Fulbright Scholar, Sanja Nikcevic is Head of the Department of English Literature at the University of Osijek, Croatia. Her full-length publications include The Subversive American Drama: Sympathy for Losers (1994), Affirmative American Drama: Long Live the Puritans (2003), and New European Drama: the Great Deception (2005). She was the founder and for eight years the president of the Croatian Centre of the International Theatre Institute.
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Ortlepp, A. "Building Concrete Democracies: New Brutalism in Great Britain, the United States, and Brazil from the 1950s to the 1980s." Amerikastudien/American Studies 65, no. 2 (2020): 193–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.33675/amst/2020/2/8.
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Hoey, Lawrence R., and Malcolm Thurlby. "A Survey of Romanesque Vaulting in Great Britain and Ireland." Antiquaries Journal 84 (September 2004): 117–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500045820.
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This paper examines the use of vaults in ecclesiastical and secular architecture in Great Britain and Ireland from 1066 to around nyo. We commence with an investigation of the distribution of vaults in various types of buildings. Local workshop traditions are explored and aspects of architectural iconography are considered. The gazetteer provides full references to one-word place names in the text, along with descriptions of the vaults and bibliographical references.
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ShEINA, T. V., and A. V. IVANOV. "THE CONSTRUCTIVE DECISION AND BUILDING MATERIALS OF EXHIBITION PAVILIONSOF GREAT BRITAIN THROUGH THE EXAMPLE THE FIRST AND LAST WORLD EXHIBITION-EXPO." Urban construction and architecture 1, no. 3 (September 15, 2011): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2011.03.19.
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The results of investigating structural solution and building materials of exhibition pavilions of Great Britain taken at different epochs are presented in this article. Features of architectural formation of exhibition pavilion demonstrate the application of new building materials and constructions. There is presented the development building technology trends, which find the further application in the world architecture. Innovative architectural methods, the unusual thing of setting and forms of pavilions show the achievements of Great Britain in such areas as science, culture, technology and building materials at its best.
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Romein, C. A. (Annemieke). "Olivia Horsfall Turner,“The Mirror of Great Britain”: national identity in seventeenth-century British architecture." Seventeenth Century 29, no. 2 (March 6, 2014): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0268117x.2014.893409.
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Trantas, Georgios E. "Greek-Orthodox Diasporic Glocality and Translocality in Germany and Great Britain." Journal of the British Association for the Study of Religion (JBASR) 22 (December 15, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18792/jbasr.v22i0.48.
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Migration does not take place in a vacuum, nor is the formation of communities thereof a mere collection of individuals; particularly when taking into account one of the main transferrable cultural determinants of identity and self-perception, i.e. group religiosity. The latter makes its aesthetic manifestation in the public sphere and hence, migration gives rise to religioscapes, which are identifiable by their visible markers in the form of architecture and religious art. The same applies to the Greek-Orthodox migrant communities of Germany and Great Britain. Both were established in the mid-twentieth century when the main bulk of their demographic presence in the corresponding countries took place. The formation of their communities occurred clearly before globality ushered in the contemporary, parallel, glocal, translocal and cultural relativisation that is facilitated by increased mobility and advanced means of communication. Yet, this paper argues that both the glocal and translocal conceptual frameworks apply to the case studies of interest. Evidence of this is particularly traceable in their corresponding religioscapes’ markers, which are permeated by aesthetic priorities and main influences, emergent patterns of predominant featured themes and tendencies that attest to glocality and translocality. Notably, not only are their places of worship containers of their immortalized narratives, they also contribute to the perpetuation of their distinct mutability. This phenomenon of aesthetic adaptation in accordance with the accumulated social experience, highlights the emergent patterns of a glocal and translocal sense of being and belonging that gave rise to the distinct hybrid identity amalgams thereof.
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Brindle, Steven. "The rise of the civil engineering profession in Britain." Structural Engineer 99, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56330/clvq5793.
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In this paper, based on his James Sutherland History Lecture delivered to the Institution of Structural Engineers in 2020, Steven Brindle provides a brief history of civil engineering in Britain, charting its development from hydraulic projects and early attempts to apply intellect to structural design in the 17th century, through a great commercially driven boom in the Georgian era, to the foundations of the modern profession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
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Howard, Deborah. "Teaching Architectural History in Great Britain and Australia: Local Conditions and Global Perspectives." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 3 (September 2002): 346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991788.
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Mankov, Sergei A. "Medieval motives in memorialization of the Great War." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (47) (2021): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2021-2-67-71.
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The article examines the European experience of creating war memorials dedicated to the World War I, using the motives of medieval architecture. The fascination with the Middle Ages, spread through the art and literature of the Neo-Gothic and national Romanism period, was emotionally rethought by the generation that survived the catastrophe of the global conflict of 1914–1918. At the new stage, the symbolic harsh images of the Middle Ages turned out to be more consonant with the social creation of former front-line soldiers than the classical antique forms used in the memorialization of wars in the 18th–19th centuries. This process was reflected in the commemoration of the Great War in Great Britain, France, Germany and other countries, where the monuments to the fallen began to give the appearance characteristic of the towers, fortresses and castles of the long-gone Middle Ages, giving them a new interpretative meaning.
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Powell, Christopher. "Model housing from the great exhibition to the festival of Britain." Design Studies 9, no. 3 (July 1988): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-694x(88)90050-6.
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Riedlová, Kateřina, and Věra Kubicová. "Villas in the "Underground"." Advanced Engineering Forum 12 (November 2014): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.12.55.
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The political changes of 1948 brought, among other things, a significant shift in the housing policy. Focus was no longer on living in detached family houses or urban villas so popular prior to 1948. On the other hand, we can also find architecturally great villa like family houses designed by professional architects. However, construction of these houses was not far from being illegal since everything was done secretly without the slightest possibility of being presented within the professional circles or the public. The investors recruited mainly from social and cultural groups of famous people with original ideas, were not acceptable to the ruling party. Let us name a few: the villa of the famous film director Věra Chytilová in Trója, Prague (1975), Emil Přikryl`s villa; or three villas from the 1950s: Miroslav Zikmund`s (1954), Jiří Hanzelka`s (1956) and Zdeněk Liška`s (1959), designed by Zdeněk Plesník in Zlín. The most remarkable realization of family houses, so different from other contemporary designs, was the one by Ivan Ruller in Brno. Thanks to the used materials, Ruller`s houses have the capacity to age in a natural in way, without losing any of the powerful touches of modernity. In 1968, Ruller`s type of villa was designed for example for Petráček, the director of Chemoprojekt. Its construction was inspired largely by the trend in architecture “new brutalism”. Some of other Ruller`s villas can be found in Ivanovice (1976) and Mokrá Hora (1979). Architect Josef Němec`s own villa (1976) as well as Růžena Žertová`s atrium family house (1981) are just other examples of high-quality houses from and around Brno.
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Karpo, Vasyl, and Nataliia Nechaieva-Yuriichuk. "Information Component of Disintegration Processes in Spain and Great Britain: the Comparative Aspects." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 7 (December 23, 2019): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2019.7.142-154.
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From ancient times till nowadays information plays a key role in the political processes. The beginning of XXI century demonstrated the transformation of global security from military to information, social etc. aspects. The widening of pandemic demonstrated the weaknesses of contemporary authoritarian states and the power of human-oriented states. During the World War I the theoretical and practical interest toward political manipulation and political propaganda grew definitely. After 1918 the situation developed very fast and political propaganda became the part of political influence. XX century entered into the political history as the millennium of propaganda. The collapse of the USSR and socialist system brought power to new political actors. The global architecture of the world has changed. Former Soviet republic got independence and tried to separate from Russia. And Ukraine was between them. The Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine was the start point for a number of processes in world politics. But the most important was the fact that the role and the place of information as the challenge to world security was reevaluated. The further annexation of Crimea, the attempt to legitimize it by the comparing with the referendums in Scotland and Catalonia demonstrated the willingness of Russian Federation to keep its domination in the world. The main difference between the referendums in Scotland and in Catalonia was the way of Russian interference. In 2014 (Scotland) tried to delegitimised the results of Scottish referendum because they were unacceptable for it. But in 2017 we witness the huge interference of Russian powers in Spain internal affairs, first of all in spreading the independence moods in Catalonia. The main conclusion is that the world has to learn some lessons from Scottish and Catalonia cases and to be ready to new challenges in world politics in a format of information threats.
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Akhmetova, A. T., and L. A. Berdegulova. "The doctrine of removing corporate cover in Anglo-Saxon law (using the example of Great Britain)." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 10 (2022): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2022_10_68.
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Tkachuk, Taras. "JAPANESE INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS BEFORE AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WORLD WAR II (1931 – 1940)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 13 (2022): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2022.13.6.
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The article examines the relationship between two leading countries – Great Britain and the United States, which had a significant impact on international political situation in the world in 1930s and still have nowadays. As a vector of research, the author takes the factor of the Japanese militaristic regime because of the rather similar current geopolitical situation due to the aggressive actions of Russian Federation. According to this, the author aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and his own assessment of the impact of Japan’s behavior in the international arena on the development of British-American relations in various fields. The chronological boundaries of the study are the period from the Mukden incident ‒ the beginning of Japanese invasion in the north-eastern part of China (September, 1931) to the conclusion of Berlin (Tripartite) Pact between Japan, Italy and Germany (September, 1940). Methodology: the article uses a comparative-historical method to compare and analyze the influence of Japan and Germany on the foreign policy of London and Washington, as well as descriptive method ‒ to identify the essence and features of British-American relations during 1931–1940. The use primarily of a wide base of diplomatic documents, archival sources from the F. D. Roosevelt Digital Library, cabinet papers of the British government allowed the author to apply the systematic approach and the principle of objectivity working with only verified facts and their comprehensive assessment. Scientific novelty: for the first time in Ukrainian historiography the author analyzed and rethought the process of how did Japan’s aggressive actions influence on US-British relations on the eve and beginning of World War II regarding the current geopolitical situation. The author concludes that the leadership of the United States and Great Britain did not realize the threat from Japan in time, that their inconsistent actions only contributed to the rapprochement of Tokyo with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, culminating in the formation of a tripartite military alliance («axis»). According to the author, the ambiguity of the position of London and Washington caused primarily by the struggle for spheres of influence in the Pacific area and trade conflicts between them in general. In view of this, the article emphasizes the need for modern leading states, especially Great Britain and the USA, to take into account the mistakes of the past in order to prevent a repeat of the Japanese scenario in the international arena in future.
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Kelsall, Frank. "Not as Ugly as Stonehenge: Architecture and History in the First Lists of Historic Buildings." Architectural History 52 (2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00004135.
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Four years ago Peter Draper, as your recently retired president, described his lecture as valedictory and therefore self-indulgent in its choice of topic. What a useful precedent. I hope I am not over self-indulgent to the extent of being too autobiographical, but the subject does relate to my personal experience of the practice of architectural history in the conservation of historic buildings. The history of building conservation is now developing its own quite substantial literature to which this is a small contribution. To some extent this lecture is as much about bureaucracy as about architecture, for much of my life has been spent as an official in the public service. But, so that the lecture is properly historical, most of what I will talk about happened before I was involved.One major difference between the British and American Societies of Architectural Historians is that the American Society has always involved itself in building preservation issues, whereas the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain does not. This recognizes the different circumstances in each country. In Great Britain we have many amenity societies directed to conservation matters; most of us will belong to one or more of them and they are centres of quite extraordinary expertise. But in view of what I will say later, it is notable that in an account of a meeting in March 1941 in Washington, reported in the first volume of the American Society’s journal, Henry-Russell Hitchcock commented on the merits of the Historic American Buildings Survey, but added that selections by local groups often lacked historical perspective and ignored anything later than the Greek Revival; that there was excessive preservation of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses in New England without regard to architectural merit; and that primary monuments of modern architectural history were wantonly destroyed. As concerns the latter, he cited, among others, Richardson’s Marshall Field Warehouse, and a threat to Wright’s Robie House. The representative of the National Parks Service said that 1870 was about the date limit for a building to be regarded as of interest, though the Vanderbilt House of 1895 had recently been acquired, and that attention was also being paid to groups of buildings.
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Harasimowicz, Jan. "Longitudinal, Transverse or Centrally Aligned? In the Search for the Correct Layout of the ‘Protesters’ Churches." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 48, no. 1 (September 7, 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.11309.
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The article was written within the framework of a research project “Protestant Church Architecture of the 16th -18th centuries in Europe”, conducted by the Department of the Renaissance and Reformation Art History at the University of Wrocław. It is conceived as a preliminary summary of the project’s outcomes. The project’s principal research objective is to develop a synthesis of Protestant church architecture in the countries which accepted, even temporarily, the Reformation: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Island, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Sweden and The Netherlands. Particular emphasis is placed on the development of spatial and functional solutions (specifically ground plans: longitudinal, transverse rectangular, oval, circular, Latin- and Greek-cross, ground plans similar to the letters “L” and “T”) and the placement of liturgical furnishing elements within the church space (altars, pulpits, baptismal fonts and organs).
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Eska-Mikołajewska, Justyna. "Znaczenie relacji z Australią i Nową Zelandią w ramach pobrexitowego zaangażowania Zjednoczonego Królestwa w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku." Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie 37, no. 1 (2023): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ksm20230107.
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In the geopolitical situation in which Great Britain found itself after its withdrawal from the European Union in 2020, it was necessary to develop a new foreign and security policy strategy. The flagship concept of ‘Global Britain’ assumes the reorientation of the United Kingdom outside Europe and greater involvement in the security architecture of the Indo-Pacific region. The article examines to what extent the intention to strengthen relations with as likeminded partners in the Indo-Pacific region coincides with the assumptions of Australian and New Zealand policies. It has been shown that the former British dominions, which are part of the so-called Anglosphere, have been given a vital role in securing the UK’s position as a world leader. From the perspectives of the national interest of both countries, rebuilding ties with the former empire is considered an important strategic element, although giving it a priority in the current geopolitical realities is not possible. Australia and New Zealand put special emphasis on developing cooperation with the Indo-Pacific countries.
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Schneider, Rochelle, Ana M. Vicedo-Cabrera, Francesco Sera, Pierre Masselot, Massimo Stafoggia, Kees de Hoogh, Itai Kloog, Stefan Reis, Massimo Vieno, and Antonio Gasparrini. "A Satellite-Based Spatio-Temporal Machine Learning Model to Reconstruct Daily PM2.5 Concentrations across Great Britain." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 3803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12223803.
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Epidemiological studies on the health effects of air pollution usually rely on measurements from fixed ground monitors, which provide limited spatio-temporal coverage. Data from satellites, reanalysis, and chemical transport models offer additional information used to reconstruct pollution concentrations at high spatio-temporal resolutions. This study aims to develop a multi-stage satellite-based machine learning model to estimate daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels across Great Britain between 2008–2018. This high-resolution model consists of random forest (RF) algorithms applied in four stages. Stage-1 augments monitor-PM2.5 series using co-located PM10 measures. Stage-2 imputes missing satellite aerosol optical depth observations using atmospheric reanalysis models. Stage-3 integrates the output from previous stages with spatial and spatio-temporal variables to build a prediction model for PM2.5. Stage-4 applies Stage-3 models to estimate daily PM2.5 concentrations over a 1 km grid. The RF architecture performed well in all stages, with results from Stage-3 showing an average cross-validated R2 of 0.767 and minimal bias. The model performed better over the temporal scale when compared to the spatial component, but both presented good accuracy with an R2 of 0.795 and 0.658, respectively. These findings indicate that direct satellite observations must be integrated with other satellite-based products and geospatial variables to derive reliable estimates of air pollution exposure. The high spatio-temporal resolution and the relatively high precision allow these estimates (approximately 950 million points) to be used in epidemiological analyses to assess health risks associated with both short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5.
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Pirmanova, Gavkhar Nazarkulovna, Saidova Surayyo Yarkulovna, Khudoyarova Dildora Najmiddinovna, Isayev Anvar Mustafakulovich, and Jurayeva Nargiza Shavkatovna. "Extracurricular classes on the study of historical and cultural monuments of England." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (November 9, 2021): 1366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1716.
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Successful training depends not only on active vocabulary but mainly on the presentation of cultural material about England. First of all - from the general information about the greatest ancient-architecture as a whole which can be successfully solved during non-school time. With the maximum use of intellectual and creative abilities of adolescence, including adequate communication and education activities of adolescents. The article reveals the contents of new technologies, non-traditional and original, innovative methods, modern information tools that are effectively used in extracurricular activities, primarily for the development of intellectual and creative activities of teenagers - precisely not included in the teaching scope - on potentially-effective material about monuments of history and culture (Great Britain, England).
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Daria, Ostrikova, Bodnar Taras, and Yasinskyi Maksym. "INFLUENCE OF THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666 ON SPECIFICS OF CREATING BAROQUE STYLE OF CHURCHES IN ENGLAND." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2022.01.108.
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At the same time, when Baroque became the dominant style in Italy, in English architecture in the 17th century architects continued using the Classical forms. After that, in the architecture of England appeared a style called Palladian architecture and Jacobean architecture. Style of Baroque became prevalent just at the end of this century. After the Great Fire of London on 5 September 1666 most of the city's buildings were destroyed, all these constructions had to be restored or built new ones. The 17th and 18th centuries were a painful period, not only for the history of Britain but also affected religion. London was full of immigrants from the Continent who brought a part of their culture and religion to English culture. So, during that period, there was a problem of the persistence of the leading position of the Anglican Church of England. Through the hard work of the British architects who have fully dedicated themselves to the work, positions were strengthened. 310 years passed since the intensified struggle against the Anglican Church of England and Catholicism with another popular at that time sects. It started with creating the Act establishing the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches in the Cities of London and Westminster and or the Suburbs thereof. The fact that the Act was passed because of overcrowded with worshipers in the non-conformist chapels around London. In the end, it did not achieve its goal, just twelve churches were built under the tutelage of the Commissioners. A number of these churches became known as the Queen Anne Churches. However, these churches became the main building of Baroque Style in London.
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Colvin, Howard. "A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects 1600–1840: Corrections and Additions to the Third Edition (Yale University Press 1995)." Architectural History 43 (2000): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00001106.
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This is the fifth list of corrections and additions to the third edition of my Dictionary. For the first time a section of ‘Additional Biographies’ has been included to provide details of some further architects active during the period 1600–1840, of whose careers enough can be reconstructed to justify giving them a place. The remaining sections are as usual lists of bare facts to be added, subtracted or amended.Attention should be drawn to the Biographical Dictionary of Architects at Reading by Sidney M. Gold, privately published at Reading, 1999, and to the Dictionary of Land Surveyors and Local Map-Makers of Great Britain and Ireland 1530–1850 by Sarah Bendall, published by the British Library, 1997.
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Rhodes, Andy, Geoff Hunt, Neil Harwood, Naim Kuka, Laurent Baron, and Jaime Borrell. "Track damage comparison between conventional and articulated trains operating on a Great Britain railways ‘classic’ mainline route and a high-speed route." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 7 (November 27, 2018): 743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718805256.
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The impact of train architecture and design characteristics on track deterioration accounts for a significant proportion of the whole-life costs of operating a railway. Introducing new train fleets with an expected life in excess of 30 years means that it is important to optimise train design to minimise track deterioration, maximise track life and realise long-term cost savings. Furthermore, higher traffic tonnage (from more frequent services) and increased train acceleration and speeds will cause increasing track deterioration rates; therefore, this issue is central to managing a sustainable railway in future. The track ‘friendliness’ of a train is determined by several ‘vehicle/track interaction’ parameters: train mass, axle load, number of axles, bogie unsprung mass, traction power, suspension ride forces and speed. The Vehicle/Track Interaction Strategic Model (VTISM) can be used to analyse the effect of these parameters on track forces and the resultant track deterioration and maintenance and renewal costs. This paper describes a study undertaken using the VTISM to investigate the impact of axle loads and train architecture on vertical deterioration and costs of ballasted track on a Great Britain railways ‘classic’ mainline route (up to 125 mph) and, following VTISM upgrading and validation, a high-speed route (up to 360 km/h). It identifies where potential cost advantages may be obtained when comparing conventional trains with new, alternative train architectures.
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Montaner, Josep Maria, and Zaida Muxí Martínez. "Modern Housing: Heritage and Vitality." Modern Housing. Patrimonio Vivo, no. 51 (2014): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/51.a.m3ws825n.
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One of the main subjects in contemporary architecture is how to deal with the physical and intellectual requirements of transforming modern housing. Joan Busquets points out in his contribution to this issue, that the special effort made by modern architects and progressive housing politics during the 20th century must be reinterpreted and followed today. Intentionally, this issue brings a special focus on the Iberoamerican world, specifically Spain, Portugal and Latin America, with the aim of relocating it in a cultural world of predominantly Anglo-American historiography. In any case, it presents a very wide spectrum, including North America, Switzerland and Great Britain. For this reason the projects are presented as case studies, both housing politics in different countries, and paradigmatic architectural examples, either positive or negative.
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Lacomba Montes, Paula, and Alejandro Campos Uribe. "From classrooms to Centres: Mary and David Medd’s contribution to postwar school design in Britain." Architectural Research Quarterly 24, no. 3 (September 2020): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135520000287.
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This paper reports on the primary school design processes carried out around the 1940s in the County of Hertfordshire in Great Britain, which later evolved into innovative strategies developed by Mary and David Medd in the Ministry of Education from the late 1950s. The whole process, undertaken during more than three decades, reveals a way of breaking with the traditional spatial conception of a school. The survey of the period covered has allowed an in-depth understanding of how learning spaces could be transformed by challenging the conventional school model of closed rooms, suggesting a new way of understanding learning spaces as a group of Centres rather than classrooms. Historians have thoroughly shown the ample scope of this process, which involved many professionals, fostering a true cross-disciplinary endeavour where the curriculum and the learning spaces were developed in close collaboration. A selection of schools built in the county has been used to typologically analyse how architectural changes began to arise and later flourished at the Ministry of Education. The Medds had indeed a significant role through the development of a design process known as the Built-in variety and the Planning Ingredients. A couple of examples will clarify some of these strategies, revealing how the design of educational space could successfully respond to an active way of learning.
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Lutsenko, Nazarii. "United States – United Kingdom military cooperation under Donald Trump’s administration (2017 – 2021)." American History & Politics: Scientific edition, no. 12 (2021): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2021.12.4.
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This article refers to military cooperation between the United States and Great Britain. Their relationship constitutes an important component of the system of the international relations. Both countries have nuclear weapons and the latest military technology. Both states are sending troops to resolve military conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa. The United States and the United Kingdom provide a significant support to Ukraine in its confrontation with the Russian Federation. Methodology. The research is based on chronological, historical-political and comparative methods. The purpose of the article is to study the changes and the development of the US-British bilateral relations in the context of military cooperation. Looking at the results of this study, the US-British military relations under the Donald Trump administration have not changed. The article illustrates that the United States and the United Kingdom are the main partners in the production of weapons and equipment, strategic planning of operations. British ships in the Asian-Pacific and Middle East plying with the US Navy, repeatedly conducted joint exercises. These are the only countries that conduct the bilateral military exercises almost every year. Under the premiership of Theresa May and Boris Johnson, the United Kingdom pursued a foreign policy strategy which is called Global Britain. The main goal is to make the country more powerful in the international arena. At the same time Donald Trump`s main strategy was to «Made America great again». So, sometimes there were some political discussions among political leaders how to react and to solve the problems in the Middle East, especially in Iraq. However, this did not affect the proximity of the military partnership. Both countries work closely together in the military force and in intelligence.
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Girardelli, Paolo. "Power or Leisure? Remarks on the Architecture of the European Summer Embassies on the Bosphorus Shore." New Perspectives on Turkey 50 (2014): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006579.
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AbstractThis study is part of a larger project on theLandscapes of the Eastern Question, contextualizing the architecture of diplomacy in İstanbul as a symbolic and material refraction of changing power balances and representational strategies. In Beyoğlu, where most of the main diplomatic residences were located, the embassies were originally Ottoman woodenkonakstructures, but, in time, the increasing influence of Russia, Great Britain and France fostered their monumentalization and the adoption of European academic classicism. By contrast, the summer embassies on the European shore of the Bosphorus remained largely local in terms of technology, image, materials, and spatial layout until the end of the Ottoman Empire. The paper argues that, for many diplomats, a stately winter residence representing national identity, along with a summer house in the spirit of the local traditions, would be used as a communicative and performative resource in the drama of European-Ottoman relations. It also evaluates foreign settlement on the northern shore of the Bosphorus as conforming to a strategy of surveillance and control in keeping with the strategic relevance and contested status of the straits.
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Hill, Judith. "Architecture in the Aftermath of Union: Building the Viceregal Chapel in Dublin Castle, 1801–15." Architectural History 60 (2017): 183–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2017.6.
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AbstractThe chapel in Dublin Castle, built between 1807 and 1815, was one of the most impressive ecclesiastical Gothic buildings of the pre-Pugin revival in the British Isles. It was commissioned by the viceregal establishment following the Act of Union between Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, and was closely associated with Church of Ireland objectives for post-Union Protestantism in Ireland. This essay investigates the patrons’ ambitions for the chapel, and discusses its design and execution by Francis Johnston, successor to James Gandon as the foremost architect of public buildings in Ireland. Reviewing the chapel within the context of the Union, the essay argues that the viceregal administration and the Church of Ireland were concerned to assert their authority and define their values, and that these were expressed in Gothic revival architecture which grafted progressive appreciation for medieval models onto Georgian taste, and in a comprehensive and unprecedented scheme of ecclesiastical sculpture. Ireland's political position within the Union was ambiguous, but it is argued here that the rebuilt chapel projected both unionist and imperialist gestures, and that, culturally, it was an expression of Britishness.
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Anaya, Karim L., and Michael G. Pollitt. "How to Procure Flexibility Services within the Electricity Distribution System: Lessons from an International Review of Innovation Projects." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 24, 2021): 4475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154475.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the deployment of smart platforms (operated by distribution system operators—DSOs—or by independent parties) in key jurisdictions that facilitate the trading of flexibility services—primarily by DSOs. We look at key innovation projects/initiatives from seven jurisdictions, including Australia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, The Netherlands and Norway. We have deliberately selected 13 use cases that operate under different regulatory frameworks and market rules, and have been recently implemented (from 2017 onwards). With the selection of key use cases this study seeks to discuss the different smart architecture solutions and main capabilities across different demonstrators and their relationship to business as usual. It also analyses flexibility market designs, identifies main characteristics, and compares different price formation schemes and procurement methods. The value of flexibility for DSOs is also discussed.
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Gold, John R. "‘A Very Serious Responsibility’? The MARS Group, Internationally and Relations with CIAM, 1933–39." Architectural History 56 (2013): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00002501.
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In an interview recorded shortly before his death in 1987, Maxwell Fry recalled the birth of Modern architecture in Great Britain around a half-century earlier. In the course of discussing the work of the Modern Architectural Research (MARS) Group — the society that he had helped to establish in February 1933 and of which he was then the last surviving founder-member — Fry highlighted the links between architects in Britain and their continental European counterparts. Observing that MARS was first established on the basis of an invitation that Wells Coates had received to form a British chapter of the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM), he noted that the Group had immediately gained an entrée into an international forum that functioned as a unique gathering point for the architectural avant-garde. At the same time, he asserted that membership brought with it commitments that conferred ‘a very serious responsibility’.CIAM was not, of course, the only conduit for the links that MARS members had with the wider world, but in many ways it was the MARS Group’s relationship with the ‘international community of modern architects […] made visible in the foundation of CIAM’ which defined it and differentiated it from other architectural groupings of its day. Most other such bodies initially coalesced around a single manifesto or exhibition and then quickly fell apart when their members found that they had little in common apart from an enthusiasm for Modernism. By contrast, MARS retained an enduring purpose through its membership of CIAM.
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Southall, Humphrey, and Paula Aucott. "Expressing History through a Geo-Spatial Ontology." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 8 (August 20, 2019): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8080362.
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Conventional Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software struggles to represent uncertain and contested historical knowledge. An ontology, meaning a semantic structure defining named entities, and explicit and typed relationships, can be constructed in the absence of locational data, and spatial objects can be attached to this structure if and when they become available. We describe the overall architecture of the Great Britain Historical GIS, and the PastPlace Administrative Unit Ontology that forms its core. Then, we show how particular historical geographies can be represented within this architecture through two case studies, both emphasizing entity definition and especially the application of a multi-level typology, in which each “unit” has an unchanging “type” but also a time-variant “status”. The first includes the linked systems of Poor Law unions and registration districts in 19th century England and Wales, in which most but not all unions and districts were coterminous. The second case study includes the international system of nation-states, in which most units do not appear from nothing, but rather gain or lose independence. We show that a relatively simple data model is able to represent much historical complexity.
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Engström, Joakim, and Katarina L. Gidlund. "Accountability for Digital Dreamers." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 19, no. 1 (May 5, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.322434.
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To contribute to digitalization and accountability research, this study adopted a pattern arising from failure due to weak accountability that was initially identified in Great Britain. This was done to investigate if the pattern reappeared in digitalization initiatives at the Swedish municipal level. Attempting to answer this, the present study structured a survey sent to every municipality in Sweden, resulting in a response rate of 40.4%. It was not possible to statistically claim that the pattern repeated itself in the chosen context, making this study's main contribution to stress that there might be a pattern as an effect due to weak accountability, without any knowledge of how this pattern presents itself.
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Jay, Robert. "Review: Industrial Architecture in Britain 1750-1939 by Edgar Jones; The Great Engineers: The Art of British Engineers 1837-1987 by Derek Walker." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 49, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990584.
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Anderson, Christy. "Review: Architecture without Kings by Timothy Mowl, Brian Earnshaw; The Great Rebuildings of Tudor and Stuart England by Colin Platt; Classical Architecture in Britain: The Heroic Age by Giles Worsley." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 56, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991226.
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Falileeva, Marina, Alexander Kirillovich, Olga Nevzorova, Liliana Shakirova, Evgeny Lipachev, and Anastasiya Dyupina. "Educational Projection Systems, Levels And Prerequisites Of Mathematical Ontology OntoMathEdu." Russian Digital Libraries Journal 24, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/1562-5419-2021-24-3-505-530.
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The developed educational projections, levels and prerequisites of the mathematical educational multilingual ontology OntoMathEdu are presented. Educational projection is viewed as the formalization of a certain system of subject training in mathematics. It is a subset of OntoMathEdu ontology concepts, which are structured at this stage of ontology development using two didactic relationships – educational level and prerequisites.
Educational levels are allocated on the basis of the teaching standards of the corresponding education system, the relation of prerequisites is determined by the sequence of the studied concepts in a particular education system.
The OntoMathEdu ontology defines two projections representing the educational systems of Russia and Great Britain. The algorithm for constructing an ontology through linking various projections allows it to be further replenished with new educational projections, which can later be used in the system of multilingual teaching of mathematics.
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Pierce, Elyse. "The Danger of Cultural Erasure in Inter-Ethnic, Inter-Religious, Trans-National Rescue During Genocide: A Comparison of the Shoah and the Bosnian Civil War." Volume 4 4, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33929/sherm.2022.vol4.no1.02.
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International genocide intervention strategies that involve the extended evacuation and/or displacement of refugees often save the physical lives of would-be victims at the expense of psychological and social trauma and cultural erasure. Through a comparison of the international rescue efforts of the Kindertransport program in Great Britain prior to and during the Second World War and the refugee caravans organized by La Benevolencija in Sarajevo during the Bosnian Civil War, the benefits and dangers of inter-ethnic, inter-religious rescue in times of mass violence are examined, along with how the social dynamics of racialized religious identification influenced the occurrence of these intervention strategies. The implications gleaned from this comparison offer guidance for current and future genocide intervention programs, where great care should be taken, whenever possible, to keep family groups intact and together, provide necessary psychological and social services for refugees, and allow for the continued practice of communal cultural and religious traditions without forced assimilation. The moment of physical rescue is only the initial component of a successful intervention into religio-ethnic violence; to truly prevent the genocidal destruction of a people and culture, those people’s ability to identify with their traditions and maintain their way of life is of equal and vital importance.
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Smolianinova, T. A., and D. S. Tceluiko. "Features of the Architecture of the Consular Buildings of the Great Britain and Their Manifestation in Manchuria at the Beginning of the 20th Century." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1079, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 022048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1079/2/022048.
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Muneer, Tariq, and Rory Dowell. "Potential for renewable energy–assisted harvesting of potatoes in Scotland." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (2022): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctac012.
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Abstract Depleting energy resources, enhancing energy security and energy access and approaching climate change related challenges are some of the present day challenges. Against this backdrop, renewable energy (RE)-based farming has been a topic of serious discussion within Great Britain and Scotland. There are multiple advantages in the development and applications of RE micro-grids for farming communities as often they are located in areas that are quite remote and hence their energy sustainability provides security of supply. In the present article, a large-scale RE system that included solar photovoltaic and wind turbine has been critically analyzed with respect to its fractional contribution toward the total energy budget of a potato farm that produces 8000 tons of crops annually, with 4500 tons of the produce in cold storage for up to 8 months. The findings and recommendations from these case studies will help renewable energy practitioners in erecting and analyzing similar installations.
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Sendra, Pablo. "REVISITING PUBLIC SPACE IN POST-WAR SOCIAL HOUSING IN GREAT BRITAIN / Repensando el espacio público de las viviendas sociales de post-guerra en Gran Bretaña." Proyecto, progreso, arquitectura, no. 9 (2013): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ppa.2013.i9.07.
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Cherry, Bridget. "London’s Public Events and Ceremonies: an Overview Through Three Centuries." Architectural History 56 (2013): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00002434.
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A revised and abridged record of the Annual Lecture of the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain, given at the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, on 12 November 2012Two exceptional events in London in 2012, the queen’s Diamond Jubilee and the Olympics, provoked questions about the origins and legacy of major public events of the past. This article explores the impact on the fabric of London since the eighteenth century of occasional planned spectacles through discussion of two main types of event, namely the procession along a predetermined route and occasions requiring a large organized space.George, Elector of Hanover, succeeded to the throne as George I on 1 August 1714. The proclamation of a new monarch took place at a series of traditional sites. The Heralds started at the king’s residence, St James’s Palace, and proceeded to Charing Cross, where the statue of Charles I had replaced the medieval Eleanor cross destroyed in the Civil War. The third site, Temple Bar, marked the boundary of the City Liberties. Within the City the proclamation was repeated at St Mary le Bow and at the Royal Exchange — recent post-Fire buildings, but iconic sites — marking the significance of the Church and the power centre of the City merchants.
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Goldhill, Simon. "The Art of Reception: J.W. Waterhouse and the Painting of Desire in Victorian Britain." Ramus 36, no. 2 (2007): 143–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048671x00000722.
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Victorian art, particularly in the latter decades of the 19th century, turned to classical subjects obsessively. Alma-Tadema, Poynter, Leighton, Watts, and a host of less celebrated figures, produced a string of canvasses especially for the Royal Academy but also for other galleries in London and for exhibition around the country, which drew on the passion for the classical world so much in evidence in the broader cultural milieu of nineteenth-century Europe. Classics was an integral part of the furniture of the Victorian mind, through the education system, through popular culture, through architecture, through opera, through literature. The high art of the Royal Academy, viewed by thousands and extensively discussed in the press, is a fundamental aspect of this classicising discourse. This era was self-consciously a great age of progress, but it is striking to what degree the rapidly changing culture of Britain expressed its concerns, projected its ideals and explored its sense of self through images of the past—medieval, and early Christian, as much as classical. In this article, I want to look at one artist, J.W. Waterhouse, who was at the centre of this artistic moment—a discussion which will also involve us in investigating the Victorian perception of less familiar classical authors such as Josephus and Prudentius (as well as Homer and Ovid), and less familiar classical figures—St Eulalia, Mariamne—as well as the most recognisable classical icons such as the Sirens and Circe. My first aim is to show how sophisticated and interesting the art of Waterhouse is, a figure who has suffered markedly from the shifts of taste in the twentieth century. His classical pictures in particular show a fascinating engagement with the position of the male subject of desire, which has been largely ignored in the scant discussions of his work, and is strikingly absent from the most influential attempts to see Waterhouse's art in its Victorian context. Waterhouse's visualisation of classical subjects goes to the heart of Victorian anxieties about sexuality.
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DZHYHIL, Yuriy. "THE INTERACTION OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN NEAVE BROWN'S MOST OUTSTANDING CREATION." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 5, no. 1 (June 7, 2023): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2023.01.075.
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The article explores the origins of unique creative methods of the British architect Neave Brown (1929-2018). The deep ideas that the author laid in the architectural and spatial solutions of the most famous of his works - the Alexandra Road Estate residential complex in the Camden Town district of London (Great Britain) are revealed. In particular, the role of the social context in the formation of housing is revealed and the interaction of architecture with the urban environment is demonstrated. The relevance of Neave Brown's ideas and the importance of their adaptation in modern residential construction have been revealed. He singled out the important project tasks that affect the quality of the architectural environment. To achieve this, efforts should be aimed at ensuring: of favorable physical condition of the environment - protection against noise and vibrations, insolation and natural lighting, landscaping, etc.; conditions of residents’ socialization - for their service, communication, physical activity, care of the adjoining territory, etc.; safe, convenient, comfortable living conditions in apartments. Neave Brown defined social housing as rational, functionally expedient, financially affordable. But that didn't mean dwellings had to be cheap. Environmental degradation and social losses due to poor design decisions lead to premature deterioration of relatively new buildings. That is unacceptable from the point of view of modern requirements for saving fossil resources, reducing emissions and rational use of nature. Also, the Alexandra Road Estate project solved an important problem of rational and competent use of the territory previously unsuitable for development. The residential complex had a population density of 210 people per acre, which rivaled high-rises. The conclusion is drawn - by Neave Braun's project of Alexandra Road Estate can be considered one of the most amazing examples of architectural modernism in residential architecture of the 70s of the XX century. Neave Brown's ideas regarding the directions of development of residential architecture are still relevant today, especially in the realities of Ukraine, when many proposals for its post-war reconstruction are put forward.
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BOCANCEA, Cristian. "Brexit - Between the Ideology of Euroscepticism and the 'Innocence' of the Treaty on European Union." Anuarul Universitatii "Petre Andrei" din Iasi - Fascicula: Drept, Stiinte Economice, Stiinte Politice 28 (December 10, 2021): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/65.
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Built on the values of freedom and prosperity, democracy and peace, the European Union has created over time a huge constitutional framework, culminating in the Lisbon Treaty, adopted in 2007 and known as the Treaty on European Union. It reflected the will of the then 27 Member States to live together in a cohesive society, guided by the principle of subsidiarity, and to offer neighboring countries the opportunity to join the Union. As regards EU enlargement, the procedure was laid down in principle in Article 49 TEU; for reasons of symmetry, the Treaty introduced Article 50 to cover the possible scenario of a Member State leaving the Union. Although no one expected it, Article 50 TEU was activated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following a referendum on the so-called Brexit in the summer of 2016. At the beginning of 2020, after lengthy negotiations, the British - Eurosceptics who had made a discordant note for 43 years in the implementation of common policies - effectively left the EU, hoping for a better life and leaving us to reflect on the "innocence" of a treaty article drafted from too much democracy.
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Bazylevych, Viktoriya. "ORGANIZATION OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATIONS IN THE OFFICE CENTERS ARCHITECTURE OVER THE LAST YEARS." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 58 (November 30, 2020): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2020.58.211-222.
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Office centers and big office parks with the comfortably organized environment are in a huge demand type of buildings over the last years.
Research on communication in the architecture of twenty seven “A-class” office buildings in Great Britain, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, and Portugal in years 2017-2019 is based upon these given meanings of a term «social communication»: 1) ... is a process which connects different parts of a social network with one another; 2) ...is a transmission of information, ideas, emotions, in form of signs and symbols.
Flexible plannings of European office buildings, which can be instantly transformed, according to the company’s needs are best suited with an adhocratic type of organizational culture in Europe.
This work consists of the analysis of the features of social communications in office centers based on: · social communications between people; · social communications between people and the environment.
Organization of social communications: 1. External: (“office is a part of a city environment”) A) integration of a building in the city environment by using · restaurant and cafes on bottom floors; · planting of greenery; · patios and transit area spaces; entering zone, rooftop lounge-zones with open access; B) connection with the surrounding panorama by using solid glass facades, which also represents transparency of work processes; C) informing through building design about the company’s work stability with static facades. 2. Internal: A) horizontal (existence of individual space in shared space): “openoffice” system with open and semi-open spaces with constant working zones on the perimeter of the building, negotiation rooms, opened zones for the teamwork and temporary workspaces “touch down”- type; B) vertical: administration zon, talk rooms, shared communicative spaces; 3. A) planned and formal: training room, talk rooms, conference-rooms. B) random and situational: all office spaces (working zones excluded) including stairs and ramps. Office spaces also provide direct and indirect; interpersonal, intergroup and inter-organizational social communication [12].
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Ivanova, Zinaida Ilyinichna, and Olga Valeryevna Yudenkova. "Sociological Methods for Sustainable Urban Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 909–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.909.
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The authors raise a question of the necessity of urgent introduction of the principles of green building design into the practice. It is emphasized that such a necessity is dictated by the dangerous degradation processes occurring in the biosphere and society. In the given report the questions of social purpose and function of architectural activity are raised, as well as of the development of the sociology of architecture as an essential field of scientific research for providing the quality of design solutions.Green building technologies are widely spread in Europe, USA and in the Korea, China. Green building and sustainable building technologies have converted into a regular construction and building operation practice, whose mission is to reduce consumption of power and other material resources and to preserve or improve the quality of buildings and their comfort. The most reputable green building standards include LEED in the USA and BREAM in Great Britain. A discussion of local green standards, that will take account of the climate, landscape, and the lifestyle of residents, is underway in Russia. Principles of the ecologically sustainable design are being introduced into the architectural practice.
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Zahra, Maleeka Tul, Taseer Salahuddin, Furrukh Bashir, and Altaf Hussain. "Socio-Economic Implications of Colonialism: A Comparative Study of Africa and Indian Sub-Continent." Journal of Languages, Culture and Civilization 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/jlcc.v5i2.171.
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This is descriptive and exploratory study provides a complete summary on socio-economic implications of colonialism of Great Britain in Africa and Indian subcontinent. In this study used the Meta-analysis. The current study explores impact of colonialism in the post-colonial world through content analysis of books, scholarly works, and online material. Two important books have used extensively in this study, one is by Shashi Tharoor book (Inglorious Empire_ What the British Did to India), who cover the real facts about sub-continent and second is by Adam, Hochs child book (King Leopold's Ghost).Furthermore, it is an exploration of methods to decolonize countries and minds. This study also highlights the positive and negative impacts on the economy of Indian subcontinent and Africa. The British had a significant impact on linguistic, education systems and training, historic architecture, effective communication, the political and governmental systems, mentality, and culture in the area that Asia (especially India and Pakistan) inherited and Africa. This study comprehensively contributes to the understanding of colonialism role in different socioeconomic factors from various dimensions. It further points out future directions of research.
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Ryan, Mairead, Jo Waller, and Laura AV Marlow. "Could changing invitation and booking processes help women translate their cervical screening intentions into action? A population-based survey of women’s preferences in Great Britain." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e028134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028134.
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ObjectivesMany women who do not attend screening intend to go, but do not get around to booking an appointment. Qualitative work suggests that these ‘intenders’ face more practical barriers to screening than women who are up-to-date (‘maintainers’). This study explored practical barriers to booking a screening appointment and preferences for alternative invitation and booking methods that might overcome these barriers.DesignA cross-sectional survey was employed.SettingGreat Britain.ParticipantsWomen aged 25–64, living in Great Britain who intended to be screened but were overdue (‘intenders’, n=255) and women who were up-to-date with screening (‘maintainers’, n=359).Results‘Intenders’ reported slightly more barriers than ‘maintainers’ overall (mean=1.36 vs 1.06, t=3.03, p<0.01) and were more likely to think they might forget to book an appointment (OR=2.87, 95% CI: 2.01 to 4.09). Over half of women said they would book on a website using a smartphone (62%), a computer (58%) or via an app (52%). Older women and women from lower social grades were less likely to say they would use online booking methods (all ps <0.05). Women who reported two or more barriers were more likely to say they would use online booking than women who reported none (ps <0.01).ConclusionsWomen who are overdue for screening face practical barriers to booking appointments. Future interventions may assess the efficacy of changing the architecture of the invitation and booking system. This may help women overcome logistical barriers to participation and increase coverage for cervical screening.