Journal articles: 'Browsing impacts'

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Reimoser, Friedrich. "Hinweise zum richtigen Gebrauch von Verbisskennzahlen | Guidance on the Correct Use of Browsing Indicators." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 150, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.1999.0184.

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Browsing indicators that are used in literature are mostly not operationally defined. Therefore, comparisons of browsing impacts caused by wildlife are often not drawable or lead to false conclusions. The most important criteria of definition for the browsing percentage are the browsing object (part of tree), the duration of browsing exposedness, the tree height, and the tree species. Some examples of browsing-indicator definitions are presented. The difference between the browsing impact derived from the browsing percentage, and the browsing damage derived from the forest-regeneration target are especially focussed on.

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Box, Jayne Brim, Catherine E. M. Nano, Glenis McBurnie, Donald M. Waller, Kathy McConnell, Chris Brock, Rachel Paltridge, Alison McGilvray, Andrew Bubb, and Glenn P. Edwards. "The impact of feral camels (Camelus dromedarius) on woody vegetation in arid Australia." Rangeland Journal 38, no. 2 (2016): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj15073.

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Data on the extent of feral camel damage on trees and shrubs in inland Australia are scarce, and there is currently no universally accepted theoretical framework for predicting the impact of a novel large mammal browser on arid vegetation. In other (mainly mesic) grassy systems, large mammal browsers can strongly suppress woody biomass across landscapes by limiting the transition of saplings to adulthood and by significantly thinning adult tree canopies. The recent Australian Feral Camel Management Project provided an opportunity to assess the impacts of camel browsing on woody vegetation in inland Australia. We examined browsing intensity and severity (stunting and canopy loss) in 22 species of woody plants in camel-affected regions across inland Australia prior to camel removal operations. The severity of plant damage increased with camel density as both trees and shrub growth were strongly suppressed where camel densities exceeded 0.25 km–2. In most tree and shrub species tested, camel browsing significantly stunted plants, suggesting that camel browsing has long-term impacts on plant populations. Browsing also reduced canopy volume in several species, including the structurally important Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth. Thus, in this dryland ecosystem, camels can curtail the regeneration and growth of woody species enough to threaten ecosystem health. To avoid adverse impacts on woody plant populations, camel densities should be maintained at 0.25 camels km–2 or less over as much of inland Australia as possible.

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White, Shannon, Xinbiao Zhu, Fanrui Meng, Scott Taylor, and Charles P. A. Bourque. "Intensive moose browsing and small-scale domestic woodcutting impacts on forest successional trajectories in Gros Morne National Park, Canada." Forestry Chronicle 97, no. 3 (September 2021): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2021-033.

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Moose (Alces alces L.) browsing in Gros Morne National Park has damaged its balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)-dominated forest. A forest estate model was used to evaluate (i) the impacts of moose browsing and woodcutting on forest succession and (ii) strategies of forest restoration through planting and moose population management. The simulation results show that under current heavy browsing pressure growing stock of balsam fir decreases by 38%, but the area of spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP and P. glauca (Moench) Voss) increases by 32% over a 100-year planning horizon, compared to that under light browsing scenario which is assumed to be similar to the forest outside the Park due to moose population management. Annual allowable cut (AAC) for the Park’s 19 400 ha domestic harvest area is estimated to be around 120 979 m3 in a light browsing scenario, 21% higher than the sustainable harvest level in a heavy browsing scenario. The model forecasts a 97% reforestation of the Park’s 7 194 ha disturbed area by planting in the heavy browsing scenario, leading to an increase in total forest growing stock by 22% and AAC by 12%. Integration of planting with moose population management could be a more efficient way of restoring forest under high browsing pressure in GMNP.

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Bödeker, Kai, Christian Ammer, Thomas Knoke, and Marco Heurich. "Determining Statistically Robust Changes in Ungulate Browsing Pressure as a Basis for Adaptive Wildlife Management." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081030.

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Ungulate browsing has a major impact on the composition and structure of forests. Repeatedly conducted, large-scale regeneration inventories can monitor the extent of browsing pressure and its impacts on forest regeneration development. Based on the respective results, the necessity and extent of wildlife management activities such as hunting, fencing, etc., can be identified at a landscape scale. However, such inventories have rarely been integrated into wildlife management decision making. In this article, we evaluate a regeneration inventory method which was carried out in the Bavarian Forest National Park between 2007 and 2018. We predict the browsing impact by calculating browsing probabilities using a logistic mixed effect model. To provide wildlife managers with feedback on their activities, we developed a test which can assess significant changes in browsing probability between different inventory periods. To find the minimum observable browsing probability change, we simulated ungulate browsing based on the data of a potential browsing indicator species (Sorbus aucuparia) in the National Park. Sorbus aucuparia is evenly distributed, commonly found, selectively browsed and meets the ecosystem development objectives in our study area. We were able to verify a browsing probability change down to ±5 percentage points with a sample size of about 1,000 observations per inventory run. In view of the size of the National Park and the annual fluctuations in browsing pressure, this estimation accuracy seems sufficient. In seeking the maximal cost-efficiency, we were able to reduce this sample size in a sensitivity analysis by about two thirds without severe loss of information for wildlife management. Based on our findings, the presented inventory method combined with our evaluation tool has the potential to be a robust and efficient instrument to assess the impact of herbivores that are in the National Park and other regions.

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Barrett, Kevin J., and Oswald J. Schmitz. "Effects of Deer Settling Stimulus and Deer Density on Regeneration in a Harvested Southern New England Forest." International Journal of Forestry Research 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/690213.

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Elevated deer densities have led to reports of forest regeneration failure and ecological damage. However, there is growing evidence that the biophysical conditions of a forest that make it attractive to deer may be a contributing factor in determining browsing levels. Thus, an understanding of settling stimulus—how attractive an area is to deer in terms of food-independent habitat requirements—is potentially important to manage deer browsing impacts. We tested the settling stimulus hypothesis by evaluating the degree to which thermal settling stimulus and deer density are related to spatial variation in browsing intensity across different forest harvesting strategies over the course of a year. We determined if deer were impacting plant communities and if they resulted in changes in plant cover. We quantified the thermal environment around each harvest and tested to see if it influenced deer density and browsing impact. We found that deer had an impact on the landscape but did not alter plant cover or diminish forest regeneration capacity. Deer density and browse impact had a relationship with thermal settling stimulus for summer and fall months, and deer density had a relationship with browse impact in the winter on woody plants. We conclude that thermal settling stimulus is an important predictor for deer density and browsing impact.

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Loupiac, Philippine, and Alain Goudey. "How website browsing impacts expectations of store features." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 48, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-07-2018-0146.

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Purpose E-commerce has become a key component of brand retail strategies since the advent of omni-channel distributions. Many researchers have investigated the strategic role of e-commerce, and some recent articles show the importance of exploring the impact of this distribution model on consumer behaviour. However, there is no study focusing on how visits to a website create expectations of the shop. Relying on the expectancy-value theory and the omni-channel literature, the purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by focusing on how the digital channel can create expectations for the physical channel. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on 24 semi-directive interviews with consumers, and all interviews included a browsing session on a real website. The methodology consists of both a thematic analysis of the interviews and a lexicographic analysis of the verbatim. Findings The findings reveal that direct online experience on a website will create beliefs about the physical stores of the same brand. These beliefs will, in turn, influence consumer attitudes towards the store. The study is the first to highlight such a link between channels and to explain in detail how this relationship arises. Originality/value The main contribution of this work includes showing the existence of a strong link between web-based and physical retail. From a managerial perspective, the study suggests that, from an omni-channel perspective, the design of the website impacts expectations towards the physical store in terms of its atmosphere, its location, its merchandising and even its level of crowding.

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Melin, M., J. Matala, L. Mehtätalo, A. Suvanto, and P. Packalen. "Detecting moose (Alces alces) browsing damage in young boreal forests from airborne laser scanning data." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, no. 1 (January 2016): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0326.

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Large herbivores can have large impacts on their habitats through extensive browsing. Similarly, human actions can have large impacts both on habitats and on the animals utilizing the habitats. In Finland, the increase in clear-cut areas has been highly positive for moose in particular, because these areas provide an easy and abundant source of winter food. For the forest owners, moose browsing causes growth and quality losses or even the destruction of whole stand. We aimed to identify moose browsing damage from airborne laser scanning (ALS) data and to predict damaged areas. The data was used to detect the difference in forest structure caused by moose browsing (lost branches and twigs) in relation to reference areas without moose browsing. The damaged areas were located, measured, and confirmed by forestry professionals, and ALS data was collected after the damage. In the end, the structural differences that browsing caused proved to be clear enough to be detected with metrics calculated from ALS data. Many variables were significantly different between the damage and no-damage areas. With logistic regression, we were able to differentiate the areas with significant, large-scale damage from no-damage areas with a 76% accuracy. However, the model was too keen to predict false-positive cases (classifying no-damage areas as damaged). It was shown that ALS data can be used in detecting moose browsing damage in a case where the damage is extremely severe (like in here). Yet, to make the results more accurate, better field data about the damaged areas would be needed.

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Hoppe-Speer, Sabine C. L., and Janine B. Adams. "Cattle browsing impacts on stunted Avicennia marina mangrove trees." Aquatic Botany 121 (February 2015): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2014.10.010.

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DAHDOUH-GUEBAS, F., D. VRANCKEN, T. RAVISHANKAR, and N. KOEDAM. "Short-term mangrove browsing by feral water buffalo: conflict between natural resources, wildlife and subsistence interests?" Environmental Conservation 33, no. 2 (June 2006): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003080.

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Management of the natural environment and its resources leads to conflicts between different stake-holders worldwide. Recently mangrove browsing by feral water buffalo in the East-Godavari Delta (India) has been considered a threat to the regeneration of mangroves by the local Forest Department, which led to conflicts between the authorities and local herds-men who have an ancient tradition involving feral water buffalo. The impact of browsing and grazing of mangroves by feral water buffalo was monitored. Feral water buffalo consumed mangroves, but not to the extent claimed by the Forest Department, prefering Avicennia alba, A. marina and A. officinalis. Their browsing behaviour was not linked to a height zone, and buffalo preferred the fresh leaves from previously undamaged branches. Under experimental and natural conditions, browsing induced compensatory regrowth in Avicennia. The carrying capacity of the mangrove appears to be sufficient to accumulate impact. There are both positive and negative impacts of livestock animals on forest ecosystems, and sociocultural consequences must be carefully assessed prior to enforcing a change in natural resource or environmental management. Before banning feral water buffalo from the mangrove, forest managers should confront their prejudices about the real impact of feral herbivores on these forests.

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O'Kane, Christopher A. J., Kevin J. Duffy, Bruce R. Page, and David W. Macdonald. "Overlap and seasonal shifts in use of woody plant species amongst a guild of savanna browsers." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27, no. 03 (March 10, 2011): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000817.

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Abstract:To clarify the potential influence of different browsers in the same guild on woody vegetation, dietary overlap and separation between elephant, giraffe, kudu, nyala and impala was assessed in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, South Africa. Woody species browsed, browsing heights, plant-parts browsed and browsing versus grazing were recorded over 2 y by direct observation. We obtained 3068 browse records. Niche breadth (Levins' measure) and overlap (Schoener's index) in species browsed and browsing heights were calculated. Annual and seasonal differences in these measurements, plant-part use and browsing versus grazing were assessed. Elephant utilized the largest number (n = 78) of different woody plant species. Overlap in species browsed was lower between elephant and other browsers than amongst the latter. Seasonal rainfall influenced the range of woody plants utilized, niche breadth in terms of species browsed and browsing versus grazing. Marked resource depletion caused elephant, contrary to theoretical predictions, to narrow niche breadth in terms of species browsed. However, resource depletion rarely had a significant effect on interspecific overlap in species browsed or overlap in browsing heights, on actual browsing heights or plant-parts utilized. A small suite (n = 8) of woody species formed the core diet of all guild members, implying the potential for synergistic impacts by guild members on these species and for competition between populations of different guild members.

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Koch, Paul L., and Laurel R. Fox. "Browsing impacts on the stable isotope composition of chaparral plants." Ecosphere 8, no. 2 (February 2017): e01686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1686.

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Katona, Krisztián, Márton Kiss, Norbert Bleier, János Székely, Mariann Nyeste, Vera Kovács, Attila Terhes, et al. "Ungulate browsing shapes climate change impacts on forest biodiversity in Hungary." Biodiversity and Conservation 22, no. 5 (April 25, 2013): 1167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0490-8.

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Martin, Jean-Louis, and Christophe Baltzinger. "Interaction among deer browsing, hunting, and tree regeneration." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 1254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-043.

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The intentional removal or addition of species or specific human impacts on ecosystems trigger changes that can help us understand species interactions. In many temperate forests, deer populations are increasing and so is the need to understand how they influence ecosystems. We took advantage of the introduction of Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitchensis Merriam) to the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii), British Columbia, Canada, to study how hunting pressure affects the impact of deer on tree regeneration after logging. We show that although the regeneration of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) is drastically reduced in presence of deer, regeneration is better and browsing stress lower, in areas where deer are more exposed to hunting. Similar effects of accessibility for hunters are observed on browsing stress of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière). Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) is not significantly affected, and its regeneration is not correlated to hunting. We suggest that the effect of hunting on tree regeneration could be explained by the incidence of hunting on deer behaviour rather than by the actual number of deer killed by hunters. These results suggest that the future occurrence of redcedar stands in second-growth forests on this archipelago may depend on the amount and distribution of deer hunting.

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Tremblay, Jean-Pierre, Isabel Thibault, Christian Dussault, Jean Huot, and Steeve D. Côté. "Long-term decline in white-tailed deer browse supply: can lichens and litterfall act as alternative food sources that preclude density-dependent feedbacks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-090.

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Selective browsing by cervids has persistent impacts on forest ecosystems. On Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada, introduced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) have caused massive changes to the native boreal forest. Despite the apparent stability of the deer population over recent decades, we suspected that they were not at equilibrium with their browse supply and that further degradation of the habitat had occurred. A comparison of two browse surveys conducted 25 years apart showed a strong decline in browse availability. Although balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill.) remained the most available browse species, it declined or disappeared from most stands (n = 13). Preferred deciduous species that were still available 25 years ago have almost disappeared. The continuous decline of the browse supply confirmed our hypothesis. This situation may be exacerbated by a subsidy from the winter litterfall, a significant and stable alternative food source. The abundance of litterfall from mature trees is independent of browsing over a long time period, which introduces a temporal uncoupling between the impact of deer browsing on balsam fir seedlings and the negative feedback from recruitment failure of mature balsam fir on the deer population. This means that the system is susceptible to being forced into an alternative regime.

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Kamler, J., K. Turek, M. Homolka, P. Baňař, M. Barančeková, M. Heroldová, J. Krojerová, J. Suchomel, and L. Purchart. "Inventory of rodent damage to forests." Journal of Forest Science 57, No. 5 (May 16, 2011): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/115/2010-jfs.

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Conversion of coniferous monocultures to more stable mixed stands is one of the crucial tasks of present forestry in the Czech Republic. One of the factors hampering this process is the activity of small rodents that can cause severe damage to young plantations in winter. Little knowledge is still available of the ecology of small mammals in the forest environment and of the factors influencing their distribution and extent of damage. In order to acquire relevant information on rodent impacts on forest regeneration, we mapped the cumulated damage to forest plantations in 13 regions within the Czech Republic in 2007 and 2008. We checked 19,650 trees of eight species on 393 plots. Broadleaves were affected by browsing much more than conifers (20% and 4%, respectively). Of the monitored species, beech was damaged the most frequently (26% individuals). Browsing intensity differed among the regions (6–60% browsed individuals). The least damaged were the plantations at the altitudes below 400 m a.s.l.; on higher located plots the browsing intensity showed no trend. The proportion of damaged trees increased with plantation age up to 6 years, then it did not vary significantly. This study has confirmed that rodents are an important factor with a negative influence on the regeneration of broadleaves. Bark browsing in young trees is affected by several factors and the prediction of damage is complicated. Further research should improve the prediction of the bark browsing threat to young plantations and at the same time the efficiency of protection against rodent-caused damage.

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Beauvais, Marie-Pierre, Stéphanie Pellerin, Jean Dubé, and Claude Lavoie. "Herbarium specimens as tools to assess the impact of large herbivores on plant species." Botany 95, no. 2 (February 2017): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0206.

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Herbarium specimens can be used to reconstruct spatiotemporal changes in plant morphology caused by environmental pressures. The reliability of herbarium-derived data requires evaluation, because specimen collection is subject to biases. We used herbarium and field data to investigate the impact of large herbivore browsing on the size of a forb. White trillium (Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury) was studied because the impacts of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) browsing on this species are well-known. A total of 692 herbarium specimens collected in Quebec (Canada) were used to evaluate leaf area. Leaf area values of herbarium specimens were compared with those of modern (2013, 2014) specimens collected in sites either with >8 deer per square kilometre or without deer. Flowering individuals in modern sites with deer had a significantly lower leaf area than herbarium specimens and modern specimens collected in sites without deer. The distribution of white trillium individuals in deer sites was also skewed towards plants with a smaller leaf area. Herbarium specimens may offer unique and inexpensive data, compared with methods traditionally used to assess the impacts of herbivores on plants, such as exclosures or clipping experiments. Unfortunately, this rich data source is seriously jeopardized by the downtrend in specimen collecting.

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Runkle, James R. "Impacts of Beech Bark Disease and Deer Browsing on the Old-growth Forest." American Midland Naturalist 157, no. 2 (April 2007): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2007)157[241:iobbda]2.0.co;2.

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Rathbone, Damien A., and Sarah Barrett. "Vertebrate browsing impacts in a threatened montane plant community and implications for management." Ecological Management & Restoration 18, no. 2 (May 2017): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12259.

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Leininger, Wayne C., and Steven H. Sharrow. "Seasonal Browsing of Douglas-Fir Seedlings by Sheep." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/4.3.73.

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Abstract Controlled sheep grazing is being prescribed in the United States and elsewhere for the biological control of unwanted vegetation in regenerating conifer plantations. Efficient use of livestock to control brush and herbaceous species requires a thorough understanding of the potential for damage to the tree crop by the grazing animal. Sheep browsing and mechanical damage to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were evaluated in 1981 and 1982 in the Coast Range of Oregon. Sheep browsing of Douglas-fir was greatest in May, soon after bud break. Little browsing generally occurred during July and August. Percent of study trees with browsed terminal shoots decreased as seedling height increased above 90 cm. Less than 3% of the study trees were trampled or received other mechanical impacts by sheep. Our data suggest that Douglas-fir forests can be grazed by sheep with little or no damage to conifer regeneration, except in younger plantations in spring. Extra care must be exercised, during this season, when grazing plantations that have seedlings with terminal shoots less than 1.2 m in height. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):73-76, July 1989.

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Brim-Box, Jayne, Tracey Guest, Peter Barker, Mirjana Jambrecina, Sean Moran, and Rene Kulitja. "Camel usage and impacts at a permanent spring in central Australia: a case study." Rangeland Journal 32, no. 1 (2010): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj09042.

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The impact of camel usage at a small rockhole (‘X’) on the Petermann Aboriginal Land Trust was evaluated from May 2007 through to July 2008. Camel usage and impacts were determined through multiple methods including ground cover, vegetation and macroinvertebrate surveys and through the use of surveillance cameras and depth loggers. Camels appear to use X most heavily in periods when rainfall is scant and more at night than during the day. However, in long periods with little or no rainfall, it appears that camels use X heavily during the day and night and there is little chance for X to re-fill. The low number of macroinvertebrates present during the study period suggests that the aquatic fauna is negatively impacted by the presence of camels, as was the vegetation surrounding X. Shrubs near X showed signs of heavy browsing and the ground cover became denuded of vegetation due to camel browsing and trampling during dry periods. This could lead to long-term alterations in drainage patterns and erosion of the site. Follow-up vegetation and ground cover surveys are needed to better assess these impacts. X was and is a traditional source of drinking water for people travelling through the country. Preliminary microbial analysis indicated that at certain periods X is not suitable for drinking, even if the water itself looks ‘clean’ or clear. The faecal contamination evident was most probably due to camel use of the waterhole. These results have been discussed with traditional owners, but further microbial analyses may be needed for longer-term assessments.

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Stolter, C., John P. Ball, and R. Julkunen-Tiitto. "Seasonal differences in the relative importance of specific phenolics and twig morphology result in contrasting patterns of foraging by a generalist herbivore." Canadian Journal of Zoology 91, no. 5 (May 2013): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2012-0270.

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The co-evolved relationship between the chemical composition of plants and herbivory is fundamental in understanding diet selection of herbivores and their impacts on plants and ecosystems. However, the impact of plant secondary chemistry on mammalian herbivory is not fully understood. We investigated seasonal influences of phenolics with low molecular weight (e.g., flavonoids, salicylates) and plant morphology of the tea-leaved willow (Salix phylicifolia L.) on moose (Alces alces (L., 1758)) foraging. We analysed the relationship of different phenolic compounds in twigs and browsing in winter, and in leaves and the degree of leaf stripping in summer, and the role of plant morphology. In winter, higher concentrations of phenolics, e.g., myricetin-related compounds (belonging to the flavonoids), had a negative impact on herbivory by moose. This impact was not associated with a single compound but instead seemed to be more a result of synergistic or additive effects of different compounds. In contrast, the models for summer browsing showed a pronounced effect of plant morphology. Our analyses reveal differences in the relative importance of phenolics of low molecular weight and plant morphology on diet selection between seasons. These findings are relevant for understanding feeding decisions and mechanisms deterring mammalian herbivores known for shaping the vegetation on the ecosystem level.

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Bennett, A., and G. Coulson. "Evaluation of an exclusion plot design for determining the impacts of native and exotic herbivores on forest understoreys." Australian Mammalogy 30, no. 2 (2008): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08010.

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To study the effects of grazing and browsing by Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor), swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and wombats (Vombatus ursinus) exclosure plots measuring 10 m x 10 m were erected in the Upper Yarra and O'Shannassy water catchments near Melbourne, Victoria. Total exclusion fences and partial exclusion fences were erected. Design details and costs are provided. Operational problems are discussed.

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Goel, Sharad, Jake Hofman, and M. Sirer. "Who Does What on the Web: A Large-Scale Study of Browsing Behavior." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 6, no. 1 (August 3, 2021): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v6i1.14266.

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As the Web has become integrated into daily life, understanding how individuals spend their time online impacts domains ranging from public policy to marketing. It is difficult, however, to measure even simple aspects of browsing behavior via conventional methods---including surveys and site-level analytics---due to limitations of scale and scope. In part addressing these limitations, large-scale Web panel data are a relatively novel means for investigating patterns of Internet usage. In one of the largest studies of browsing behavior to date, we pair Web histories for 250,000 anonymized individuals with user-level demographics---including age, sex, race, education, and income---to investigate three topics. First, we examine how behavior changes as individuals spend more time online, showing that the heaviest users devote nearly twice as much of their time to social media relative to typical individuals. Second, we revisit the digital divide, finding that the frequency with which individuals turn to the Web for research, news, and healthcare is strongly related to educational background, but not as closely tied to gender and ethnicity. Finally, we demonstrate that browsing histories are a strong signal for inferring user attributes, including ethnicity and household income, a result that may be leveraged to improve ad targeting.

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Stolter, C. "INTRA-INDIVIDUAL PLANT RESPONSE TO MOOSE BROWSING: FEEDBACK LOOPS AND IMPACTS ON MULTIPLE CONSUMERS." Ecological Monographs 78, no. 2 (May 2008): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/07-0401.1.

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Didion, Markus, A. D. Kupferschmid, and H. Bugmann. "Climate change impacts on mountain forests – interactions with small-scale disturbance from ungulate browsing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 38 (February 1, 2009): 382021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/38/382021.

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Harrison, K. "Browsing by red deer negatively impacts on soil nitrogen availability in regenerating native forest." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36, no. 1 (January 2004): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.08.022.

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Frerker, Katie, Grégory Sonnier, and Donald M. Waller. "Browsing rates and ratios provide reliable indices of ungulate impacts on forest plant communities." Forest Ecology and Management 291 (March 2013): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.041.

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Miranda, María, Ignacio Cristóbal, Leticia Díaz, Marisa Sicilia, Eduarda Molina-Alcaide, Jordi Bartolomé, Yolanda Fierro, and Jorge Cassinello. "Ecological effects of game management: does supplemental feeding affect herbivory pressure on native vegetation?" Wildlife Research 42, no. 4 (2015): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15025.

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Context Supplemental feeding of large mammalian herbivores is a common management tool mainly aimed at promoting healthy populations and at increasing productivity and trophy sizes. Such management measure may indirectly affect herbivore effects on plant communities through altered foraging patterns. The quantification of the ecological effects of large herbivore management is important for designing holistic management and conservation programs. Aims Here we aimed at quantifying the ecological effects of supplemental feeding of Iberian red deer, Cervus elaphus hispanicus, on the composition of and on the browsing effects on Mediterranean woody plant community. Methods An experiment was set up in a hunting rangeland located in central Spain, where female deer were kept in enclosures with either exclusive access to natural forages or with additional ad libitum access to a nutritionally rich concentrate. The experiment also included a control area where deer were absent. Key results We observed significant differences in browsing impacts among the supplemented, non-supplemented and control areas, and such effect varied for the different plant species. Plant species which nutritional content complemented that of fodder were more highly consumed, for instance, Erica spp., which digestible fibre content is higher and N content lower than that of provided fodder. The presence of deer and the concentrate supplied, instead, did not influence the relative abundances of shrub species. Conclusions Artificial supplemental feeding provided to ungulates led to increased browsing on plant species which nutritional composition complemented that of the supplement provided. Implications So as to alleviate herbivory impact on all shrubs, we suggest that composition of supplemental feeding should adjust both to the natural forage availability and quality and to ungulate requirements across seasons.

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Kaufmann, Jillian, Edward W. Bork, Michael J. Alexander, and Peter V. Blenis. "Effects of open-range cattle grazing on deciduous tree regeneration, damage, and mortality following patch logging." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 44, no. 7 (July 2014): 777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0131.

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The impact of summer cattle grazing on deciduous tree regeneration within uncut forests, clearcuts, partially harvested areas, and in-block haul road habitats was examined in four experimental pastures of central Alberta during 2008 and 2009. Sampling of 233 field plots, both inside and outside cattle exclosures, was used to document sapling densities, height, and type of damage. Tree densities (primarily aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)) differed among habitats but less so with exposure to cattle. Densities were greatest in clearcuts, followed by partially harvested areas and then uncut forest and haul roads. While exposure to cattle reduced total tree regeneration, sapling densities and sizes remained sufficient to meet postharvest standards for deciduous forest regeneration in Alberta, even with exposure to cattle. Cattle damage in harvested areas was primarily from browsing (≤3.2% of saplings), with proportionally more trees affected in uncut forests (8.6%). Browsing was particularly high on balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) (25%) during 2008. Although sapling damage increased with high cattle stocking in 2008 (to 10.5%), total mortality was limited to 15.5% through 2009. These findings show that despite cattle impacts to some saplings, damage levels were insufficient to alter deciduous regeneration, highlighting the compatibility of cattle grazing and sustainable forest management on public lands in this region.

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Cunningham, Catherine, Niklaus E. Zimmermann, Veronika Stoeckli, and Harald Bugmann. "Growth response of Norway spruce saplings in two forest gaps in the Swiss Alps to artificial browsing, infection with black snow mold, and competition by ground vegetation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 2782–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-156.

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Black snow mold (Herpotrichia juniperi (Duby) Petr.) infection and browsing byungulates influence the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) saplings in subalpine forests in the European Alps. To isolate the impacts of artificial browsing (clipping of shoots) and snow mold infection on growth, we conducted a 2 year field experiment with planted saplings in two forest gaps in the subalpine zone of the Swiss Alps. In the first year (2003) saplings responded slightly positively to clipping and negatively to snow mold infection; sapling growth behavior was site-specific (ANOVA, r2 = 0.35). In 2004, saplings responded negatively to clipping, snow mold infection, long-lasting snow cover, and shading by ground vegetation (ANOVA, r2 = 0.59). The difference in mean annual growth rates between noninfected and infected saplings was large; long-lasting snow was found to enhance snow mold coverage. Removing these variables from general linear models strongly reduced model performance (d2 = 0.32 for the full model, d2 = 0.23 for no clipping, d2 = 0.16 for no snow cover). Sapling growth was negatively related to shading by ground vegetation, especially in 2004. We conclude that these biotic factors have a strong impact on growth, both individually and in combination, and that their effect is enhanced by interaction with environmental factors such as snow duration.

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Brodie, Jedediah, Eric Post, Fred Watson, and Joel Berger. "Climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1732 (October 5, 2011): 1366–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1501.

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Altered species interactions are difficult to predict and yet may drive the response of ecological communities to climate change. We show that declining snowpack strengthens the impacts of a generalist herbivore, elk ( Cervus elaphus ), on a common tree species. Thick snowpack substantially reduces elk visitation to sites; aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) shoots in these areas experience lower browsing rates, higher survival and enhanced recruitment. Aspen inside herbivore exclosures have greatly increased recruitment, particularly at sites with thick snowpack. We suggest that long-term decreases in snowpack could help explain a widespread decline of aspen through previously unconsidered relationships. More generally, reduced snowpack across the Rocky Mountains, combined with rising elk populations, may remove the conditions needed for recruitment of this ecologically important tree species. These results highlight that herbivore behavioural responses to altered abiotic conditions are critical determinants of plant persistence. Predictions of climate change impacts must not overlook the crucial importance of species interactions.

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Petersen, Charles A., Juan J. Villalba, and Frederick D. Provenza. "Influence of Experience on Browsing Sagebrush by Cattle and Its Impacts on Plant Community Structure." Rangeland Ecology & Management 67, no. 1 (January 2014): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00038.1.

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Wilson, Luke J., M. Timm Hoffman, Angela J. Ferguson, and David H. M. Cumming. "Elephant browsing impacts in a Zambezian Baikiaea woodland with a high density of pumped waterholes." Global Ecology and Conservation 31 (November 2021): e01854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01854.

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Rae, Lauren F., Darroch M. Whitaker, and Ian G. Warkentin. "Multiscale impacts of forest degradation through browsing by hyperabundant moose (Alces alces) on songbird assemblages." Diversity and Distributions 20, no. 4 (October 3, 2013): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12133.

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Randriamalala, Josoa R., and Dominique Hervé. "Goat Breeding: A Possible Sustainable Way to Manage Xerophytic Thickets in Southwestern Madagascar." Land 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030405.

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Spiny thickets or xerophytic thickets (XTs) are a type of shrubby vegetation found in the far south and southwest of Madagascar, the driest parts of the island. This type of vegetation, which is rich in endemic animal and plant species, is endangered. Extensive local goat breeding (Capra hircus, for meat and milk production) based on XT browsing is an important source of household income. The aim of this paper is to analyse the possibility of using improved goat breeding as an alternative to wood charcoal (WC) production and slash-and-burn agriculture (SBA), which are unsustainable activities. The literature on (i) the impacts of SBA, WC production, and goat browsing on the XT ecosystem and (ii) the income provided by these three activities is reviewed to determine the sustainability level of improved goat husbandry. SBA and WC production reduced XT biomass and XT cover area, while goat browsing alone, at a stocking rate of one head per hectare, did not affect XT leaf biomass production and shrub regeneration. Furthermore, batch breeding and flushing techniques provided the highest annual income, mainly from the sale of surplus animal products. This improved goat husbandry may be a sustainable alternative to WC production. However, increasing the current stocking rate is necessary to surpass the combined income of WC production and SBA. An estimation of the XT carrying capacity would offer a basis to assess whether this ecosystem would support a higher stocking rate.

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Hygnstrom, Scott E., Peter D. Skelton, Scott J. Josiah, Jason M. Gilsdorf, Dallas R. Virchow, James A. Brandle, Anil K. Jayaprakash, Kent M. Eskridge, and Kurt C. VerCauteren. "White-tailed Deer Browsing and Rubbing Preferences for Trees and Shrubs That Produce Nontimber Forest Products." HortTechnology 19, no. 1 (January 2009): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.1.204.

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Nontimber forest products (food, herbal medicinals, and woody floral and handicraft products) produced in forest, agroforestry, and horticultural systems can be important sources of income to landowners. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can reduce the quality, quantity, and profitability of forest products by browsing twigs and rubbing stems, resulting in direct and indirect losses to production enterprises. We evaluated deer damage (frequency and intensity of browsing and rubbing) sustained by 26 species of trees and shrubs, the relationships among morphological features of trees and shrubs to damage levels, and the economic impacts of deer damage on the production of nontimber forest products. Levels of browsing were high (frequency >93% and intensity >50%) in most species of trees and shrubs, with the highest intensity (>60%) occurring in chinese chestnut (Castanea mollisima) and dogwood (Cornus spp.), and the lowest (<20%) in ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba), curly willow (Salix matsudana), ‘Scarlet Curls’ curly willow, smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), and pussy willow (Salix caprea). Species of trees or shrubs with one or a few stout stems unprotected by dense branching [e.g., american elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), smooth sumac, and curly willow] sustained the most damage by rubbing. Trees and shrubs with many small diameter stems or with dense tangled branching [e.g. redozier dogwood (Cornus sericea), forsythia (Forsythia suspensa), ‘Flame’ willow (Salix alba), and ‘Streamco’ basket willow (Salix purpurea)] were damaged the least by rubbing. Annual economic costs of deer damage to producers of nontimber forest products can range from $26/acre for pussy willow to $1595/acre for curly willow.

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Rogerson, Joseph E., Jacob L. Bowman, Elizabeth L. Tymkiw, Gregory M. Colligan, and Bruce L. Vasilas. "The impacts of white-tailed deer browsing and distance from the forest edge on soybean yield." Wildlife Society Bulletin 38, no. 3 (June 4, 2014): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.442.

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Hester, Alison J., Peter F. Scogings, and Winston S. W. Trollope. "Long-term impacts of goat browsing on bush-clump dynamics in a semi-arid subtropical savanna." Plant Ecology 183, no. 2 (October 20, 2005): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-9039-6.

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Lyly, Mari, Tero Klemola, Elina Koivisto, Otso Huitu, Lauri Oksanen, and Erkki Korpimäki. "Varying impacts of cervid, hare and vole browsing on growth and survival of boreal tree seedlings." Oecologia 174, no. 1 (September 14, 2013): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-013-2761-1.

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Pisanu, Philip, Paul Bayne, Robert Harden, and Ann Eggert. "Feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in the Macleay River gorge system, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. II. Impacts on rainforest vegetation." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03085.

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The impacts of feral goats in rainforests and thickets of the Macleay River system were studied. Rainforest floristics and diversity and goat browsing were measured over five years in a large-scale experiment with two experimental controls (density <1 goat km–2 and density ~20 goats km–2), and a goat-removal treatment (670-ha exclosure, initial density ~20 goats km–2). Feral goats browsed forb, shrub, tree and vine species. Sites with many goats were browsed at significantly higher levels than sites from which goats were removed and sites where goats occurred at very low density (<1 goat km–2). Contrary to findings in other studies, no plant species declined substantially where goat densities remained high throughout the study. Only the native forb Urtica incisa increased markedly following removal of goats. High goat numbers were not linked to increased exotic species abundances. At the community scale, species richness, diversity and evenness did not vary substantially among treatments in any year, nor did ordinations of sites (multidimensional scaling) reveal any pattern of site similarity between years that could be related to either goat presence or absence. Rainfall may have influenced plant density and masked the effects of feral goats. Rainforests in the region appear to be resilient to browsing under present feral goat densities, probably because goats feed predominantly in adjacent grassy woodlands and forests. However, we recommend a precautionary approach to feral goat management as these rainforests and thickets are of high conservation value.

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Long, Robert P., Patrick H. Brose, and Stephen B. Horsley. "Responses of northern red oak seedlings to lime and deer exclosure fencing in Pennsylvania." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, no. 4 (April 2012): 698–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x2012-025.

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In Pennsylvania, two hypotheses compete to explain the chronic oak ( Quercus spp.) regeneration problem: excessive deer browsing and soil cation depletion. We tested these hypotheses by evaluating the effect of forest liming and deer exclosure fencing on northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) seedling growth and nutrition in five oak shelterwood stands in Pennsylvania over 6 years. In each stand, four planting plots were located inside a 2.4 m high woven wire fence and another four were established outside the fence. About 225 northern red oak acorns were planted in each plot in spring 2004. Dolomitic limestone was applied to randomly selected plots at rates of 0, 4.5, 9.0, and 13.5 Mg·ha–1 during May 2004. There were no statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) growth responses to lime applications. The only significant growth responses resulted from the fence versus no-fence treatment. A significant (P < 0.003) fence × year interaction for seedling height and root collar diameter indicates differential impacts of deer browsing. By 2009, seedlings inside fences averaged 32 cm tall, while seedlings outside the fences averaged 17 cm. Similarly, root collar diameter averaged 6.6 mm outside the fences and 9.1 mm inside fences.

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Anderson, R. C., B. Dorick, and T. Crispino. "Impacts of Initial Species Richness and Deer Browsing on the Quality of Restored Prairie in Central Illinois." Ecological Restoration 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.25.2.99.

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Martin, Tara G., Peter Arcese, and Nanda Scheerder. "Browsing down our natural heritage: Deer impacts on vegetation structure and songbird populations across an island archipelago." Biological Conservation 144, no. 1 (January 2011): 459–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.033.

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Newton, Adrian C., Elena Cantarello, Natalia Tejedor, and Gillian Myers. "Dynamics and Conservation Management of a Wooded Landscape under High Herbivore Pressure." International Journal of Biodiversity 2013 (May 23, 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/273948.

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We present the use of a spatially explicit model of woodland dynamics (LANDIS-II) to examine the impacts of herbivory in the New Forest National Park, UK, in relation to its management for biodiversity conservation. The model was parameterized using spatial data and the results of two field surveys and then was tested with results from a third survey. Field survey results indicated that regeneration by tree species was found to be widespread but to occur at low density, despite heavy browsing pressure. The model was found to accurately predict the abundance and richness of tree species. Over the duration of the simulations (300 yr), woodland area increased in all scenarios, with or without herbivory. While the increase in woodland area was most pronounced under a scenario of no herbivory, values increased by more than 70% even in the presence of heavy browsing pressure. Model projections provided little evidence for the conversion of woodland areas to either grassland or heathland; changes in woodland structure and composition were consistent with traditional successional theory. These results highlight the need for multiple types of intervention when managing successional landscape mosaics and demonstrate the value of landscape-scale modelling for evaluating the role of herbivory in conservation management.

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Larouche, Catherine, Jean-Claude Ruel, and Jean-Martin Lussier. "Factors affecting northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) seedling establishment and early growth in mixedwood stands." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 3 (March 2011): 568–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-233.

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Regeneration of northern white-cedar ( Thuja occidentalis L.) is often deficient after harvesting in mixedwood stands growing on mesic sites even where browsing pressure is low. We compared the effectiveness of silviculture treatments on early regeneration of white-cedar after single-tree selection cutting (25% of basal area removed), shelterwood seed cut (50% of basal area removed), and group selection cutting (gaps of 625 m2) in three yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) – softwood uneven-aged stands in Quebec, Canada. Three years after harvesting, the combination of factors that maximized abundance of white-cedar seedlings was single-tree selection cutting with artificial seeding on exposed mineral seedbeds (68.8% of plots with the presence of white-cedar). Early growth of planted white-cedar seedlings (40 cm tall) and biomass production were proportional to light availability, i.e., best under group selection cutting (mean height increment = 14.8 cm/year, mean root collar diameter increment = 3.0 mm/year). Browsing pressure has regional impacts depending on herbivore occupancy of the area. Our study was conducted near the northern limit of white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmerman, 1780)), and deer were locally absent, while snowshoe hare ( Lepus americanus Erxleben, 1777) did not have a consistent effect on seedling abundance and early survival, limiting height growth only during the first year following planting.

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Brooks, Marjorie L. "Beaver and state transition in Yellowstone." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 40 (December 15, 2017): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2017.5561.

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Extirpation of wolves from the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in the 1920shypothetically triggered a behaviorally-mediated trophic cascade in which elk (Cervus elaphus), released from the fear of wolf (Canis lupus) predation, over-browsed riparian zones. Eventually, vast areas of meadow-wetland complexes transitioned to grass-lodgepole systems. The importance of beaver (Castor canadensis) in wetland losses has received less attention. Beaver abandoned most of the GYE by the 1950s, possibly due to resource limitations. Researchers from Colorado State University established an experimental system for Long Term Environmental Research in Biology (LTREB) along several streams in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone sixteen years ago. To evaluate effects of hydrologic changes and elk browsing on productivity of willows (Salix spp.) and state transition, they built small experimental dams with browsing exclosures. In 2015, beaver began recolonizing the region. I am investigating how their biologic as well as hydrologic impacts affect the underlying mechanisms of state transition: nutrient cycling, productivity, and stream respiration. I posit that beaver are keystone species, meaning that the sustained recovery of wetland-meadow complexes is unlikely without the higher levels of riparian productivity triggered by the biological influence of beaver. Featured photo by Ben Amaral on Unsplash. https://unsplash.com/photos/rohY54N6auU

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Bender, Louis C., and Jessica R. Piasecke. "Cervus elaphusForaging Impacts on Plants and Soils at an Ungrazed Desert Grass/Shrubland in Northwestern New Mexico, USA." International Journal of Ecology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/806132.

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We evaluatedCervus elaphusherbivory and trampling impacts on plants and soils on Chaco Culture National Historical Park (Chaco), a desert grass/shrubland in northwestern New Mexico, USA, most (63%) of which has been protected from grazing by domestic livestock since 1948. We conducted grazing, browse, and water infiltration surveys in areas which received different amounts ofC. elaphususe (use and control), 2004–2007. Browse utilization was <32% on monitored species andOdocoileus hemionususe accounted for the majority of browsing. Live plant cover was greater on areas receiving moreC. elaphususe, and no grass species were used above recommended levels. Stubble heights ofBoutelouaspp. were positively related to relativeC. elaphususe on some areas, suggesting possible stimulation of grassland productivity byC. elaphusgrazing. Water infiltration rates either did not differ among use or control sites or were faster in use sites, indicating no impacts ofC. elaphususe on soil compaction. At currentC. elaphusdensities (0.2–0.4/km2), negative impacts to plants and soils were not seen on Chaco, and some evidence suggests that light grazing is optimizing desert grasslands of Chaco.

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Parker, Halie A., Jeffery T. Larkin, Dan Heggenstaller, Joseph Duchamp, Michael C. Tyree, Clark S. Rushing, Emily Just Domoto, and Jeffery L. Larkin. "Evaluating the impacts of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing on vegetation in fenced and unfenced timber harvests." Forest Ecology and Management 473 (October 2020): 118326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118326.

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Michael, J. L. "Growth of Loblolly Pine Treated With Hexazinone, Sulfometuron Methyl, and Metsulfuron Methyl For Herbaceous Weed Control." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/9.1.20.

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Abstract Aerial application of 0.25 pounds active ingredient per acre of sulfometuron methyl [Oust(TM), formerly DPX-5648] or 2.0 pounds of hexazinone [Velpar L (TM)] postemergent in May 1982, resulted in good weed control. Weeds controlled on the silty clay coastal plain soil included pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.), ragweed (Ambrosia sp.), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), and evening primrose (Oenothera sp.). Growth of 1-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings released with sulfometuron methyl or hexazinone was significantly improved in comparison to untreated seedlings. No significant pine mortality was associated with either treatment. On similar sites where blackberry (Rubus sp.), honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunberg), and herbaceous weeds are the major problem, application of sulfometuron methyl from pre-emergence to the postemergent stage (when weeds are up to 12 to 18 inches in height) is recommended. Hexazinone is recommended as a postemergent treatment for herbaceous weed control. Treatment with metsulfuron methyl (formerly DPX-T6376-21) did not result in any growth responses significantly greater than untreated seedlings. Impacts of deer browsing on seedlings resulted in a slight height reduction the first and second growing seasons following planting but by the end of the third growing season browsed seedlings had made up the difference. No diameter differences were associated with deer browsing at any time during the study.

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Elia, Emanuela, Alessandro Bianchi, Paola Ferrazzi, Roger Bergström, Kjell Danell, Dan Chamberlain, and Inga-Lill Persson. "Impacts of moose (Alces alces) at different simulated densities on eco-morphological groups of soil mesofauna." Entomologica Fennica 21, no. 3 (December 15, 2010): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.3838.

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We experimentally tested the impact of browsing, defecation and urination corresponding to four different levels of moose population density on abundance and number of eco-morphological groups of soil mesofauna in a Swedish boreal forest. The study was carried out in three fenced exclosures representing different levels of productivity (from nutrient-rich to nutrient-poor). Moose impact on soil communities was evaluated by analysing abundance, richness and diversity of mesofaunal groups, and by means of a multi-taxa index based on ecomorphological groups, the Biological Soil Quality index (QBS). There was a negative impact of high moose densities on the abundance and richness of soil mesofauna. Furthermore, low-moderate moose densities had a positive impact on abundance and number of eco-morphological groups. We conclude that moose can have a large impact on soil-living mesofauna, and therefore probably soil decomposition processes and biological soil quality, in young boreal forest stands.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Browsing impacts'

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