Academic literature on the topic 'Brown lacewing'

Fourteen species, six genera, and three families of Neuroptera were found in Georgia and Kansas pecan tree canopies. Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) was the most numerous green lacewing collected in both areas. Chrysoperla carnea Stephens was the second most abundant green lacewing collected. Micromus posticus (Walsh) and Hemerobius humulinus L. were the two most commonly collected brown lacewings in both regions. Green lacewing populations were 6 to 11-fold larger in Kansas than in Georgia. Brown lacewing populations were slightly larger in Georgia than in Kansas. Green lacewing seasonal incidence was similar in both areas, with the late season peak occurring 2 to 3 wks later in Georgia than in Kansas. Brown lacewing seasonal incidence varied considerably between regions and years. Coniopteryx westwoodi Melander was the primary microneuropteran species collected. In Kansas, pesticide applications had significant effect on lacewing populations in some years but not others. Carbaryl applications had greater effect on population levels than phosalone.

The tomato/potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) has been regarded as a significant pest of solanaceous crops in New Zealand since its discovery in 2006 Current management of TPP relies primarily on the use of insecticides A better understanding of the role of beneficial insects in the control of TPP is needed to guide future Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies In Canterbury 201011 the seasonal abundance of TPP and beneficial insects was monitored in a lowspray potato crop using yellow sticky traps and incrop plant assessments The brown lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae) was the most abundant beneficial insect encountered followed by ladybird species (Adalia bipunctata and Coccinella undecimpunctata) Numbers of adult brown lacewings and ladybirds peaked on sticky traps in December 2010 while adult TPP numbers peaked in February 2011 Brown lacewing eggs were present on potato plants throughout the season with the highest numbers found during January/early February 2011 Numbers of all life stages of TPP were highest on potato plants from mid January to the end of the monitoring period in mid February 2011 (crop sprayoff)

The impacts of naturally occurring predators for control of Bactericera cockerelli (tomatopotato psyllid; TPP) have been assessed in potatoes at Pukekohe for 3 years Results indicate that the most commonly found predator species are Micromus tasmaniae (brown lacewing) and Melanostoma fasciatum (small hoverfly) with populations of small hoverfly eggs and larvae reaching up to almost 200 per plant in unsprayed plants over January and February Continuing with intensive studies on TPP these naturally occurring predators appear to be important biological control agents In laboratory choice and no choice assays results indicate these two predator species eat all life stages of TPP even in the presence of aphids The intraguild interactions between predator species are now being investigated to ascertain from a suite of predators on potatoes which are likely to be the best allies in developing an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme for potatoes Laboratory studies indicate that larvae of small hoverfly and larval and adult life stages of Coccinella undecimpunctata (11spotted ladybird) may be displacing brown lacewings

A new species of brown lacewing (Insecta: Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) is described from Eocene Baltic amber. Sympherobius siriae sp. nov. is the second fossil species of the genus so far described. The other, Sympherobius completus Makarkin et Wedmann is also from Baltic amber. The fossil record of Hemerobiidae is reviewed.

A new genus and species of the neuropteran family Berothidae from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, namely Xiaoberotha bipunctata gen. et sp. nov., is described. In addition, an undetermined species of this new genus is also described. This new genus greatly differs from most known berothids by the presence of forewing ScA and the configuration of hind wing Cu that is not approximating posterior wing margin. The new genus superficially resembles Hemerobiidae by having the distinct, posteriorly curved forewing ScA and the two forewing cua-cup crossveins that are shared by many brown lacewing genera. However, no autapomorphy of Hemerobiidae could be confirmed to be present in the new species. Here we tentatively place this new genus in Berothidae by the configuration of the female gonocoxites 8, which is conspicuous and dorsoventrally extended. This unusual beaded lacewing genus highlights the morphological diversity of the extinct Berothidae.

Wesmaelius (Kimminsia) nanacamilpa Marquez & Contreras, sp. n., a brown lacewing from Tlaxcala state, Mexico is described and illustrated. This is the second recorded species of Wesmaelius from Mexico, and the third from Middle America. Males of the new species may be identified by parameres separate apically, styliform sclerites directed basally, as well as a rounded gonarcus with a short entoprocessus. Females may be distinguished from closely related species by a subgenital plate with the central plate broadly incised basally. There are now 16 species of Wesmaelius known from the New World.

Male and female of Nusalala peruanasp. nov., a flightless hemerobiid from the Andes mountain range of northern Peru, at a height of almost 4000 m, are described, figured and documented as the first record of a brachypterous, flightless species of Nusalala Navás, 1913, from this country. The other two congeneric, brachypterous species are from high altitudes in Colombia and Costa Rica and have been described in the male sex only – the females remain unknown. The coriaceous domed forewings are shared by all three brachypterous Nusalala species. The ribbon-like hindwings of the male of N. peruanasp. nov. are unique, since those of the other brachypterous males are scale-like, as are the hindwings of the female of N. peruanasp. nov. Distribution and evolutionary backgrounds of brachyptery and flightlessness in Neuropterida are discussed.

Aphids are one of the most important insect pests of greenhouse crops yet to be controlled by biological means. Broad spectrum chemical control is becoming increasingly difficult to use in integrated pest management programmes, therefore, there is a need for a suitable biocontrol agent to be mass reared and released. The Tasmanian brown lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker is an aphid predator that is found commonly throughout Australasia and has suitable characteristics that make it a candidate for mass rearing. A technique for rearing M. tasmaniae was developed. Eggs of M. tasmaniae were reared in batches of 50, 100 and 200 in 20 litre clear plastic containers. The oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. was fed to the larvae. The results revealed that the highest initial egg density (200 eggs per container) produced the cheapest adults at 22 cents per adult. However, mass rearing adults was considered not practical because of the high production cost, although, mass production of eggs is considered to be economically viable. The cost of producing one egg was 0.015 cents. M tasmaniae was maintained in mass culture for six generations. Simple experiments were carried out to monitor the quality of laboratory-reared insects. The 'wild' insect was used as a quality standard and comparisons with laboratory-reared insect populations were made. The fecundity, development rates and tolerance to pirimicarb, a carbamate insecticide, were determined. Fecundity was found to decline with successive generations in mass culture. The lacewing development experiment indicated that larval stages of each generation suffered the highest mortality rate and that between 35-45% of individuals emerged as adults. The tolerance of adults to pirimicarb did not alter over five generations. Recommendations for improving the mass rearing of M. tasmaniae are discussed.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Instituto Biologico
A população de Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) associada a Coffea arabica L. foi amostrada em Cravinhos e Monte Mor, SP, Brasil. Em Cravinhos, entre maio/2005 e abril/2007, foram realizadas coletas semanais através de rede de varredura e armadilhas de Moericke e luminosa; em Monte Mor, entre agosto/2005 e março/2006, avaliou-se o efeito da coloração de armadilhas de Moericke e sua altura em relação ao solo para a amostragem de hemerobiídeos. As amostragens realizadas em Monte Mor com as armadilhas de Moericke de diferentes cores e alturas em relação ao solo não apresentaram diferença significativa (p< 0,05) para o total de hemerobiídeos coletados (129 espécimes/4 espécies). Em Cravinhos foram obtidos 882 exemplares de sete espécies: Nusalala tessellata (467 espécimes/52,9% do total coletado), Hemerobius bolivari (153/17,3%), Megalomus impudicus (114/12,9%), Sympherobius miranda (109/12,4%), Megalomus rafaeli (30/3,4%), Sympherobius ariasi (6/0,7%) e Nomerobius psychodoides (3/0,3%). A rede de varredura e a armadilha de Moericke foram as mais eficientes. As maiores freqüências foram registradas no inverno/2005, nas primaveras e nos verões e o pico populacional ocorreu em novembro/2006. A armadilha luminosa foi o método de amostragem que apresentou os maiores valores de diversidade (H’= 0,66) e de equitabilidade (J= 0,78). Três espécies foram constantes: H. bolivari (C= 79,2%), Me. impudicus (C= 87,5%) e Nu. tessellata (C= 95,8%). Nu. tessellata e Me. impudicus apresentaram correlações positivas e significativas (p< 0,05) com Coccus sp. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) e com a precipitação pluviométrica e as temperaturas máxima e mínima; o mesmo ocorreu para H. bolivari com Oligonychus ilicis (Acari, Tetranychidae) e a temperatura mínima, para S. miranda com as temperaturas máxima e mínima e para Me. rafaeli com larvas de Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae).
The hemerobiids associated to Coffea arabica L. were sampled in Cravinhos and Monte Mor, São Paulo, Brazil. In Cravinhos, weekly and from May/2005 to April/2007, were realized collects by using sweeping net, light trap and Moericke trap; in Monte Mor, between August/2005 and March/2006, were evaluated the coloration and height in relation to the ground level of Moericke traps to sample Hemerobiidae. In Monte Mor, the results showed that the color and height of the traps did not present differences in regard to the evaluation of the diversity of the population of hemerobiids (129 individuals / 4 species). A total of 882 hemerobiids belonging to seven species were collected in Cravinhos: Nusalala tessellata (467 individuals / 52.9% of the hemerobiids collected), Hemerobius bolivari (153 / 17.3%), Megalomus impudicus (114 / 12.9%), Sympherobius miranda (109 / 12.4%), Megalomus rafaeli (30 / 3.4%), Sympherobius ariasi (6 / 0.7%) and Nomerobius psychodoides (3 / 0.3%). The Moericke trap and sweeping net were the most efficient methods to capture Hemerobiidae. The highest abundance occurred in the winter/2005 and in the two spring and summer seasons studied. The peak of occurrence was in November/2006. The light trap was the sampling method that presented the highest indexes of diversity (H’= 0.66) and equitability (J= 0.78). Three species were constants: H. bolivari (C= 79.2%), Me. impudicus (C= 87.5%) and Nu. tessellata (C= 95.8%). Nu. tessellata and Me. impudicus presented positive and significant correlations (p< 0.05) with Coccus sp. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and maxim and minim temperatures and rainfall; the same occurred to H. bolivari with Oligonychus ilicis (Acari, Tetranychidae) and minim temperature, to S. miranda with the maxim and minim temperatures and to Me. rafaeli with Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) larvae.

Orientador: Sergio de Freitas
Banca: Brígida de Souza
Banca: Evoneo Berti Filho
Banca: Nilza Maria Martinelli
Banca: Nelson Wanderley Perioto
Resumo: A população de Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) associada a Coffea arabica L. foi amostrada em Cravinhos e Monte Mor, SP, Brasil. Em Cravinhos, entre maio/2005 e abril/2007, foram realizadas coletas semanais através de rede de varredura e armadilhas de Moericke e luminosa; em Monte Mor, entre agosto/2005 e março/2006, avaliou-se o efeito da coloração de armadilhas de Moericke e sua altura em relação ao solo para a amostragem de hemerobiídeos. As amostragens realizadas em Monte Mor com as armadilhas de Moericke de diferentes cores e alturas em relação ao solo não apresentaram diferença significativa (p< 0,05) para o total de hemerobiídeos coletados (129 espécimes/4 espécies). Em Cravinhos foram obtidos 882 exemplares de sete espécies: Nusalala tessellata (467 espécimes/52,9% do total coletado), Hemerobius bolivari (153/17,3%), Megalomus impudicus (114/12,9%), Sympherobius miranda (109/12,4%), Megalomus rafaeli (30/3,4%), Sympherobius ariasi (6/0,7%) e Nomerobius psychodoides (3/0,3%). A rede de varredura e a armadilha de Moericke foram as mais eficientes. As maiores freqüências foram registradas no inverno/2005, nas primaveras e nos verões e o pico populacional ocorreu em novembro/2006. A armadilha luminosa foi o método de amostragem que apresentou os maiores valores de diversidade (H'= 0,66) e de equitabilidade (J= 0,78). Três espécies foram constantes: H. bolivari (C= 79,2%), Me. impudicus (C= 87,5%) e Nu. tessellata (C= 95,8%). Nu. tessellata e Me. impudicus apresentaram correlações positivas e significativas (p< 0,05) com Coccus sp. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) e com a precipitação pluviométrica e as temperaturas máxima e mínima; o mesmo ocorreu para H. bolivari com Oligonychus ilicis (Acari, Tetranychidae) e a temperatura mínima, para S. miranda com as temperaturas máxima e mínima e para Me. rafaeli com larvas de Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae).
Abstract: The hemerobiids associated to Coffea arabica L. were sampled in Cravinhos and Monte Mor, São Paulo, Brazil. In Cravinhos, weekly and from May/2005 to April/2007, were realized collects by using sweeping net, light trap and Moericke trap; in Monte Mor, between August/2005 and March/2006, were evaluated the coloration and height in relation to the ground level of Moericke traps to sample Hemerobiidae. In Monte Mor, the results showed that the color and height of the traps did not present differences in regard to the evaluation of the diversity of the population of hemerobiids (129 individuals / 4 species). A total of 882 hemerobiids belonging to seven species were collected in Cravinhos: Nusalala tessellata (467 individuals / 52.9% of the hemerobiids collected), Hemerobius bolivari (153 / 17.3%), Megalomus impudicus (114 / 12.9%), Sympherobius miranda (109 / 12.4%), Megalomus rafaeli (30 / 3.4%), Sympherobius ariasi (6 / 0.7%) and Nomerobius psychodoides (3 / 0.3%). The Moericke trap and sweeping net were the most efficient methods to capture Hemerobiidae. The highest abundance occurred in the winter/2005 and in the two spring and summer seasons studied. The peak of occurrence was in November/2006. The light trap was the sampling method that presented the highest indexes of diversity (H'= 0.66) and equitability (J= 0.78). Three species were constants: H. bolivari (C= 79.2%), Me. impudicus (C= 87.5%) and Nu. tessellata (C= 95.8%). Nu. tessellata and Me. impudicus presented positive and significant correlations (p< 0.05) with Coccus sp. (Hemiptera, Coccidae) and maxim and minim temperatures and rainfall; the same occurred to H. bolivari with Oligonychus ilicis (Acari, Tetranychidae) and minim temperature, to S. miranda with the maxim and minim temperatures and to Me. rafaeli with Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera, Lyonetiidae) larvae.
Doutor

Arthropod species that have the potential to damage crops are food resources for communities of predators and parasitoids. From an agronomic perspective these species are pests and biocontrol agents respectively, and the relationships between them can be important determinants of crop yield and quality. The impact of biocontrol agents on pest populations may depend on the availability of other food resources in the agroecosystem. A scarcity of such resources may limit biological control and altering agroecosystem management to alleviate this limitation could contribute to pest management. This is a tactic of ‘conservation biological control’ and includes the provision of flowers for species that consume prey as larvae but require floral resources in their adult stage. The use of flowers for pest management requires an understanding of the interactions between the flowers, pests, biocontrol agents and non-target species. Without this, attempts to enhance biological control might be ineffective or detrimental. This thesis develops our understanding in two areas which have received relatively little attention: the role of flowers in biological control by true omnivores, and the implications of flower use by fourth-trophic-level life-history omnivores. The species studied were the lacewing Micromus tasmaniae and its parasitoid Anacharis zealandica. Buckwheat flowers Fagopyrum esculentum provided floral resources and aphids Acyrthosiphon pisum served as prey. Laboratory experiments with M. tasmaniae demonstrated that although prey were required for reproduction, providing flowers increased survival and oviposition when prey abundance was low. Flowers also decreased prey consumption by the adult lacewings. These experiments therefore revealed the potential for flowers to either enhance or disrupt biological control by M. tasmaniae. Adult M. tasmaniae were collected from a crop containing a strip of flowers. Analyses to determine the presence of prey and pollen in their digestive tracts suggested that predation was more frequent than foraging in flowers. It was concluded that the flower strip probably did not affect biological control by lacewings in that field, but flowers could be significant in other situations. The lifetime fecundity of A. zealandica was greatly increased by the presence of flowers in the laboratory. Providing flowers therefore has the potential to increase parasitism of M. tasmaniae and so disrupt biological control. A. zealandica was also studied in a crop containing a flower strip. Rubidium-marking was used to investigate nectar-feeding and dispersal from the flowers. In addition, the parasitoids’ sugar compositions were determined by HPLC and used to infer feeding histories. Although further work is required to develop the use of these techniques in this system, the results suggested that A. zealandica did not exploit the flower strip. The sugar profiles suggested that honeydew had been consumed by many of the parasitoids. A simulation model was developed to explore the dynamics of aphid, lacewing and parasitoid populations with and without flowers. This suggested that if M. tasmaniae and A. zealandica responded to flowers as in the laboratory, flowers would only have a small effect on biological control within a single period of a lucerne cutting cycle. When parasitoids were present, the direct beneficial effect of flowers on the lacewing population was outweighed by increased parasitism, reducing the potential for biological control in future crops. The results presented in this thesis exemplify the complex interactions that may occur as a consequence of providing floral resources in agroecosystems and re-affirm the need for agroecology to inform the development of sustainable pest management techniques.

Dissertação de Mestrado - Biotecnologia em Controlo Biológico.
Para o arquipélago dos Açores estão referenciadas duas famílias da ordem Neuroptera: Chrysopidae (green lacewings) e Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings). Estes insectos têm potencial para serem eficazes agentes de controlo biológico, predando uma grande variedade de insectos, incluindo algumas das mais importantes pragas do mundo em campos agrícolas e hortícolas. O uso efectivo destes neuropteros como agentes de controlo biológico exige o conhecimento dos seus padrões de sazonalidade, em particular para avaliar se a sincronia entre um dado predador e a respectiva presa é adequada. É também importante conhecer a dinâmica espacial e a escolha de habitats de forma a diferenciar a sua qualidade e realizar uma gestão eficaz. Amostragens da fauna de Neuropteros na Ilha de S. Miguel (Açores) foram realizadas ao longo de um ano, em seis habitats diferentes: Laurissilva, floresta exótica, pastagens, culturas agrícolas, jardins e pomares. Calcularam-se os seguintes parâmetros ecológicos: abundância relativa; riqueza específica; dominância, diversidade e heterogeneidade de cada habitat; foi ainda analisada a composição da comunidade de cada habitat, bem como a sazonalidade de cada família e espécies mais representativas. Concluímos que, quatro das espécies existentes nos Açores têm potencial para serem usadas em campos agrícolas, pomares e jardins do arquipélago; duas espécies são extremamente raras, e uma espécie não foi encontrada. A sazonalidade das populações de Neuroptera não foi a esperada, provavelmente devido a condições climáticas alteradas. Uma pesquisa de longo prazo desta característica nos habitats alvo, em conjunto com o estudo da sazonalidade da presa, é pois aconselhada.
ABSTRACT: Among the Neuroptera order, two families, Chrysopidae (green lacewings) and Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings) are reported to the Azores archipelago. Lacewings are known to be effective biological control agents, preying upon a large range of insects, including some of the world´s most important agricultural and horticultural pests. The effective use of lacewings as biological control agents requires the knowledge of their seasonality patterns, particularly to assess whether the synchrony between a given predator and its prey, is adequate; also the spatial dynamics and habitat choice, is important to differentiate between habitats of different quality for effective management. Surveys of the Neuroptera fauna of S. Miguel Island (Azores) were performed along one year, in six different habitats: Laurissilva forest, exotic forest, pastures, agricultural crops, gardens and orchards. The relative abundance, species richness, species dominance, diversity and heterogeneity of each habitat, were calculated; community composition for each habitat was also assessed, as well as the seasonality for each Neuroptera family and most representative species. We concluded that, four of the existing species in the Azores have the potential to be used in crops, orchards and gardens of the archipelago; two species are extremely rare and one species was not found. The seasonality of the Neuroptera populations was not the expected one, probably due to altered climate conditions. A long-term survey targeting this feature in the studied habitats, along with the assessment of the prey´s seasonality, is advised.