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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Brown bear Black bear

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Academic literature on the topic 'Brown bear Black bear'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Brown bear Black bear"

1

Rinker, David C., Natalya K. Specian, Shu Zhao, and John G. Gibbons. "Polar bear evolution is marked by rapid changes in gene copy number in response to dietary shift." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (June 17, 2019): 13446–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1901093116.

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Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) and brown bear (Ursus arctos) are recently diverged species that inhabit vastly differing habitats. Thus, analysis of the polar bear and brown bear genomes represents a unique opportunity to investigate the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic underpinnings of rapid ecological adaptation in mammals. Copy number (CN) differences in genomic regions between closely related species can underlie adaptive phenotypes and this form of genetic variation has not been explored in the context of polar bear evolution. Here, we analyzed the CN profiles of 17 polar bears, 9 brown bears, and 2 black bears (Ursus americanus). We identified an average of 318 genes per individual that showed evidence of CN variation (CNV). Nearly 200 genes displayed species-specific CN differences between polar bear and brown bear species. Principal component analysis of gene CN provides strong evidence that CNV evolved rapidly in the polar bear lineage and mainly resulted in CN loss. Olfactory receptors composed 47% of CN differentiated genes, with the majority of these genes being at lower CN in the polar bear. Additionally, we found significantly fewer copies of several genes involved in fatty acid metabolism as well asAMY1B, the salivary amylase-encoding gene in the polar bear. These results suggest that natural selection shaped patterns of CNV in response to the transition from an omnivorous to primarily carnivorous diet during polar bear evolution. Our analyses of CNV shed light on the genomic underpinnings of ecological adaptation during polar bear evolution.

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Lan, Tianying, Stephanie Gill, Eva Bellemain, Richard Bischof, Muhammad Ali Nawaz, and Charlotte Lindqvist. "Evolutionary history of enigmatic bears in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region and the identity of the yeti." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1868 (November 29, 2017): 20171804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1804.

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Although anecdotally associated with local bears ( Ursus arctos and U. thibetanus ), the exact identity of ‘hominid’-like creatures important to folklore and mythology in the Tibetan Plateau–Himalaya region is still surrounded by mystery. Recently, two purported yeti samples from the Himalayas showed genetic affinity with an ancient polar bear, suggesting they may be from previously unrecognized, possibly hybrid, bear species, but this preliminary finding has been under question. We conducted a comprehensive genetic survey of field-collected and museum specimens to explore their identity and ultimately infer the evolutionary history of bears in the region. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences determined clade affinities of the purported yeti samples in this study, strongly supporting the biological basis of the yeti legend to be local, extant bears. Complete mitochondrial genomes were assembled for Himalayan brown bear ( U. a. isabellinus ) and black bear ( U. t. laniger ) for the first time. Our results demonstrate that the Himalayan brown bear is one of the first-branching clades within the brown bear lineage, while Tibetan brown bears diverged much later. The estimated times of divergence of the Tibetan Plateau and Himalayan bear lineages overlap with Middle to Late Pleistocene glaciation events, suggesting that extant bears in the region are likely descendants of populations that survived in local refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations.

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Fuchs, Boris, Koji Yamazaki, Alina L. Evans, Toshio Tsubota, Shinsuke Koike, Tomoko Naganuma, and Jon M. Arnemo. "Heart rate during hyperphagia differs between two bear species." Biology Letters 15, no. 1 (January 2019): 20180681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0681.

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Hyperphagia is a critical part of the yearly cycle of bears when they gain fat reserves before entering hibernation. We used heart rate as a proxy to compare the metabolic rate between the Asian black bear ( Ursus thibetanus ) in Japan and the Eurasian brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) in Sweden from summer into hibernation. In the hyperphagic period, black bears feed on fat- and carbohydrate-rich hard masts whereas brown bears feed on sugar-rich berries. Availability of hard masts has quantitative and spatial annual fluctuations, which might require increased activity and result in intraspecific stress. Using generalized additive mixed models we analysed the differences in heart rate between the two species. Black bears had decreased heart rates during summer but had doubled heart rate values throughout the hyperphagic period compared to brown bears. This letter illustrates the different physiological consequences of seasonal differences in food availability in two species of the same genus dealing with the same phenological challenge.

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Hilderbrand, G. V., S. D. Farley, C. T. Robbins, T. A. Hanley, K. Titus, and C. Servheen. "Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1996): 2080–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-236.

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The potential use of stable-isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) to estimate bear diets was assessed in 40-day feeding trials using American black bears (Ursus americanus). Bear plasma and red blood cells have half-lives of ~4 days and ~28 days, respectively. The isotopic signature of bear plasma is linearly related to that of the diet, and with the exception of adipose tissue, there is no isotopic fractionation across bear tissues. Isotopic analyses were used to estimate the diets of three bear populations: Pleistocene cave bears (U. speleaus) in Europe, grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) inhabiting the Columbia River drainage prior to 1931, and brown bears (U. arctos) of Chichagof and Admiralty islands, Alaska. Cave bears were omnivores with terrestrially produced meat contributing from 41 to 78% (58 ± 14%) of their metabolized carbon and nitrogen. Salmon contributed from 33 to 90% (58 ± 23%) of the metabolized carbon and nitrogen in grizzly bears from the Columbia River drainage. Finally, most brown bears on Chichagof and Admiralty islands feed upon salmon during the late summer and fall; however, a subpopulation of bears exists that does not utilize salmon.

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Dupouy-Camet, J., P. Bourée, and H. Yera. "Trichinella and polar bears: a limited risk for humans." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 4 (April 4, 2017): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x17000219.

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AbstractIn this review, we identified 63 cases reported since World War II of human trichinellosis linked to the consumption of parasitized polar bear (Ursus maritimus) meat. This low number contrasts to the numerous cases of human trichinellosis related to consumption of the meat of black (U. americanus) or brown bears (U. arctos). The prevalence of Trichinella infection is high in bears, but larval muscular burden is usually lower in polar bears compared to other bear species. Polar bears, therefore, seem to play a limited role in the transmission of trichinellosis to humans, as native residents living in the Arctic traditionally consume well-cooked bear meat, and travellers and foreign hunters have only limited access to this protected species due to the declining polar bear population.

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Seryodkin, I. V., A. M. Zakharenko, P. S. Dmitrenok, and K. S. Golokhvast. "Biochemical Content of Cambium ofAbies nephrolepisEaten by Bears on the Far East of Russia." Biochemistry Research International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3020571.

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The peculiarity of bears behavior of stripping of bark is typical for all species. We have described the damage to trees, by Asiatic black bear(Ursus thibetanus)and brown bear(U. arctos)in Primorsky Krai and by brown bears on the Sakhalin Island during 1998–2015. In this study, we studied the damaged bark of the tree only in cases where it was clear that part of the cambium was eaten by bears. Cambium of speciesAbies nephrolepisis the most preferred for bear consumption in Primorsky Krai. We distinguished very large seasonal fluctuations in the amount of its consumption. The greatest interest of bears in this kind of food is in the summer time. We have analyzed the composition of the cambium ofA. nephrolepis. These results suggest that the important purpose of the use of this kind of food is to restore and maintain the normal functioning of the intestines.

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Cronin, Matthew A., Steven C. Amstrup, Gerald W. Garner, and Ernest R. Vyse. "Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2985–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-421.

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We assessed mitochondrial DNA variation in North American black bears (Ursus americanus), brown bears (Ursus arctos), and polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Divergent mitochondrial DNA haplotypes (0.05 base substitutions per nucleotide) were identified in populations of black bears from Montana and Oregon. In contrast, very similar haplotypes occur in black bears across North America. This discordance of haplotype phylogeny and geographic distribution indicates that there has been maintenance of polymorphism and considerable gene flow throughout the history of the species. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence in brown bears and polar bears is lower than in black bears. The two morphological forms of U. arctos, grizzly and coastal brown bears, are not in distinct mtDNA lineages. Interspecific comparisons indicate that brown bears and polar bears share similar mitochondrial DNA (0.023 base substitutions per nucleotide) which is quite divergent (0.078 base substitutions per nucleotide) from that of black bears. High mitochondrial DNA divergence within black bears and paraphyletic relationships of brown and polar bear mitochondrial DNA indicate that intraspecific variation across species' ranges should be considered in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA.

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Stetz, Jeff B., Tucker Seitz, and Michael A. Sawaya. "Effects of Exposure on Genotyping Success Rates of Hair Samples from Brown and American Black Bears." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/122013-jfwm-085.

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Abstract Noninvasively collected hair samples have been used in numerous studies to answer questions about the demographic and genetic status and trends of wildlife populations. In particular, these methods are well-suited for researching and monitoring ursid populations, which are typically difficult to study because of their rare and cryptic nature. Recently, researchers have taken increasing advantage of natural bear behaviors to obtain hair samples for genetic analyses by conducting surveys of bear rubs (objects that bears rub against such as trees and power poles). The low quality and quantity DNA in noninvasively collected samples, however, can result in low genotyping success rates, which may be exacerbated by potentially lengthy duration of environmental exposure. We investigated the effects of environmental exposure (sunlight, moisture, and duration of exposure) on genotyping success rates of brown bear Ursus arctos and American black bear Ursus americanus hair samples. We exposed a total of 238 hair samples from one brown bear and one black bear to multiple treatments for either 30-d or 60-d, periods consistent with collection intervals of recent bear rub survey projects. Sample treatments consisted of full or dappled sunlight, kept dry or saturated with water one to two times daily. We genotyped each sample at three microsatellite loci commonly used in noninvasive genetic studies of bear populations. Our results were consistent with predictions, with all three factors significantly reducing genotyping success rates. Based on our results, we recommend that the specific conditions of field exposure be considered when selecting a suite of microsatellite markers for noninvasive genetic sampling projects, and that researchers carefully consider the duration and environmental conditions that hair samples will be exposed to when designing field studies. Limiting exposure to moisture and sunlight by collecting hairs from bear rubs at relatively short intervals and selecting dry and shaded sites should reduce DNA degradation and thus result in higher genotyping success rates.

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Britton, Ann P., Julie Bidulka, Andrea Scouras, Helen Schwantje, and Tomy Joseph. "Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in a free-ranging grizzly bear cub associated with Sarcocystis canis–like infection." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 31, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638719826627.

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We describe herein fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in a free-ranging grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis) cub with apicomplexan infection of the liver and brain, both demonstrating 100% homology for Sarcocystis canis and S. arctosi. Fatal hepatic sarcocystosis in dogs has been etiologically associated with intrahepatic schizonts of S. canis. In black and polar bears, a S. canis–like organism produces schizonts in the liver and massive hepatic necrosis. Although intramuscular sarcocysts, taxa S. arctosi and S. ursusi, have been described in healthy brown and black bears, respectively, they have not been detected in bears with hepatic sarcocystosis, to our knowledge, and it is currently unknown whether bears represent an aberrant or intermediate host.

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Riley, D. A., J. M. Van Dyke, V. Vogel, B. D. Curry, J. L. W. Bain, R. Schuett, D. L. Costill, T. Trappe, K. Minchev, and S. Trappe. "Soleus muscle stability in wild hibernating black bears." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 315, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): R369—R379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00060.2018.

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Based on studies of fast skeletal muscles, hibernating black and brown bears resist skeletal muscle atrophy during months of reduced physical activity and not feeding. The present study examined atrophy sparing in the slow soleus muscle, known to be highly prone to disuse atrophy in humans and other mammals. We demonstrated histochemically that the black bear soleus is rich in slow fibers, averaging 84.0 ± 6.6%. The percentages of slow fibers in fall (87.3 ± 4.9%) and during hibernation (87.1 ± 5.6%) did not differ ( P = 0.3152) from summer. The average fiber cross-sectional area to body mass ratio (48.6 ± 11.7 µm2/kg) in winter hibernating bears was not significantly different from that of summer (54.1 ± 11.8 µm2/kg, P = 0.4186) and fall (47.0 ± 9.7 µm2/kg, P = 0.9410) animals. The percentage of single hybrid fibers containing both slow and fast myosin heavy chains, detected biochemically, increased from 2.6 ± 3.8% in summer to 24.4 ± 24.4% ( P = 0.0244) during hibernation. The shortening velocities of individual hybrid fibers remained unchanged from that of pure slow and fast fibers, indicating low content of the minority myosins. Slow and fast fibers in winter bears exhibited elevated specific tension (kN/m2; 22%, P = 0.0161 and 11%, P = 0.0404, respectively) and maintained normalized power. The relative stability of fiber type percentage and size, fiber size-to-body mass ratio, myosin heavy chain isoform content, shortening velocity, power output, and elevated specific tension during hibernation validates the ability of the black bear to preserve the biochemical and performance characteristics of the soleus muscle during prolonged hibernation.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Brown bear Black bear"

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Fortin, Jennifer Kay. "Niche separation amongst sympatric ursids relative to salmon use." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2006/j%5Ffortin%5F053106.pdf.

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Wagman, Jason Daniel. "The Effects of Feeding Enrichment on Behavioral Measures of Animal Welfare in Four Bear Species." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1433516900.

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Hershey, John Davidson. "Minimal disuse muscle atrophy and seasonal alterations in the calcium handling system in skeletal muscle of hibernating brown bears." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/J_Hershey_020309.pdf.

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Reynolds, Melissa Jo Mitchell Michael S. "The effects of forest management on habitat quality for black bears in the Southern Appalachians." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/REYNOLDS_MELISSA_8.pdf.

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Chilton-Radandt, Tonya. "Spatial and temporal relationships of adult male black bears to roads in northwest Montana, 2003-2004." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-03022007-132306/.

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Gaines, William L. "Relationships among black bears, roads, and habitat in the North Cascades Mountains of Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5599.

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Costello, Cecily Marie. "The spatial ecology and mating system of black bears (Urus americanus) in New Mexico." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/costello/CostelloC0808.pdf.

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In summary, our results show that high rates of male dispersal and female philopatry combine to create a spatial genetic structure that generates low rates of inbreeding and little need for kin discrimination among potential mates. Thus, evidence supports the hypothesis that inbreeding avoidance is achieved by means of male-biased dispersal in black bears. Our results also suggest the general pattern of male-biased dispersal is modified by competition for mates or resources.

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Gende, Scott Michael. "Foraging behavior of bears at salmon streams : intake, choice, and the role of salmon life history /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5303.

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Klenzendorf, Sybille A. "Population dynamics of Virginia's hunted black bear (Ursus americanus) population." Diss., Connect to this title online, 2002. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02122002-160752/.

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Seger, Rita Logan. "Elucidating the Mechanism for Maintaining Eucalcemia Despite Immobility and Anuria in the Hibernating Black Bear (Ursus americanus)." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2008. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/SegerRL2008.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Brown bear Black bear"

1

Bear country! Columbus, Ohio: Zaner-Bloser, 2004.

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Sellers, Richard A. Dynamics of a hunted brown bear population at Black Lake, Alaska: 1993 annual progress report. Juneau, AK: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 1994.

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Hunting bears: Black, brown, grizzly, and polar bears. New York: Woods N' Water, Inc., 2003.

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Nihon no kuma: Higuma to tsukinowaguma no seibutsugaku = Bears in Japan : biology of Hokkaido brown bears and Japanese black bears. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2011.

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Miller, Sterling. Development and improvement of bear management techniques and procedures in southcentral Alaska. Juneau, AK (P.O. Box 25526, Juneau 99802): Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 1996.

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Bear attacks: Their causes and avoidance. Toronto: M&S, 2003.

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Herrero, Stephen. Bear attacks: Their causes and avoidance. New York, NY: Nick Lyons Books/Winchester Press, 1985.

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Bear attacks: Their causes and avoidance. New York: Lyons & Burford Publishers, 1985.

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9

Petrovic, Svetlana. Brown Bear, White Bear. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Books for Young Readers, 2009.

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ill, Hardy Vincent, ed. Brown bear & white bear. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Books for Young Readers, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Brown bear Black bear"

1

Papageorgiou, Sophia, Darlene DeGhetto, and Jennifer Convy. "Black Bear Cubs." In Hand-Rearing Wild and Domestic Mammals, 170–80. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470385005.ch23.

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Perco, Franco. "Communication and Wildlife Conservation (Grey Wolf and Brown Bear in Italy)." In Problematic Wildlife II, 529–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42335-3_17.

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Petrovic, Paul. "Ideological State Apparatuses, Perversions of Courtly Love, and Curatorial Violence in “White Bear”." In Through the Black Mirror, 69–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19458-1_6.

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Karner, Frank R., Gordon A. Jenner, Stanley F. White, and Don L. Halvorson. "Field guide day 7: Geology of the Bear Lodge Mountains." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 83–88. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0083.

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Palazón, Santiago. "The Importance of Reintroducing Large Carnivores: The Brown Bear in the Pyrenees." In High Mountain Conservation in a Changing World, 231–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55982-7_10.

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Sakurai, Ryo. "Studies on the Human Dimensions of Black Bear Management in Japan." In Ecological Research Monographs, 25–68. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6332-0_4.

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Karner, Frank R. "IGC Field Trip T131: Geological framework of the Black Hills—Bear Lodge Mountains region." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 3–6. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0003.

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Karner, Frank R., and Richard L. Patelke. "IGC Field Trip T131: General geology of the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 7–20. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0007.

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Puckett, Emily E., and Lori S. Eggert. "Using Genetics in the Conservation Management of the American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) in Missouri." In Conservation Genetics in Mammals, 217–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33334-8_10.

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Jenner, Gordon A. "IGC Field Trip 131: Eocene igneous activity and related metasomatic and hydrothermal events, Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming." In Devils Tower—Black Hills Alkalic Igneous Rocks and General Geology, 50–66. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ft131p0050.

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Conference papers on the topic "Brown bear Black bear"

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GUSKOV, V. YU. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF MARGINAL POPULATIONS OF TWO BEARS SPECIES: BROWN BEAR URSUS ARCTOS LINNAEUS, 1758 AND ASIAN BLACK BEAR URSUS THIBETANUS G. CUVIER, 1823." In 5TH MOSCOW INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICSAND BIODIVERSITY BIOBANKING". TORUS PRESS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/molphy2018-20.

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Kokolova, L. M. "Brown bear Dirofilaria ursi (ursus arctos arctos) in Yakutia." In Scientific dialogue: Medical issues. TsNK MOAN, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sciencepublic-15-07-2019-06.

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Regmi, Anil. "Feeding Ecology of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Himalaya." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107179.

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Tyagi, Avdhesh K. "Scour Modeling of Black Bear Creek Bridge on Cimarron Turnpike, Oklahoma." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)278.

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Kopatz, Alexander. "Population genetic assessment of the brown bear across Northern Europe - National and transboundary perspectives and challenges." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107998.

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Iles, Tinen L., Timothy G. Laske, David L. Garshelis, Lars Mattison, Brian Lee, Val Eisele, Erik Gaasedelen, and Paul A. Iaizzo. "Medtronic Reveal LINQ™ Devices Provide Better Understanding of Hibernation Physiology in the American Black Bear (Ursus Americanus)." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3498.

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The American black bear (Ursus americanus) has been called a metabolic marvel6. In northern Minnesota, where we have conducted long-term physiological and ecological studies of this species, bears may remain in their winter dens for 6 months or more without eating, drinking, urinating or defecating and yet lose very little muscle mass2. We also found that hibernating black bears elicit asystolic events of over 30 seconds and experience an exaggerated respiratory sinus arrhythmia2. In this previous work we employed Medtronic Reveal® XT devices that required us to visit the den and temporarily extract the bear (under anesthesia) to download the stored data.4 Here we describe Medtronic’s latest generation of Insertable Cardiac Monitor (ICM), the Reveal LINQ™, which enables continuous transmission of data via a relay station from the den site3. Black bear hibernation physiology remains of high interest because of the multiple potential applications to human medicine. ICMs have been used for nearly two decades by clinicians as a critical diagnostic tool to assess the nature of cardiac arrhythmias in humans. Such devices are primarily implanted subcutaneously to record electrocardiograms. The device size, battery life and transmission capabilities have evolved in recent years. The first devices were relatively large and a programmer was needed to retrieve information during each clinical (or in our case, den visit). These devices were programmed to capture cardiac incidents such as asystolic events, arrhythmias and tachycardias and apply algorithms that ensure proper data collection: e.g. ectopy rejection and p-wave presence algorithms. The new generation Reveal LINQ was made to telemetrically transmit heart data from human patients, but we needed to develop a system to enable transmission from bear dens, which are remote (cannot easily be checked and adjusted) and are subject to extreme winter weather conditions. Besides the advantage of these devices transmitting data automatically, they are considerably smaller and thus less prone to rejection by the extraordinary immune system of the hibernating bear1.

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Panthi, Saroj. "Habitat overlaps between red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in Himalaya." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107228.

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Hirabayashi, Jun, Tomomi Hashidate, Tadasu Urashima, Hiroyuki Kaji, Toshiaki Isobe, and Ken-ichi Kasai. "A GLYCOMIC APPROACH TO MILK OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM A JAPANESE BLACK BEAR: SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OS PYRIDYLAMINATED FORMS." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.516.

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Guskov, V. Yu. "HISTORY OF RANGE FORMATION AND REASONS FOR INCREASING GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BROWN BEAR POPULATION ON THE SOUTH OF RUSSIAN FAR EAST." In Современные проблемы регионального развития. ИКАРП ДВО РАН – ФГБОУ ВО «ПГУ им. Шолом-Алейхема», 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31433/978-5-904121-22-8-2018-160-163.

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Maheshwari, Aishwarya, Arun Kumar A., and Sambandam Sathyakumar. "Assessment of Changes in Patterns of Human—Brown Bear Conflicts over a Decade in Ladakh, India <sup>†</sup>." In 1st International Electronic Conference on Biological Diversity, Ecology and Evolution. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdee2021-09483.

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Reports on the topic "Brown bear Black bear"

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Evenchick, C. A. Geology, Brown Bear Lake, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207490.

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Evenchick, C. A., and P. S. Mustard. Geology, Brown Bear Lake, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/222165.

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Jack Hopkins, Jack Hopkins. A noninvasive approach to monitor the health of Maine's black bear population. Experiment, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/11302.

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Farley, Sean D., Herman Griese, Rick Sinnott, Jessica Coltrane, Chris Garner, and Dave Battle. Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Habitat Use and Food Resources on Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada480156.

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Orchard, M. J., C. A. McRoberts, E. T. Tozer, M. J. Johns, M R Sandy, and J. S. Shaner. An intercalibrated biostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic of Black Bear Ridge, Williston Lake, northeast British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/211991.

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Sieg, Carolyn Hull, and Kieth E. Severson. Managing habitats for white-tailed deer in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains of South Dakota and Wyoming. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-274.

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Sieg, Carolyn Hull, and Kieth E. Severson. Managing habitats for white-tailed deer in the Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains of South Dakota and Wyoming. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-gtr-274.

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Kabanov, P., S. Saad, D. J. Weleschuk, and H. Sanei. Geological and geochemical data from Mackenzie Corridor. Part II: Lithogeochemistry and Rock-Eval data for the black shale cored section of Little Bear N-09 well (Mackenzie Plain, Horn River Group, Devonian). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/297427.

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Worker fatally mauled by brown bear. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface98ak006.

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Geologic structure and altitude of the top of the Minnelusa Formation, northern Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming, and Bear Lodge Mountains, Wyoming. US Geological Survey, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri854053.

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