Journal articles: 'Brown algae Reproduction'

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MARTINS, NUNO T., CARLOS FREDERICO D. GURGEL, TRACEY M. SPOKES, and VALÉRIA CASSANO. "First record of Mikrosyphar zosterae (Chordariaceae, Phaeophyceae) in the southern hemisphere and as an endophyte in the brown algal genera Leathesia and Colpomenia." Phytotaxa 497, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.497.2.4.

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Several filamentous endophytic genera are assigned to the Phaeophyceae, in particular to the family Chordariaceae (Cormaci et al. 2012). Brown endophytic filamentous algae are known to cause infections in host marine algae (Schoenrock et al. 2013; Ogandaga et al. 2016, 2017; Gao et al. 2019). Acting as pathogens, they may cause morphological, physiological and ecological changes in the host alga such as production of galls and wart-like spots, changes in metabolism and growth rates, and changes in survivorship and reproduction (Schoenrock et al. 2013; Ogandaga et al. 2016, 2017; Gao et al. 2019). Among brown algal filamentous endophytes, the genus Mikrosyphar Kuckuck is relatively understudied. To date, only Mikrosyphar zosterae Kuckuck (1895: 177) was studied thoroughly (Ogandaga et al. 2016, 2017).

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Umen, James, and Susana Coelho. "Algal Sex Determination and the Evolution of Anisogamy." Annual Review of Microbiology 73, no. 1 (September 8, 2019): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-120011.

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Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes whose taxonomic breadth covers a range of life histories, degrees of cellular and developmental complexity, and diverse patterns of sexual reproduction. These patterns include haploid- and diploid-phase sex determination, isogamous mating systems, and dimorphic sexes. Despite the ubiquity of sexual reproduction in algae, their mating-type-determination and sex-determination mechanisms have been investigated in only a limited number of representatives. These include volvocine green algae, where sexual cycles and sex-determining mechanisms have shed light on the transition from mating types to sexes, and brown algae, which are a model for UV sex chromosome evolution in the context of a complex haplodiplontic life cycle. Recent advances in genomics have aided progress in understanding sexual cycles in less-studied taxa including ulvophyte, charophyte, and prasinophyte green algae, as well as in diatoms.

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Kinoshita-Terauchi, Nana, Kogiku Shiba, Makoto Terauchi, Francisco Romero, Héctor Vincente Ramírez-Gómez, Manabu Yoshida, Taizo Motomura, Hiroshi Kawai, and Takuya Nishigaki. "High potassium seawater inhibits ascidian sperm chemotaxis, but does not affect the male gamete chemotaxis of a brown alga." Zygote 27, no. 4 (July 18, 2019): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199419000224.

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SummaryMale gamete chemotaxis towards the female gamete is a general strategy to facilitate the sexual reproduction in many marine eukaryotes. Biochemical studies of chemoattractants for male gametes of brown algae have advanced in the 1970s and 1980s, but the molecular mechanism of male gamete responses to the attractants remains elusive. In sea urchin, a K+ channel called the tetraKCNG channel plays a fundamental role in sperm chemotaxis and inhibition of K+ efflux through this channel by high K+ seawater blocks almost all cell responses to the chemoattractant. This signalling mechanism could be conserved in marine invertebrates as tetraKCNG channels are conserved in the marine invertebrates that exhibit sperm chemotaxis. We confirmed that high K+ seawater also inhibited sperm chemotaxis in ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (robusta), in this study. Conversely, the male gamete chemotaxis towards the female gamete of a brown alga, Mutimo cylindricus, was preserved even in high K+ seawater. This result indicates that none of the K+ channels is essential for male gamete chemotaxis in the brown alga, suggesting that the signalling mechanism for chemotaxis in this brown alga is quite different from that of marine invertebrates. Correlated to this result, we revealed that the channels previously proposed as homologues of tetraKCNG in brown algae have a distinct domain composition from that of the tetraKCNG. Namely, one of them possesses two repeats of the six transmembrane segments (diKCNG) instead of four. The structural analysis suggests that diKCNG is a cyclic nucleotide-modulated and/or voltage-gated K+ channel.

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Wu, Yukun, Pengyan Zhang, Zhourui Liang, Yanmin Yuan, Maohong Duan, Yi Liu, Di Zhang, and Fuli Liu. "Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Aureochrome Gene Family in Saccharina japonica and a Comparative Analysis with Six Other Algae." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 2088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162088.

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Aureochrome (AUREO) is a kind of blue light photoreceptor with both LOV and bZIP structural domains, identified only in Stramenopiles. It functions as a transcription factor that responds to blue light, playing diverse roles in the growth, development, and reproduction of Stramenopiles. Most of its functions are currently unknown, especially in the economically important alga S. japonica farmed on a large scale. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of AUREO gene families in seven algae, focusing on the AUREOs of S. japonica. AUREO genes were strictly identified from seven algal genomes. Then AUREO phylogenetic tree was constructed from 44 conserved AUREO genes collected. These AUREO genes were divided into five groups based on phylogenetic relationships. A total of 28 genes unnamed previously were named according to the phylogenetic tree. A large number of different cis-acting elements, especially bZIP transcription factors, were discovered upstream of AUREO genes in brown algae. Different intron/exon structural patterns were identified among all AUREOs. Transcriptomic data indicated that the expression of Sj AUREO varied significantly during the different development stages of S. japonica gametophytes. Periodic rhythms of light induction experiments indicate that Sj AUREO existed in a light-dependent circadian expression pattern, differing from other similar studies in the past. This may indicate that blue light affects gametophyte development through AUREO as a light signal receptor. This study systematically identified and analyzed the AUREO gene family in seven representative brown algae, which lay a good foundation for further study and understanding of AUERO functions in agal growth and development.

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Voskoboinikov, G. M., V. N. Маkarov, S. V. Malavenda, D. V. Pugovkin, I. V. Ryzhik, M. P. Klindukh, and D. O. Salakhov. "ADAPTATION, REGULATION OF GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION AND RATIONAL USE OF ALGAE-MACROPHYTES OF THE BARENTS SEA." Transaction of the Kola Science Centre 11, no. 4 (March 20, 2020): 150–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2307-5252.2020.11.4.007.

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The results of algological researches of the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute for the period from 2015 till 2019 are presented with the following achievements. Analysis of the expeditionary samples revealed 79 species of algae macrophyte, rarely found at the Murman coast, among them 10 species were Chlorophyta, 33 –Phaeophyceae, 36 –Rhodophyta. A significant increase of the occurrence (presence) of Ulva lactuca L.at the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea in 2009–2019 was noted, due to positive climatic anomalies caused by an increase of the influx of the Atlantic waters. It has been shown for the first time that the various morphological forms of the brown alga Fucus distichuslived on the littoral of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea are genetically homogeneous. The morphology of embryogenesis, early ontogenesis of F. distichusis described. It was determined that hydrostatic pressure (from 4 atm) negatively affects the development of spores of Alaria esculentaand Palmaria palmata, and can determine the lower boundary of algae growth. It was shown that a change in the activity of enzymes of the antioxidant system P. palmata: (catalase and superoxide dismutase) depending on the temperature of the environment) is one of the mechanisms of adaptation of algae to growth in the tidal zone and seasonal temperature fluctuations. There were revealed the negative effect of the red algae P. palmataon the growth of F. distichus, F. serratusand the positive effect of Fucus on the growth of P. palmata. A change in the seasonal concentration of 4 B vitamins was determined (riboflavin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine) of P. palmata. Isolated vitamins take part in spore formation and can act as antioxidants. An electron microscopic analysis of the “young” multicellular sporophytes of Saccharina latissimarevealed the presence in cells of a developed photosynthetic reticulum, and a high partial mass of mitochondria, energy structures that apparently provide an intensive process of cell division at this stage of ontogenesis. The participation of florotannins in the regeneration of thallus of Fucus algae was demonstrated. The data on the quantitative and qualitative composition of cultivated and uncultivated epiphytic bacteria of Fucus algae from clean and oil polluted areas of coastal waters of the Barents Sea have been obtained.For the first time, the evidence base presents that morphologically and systematically various macrophyte algae, differing in structure and systematic affiliation, possess in their ability to form a symbiotic association with hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, they show a pronounced ability to sorb and to destruct the oil products, which determines their significant role in bioremediation of coastal waters.

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Kong, Zwe-Ling, Sabri Sudirman, Yu-Chun Hsu, Chieh-Yu Su, and Hsiang-Ping Kuo. "Fucoxanthin-Rich Brown Algae Extract Improves Male Reproductive Function on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rat Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 11, 2019): 4485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184485.

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Hypogonadism and oxidative stress are occurring commonly in men with diabetes and associated male infertility. This study aimed to investigate the capability of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of fucoxanthin as well as to evaluate its protective effects on male reproduction in diabetic rats. The RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were used to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced by streptozotocin-nicotinamide for a diabetes model and fed either with three different doses of fucoxanthin (13, 26, and 65 mg/kg) or rosiglitazone (0.571 mg/kg) for four weeks. The fucoxanthin significantly inhibited nitric oxide production and reduced reactive oxygen species level in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In the animal study, fucoxanthin administration improved insulin resistance, restored sperm motility, decreased abnormal sperm number, and inhibited lipid peroxidation. Moreover, it restored GPR54 and SOCS-3 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus and recovered luteinizing hormone level, as well as the testosterone level. In conclusion, fucoxanthin not only possessed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties but also decreased the diabetes signs and symptoms as well as improved spermatogenesis and male reproductive function.

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Barron, John A. "Diatoms." Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 18 (1987): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0271164800001524.

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Diatoms are unicellular golden brown algae, that are characterized by an external box-like skeleton (or frustule) of opaline silica. Diatom frustules are commonly very intricate and varied, and the patterns and types of ornamentation of the frustule form the basis of nearly all diatom taxonomy. The size of diatom frustules ranges from less than one μm (micro-meter) to over 1000 μm, but most frustules occur in the 10–100 μm size range. Thus, diatoms are comparable in size to dinoflagellates but generally larger than calcareous nannofossils. Unlike calcareous nannoplankton and dinoflagellates, however, the vegetative cell of diatoms lacks flagella, although many diatoms produce flagellated gametes during their brief period of sexual reproduction. Consequently, planktonic diatoms are subject to passive current-related dispersal in the surface layers of the ocean. Adaptations that promote flotation include frustule shapes and processes which increase the ratio of surface area to volume, formation of colonies, and storage of fats or oils in the cell which reduce its overall specific gravity.

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MÜLLER, HANS-GEORG, and FRANZ KRAPP. "The pycnogonid fauna (Pycnogonida, Arthropoda) of the Tayrona National Park and adjoining areas on the Caribbean coast of Colombia." Zootaxa 2319, no. 1 (December 22, 2009): 1–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2319.1.1.

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A complete account on the shallow-water Pycnogonida known up to now from depths between 0-30 m in the Caribbean Sea of Colombia is presented. Almost all the information included herein is based upon the data obtained by the first author during a 14-month fieldwork programme carried out at the Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Betin (INVEMAR) in Santa Marta, Magdalena department. 5312 specimens of 50 species, including 7 species new to science in the genera Ammothella (2), Tanystylum (1), Callipallene (2), Anoplodactylus (1) and Endeis (1), were collected from 179 samples at 45 stations. The area covered by this research ranges in the west from Punta Brava, just near the airport of Santa Marta, eastward to Punta el Diamante at the eastern border of the Tayrona National Park, extending over about 70 km of coastline. Additionally, 6 other pycnogonid species reported previously from outside this area, which are also known from the Caribbean Sea of Colombia are briefly reviewed. The species from the Santa Marta area are described in detail, with comments on their intraspecific affinities, habitat preference, phenology, vertical distribution and geographic distribution. Quantitative samples were taken approximately monthly at three stations at Bahía Concha over one year to compare the species composition from substrata of different structure, namely stands of the brown algae Digenia simplex and Sargassum cymosum on a dead Porites reef, and a stand of Thalassia testudinum, which was interspersed with dead coral substratum and coralline algae. Number of species at all of these stations was found to be similar and species composition of the two species of brown algae almost identical. Achelia sawayai was by far the most numerous species in samples of Digenia simplex, whereas Tanystylum acuminatum and T. isabellae were most numerous in Sargassum cymosum. Species composition in Thalassia was rather different from that of the algal vegetation. In Thalassia, Ammothella appendiculata and A. exornata were the commonest species which were not found in Digenia and Sargassum. No evidence was found that reproduction of pycnogonids in this tropical area is limited to certain periods of the year. One might presume a shorter reproductive cycle only for Tanystylum acuminatum, because ovigerous males appeared at the end of the rainy season in December and remained until May, therefore for most of the duration of the dry season. Generally, number of species and specimens collected at all three quantitative sampling stations was rather variable from month to month, implying a heterogenous distribution within the substratum, which surely depend on the distribution of their food. Zoogeographic patterns are at present almost impossible to interpret, owing to the limited information available on the distribution of most species. However, it can be seen that the Santa Marta region has a very high number of shallow-water pycnogonid species, compared with the fauna of Panamá and Belize, where only 34 and 33 species have been recorded, respectively. However, the high number of species found in the Santa Marta area may be a result of the extensive collecting efforts made over a period of more than one year.

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Müller, D. G., and G. Gassmann. "Sexual Reproduction and the Role of Sperm Attractants in Monoecious Species of the Brown Algae Order Fucales (Fucus, Hesperophycus, Pelvetia, and Pelvetiopsis)." Journal of Plant Physiology 118, no. 5 (April 1985): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(85)80200-5.

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Honegger, Rosmarie, Dianne Edwards, Lindsey Axe, and Christine Strullu-Derrien. "Fertile Prototaxites taiti : a basal ascomycete with inoperculate, polysporous asci lacking croziers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1739 (December 18, 2017): 20170146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0146.

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The affinities of Prototaxites have been debated ever since its fossils, some attaining tree-trunk proportions, were discovered in Canadian Lower Devonian rocks in 1859. Putative assignations include conifers, red and brown algae, liverworts and fungi (some lichenised). Detailed anatomical investigation led to the reconstruction of the type species, P. logani , as a giant sporophore (basidioma) of an agaricomycete (= holobasidiomycete), but evidence for its reproduction remained elusive. Tissues associated with P. taiti in the Rhynie chert plus charcoalified fragments from southern Britain are investigated here to describe the reproductive characters and hence affinities of Prototaxites . Thin sections and peels (Pragian Rhynie chert, Aberdeenshire) were examined using light and confocal microscopy; Přídolí and Lochkovian charcoalified samples (Welsh Borderland) were liberated from the rock and examined with scanning electron microscopy. Prototaxites taiti possessed a superficial hymenium comprising an epihymenial layer, delicate septate paraphyses, inoperculate polysporic asci lacking croziers and a subhymenial layer composed predominantly of thin-walled hyphae and occasional larger hyphae. Prototaxites taiti combines features of extant Taphrinomycotina (Neolectomycetes lacking croziers) and Pezizomycotina (epihymenial layer secreted by paraphyses) but is not an ancestor of the latter. Brief consideration is given to its nutrition and potential position in the phylogeny of the Ascomycota. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

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Morandini, André C., Sérgio N. Stampar, Alvaro E. Migotto, and Antonio C. Marques. "Hydrocoryne iemanja (Cnidaria), a new species of Hydrozoa with unusual mode of asexual reproduction." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 1 (February 2009): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315408002968.

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Hydrocoryne iemanja sp. nov. was found in an aquarium, growing on rhodoliths of coralline algae collected on the south-eastern coast of Brazil (20°40′S 40°2′W). The colonies were reared through maturity in the laboratory. Each colony had up to 7 sessile, long and thin monomorphic zooids, very extensible and flexible, arising from a chitinous, hard dark-brown plate with minute spines. Medusae budded from near the basal part of hydrocaulus, and were released in immature condition, acquiring fully developed interradial gonads 5–7 days after release. Asexual reproduction by longitudinal fission was observed on the hydrocaulus of the polyps, both for those in normal condition and those with injuries. Fission started at the oral region, extending aborally, with a new hard plate formed in the basal part of hydrocaulus. When fission reached the new hard plate, the new polyp detached, becoming free and sinking to the bottom, starting a new colony. Detached polyps were morphologically indistinguishable from other polyps, being able to produce medusae. Mother and daughter polyps undertook subsequent fissions. This mode of longitudinal fission is distinct from other modes of longitudinal fission, a process known for a few species of cnidarians. Further studies of this process may shed light on the understanding of the evolutionary pathways in Cnidaria and animals. Hydrocoryne iemanja sp. nov. is distinguishable from its two congeners by the distinct marginal tentacles of the medusae—short and with a median nematocyst knob—an unambiguous character useful even for the identification of newly liberated medusae.

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Kashutin, Aleksandr Nikolaevich. "CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDS ON THE KAMCHATKA PENINSULA PENINSULA AND PROSPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REPRODUCTION OF THE BROWN ALGAE FUCUS DISTICHUS SUBSP. EVANESCENS IN NATURAL CONDITIONS." Вестник Керченского государственного морского технологического университета, no. 3 (2021): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47404/2619-0605_2021_3_29.

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Kashutin, Aleksandr Nikolaevich. "CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDS ON THE KAMCHATKA PENINSULA PENINSULA AND PROSPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REPRODUCTION OF THE BROWN ALGAE FUCUS DISTICHUS SUBSP. EVANESCENS IN NATURAL CONDITIONS." Вестник Керченского государственного морского технологического университета, no. 3 (2021): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47404/2619-0605_2021_3_29.

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Buaya, A. T., and M. Thines. "Bolbea parasitica gen. et sp. nov., a cultivable holocarpic parasitoid of the early-diverging Saprolegniomycetes." Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2020.06.07.

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Holocarpic oomycetes convert their entire cytoplasm into zoospores and thus do not form dedicated sporangia or hyphal compartments for asexual reproduction. The majority of holocarpic oomycetes are obligate parasites and parasitoids of a diverse suite of organisms, among them green and red algae, brown seaweeds, diatoms, fungi, oomycetes and invertebrates. Most of them are found among the early diverging oomycetes or the Peronosporomycetes, and some in the early-diverging Saprolegniomycetes (Leptomitales). The obligate parasitism renders it difficult to study some of these organisms. Only a few members of the genus Haliphthoros s. l. have been cultured without their hosts, and of the parasitoid Leptomitales, some transient cultures have been established, which are difficult to maintain. Here, the cultivation of a new holocarpic oomycete genus of the Leptomitales, Bolbea, is presented. Bolbea is parasitic to ostracods, is readily cultivable on malt extract agar, and upon contact with water converts its cytoplasm into zoospores. Its morphology and phylogenetic relationships are reported. Due to the ease of cultivation and the ready triggering of zoospore development, similar to some lagenidiaceous oomycetes, the species could be a promising model to study sporulation processes in detail.

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Kerwin, James L., Lisa M. Johnson, Howard C. Whisler, and Amy R. Tuininga. "Infection and morphogenesis of Pythium marinum in species of Porphyra and other red algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-126.

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A strain of Pythium marinum (Peronosporales: Pythiaceae) from Puget Sound, Washington, was isolated from lesions of Porphyra nereocystis. The fungus grew on a modified Vishniac medium, from temperatures of 4 to 25 °C, although growth was slow at the lowest temperature. Sexual and asexual reproduction also occurred within this temperature range. Mycelium diluted in seawater initiated zoospore release within 16 h and continued to release zoospores for over 200 h at temperatures from 4 to 20 °C. Zoospore encystment on several species of marine red, brown, and green algae was readily monitored following staining with lactophenol – cotton blue. Pythium marinum zoospore encystment occurred on rhodophyceaen species, including Porphyra (gametophytes), Gigartina exasperata (tetrasporophyte), Mastocarpus papillatus (gametophyte), Prionitis lanceolata (nonfertile), and Iridaea heterocarpa (gametophyte and tetrasporophyte), but not on Nereocystis leutkeana or Ulva lactuca. Over 50% of zoospores held in half-strength seawater at 4 and 20 °C encysted within 24 h, whereas those held at 12 °C reached 50% encystment only after 32 h. For 4-mm diameter discs of Porphyra nereocystis and Porphyra perforata (formerly Porphyra sanjuanensis) blades, there was only a transient relationship between cell damage and number of encysted zoospores. Zoospores did not attach to the conchocelis phase of two species of Porphyra. Sequential extraction of carbohydrates from the blades of Porphyra perforata implicated separate chemical signals for zoospore encystment and appressorium formation prior to the initiation of blade invasion. Addition of diverse monosaccharides and polysaccharides to zoospore suspensions suggested that these chemical signals are specific, with the attachment–encystment signal chemically related to polysaccharides consisting of sulfated or nonsulfated galactose and 3,6-anhydrogalactose found in commercial agars and carrageenans. There was no consistent relationship between zoospore encystment and the amount of 3,6-anhydrogalactose present in the blade phase of several species of red algae. Key words: Pythium, Porphyra, zoospore, encystment, sulfated galactans, 3,6-anhydrogalactose.

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Oteng’o, Antony Otinga, Tae Oh Cho, and Boo Yeon Won. "Endoplura jejuensis sp. nov. and Endoplura koreana sp. nov. (Ralfsiales, Phaeophyceae) from Korea based on molecular and morphological analyses." Algae 36, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2021.36.7.22.

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The crustose brown algal genus Endoplura has been known as a monotypic genus characterized by its intercalary plurangial reproductive structures composed of 2–4 separate parallel filaments terminated by 2–5 sterile cells and by containing several to many chloroplasts per cell. In this study, Endoplura jejuensis sp. nov. and E. koreana sp. nov. from Korea are newly described based on molecular and morphological analyses. Our phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL gene reveal that E. jejuensis sp. nov. and E. koreana sp. nov. are placed in the same clade with “E. aurea” from Japan with a strong bootstrap supporting value. E. jejuensis is characterized by small and light to dark brown crustose thalli of less than 1 cm diameter, tufts of hairs arising from the basal disc, plurangia composed mostly of two separate parallel reproductive filaments terminated by 2–4 sterile cells, and sessile unangia each with a single paraphysis. E. koreana is distinguished by olive or yellowish-brown crustose thalli of up to 3 cm diameter, tufts of hairs arising from the basal disc, and apical parts of erect filaments, plurangia with 2–5 separate reproductive filaments terminated by 2–8 sterile cells, and sessile unangia with 1–2 paraphyses. Our studies also show that “E. aurea” specimens from Japan may be recognized to be a different species from other Endoplura species.

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Ogoc, Myrna Nicol. "COASTAL RESOURCE ENVIRONMENT PROFILE OF CATARMAN NORTHERN SAMAR." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 196–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i12.2018.1108.

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The coastline of the municipality of Catarman, Northern Samar stretches about 13.32 kilometers and its municipal waters has an estimated area of 66.304 square kilometers. Generally it has a plain bottom topography, consisting of coarse sand and muddy terrigenous soil that is carried and deposited by the fresh water that gush out from Catarman River, the major tributary of ‘sweet water’ which enriched the substrate with nutrients that eventually give rise to algal and plankton blooms that invite schooling pelagic fishes jacking up the commercial value of the municipal water. The soft bottom sediment gently slopes on the average of 3 degrees from the intertidal zone and stretches up to 60 meters deep seaward. The municipality has an estimated aggregate coral reef area of 2,558 square meters with only 20% live coral cover that is mostly concentrated at the seaward side of reef edge, and with massive coral as its dominant life-form structure. The death of coral reefs (60 percent of the cover) is generally presumed to be an aftermath of heavy siltation that is brought about by the influx of fresh water from Catarman river and other tributaries as evidenced by the brownish color of the silted coral heads. However, sites of coral rubbles (about 10%) believed to be a remnant of the blast fishing in the area had been noticed. Non-biodegradable Solid wastes such as cellophanes and plastics were also observed neck-tied on some coral heads. Most of the fishes observed within 1-4 depth range along UEP- Cawayan Fringing reef and Puputihon patch reef are non-commercial reef fish species, such as Palata, Gono, Alibang-bang, lubayan while those fish species that are most preferred by fishermen are in least abundance and can only be observed at greater depth range (Molmol, Baraka, Mayamaya). Commonly, the sizes of the reef fish that were observed ranges from 6- 30 centimeters fork length suggesting that the fish stock in the area is still young. The volume of the fish stock within the reef system of Puputihon and UEP-Cawayan area is estimated to be at 15 kilograms per hectare. The high importance value of the” non-target” reef species connotes that the surrounding reef habitat has still the capability to carry out the necessary ecological processes of reef fish reproduction. There are 5 species of seagrasses that thrives in Puputihon islet and UEP-Cawayan fringing reef. Ecologically, these seagrass areas serve as breeding and feeding grounds for some seagrass- specific fishes and mollusks. The Turtle Grass, Thallassia Hemprichii and Cymodocea sp.dominates the seagrass community (constituting about 85 % of the area). The Eel grass (Enhalus acoroides), Spoon Grass (Halophila sp.), Needle Grass (Halodule sp.) are noted to be less occurring. Though, this macrophyte community could well serve the reef system ecologically because of its high diversity, its environmental importance is not much due to its negligible area. Approximately, the seagrass community cover an aggregate of 500 square meter. Of the twenty one (21) species of marine algae, ten (10) of which are chlorophytes or green algae, (four)4 phaeophytes, brown algae and Seven (7) Rhodophytes or algae that gives off red color. Only Gelidiella acerosa, a Rhodophyte and Caulerpa spp.a chlorophyte are harvested by the fisherfolks for commercial purpose. Gelidiella acerosa or gulaman dagat have a density of 98.9 square meters per hectare during the conduct of the survey. There are about 37 species of mollusks that are present along the UEP- Cawayan sampling sites, most of which are considered for commerce and domestic food. Findings revealed the species composition of mangroves in all sampling stations. There were seven (7) families, nine (9) genera, comprising fifteen (15) species of true mangroves that are found in sampling stations. A total of 654 number of individuals were identified, counted, and measured. According to number of individual (ni), api-api (Avicennia officinalis) of the family Avicenniaceae registered to be the most abundant among other species and present in all sampling stations followed by bakauan-lalake (Rhizophora apiculata) and bakauan-babae (Rhizophora mucronata) of the family Rhizophoraceae with 73 and 66 number of individuals, respectively. The least encountered species were tangal (Ceriops tagal) and pototat (Bruguiera sexangula) with 2 and 1 number of individuals, respectively.

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Xiao, Shuhai, Andrew H. Knoll, and Xunlai Yuan. "Morphological reconstruction ofMiaohephyton bifurcatum, a possible brown alga from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation, South China." Journal of Paleontology 72, no. 6 (November 1998): 1072–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000027414.

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On the basis of morphological and taphonomic study of a large sample population,Miaohephyton bifurcatumSteiner, emend. from the terminal Proterozoic Doushantuo Formation (600-550 Ma), South China, is interpreted as algal fragments shed from their parent thalli for reproductive or environmental reasons. Characters such as regularly dichotomous, multicellular thalli with forked tips, apical and intercalary meristematic growth, abscission structures, and possible conceptacles collectively suggest an affinity with the brown algae, in particular the order Fucales. In conjunction with reports of xanthophyte fossils in older Neoproterozoic rocks, this reinterpretation ofMiaohephyton bifurcatumindicates that photosynthetic stramenopiles (chrysophytes, synurophytes, xanthophytes, phaeophytes, and diatoms; or chromophytes sensu stricto) diversified during the Neoproterozoic Era along with the red and green algae. This, in turn, suggests that the secondary endosymbiosis that gave rise to the photosynthetic stramenopiles took place relatively soon after the evolutionary transformation of cyanobacteria to rhodophyte plastids.

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Suryandari, Retno. "Checklist of Macroalgae at Krakal and Drini Beach, Gunungkidul." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 1 (October 31, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v1.266.

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Macroalgae are multicellular plants that do not produce seeds or flowers. All macroalgae are multicellular and do not have a specialized body structure and do not have reproductive mechanism like terrestrial plants. Macroalgae is divided into 3 groups namely Chlorophyta (green algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Phaeophyceae (brown algae). Green algae and red algae belong to the Plantae kingdom with green algae (Chlorophyta) and included in the Subkingdom Viridiplantae and red algae (Rhodophyta) into the Biliphyta subkingdom. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) belong to the Chromista kingdom. Based on the research, macroalgae found in Drini and Krakal Gunungkidul are green algae, red algae and brown algae. Green algae found and identified are Anadyomene plicata C. Agardh, Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kṻtzing, Chaetomorpha linum (O.F. Mṻller) Kṻtzing, Boergesenia forbesii (Hardvey) Feldmann, Cladophoropsis herpestica (Montagne) M. Howe, Boodlea composita (Harvey) F. Brand, Caulerpa peltata J.V. Lamoroux, Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees, Ulva lactuca Linnaeus. Red algae species found and successfully identified are Acrocystis nana Zanardini, Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) Børgesen, Laurencia papilosa (C. Agardh) Greville, Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Børgesen, Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamoroux, Amphiora anceps (Lamark) Decaisne, Gelidiela acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann & Hamel, Gracilaria canaliculata Sonder, Gelidiopsis intricata (C.Agardh) Vickers. Brown algae species found and identified are Lobophora variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira, Padina minor Yamada, Sargassum crassifolium J. Agardh, Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh. The species that classified as a new record in Indonesia are Cladophoropsis herpestica (Montagne) M. Howe and Gracilaria spinulosa (Okamura) Chang & B.M.Xia.

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Obluchinskaya, Ekaterina D., Olga N. Pozharitskaya, Denis V. Zakharov, Elena V. Flisyuk, Inna I. Terninko, Yulia E. Generalova, Irina E. Smekhova, and Alexander N. Shikov. "The Biochemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fucus vesiculosus from the Arctic Region." Marine Drugs 20, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20030193.

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Fucus vesiculosus is one of the most prominent brown algae in the shallow waters of the seas of the Arctic region (Barents (BS), White (WS), Norwegian (NS), and Irminger (IS)). The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical composition of F. vesiculosus from the Arctic at different reproductive phases, and to evaluate the antioxidant properties of F. vesiculosus extracts. The amounts of monosaccharides, phlorotannins, flavonoids, and ash and the mineral composition significantly varied in the algae. A strong correlation was established between monosaccharide, phlorotannin, and flavonoid accumulation and water salinity (Pearson’s correlation coefficients r = −0.58, 0.83, and 0.44, respectively; p < 0.05). We noted a negative correlation between the antioxidant activity and the amount of the structural monosaccharides of fucoidan (r = −0.64). A positive correlation of phlorotannins and flavonoids with antioxidant power was confirmed for all samples. The ash accumulation was relatively lower in the sterile phase for the algae from the BS and WS. The correlation between the Metal Pollution Index (MPI) and the reproductive phases was medium with high fluctuation. Meanwhile, the MPI strongly correlated with the salinity and sampling site. The gradient of the MPI values across the sea was in the following ranking order: BS < WS < NS < IS. Taken together, and based on our data on the elemental contents of F. vesiculosus, we believe that this alga does not accumulate toxic doses of elements. Therefore, the Arctic F. vesiculosus could be safely used in food and drug development as a source of active biochemical compounds and as a source of dietary elements to cover the daily nutritional requirements of humans.

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Getachew, Mehader, Paulos Getachew, Ji-Young Cho, Jae-Suk Choi, and Yong-Ki Hong. "The phaeophyte Hizikia fusiformis extracts suppress rhizoid and blade formation in seaweeds." Botanical Sciences 95, no. 4 (December 19, 2017): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.700.

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Background: Plants, including marine algae, produce allelochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms.Questions: To identify natural algicidal or antifouling allelochemicals, we screened 18 common seaweed extracts for suppression of rhizoid and blade production in a convenient Porphyra suborbiculata monospore assay.Species study and data description: Addition of extract from the most potent phaeophyte, Hizikia fusiformis, suppressed rhizoid formation, rhizoid number, rhizoid length, blade formation, and blade length.Study site and dates: Seaweed thalli for methanol extraction were collected on the coast of Korea from October 2012 to July 2015.Methods: Extracts were tested using the P. suborbiculata monospore assay system.Results: The 50 % suppression doses were 15 µg ml-1 for rhizoid formation, 2.4 µg ml-1 for rhizoid number, 13 µg ml-1 for rhizoid length, 6 µg ml-1 for blade formation, and 11 µg ml-1 for blade length. The H. fusiformis extract also suppressed rhizoid and blade production in leafy green (Ulva pertusa) and brown (Undaria pinnatifida and Ecklonia cava) seaweed spores, as well as suppressing diatom settlement.Conclusions: The allelochemicals that suppressed or eliminated competing seaweed species may be efficacious for new seaweed control technologies, including the development of antifouling or algicidal agents based on natural products.

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Heesch, Svenja, Martha Serrano‐Serrano, Josué Barrera‐Redondo, Rémy Luthringer, Akira F. Peters, Christophe Destombe, J. Mark Cock, et al. "Evolution of life cycles and reproductive traits: Insights from the brown algae." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 34, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 992–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13880.

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Müller, D. G., R. Westermeier, A. Peters, and W. Boland. "Sexual Reproduction of the Antarctic Brown Alga Ascoseira mirabilis (Ascoseirales, Phaeophyceae)." Botanica Marina 33, no. 3 (1990): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botm.1990.33.3.251.

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Åberg, P. "Patterns of reproductive effort in the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum." Marine Ecology Progress Series 138 (1996): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps138199.

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Policarpo, Michelangelo, and Riccardo Lo Bianco*. "Response of `Nocellara del Belice' Olive Trees to Organic Foliar Fertilization." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 797C—797. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.797c.

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Five different types/combinations of foliar fertilizers were tested on eight-year-old trees of `Nocellara del Belice' olive grown in central Sicily. Trees were sprayed four times during Summer and Fall 2002 with Floral 20-20-20 (mineral N, P, K, and microelements; FLO) in combination with Alga Cifo (extract of brown algae; ALG), Floral 20-20-20 alone, Alga Cifo alone, Azomin (organic N, amino acids and peptides; AZO), Supernat93 (organic N and K, distillation residue; SUP), and water (control). Yield and trunk circumference were measured during Fall 2002, whereas other vegetative and reproductive parameters were measured during Spring-Fall 2003. AZO and SUP trees produced more than control and ALG trees, whereas only AZO trees showed higher yield efficiency than control. The number of inflorescences per shoot was greatest in FLO and ALG trees and smallest in control trees. Percentage of ovary abortion and June drop were lowest in AZO trees and highest in FLO+ALG and ALG trees, whereas ALG was the only fertilizer that caused a greater fruit drop at harvest. Shoot growth was significantly reduced in ALG and FLO trees, and AZO trees presented leaves with reduced specific weight. Organic foliar fertilization with AZO and SUP generally improved yield and growth of `Nocellara del Belice' olive trees by reducing ovary abortion and June drop and increasing shoot growth.

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Schagerström, Ellen, and Tiina Salo. "Interactive effects of temperature and light on reattachment success in the brown alga Fucus radicans." Botanica Marina 62, no. 1 (February 25, 2019): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0011.

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Abstract Fucus radicans is an endemic habitat-forming brown macroalga in the Baltic Sea that commonly complements its sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction in F. radicans takes place through formation of adventitious branches (hereafter fragments), but the exact mechanisms behind it remain unknown. We assessed experimentally the importance of two environmental factors determining the re-attachment success of F. radicans fragments. By combining different light conditions (daylength and irradiance; high or low light) and water temperature (+14°C and +4°C), we mimicked ambient light and temperature conditions of winter, spring/autumn and summer for F. radicans. Fragments were able to re-attach in all tested conditions. Temperature and light had an interactive impact on re-attachment: the combination of high temperature and high light level resulted in the highest re-attachment success, while light level had no effects on re-attachment success in cooler water temperature and the re-attachment success in high temperature under low light levels was very low. The results suggest that rhizoid formation, and thus re-attachment success, may depend on the net primary production (metabolic balance) of the fragment. However, whether the re-attachment and asexual reproduction success simply depends on photosynthetic capacity warrants further mechanistic studies. Understanding the mechanisms of asexual reproduction in F. radicans is important in order to assess the dispersal capacity of this foundation species.

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Cousens, R. "Quantitative reproduction and reproductive effort by stands of the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis in South-eastern Canada." Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 22, no. 4 (April 1986): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(86)90071-5.

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Podosinovikova, N. P., K. A. Krasnov, A. A. Bondarenko, M. L. Alexandrova, M. A. Zaytseva, and V. V. Khalaman. "STUDY OF TOXICITY AND SAFETY OF LIPOPHILIC EXTRACTS OF THE WHITE SEA BROWN ALGAE – FUCUS VESICULOSUS AND LAMINARIA SACCHARINA ON THE DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS MODEL." Toxicological Review, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2020-4-49-55.

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Assessment of the acute toxicity, safety and biological activity of lipophilic extracts of the White Sea brown algae– S. latissima and F. vesiculosus– on the model of zoohydrobionts Daphnia magna Straus has been performed.Two methods of obtaining dry lipid concentrate of kelp and fucus were tested. It has been shown that the acute toxicity of the lipid extract of kelp does not depend on the method of its preparation and is about 200 mg/L. The acute toxicity of fucus extract depends on the method of preparation. It is about 100 mg/L in the «cold» method of extraction and increases by an order of magnitude in the «hot» method. To study the biological activity, samples of brown algae obtained by «cold» extraction were used.In chronic experiments, preparations of brown algae were used in a concentration of 8.0 mg/L, which was less than 0,1 LC50 of the acute toxicity of fucus and did not cause toxic effects.For 24 days, the preparations were introduced in contact with Daphnia twice a week. Subsequently, the control and experimental hydrobionts were kept under the same conditions until the death of the last individuals. It has been shown that the preparations of S. latissima and F. vesiculosus in the proposed concentration by 20-30% increased the lifespan of Daphnia in normal conditions and by 50-60% in extreme conditions, while stimulating the reproductive activity of aquatic organisms by 3-4 times. The results obtained suggest that the studied drugs have pronounced adaptogenic and cytoprotective effects.

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Meints, Russel H., Richard G. Ivey, Amy M. Lee, and Tae-Jin Choi. "Identification of Two Virus Integration Sites in the Brown Alga Feldmannia Chromosome." Journal of Virology 82, no. 3 (November 21, 2007): 1407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01983-07.

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ABSTRACT Two similar, large double-stranded DNA viruses, Feldmannia species virus 158 (FsV-158) and FsV-178, replicate only in the unilocular reproductive cells (sporangia) of a brown filamentous alga in the genus Feldmannia. Virus particles are not present in vegetative cells but they are produced in the sporangia formed on vegetative filaments that have been transferred newly into culture. Thus, we proposed that these viruses exist in the vegetative cells in a latent form (R. G. Ivey, E. C. Henry, A. M. Lee, L. Klepper, S. K. Krueger, and R. H. Meints, Virology 220:267-273, 1996). In this article we present evidence that the two FsV genomes are integrated into the host genome during vegetative growth. The FsV genome integration sites were identified by cloning the regions where the FsV genome is linked to the host DNA. FsV-158 and FsV-178 are integrated into two distinct locations in the algal genome. In contrast, the integration sites in the two viral genomes are identical. Notably, the integration sites in the host and viruses contain GC and CG dinucleotide sequences, respectively, from which the GC sequences are recovered at both host-virus junctions. The splice sites in the two FsV genomes are predicted to form a stem-loop structure with the CG dinucleotide in the loop portion.

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Mikhaylova, T. A. "On the distribution of the Arctic endemic alga Laminaria solidungula (Laminariales) in the White Sea." Novosti sistematiki nizshikh rastenii 55, no. 2 (November 7, 2021): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31111/nsnr/2021.55.2.325.

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The morphological and anatomical features of the specimens of the brown alga Laminaria solidungula collected in the White Sea are provided. Environmental conditions for the growth and reproduction of this species in the White Sea are analyzed. The probable timing of penetration of this species into the White Sea and possible scenarios of changes in its distribution in response to global warming are discussed.

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Steele, D. H., and A. Whittick. "Seasonal Variation in Pilayella Littoralis (Phaeophyceae) and its Consequences as a Food Source for the Amphipod, Gammarus Lawrencianus, in the Intertidal of Newfoundland." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 71, no. 4 (November 1991): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400053534.

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The brown alga Pilayella littoralis is common and widely distributed in the North Atlantic. In insular Newfoundland it is found year-round in the subtidal, but shows a distinct periodicity in the intertidal where it is a summer annual. Rapid growth begins in May and a maximum biomass is achieved in the summer with plants disappearing by October. Besides seasonal changes in abundance, seasonal changes in reproductive behaviour and calorific values of this alga also occur.Pilayella littoralis is the most abundant consumable alga available to intertidal amphipods in Newfoundland. Newly hatched Gammarus lawrencianus grew faster and matured at a younger age on a diet of summer P. littoralis than on plants collected in the spring. Size at maturity and reproductive output (size of eggs, number of eggs) of maturing females did not vary with the time of collection of Pilayella.

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Bothwell, John H., Dominique Marie, Akira F. Peters, J. Mark Cock, and Susana M. Coelho. "Role of endoreduplication and apomeiosis during parthenogenetic reproduction in the model brown alga Ectocarpus." New Phytologist 188, no. 1 (July 2, 2010): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03357.x.

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Kalasariya, Haresh S., and Leonel Pereira. "Dermo-Cosmetic Benefits of Marine Macroalgae-Derived Phenolic Compounds." Applied Sciences 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 11954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122311954.

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Marine macroalgae have an interesting profile of bioactive compounds and have gained tremendous attention in cosmeceuticals with negligible toxicity effects (cytotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, etc.) on humans and exhibit strong benefits for the skin. Among the diversified compounds, phenolic compounds are the group of phytochemicals found in high amounts with great structural diversity. Phlorotannin is the most studied polyphenol compound in brown algae, but besides there are some other phenolic compounds observed and studied in macroalgae such as terpenoids, bromophenols, mycosporine amino acids (MAAs), and flavonoids. These compounds are already characterized and studied for their full range of cosmeceutical benefits such as skin whitening, moisturizing, photoprotection, antiaging, antiwrinkle, anti-melanogenic, and antioxidant activities as well as in the treatment of pruritus (caused by acne, eczema, dermatitis, hives, psoriasis), photoaging, and skin pigmentation disorders (hypopigmentation due to the absence of melanocytes and hyperpigmentation caused by skin irritation or metabolic disorders). This review study mainly focuses on marine algae-derived phenolic compounds and their extraction, characterization, and skin cosmetic benefits described in the literature. The present study aims to provide a detailed insight into the phenolic compounds in marine algae.

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Gutiérrez-Gamboa, Gastón, Teresa Garde-Cerdán, Bianca Souza-Da Costa, and Yerko Moreno-Simunovic. "Strategies for the improvement of fruit set in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Carménère’ through different foliar biostimulants in two different locations." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola 33, no. 2 (2018): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ctv/20183302177.

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‘Carménère’ is an important grapevine variety cultivated in Chile, which exhibits a high tendency to fruitlet abscission and “millerandage”, reproductive disorders that seriously affect plant productivity. However, despite the existence of a lot of information about the effects of micronutrients on millerandage, few studies exist about the impacts of seaweed biostimulation on reproductive disorders in grapevines, which currently has been classified as elicitor. For these reasons, the aim of this work was to study the effect of different biostimulant applications to ‘Carménère’ grapevines on fruit set and cluster characteristics during 2011-2012 season. Viticultural parameters such as number and weight of berries, cluster weight, berry size and its distribution along the cluster were measured. In addition, physicochemical parameters in musts from the obtained grapevines were analyzed. The results showed that the treatments based on boron ethanolamine plus zinc oxide and brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum) improved fruit set in ‘Carménère’ grapevines in both climate locations, mainly in the colder climate site. Different parameters such as weight and number of berries per bunch, among others, were improved after the application of this treatment. Therefore, the results suggest that it is possible to improve fruit set in ‘Carménère’ grapevines using a treatment based on certain microelements, such as boron and zinc, and an extract produced from seaweed algae.

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Honkanen, Tuija, and Veijo Jormalainen. "Within‐Alga Integration and Compensation: Effects of Simulated Herbivory on Growth and Reproduction of the Brown Alga, Fucus vesiculosus." International Journal of Plant Sciences 163, no. 5 (September 2002): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/342081.

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Matula, Carolina Verónica, María Liliana Quartino, Jesús Darío Nuñez, Katharina Zacher, and Inka Bartsch. "Effects of seawater temperature and seasonal irradiance on growth, reproduction, and survival of the endemic Antarctic brown alga Desmarestia menziesii (Phaeophyceae)." Polar Biology 45, no. 4 (February 8, 2022): 559–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02991-5.

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AbstractEndemic Antarctic macroalgae are especially adapted to live in extreme Antarctic conditions. Their potential biogeographic distribution niche is primarily controlled by the photoperiodic regime and seawater temperatures, since these parameters regulate growth, reproduction, and survival during the entire life cycle. Here we analyzed the upper survival temperature (UST) of juvenile sporophytes and the temperature range for sporophyte formation from gametophytes of Desmarestia menziesii, one of the dominant endemic Antarctic brown algal species. This process is a missing link to better evaluate the full biogeographical niche of this species. Two laboratory experiments were conducted. First, growth and maximum quantum yield of juvenile sporophytes were analyzed under a temperature gradient (0, 5, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 °C) in a 16:8 h light:dark (LD) regime (Antarctic spring condition) for 2 weeks. Second, the formation of sporophytes from gametophytes (as a proxy of gametophyte reproduction) was evaluated during a 7 weeks period under a temperature gradient (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 °C), and two different photoperiods: 6:18 h LD regime simulating winter conditions and a light regime simulating the Antarctic shift from winter to spring by gradually increasing the light period from 7.5:16.5 h LD (late winter) to 18.5:5.5 h LD (late spring). Sporophytes of D. menziesii were able to grow and survive up to 14 °C for 2 weeks without visible signs of morphological damage. Thus, this species shows the highest UST of all endemic Antarctic Desmarestiales species. In turn, gametophyte reproduction solely took place at 0 °C but not at 4–8 °C. The number of emerging sporophytes was six times higher under the light regime simulating the transition from winter to spring than under constant short day winter conditions. There was a negative relationship between the number of sporophytes formed and the gametophyte density at the beginning of the experiment, which provides evidence that gametophyte density exerts some control upon reproduction in D. menziesii. Results strongly indicate that although sporophytes and gametophytes may survive in warmer temperatures, the northernmost distribution limit of D. menziesii in South Georgia Islands is set by the low temperature requirements for gametophyte reproduction. Hence, global warming could have an impact on the distribution of this and other Antarctic species, by influencing their growth and reproduction.

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Plastino, Estela M., Melina Guimarães, Sergio R. Matioli, and Eurico C. Oliveira. "Codominant inheritance of polymorphic color variants of Gracilaria domingensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 1 (March 1999): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000100020.

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Agar is the most valuable phycocoloid in the world market. Currently, about half of its production is obtained from the red alga Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Consequently, this genus has been the subject of many studies worldwide. A common green color variant of G. domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie was found in a natural population on the northeastern coast of Brazil. Crosses were performed to determine the mode of color inheritance. The results can be interpreted as the expression of a pair of codominant alleles, where the green and red phenotypes are homozygous, and the heterozygotes present a brownish color. Heterozygous tetrasporophytes, at least until they are 4-5 cm long, exhibit a parental influence on the female gametophyte, since the reddish-brown or greenish-brown color is dependent on the female parent color (red or green). Mixed reproductive phases, as well as specimens with patches of different colors bearing spermatangia or cystocarps, were observed in laboratory cultures. Gametophytes that resulted from in situ germination of meiospores were also observed, and could be easily detected when red or green gametophytes were grown on brown tetrasporophytes.

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Simić, Snežana B., Aleksandra B. Mitrović, and Nevena B. Đorđević. "New Data on the Morphology, Reproduction and Distribution of a Freshwater Brown Alga Porterinema fluviatile (Porter) Waern (Phaeophyceae)." Cryptogamie, Algologie 40, no. 9 (October 18, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/cryptogamie-algologie2019v40a9.

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Wiencke, C., and M. N. Clayton. "Sexual reproduction, life history, and early development in culture of the Antarctic brown alga Himantothallus grandifolius (Desmarestiales, Phaeophyceae)*." Phycologia 29, no. 1 (March 1990): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-29-1-9.1.

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Huovinen, Pirjo, and Iván Gómez. "UV Sensitivity of Vegetative and Reproductive Tissues of Two Antarctic Brown Algae is Related to Differential Allocation of Phenolic Substances." Photochemistry and Photobiology 91, no. 6 (September 20, 2015): 1382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.12500.

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Vishchuk, Olesya S., Dariya V. Tarbeeva, Svetlana P. Ermakova, and Tatyana N. Zvyagintseva. "Structural Characteristics and Biological Activity of Fucoidans from the Brown Algae Alaria sp. and Saccharina japonica of Different Reproductive Status." Chemistry & Biodiversity 9, no. 4 (April 2012): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100266.

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Englmaierová, M., M. Skřivan, and I. Bubancová. "A comparison of lutein, spray-dried Chlorella, and synthetic carotenoids effects on yolk colour, oxidative stability, and reproductive performance of laying hens." Czech Journal of Animal Science 58, No. 9 (August 29, 2013): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6941-cjas.

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ISA Brown hens were fed diets supplemented with the synthetic carotenoids Carophyll Red and Carophyll Yellow at 20 and 15 mg/kg, respectively, lutein at 250 mg/kg, and the algae Chlorella at 12.5 g/kg. The synthetic carotenoids, lutein, and Chlorella significantly increased egg weight (P < 0.001), shell weight (P < 0.001), and thickness (P = 0.017) and decreased the yolk/albumen ratio (P = 0.035) of the eggs. Lutein but not the Carophylls or Chlorella significantly increased the shell breaking strength (P = 0.032). Furthermore, the carotenoids and Chlorella significantly (P < 0.001) increased yolk colour, and the yolk redness increased significantly (P < 0.001) in the following order: control < Chlorella < Carophyll < lutein. Lutein and Chlorella increased the yellowness of the yolks, and boiling the eggs for 5 min increased the redness of the yolks, while boiling them for 10 min increased the lightness and reduced the colour of the yolks. Supplementation of feed with lutein and Chlorella significantly (P < 0.001) increased the concentration of lutein (from 12.8 to 133.9 and 49.0 mg/kg dry matter) and zeaxanthin (from 9.2 to 123.9 and 40.1 mg/kg dry matter) in the yolks, and all carotenoids and Chlorella significantly (P < 0.001) increased the oxidative stability of the lipids of fresh eggs and eggs that had been stored at 18°C for 28 days.

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Belattmania, Zahira, Samir El Atouani, Fouad Bentiss, Charafeddine Jama, Annalisa Falace, Abdellatif Chaouti, Abdeltif Reani, and Brahim Sabour. "Seasonal patterns of growth, alginate content and block structure of the alien invader Sargassum muticum (Fucales, Ochrophyta) from the Atlantic coast of Morocco." Botanica Marina 65, no. 1 (December 7, 2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2021-0050.

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Abstract In the present study, alginate yield and composition were investigated during the seasonal life cycle of the alien brown alga Sargassum muticum harvested from the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Alginate yield ranged from 11.14% in winter to 25.62% in spring/early summer, coinciding with maximum vegetative growth. Monthly monitoring of the alginate block structure showed that the highest mannuronate (M)/guluronate (G) ratio was recorded during the maximum development of S. muticum, before sexual maturity and during resumption of vegetative growth, giving maximum flexibility to the alga. The unusually high molar monad fractions (FG) and dyad fractions (FGG) of guluronic acid in late summer/early autumn appeared to be related to stiffness of senescent thalli. Rheological characterisation showed that the alginate of S. muticum exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour, with the highest apparent viscosities measured in late summer/early autumn when the G blocks dominated the alginate structure. This study suggests that S. muticum could be exploited as an alginophyte for commercial applications. The best harvest time is May-June, which corresponds to the highest alginate yield, maximum thallus growth, and largely completed sexual reproduction, ensuring sustainable exploitation of the species.

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Hoshino, Masakazu, and Kazuhiro Kogame. "Parthenogenesis is rare in the reproduction of a sexual field population of the isogamous brown alga Scytosiphon (Scytosiphonaceae, Ectocarpales)." Journal of Phycology 55, no. 2 (February 13, 2019): 466–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12835.

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Kawai, Hiroshi, Takeaki Hanyuda, Takahiro Yamagishi, Atsushi Kai, Chris E. Lane, Dan McDevit, Frithjof C. Küpper, and Gary W. Saunders. "Reproductive morphology and DNA sequences of the brown alga Platysiphon verticillatus support the new combination Platysiphon glacialis." Journal of Phycology 51, no. 5 (September 22, 2015): 910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12331.

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Tarakhovskaya, Elena R., and David J. Garbary. "Halocladius variabilis(Diptera: Chironomidae): a marine insect symbiotic with seaweeds from the White Sea, Russia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, no. 7 (August 26, 2009): 1381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000071.

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The commensal (and possibly mutualistic) symbiosis between the marine chironomid,Halocladius variabilis, and brown algal epiphytes ofFucus vesiculosusandAscophyllum nodosumis described for the first time from Europe, based on field studies from the White Sea, Russia. While the primary host,Elachista fucicola, and the secondary host,A. nodosum, are the same as in eastern Canada where the symbiosis was first described, White Sea populations have a wider range of primary hosts that includePylaiella littoralisandDictyosiphon foeniculaceus. About 64% ofE. fucicolathalli onA. nodosumin the low intertidal zone were colonized. Significantly lower frequencies were found onE. fucicolawhen the latter was epiphytic onF. vesiculosusat the same tidal height or on either secondary host when they were in the subtidal zone. For a given tidal height, or secondary host, frequency ofH. variabiliswas reduced onP. littoralisand further reduced onD. foeniculaceus. We suggest that subtidal populations are colonized by dispersal of larvae from the intertidal zone on to suitable substrata, and that there is limited potential for these individuals to reach the intertidal zone as adults for reproduction.

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Savonitto, Gilda, Gina De La Fuente, Enrico Tordoni, Saul Ciriaco, Marina Srijemsi, Giovanni Bacaro, Mariachiara Chiantore, and Annalisa Falace. "Addressing reproductive stochasticity and grazing impacts in the restoration of a canopy‐forming brown alga by implementing mitigation solutions." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 31, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1611–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3555.

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Pang, Shao Jun, Feng Liu, Ti Feng Shan, Su Qin Gao, and Zhi Huai Zhang. "Cultivation of the brown alga Sargassum horneri: sexual reproduction and seedling production in tank culture under reduced solar irradiance in ambient temperature." Journal of Applied Phycology 21, no. 4 (November 12, 2008): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9386-5.

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Holland, R. D., D. Pitt, M. N. Moore, and C. Brownlee. "Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the vesicular components of brown algal reproductive stages: the use of vital dyes and histochemical methods." Marine Environmental Research 42, no. 1-4 (June 1996): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-1136(96)87091-7.

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Neuhauser, Sigrid, Martin Kirchmair, and Frank H. Gleason. "Ecological roles of the parasitic phytomyxids (plasmodiophorids) in marine ecosystems - a review." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 4 (2011): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10282.

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Phytomyxea (plasmodiophorids) is an enigmatic group of obligate biotrophic parasites. Most of the known 41 species are associated with terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. However, the potential of phytomyxean species to influence marine ecosystems either directly by causing diseases of their hosts or indirectly as vectors of viruses is enormous, although still unexplored. In all, 20% of the currently described phytomyxean species are parasites of some of the key primary producers in the ocean, such as seagrasses, brown algae and diatoms; however, information on their distribution, abundance and biodiversity is either incomplete or lacking. Phytomyxean species influence fitness by altering the metabolism and/or the reproductive success of their hosts. The resulting changes can (1) have an impact on the biodiversity within host populations, and (2) influence microbial food webs because of altered availability of nutrients (e.g. changed metabolic status of host, transfer of organic matter). Also, phytomyxean species may affect their host populations indirectly by transmitting viruses. The majority of the currently known single-stranded RNA marine viruses structurally resemble the viruses transmitted by phytomyxean species to crops in agricultural environments. Here, we explore possible ecological roles of these parasites in marine habitats; however, only the inclusion of Phytomyxea in marine biodiversity studies will allow estimation of the true impact of these species on global primary production in the oceans.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Brown algae Reproduction'

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