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1
Festa, Marcella <1985>. "Bronze age communities and bronze metallurgy in Xinjiang." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12881.
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La ricerca verte sulla metallurgia dell’Età del Bronzo nello Xinjiang (ca.2000-1000 a.C.). L’obiettivo è triplice: 1) indagare l’occupazione della regione da parte delle prime comunità dell’Età del Bronzo, in termini spazio-temporali, e delineare il contesto economico-culturale in cui la metallurgia si è sviluppata; 2) individuare i contributi apportati da influenze esterne riconoscendo, ove possibile, interazioni culturali tra le comunità dello Xinjiang e delle regioni circostanti (specialmente Asia Centrale, Siberia sud-occidentale e Cina); 3) fare luce sul ruolo dello Xinjiang nel sistema di scambi culturali in Eurasia durante l’Età del Bronzo. La ricerca è basata sull’analisi di quattro aree principali: gli Altai, le oasi di Hami e Turfan (chiamate “regione orientale”), la regione occidentale (che include le aree di Ili-Tacheng e Pamir) e il margine meridionale del bacino del Tarim. A ognuna di esse è dedicato un capitolo comprendente cinque sezioni: introduzione, assetto geografico (che include lo studio del paleoambiente e del paleoclima), contesto archeologico, metallurgia e riepilogo finale. Il capitolo conclusivo offre una mappatura e una descrizione delle comunità dell’Età del Bronzo nelle aree esaminate nonché una panoramica dettagliata dello sviluppo della metallurgia, dagli esordi alla fine dell’Età del Bronzo, in cui sono messi in luce contributi esterni ed evoluzioni locali. Infine, in base ai risultati dell’analisi, la ricerca si prefigge di delineare possibili meccanismi d’interazione tra le comunità dell’Età del Bronzo e le regioni circostanti, e altresì di proporre una reinterpretazione del ruolo dello Xinjiang nel sistema di scambi economico-culturali durante il secondo millennio a.C. in Eurasia.
The research focuses on Bronze Age metallurgy in the present-day Xinjiang Province (about 2000-1000 BC). The goal is threefold: 1) to investigate the occupation of Xinjiang by the early Bronze Age communities in terms of space and time, and to delineate the regional economic-cultural context, in which bronze metallurgy developed; 2) to identify contributions from external influences and to recognise, when possible, cultural interactions between the communities of Xinjiang and the surrounding regions (especially Central Asia, South-Western Siberia and China); 3) to shed light on the role of Xinjiang in the system of cultural exchanges in Eurasia during the Bronze Age. In order to reach these goals, four main areas have been analysed: the Altay, the Hami and Turfan oases (called “the eastern region”), the western region (which includes the areas of Ili-Tacheng and Pamir) and the southern rim of the Tarim Basin. To each of these regions is devoted a chapter, consisting of five sections: introduction, geographical setting (including the paleo-environment and the paleo-climate), archaeological context, metallurgy and summary. The conclusive chapter provides a map and description of the Bronze Age communities in the examined areas, as well as a detailed overview of the development of metallurgy, from the beginnings to the end of the Bronze Age, in which external contributions and internal evolutions have been highlighted. Finally, in light of the results of this study, this research aims to trace possible mechanisms of interaction between the Bronze Age communities and the surrounding regions, proposing a reinterpretation of the role of Xinjiang in the system of economic-cultural exchanges during the second millennium BC in Eurasia.
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Jones, Andrew M. "Cornish Bronze Age ceremonial landscapes." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407287.
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Ramsey, William Greer. "Middle Bronze Age weapons in Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296789.
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O'Hare, Maria Brigit. "The Bronze Age lithics of Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426721.
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Downes, Jane. "Cremation practice in Bronze Age Orkney." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14578/.
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Pettitt, Rhiannon Gwawr. "Materiality in Early Bronze Age Wales." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/materiality-in-early-bronze-age-wales(109f8a47-b259-4bba-8d41-11cdcb660a6a).html.
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This thesis contributes an original approach to the understanding of human-object relations at funerary and ceremonial sites during the period c.2200 BC - 1400 BC within Wales. A primary review of archaeological work within this region contextualises this thesis and challenges the notion that this area is materially-poor during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age. Drawing on existing excavation reports and archived material, a database of archaeological sites detailing context and material culture was created. Additionally a calibrated set of dates, was mapped against architectural, depositional and material practice. These data sets provided the opportunity to compare different Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age archaeological features in terms of the character and variety of associated objects and materials. Analysis of this data has illustrated key contrasts and similarities in the treatment of material culture across architecturally distinct ceremonial and funerary site types. This interpretation is framed by a discussion of materiality, arguing for a model which is located in past perspectives rather than a deconstruction of Western material values. Materiality is explored as a contextual, often learned understanding of the world, which is not restricted to the physical qualities of materials. Potential concepts of materiality were considered with particular attention given to the treatment of human remains in funerary and ceremonial contexts. The result of this thesis is an enhanced understanding of depositional practices and their role in the construction, use and perception of funerary and ceremonial sites within the Early Bronze Age of Wales.
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Jacobsson, Inga. "Aegyptiaca from late Bronze Age Cyprus /." Jonsered : P. Aströms, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38903559s.
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Binnberg, Julia Karin. "Birds in the Aegean Bronze Age." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8aac9f2a-b695-4a96-9990-25c68c418e35.
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The thesis discusses bird depictions in the Aegean Bronze Age. The iconographical study is based on a catalogue of almost 2000 objects showing bird images from Crete, the Cyclades, the Greek Mainland and the Dodecanese dating to EB I - LB IIIC. Three research aims are addressed. The first aim is the reliable and accurate identification of the depicted bird species by finding a middle ground between the two approaches that have prevailed in past scholarship, which either consisted of overambitious attempts at species identification or resorted to overgeneralised accounts of bird imagery. A systematic identification methodology, based on a combination of techniques from iconography, ornithology and in particular anthropological studies of folk taxonomies, is developed. The second aim is the interpretation of any specific symbolic functions and ideological roles of birds in different regions and periods. This analysis rests on the combined study of media and find contexts as well as the chosen bird species and iconographical associations. The third aim is the reconstruction of types of ontologies prevalent in different regions. Based on a structuralist model of ontologies developed by the anthropologist Descola, the bird depictions are studied by looking for features that are typical of analogical, naturalist, totemic or animist art. Each research aim has yielded numerous results, which deepen our understanding of biological knowledge and cultural diversity in the Aegean Bronze Age. First, the vast majority of bird depictions can be identified as belonging to one of the following folk-taxonomical groups: columbids (doves), birds of prey/corvids, waterbirds, wading birds, owls, hoopoes, galliformes, swallows and seabirds. Second, the existence of a multitude of particular functions and roles of birds is revealed. These vary significantly according to time and regions, mirroring historical developments and the presence of different cultural attitudes towards birds. Third, marked regional differences are detectable with regard to ontologies. Cretan and Cycladic bird art is consistent with animist iconography discernible because of a pronounced artistic naturalism, an emphasis on movement and agency, and the presence of shamanic imagery. The images from the Greek Mainland can be characterised as being consistent with an ontology termed analogical by Descola because of a preference of stylised and modular depictions and the persistence of symbolic functions through time. This work lays a foundation opening up a new perspective on interpreting iconography of the Aegean Bronze Age.
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Cooney, Elizabeth Myers. "Bronze metallurgy in Iron Age central Europe : a metallurgical study of Early Iron Age bronzes from Stična, Slovenia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39480.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. 375-377).
The Early Iron Age (750-450 BCE) marks a time in the European Alpine Region in which cultural ideologies surrounding bronze objects and bronze production were changing. Iron was becoming the preferred material from which to make many utilitarian objects such as weapons and agricultural tools; this change can be clearly seen in the different treatments of bronze object deposits from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. The Early Iron Age hillfort settlement of Sticna in what is now southeastern Slovenia was one of the first incipient commercial centers to take advantage of the new importance placed on iron, conducting trade with Italy, Greece, the Balkans, and northern Europe. This metallurgical study of bronze funerary objects from Sticna identifies construction techniques, use patterns, and bronze metallurgical technologies from the ancient region of Lower Carniola. This information is then used to explore the cultural importance of bronze at Early Iron Age Sticna and to compare the bronze work of Lower Carniola with that of other regions in central Europe and Italy from this time of great change in Iron Age Europe.
S.M.
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Catsambis, Alexis. "The bronze age shipwreck at Sheytan Deresi." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2645.
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Cawte, Hayden James, and n/a. "Smith and society in Bronze Age Thailand." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081212.151716.
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A metalsmith�s ability to turn stone into metal and mould metal into useable objects, is one of the most valuable production industries of any society. The conception of this metallurgical knowledge has been the major catalyst in the development of increasing socio-political complexity since the beginning of the Bronze Age (Childe, 1930).
However, when considering the prehistory of Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, it is noted that the introduction of metallurgical activity, namely copper and bronze technology, did not engender the increase in social complexity witnessed in other regions. It is suggested that the region is anomalous in that terms and concepts developed to describe and define Bronze Ages by scholars working in other regions, lack strict analogues within Southeast Asia. Muhly (1988) has famously noted the non-compliance of Southeast Asia to previous models, "In all other corners of the Bronze Age world-China, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Aegean and central Europe-we find the introduction of bronze technology associated with a complex of social, political and economic developments that mark the rise of the state. Only in Southeast Asia, especially in Thailand and Vietnam, do these developments seem to be missing" (Muhly, 1988:16).
This "rise of the state" is associated with the development of hierarchy, inequality, and status differentiation, evidence for which, it is argued, is most explicitly articulated in mortuary contexts (Bacus, 2006). Evidence would include an intra-site restriction in access to resources, including prestige goods, and ranking, a vertical differentiation, often related to interment wealth. Thus the introduction of metallurgical technology saw copper and other prestige goods, used to entrench authority and advertise status (Coles and Harding; 1979). Such evidence has so far been absent in Bronze Age, Southeast Asian contexts. Accordingly, the usefulness of the term "Bronze Age" for describing and defining Southeast Asian assemblages has been questioned (White, 2002). However, the Ban Non Wat discovery of wealthy Bronze Age interments, with bronze grave goods restricted to the wealthiest, has furrowed the brow of many working in the region, providing evidence to at least reconsider this stance.
Despite its obvious importance in shaping Bronze Age societies around the globe, and now, significance in Northeast Thailand, very little is known of the acceptance, development, and spread of tin-bronze metallurgical techniques during the prehistory of Southeast Asia. Only a handful of investigations of archaeological sites in the region have investigated the use of metals beyond macroscopic cataloguing.
Utilising an agential framework, the Ban Non Wat bronze metallurgical evidence has been investigated as an entire assemblage, from the perspective of the individual metalsmith, in order to greater understand the industry and its impact upon the society incorporating the new technology.
Furthermore, mortuary data is investigated by means of wealth assessment, as an insight into social form throughout the corresponding period of adoption, development and spread of metallurgy.
The bivalent study of society and technology has shed light on the development of socio-political, and economic complexity during Bronze Age Southeast Asia, and in doing so, outlined the direct impact the metalsmiths themselves had on the supply, spread and functioning of their important industry.
Variabilities in grave �wealth,� have been identified at Ban Non Wat. A further situation not previously encountered in Bronze Age Southeast Asia, is the restriction of bronze goods, in death, to differentiated, wealthy individuals. The existence of such individuals suggests that society during this period was rather more complex than regional precedents would suggest. I contend that it is the introduction of metallurgy, and in particular, the nature in which it was conducted that engendered these developments.
Therefore, when considering the traditional course of developing social-political complexity during the Bronze Age, it now seems that Thailand at least, is potentially, not that anomalous.
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Thomas, Jayne-Leigh. "Late Bronze Age skeletal populations of Slovenia." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5982.
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Within the field of archaeology, cremation studies have the potential to provide important information regarding regional demography, pyre technology, burial rituals, and social rites. The development of recognized value and study of cremated remains has been stimulated by the establishment of proper methods of analysis and the increased awareness of the varying characteristics the bones exhibit after having been exposed to firing. During the Late Bronze Age, cremation was the principal method of disposing of deceased individuals throughout central and southern Europe. Three Urnfield Culture sites which had the most preserved material were selected for this study; from these sites, 169 individuals were selected for osteoarchaeological research. In addition to a standard osteological examination, cremation-related changes to the skeleton were studied such as temperature of firing, fracture patterns, element survival, and overall fragmentation and preservation. Demographics such as age and sex were established for each individual when possible and any animal bones present were acknowledged. This research is important because it is the first major osteological study done on cremated remains from Urnfield Culture sites in Slovenia. It is bringing to light new information on population demographics, the effectiveness of the cremation process during the time of the Urnfield Culture, and will supplement current research on the Late Bronze Age in Slovenia.
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Zouzoula, Evgenia. "The fantastic creatures of Bronze Age Crete." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11787/.
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This thesis studies the imaginary beings of Minoan iconography with the aim of understanding their functions and meaning within the iconography of Bronze Age Crete. Two broad categories of Minoan fantastic creatures can be discerned, namely the imported and the locally created hybrids. With the exception of investigations of the genius, previous studies have focused mainly on matters of typology and style and, more importantly, have detached the illustrations of imaginary beings from their context of creation and use. Consequently, griffins and sphinxes are vaguely classified as "royal monsters", the dragon is merely considered as the transporter of deities, the reasons behind the creation of the bird-lady and the "Minotaur" are still unfathomable and the demonic creations of the Zakros workshop have not been explained at all and are simply viewed as meaningless. On the other hand, conjoined animals and less popular monsters, like the winged goats, have been more or less overlooked. In an attempt to remedy this, this study places the fantastic creatures of the Minoans within their context. The iconography of the Prepalatial, Protopalatial, Neopalatial and Final Palatial periods is examined sequentially so as to determine the degree to which the functions of demons and monsters changed through time in the Minoan repertoire. Variations in the choice of media for their depictions, the consideration of their find contexts, of religious and socio-political developments in each period and of the development of monstrous iconography in the mainland, the Aegean islands, the Near East and Egypt, all help towards a better appreciation of the fantastic world of the "Minoans". As a result, generic characterisations of the Minoan imaginary beings are rejected and the multiplicity of their roles, their ability to evolve and their significant role in the expression of the Minoan mindset are established. In short, the demons and monsters of the Minoans are revealed as reflections of the multifaceted, complex society of Bronze Age Crete and articulate the fears, concerns and beliefs of its different members.
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Kayafa, Maria. "Bronze Age metallurgy in the Peloponnese, Greece." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323407.
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TenWolde, Christopher Andrew. "State Formation in the Cretan Bronze Age." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1218789093.
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Demirci, Ekin. "Changes In The Settlement Pattern In The Cukurova Region (cilicia) From The Middle Bronze Age To The Late Bronze Age." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610319/index.pdf.
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The Çukurova Region (Cilicia) is an alluvial plain enriched by the rivers of Seyhan and Ceyhan, surrounded by the Taurus mountain range in the North and West and the Amanos Mountains in the east
and stretching from the skirts of the Bolkar-Aladag massif to Mediterranean Sea at its southern most extension. The region is thus an inaccessible marginal zone except only reachable through several mountains passes from the Anatolian Plateau or from the sea through the harbour towns. The research subject of this thesis is to evaluate the region and the changes in the settlement pattern, covering the time period from the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 1900-1650 B.C.) to the end of Late Bronze Age (ca. 1200 B.C.) by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to analyse archaeological survey data. Data sets are collected from old and recent archaeological surveys and spatially analysed under a set of parameters (density and proximity) in order to define the habitation patterns throughout the mentioned time periods. An effort was made to challenge the theory that settlement pattern changes were resulted from the impact of the Imperial Hittite policy in the LBA, and some alternative suggestions are presented.
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Ashkanani, Hasan. "Interregional Interaction and Dilmun Power in the Bronze Age: A Characterization Study of Ceramics from Bronze Age Sites in Kuwait." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4980.
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The Dilmun civilization appeared in the Mesopotamian sources as a land of Eden and a supplier of ivory, copper, pearls and dates whose boats reached Ur ports. After the collapse of the Akkadian power in the second half of the third millennium BC, Dilmun underwent some notable changes in different aspects of life. The presence of planned residential settlements with notable architectural features and numerous burial complexes and `Royal Mounds' in Bahrain marked great economic growth and socio-political development in the early second millennium BC, suggesting the emergence of a stratified social hierarchy.
Furthermore, these changes suggest that a centralized administration existed that controlled this growth through various means. Thus, this inquiry seeks to explore whether the distribution of Barbar wares was one of the mechanisms used to control the economic growth of the Dilmun trade network. Also, this study seeks to explore whether a connection between the presence of non-local wares and far-distance staples in elite contexts on Failaka Island can be used to infer the pronouncement of status, power, and prestige.
A non-destructive portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF) was utilized to examine the chemical composition of 304 ceramic sherds and clay samples along with petrographic thin section analysis, as a complementary tool to investigate the mineralogical composition of Dilmun wares and non-local pottery of the first third of the second millennium BC. Based on the seven trace elements (Rb, Ba, Sr, Nb, Y, Z, and Th) obtained from pXRF, the chemical composition of Dilmun pottery was homogenous and was apparently made from a single source and then possibly produced at a centralized location. However, petrographic thin section results showed that Dilmun pottery could be subgrouped based on the clay and temper used as well as the ancient production technique (e.g. firing temperature). The petrographic analysis supported the pXRF sorting of samples into groups, differentiating between Dilmun and Mesopotamian wares and confirming the non-local wares as outlier. The results suggest that Barbar wares were preferred at Dilmun sites while non-local materials were controlled and their presence minimized. While specific craft recipes and standardization of Barbar wares could not be established, the preference for raw materials from Bahrain proper could.
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Tubb, Paul Christopher. "The Bronze Age-Iron Age transition in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/34f0ca62-9bcc-4d0c-9eb7-3ac8854c2ef7.
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This research set out to investigate the nature and extent of prehistoric human activity in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire, a relatively poorly understood area located between the Marlborough Downs and Salisbury Plain. This was to be achieved through a combination of archival reassessment, aerial photographic interpretation and non-intrusive fieldwork. It became obvious that the Vale was the location for a considerable density of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age sites, many of which were so called "midden" or "black-earth "sites, and this dissertation concentrates on this period. A survey of some 240 square km of the Vale was undertaken and the results analysed in the context of the few blackearth sites in the area that had previously been investigated. A number of well preserved sites dating from this period were identified and surveyed for the first time and fragments of the late prehistoric landscape defined and discussed.
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Ginn, Victoria Ruth. "Settlement structure in middle-late bronze age Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.601619.
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This thesis examines Middle-Late Bronze Age (c. 1750--600 BC) domestic settlement patterns in Ireland. Recent archaeological investigations have extended the knowledge of habitation, but no detailed, systematic attempts have been made to understand the domestic evidence, or to substantially revise the existing models for the development of complex Bronze Age societies. All available data relating to settlements dating to Middle-Late Bronze Age have been collated. An evidence-based chronology for settlement is established for the first time. The data are examined at multiple scales to investigate any spatial or chronological trends in settlement character or distribution. The relationships between settlements and the surrounding environmental and social landscapes are analysed through a GIS. The new data are investigated to see how domestic settlements operated, and if traditional concepts regarding the structure of Bronze Age society can still be upheld. Agent-based modelling and social network analysis provide another dimension to the discussion regarding power, regionalism and hierarchy within the settlement network. The results reveal a distinct rise in the visibility, and a rapid adaption, of domestic architecture, which seems to have occurred earlier in Ireland than elsewhere in western and northern Europe. The ways in which Bronze Age communities socialised their landscapes were similar throughout Ireland, highlighting a high degree of communication and shared preference for location, but by the Late Bronze Age differences became more obvious, reflecting an increased regionalism. Overall, a strong, socio-economic hierarchy is not evident A distinct class of independent farmers existed, but on the whole there is little wealth and power overtly present in the extant settlement record. This thesis provides a major contribution to the continued appreciation of the Middle Bronze Age as a distinctive period. It also presents a wellordered. integrated, alternative interpretation to the traditional perception of stratification in the Bronze Age.
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Mitchell, David. "Extracting social information form agean Bronze age ceramics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527358.
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Damilati, Krystalli. "Dealing with inequality in Early Bronze Age Crete." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2005. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14870/.
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This study seeks to shed light on problems associated with current views of social inequality as they have been applied to the Early Bronze Age in Crete. The aim is to elucidate the epistemological status of the concept of inequality in Aegean archaeological discourse and to disclose the tacit assumptions that have made problematic our dealings with the phenomenon of inequality. My critique of classic approaches to inequality stems from two facts: first, from their inclination to treat inequality as a phenomenon limited in time and space and second, from their largely untheorised treatment of the relationship between wealth and relational inequalities when it is exactly this relationship that needs to be brought into the open. Wishing to deal with critique in a constructive manner, I suggest a few ways in which one may go beyond current approaches to inequality, toward a new and more rewarding way of inquiring into the matter. This is supported with an archeological example from the Early Bronze Age cemetery at the site of Mochlos. The central argument is that inequality is a universal social fact and that by continuing to pursue its origins we perpetuate the arbitrary and misleading ethnocentric constructions of modernity. There is no such thing as a division between egalitarian and hierarchical social formations but rather societies as moral communities. Being is not fixed but is recursively formed through processes of valuation always presenced within the realm of social practice and interaction. Both power and what we call 'status' are transactional affairs as well as practical accomplishments. People do not simply find themselves in relations of power; they achieve, perpetuate, reinvent or resist debts and structures of influence. The value of different resources, the efficacy of debt obligations and structures of influence are realised in usage. In the case of resources this is achieved in the manner of their employment, in that of debts and influence this is attained as lived commitments among agents. Drawing upon the concept of performance, I suggest that an alternative approach can enable us both to rethink inequality along more productive lines and to answer questions that previous accounts have been proved incapable of dealing with.
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Alberti, Ben. "Archaeology and masculinity in Late Bronze Age Knossos." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/365591/.
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This thesis critically examines the applicability of the concept of masculinity as a descriptive or analytical category in archaeological analyses. Central to this project is the recognition that the concept of gender employed by the majority of archaeologists has limited practical application. Such a concept of gender relies upon a radical separation between sex and gender, where gender is understood to be the cultural elaboration of a natural body. Following recent feminist theorising on the body, it is argued that the categories of sex and the body are equally culturally constructed. Consequently, gender is reformulated to encompass the means by which particular ideas of the body and sex are made to appear 'natural'. Masculinity is complicit with the formulation of a binary model to sex based on the normative categories male/female. The status of the body as produced through discourse is highlighted by men's experiences of their bodies which differ from the ideals perpetuated through theory and representation. Furthermore, cross-cultural evidence indicates that bodies can be conceptualised and valorised on the basis of criteria other than the genitalia visible at birth. The analysis of figurative imagery from Late Bronze Age Knossos reveals a representational ideal of bodies largely undifferentiated by physical sexual characteristics. Rather, a single body shape is presented which is differentiated through the details of clothing, body position and gesture. The material upsets the binaries sex/gender and nature/culture. An alternative idea of bodies is operative in the imagery in which genital differences are not the primary means of categorisation, nor the defining feature of bodies. This approach to bodies has important implications for analyses of gender in archaeology. Gender can no longer be projected unproblematically onto a male/female template in the past. Furthermore, masculinity is not necessarily an appropriate basis for an archaeological inquiry. Rather, the evidence of gender can be understood as both generative and expressive of different ontologies of the body, including such concepts as masculinity.
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Copper, Claire. "The Bronze Age funerary cups of southern England." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18178.
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’Pygmy’, ‘incense’, ‘accessory’ or ‘funerary’ cups are small Early Bronze Age
vessels, almost all from mortuary contexts, united by their diminutive size.
Although several small-scale and regional studies have previously been
undertaken, until recently there has been little attempt to consider such vessels
as a whole. The vessels from the north of England were recently examined in
detail by Hallam (2015), and the present study of the southern English vessels
will complement Hallam’s work with the ultimate goal of producing a national
corpus. Details of over three hundred and fifty vessels, from thirty counties, are
presented together with a comprehensive literature review.
Analysis demonstrates how the form and depositional contexts of such vessels
probably arose within Beaker ceramic and funerary traditions. Many have
complex biographies, some being deposited ‘fresh’ whilst others are fragmented
or otherwise damaged. Perforations, long seen as a key feature of the tradition,
appear to be restricted to certain forms only, and it is suggested that
fenestration may be a development of this practice. Regional links and networks
may be discerned through the distribution of attributes and similar vessel types
and probably reflect trade networks. It is suggested that the cups had a primary
role within Early Bronze Age funerary rituals associated only with certain
individuals, perhaps marked out by the nature of their deathsThe full text will be available at the end of the embargo period: 21st Feb 2023
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Beckman, Jeannine A. "Imported Glass Objects in the Bronze Age Aegean." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/215280.
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Art HistoryM.A.
A great deal of evidence exists in support of Bronze Age intra-Aegean trade, but the dynamics and material goods that made up these exchanges are still being explored. Initially, foreign glass most likely originated in Western Asia and Egypt. Recent excavations at the Minoan sites of Chryssi, Papadiokambos, and Mochlos have provided evidence of such trade on Crete. All three sites yielded glass beads that, judging by their rarity in the region, must have come from elsewhere. While glass artifacts such as those found on Minoan Crete are often assumed to be Egyptian in genesis, a Western Asian source has not been sufficiently ruled out. Based on their findspots, appearance, and our present understanding of shipping and trade in the Bronze Age Aegean, it is most likely that the beads from Chryssi, Papadiokambos, and Mochlos were manufactured in the Levant and arrived in Crete from the East.
Temple University--Theses
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Koliński, Rafał. "Tell Rijim, Iraq : the Middle Bronze Age layer /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37199315d.
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Texte remanié de: Ph.D. thesis--Warsaw university.La p. de titre porte : "Eski Mosul Dam salvage project excavations of the Polish center of archaeology, University of Warsaw" Bibliogr. p. 81-87.
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Hirschfeld, Nicolle. "Potmarks of the late Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Hallam, Deborah L. "The Bronze Age Funerary Cups of Northern England." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/14861.
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Around the late third millennium BC small cup-shaped vessels began to appear in burial contexts across the North of England where they were found to be associated with Early Bronze Age funerary practices. Known by the name of incense cups, accessory vessels or miniature cups, their true purpose has been elusive.
This study comprises an investigation of cups from Northern England and finds the tradition to be heavily influenced by Beaker culture practices resulting in the earliest cups emulating some attributes of Beaker ceramics.
The Northern English Cup assemblage defies the current perception that all Cups are perforated as 63% are not; fabrics are found to be locally sourced and not imported and a review of the typology finds a strong regional adherence to the Food Vessel and Collared Urn tradition. Association in the grave with larger Urns is not as common as once believed and Cups have been found as the solitary ceramic indicating that they were important in their own right.
Firing damage such as spalling has been interpreted as use of the funeral pyre for firing vessels prior to deposition with cremated remains and it is suggested that this is a recognisable signature of the cup tradition and therefore the name ‘funerary Cup’ is more appropriate.
An active cross country trade network can be inferred from distributions of metalwork, precious materials and an affinity in some cases to Irish cups.Prehistoric Society, Yorkshire Ladies Council for Education and the Andy Jagger Fund
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Marchiaro, Stefano. "Il grande abitato di Fossano (Provincia di Cuneo, Piemonte) e la transizione Bronzo/Ferro nell’Italia nord-occidentale." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4034.
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Pendant les dernières trente années le centre historique de la ville Fossano (Coni, Piémont) a été intéressé par nombreuses fouilles et plusieurs sondages archéologiques à la suite des fréquents travaux de construction. Ces interventions, liées au développement de la ville, ont toujours eu un caractère d'urgence, de sauvetage, préventif, sans être jamais liées à une programmation précédente. L'étude de chaque site a imposé du début l’analyse approfondie des modalités d'intervention et de la méthodologie de fouille. Dans la plupart des cas, l'analyse stratigraphique a été liée à celle du mobilier archéologique, qui, en absence de structures protohistoriques ou de niveaux anthropiques en place, est le seul élément qui nous a permis de dater la première période d’occupation du site. Est possible dater au XIe siècle av. J.-C. (Ha B1 ancien du plateau suisse) le début d’une présence humaine permanente sur toute la surface sommitale du plateau de Fossano, avec son apogée pendant la transition Bronze/Fer italien. Le groupe céramique de Fossano se place dans un contexte culturel propre de la fin du l'âge du Bronze final du nord-ouest de l'Italie, intermédiaire entre la culture du Protogolasecca de la Lombardie et du Piémont orientale et la culture RSFO. Dans ces territoires au l'extrême nord-ouest de l’Italie les influences RSFO sont très profondes, surtout de la Suisse occidentale et des régions de l’est de la France. Les caractéristiques spécifiques du Piémont occidentale le rendant plus apparenté aux complexes nord alpins qu'à ceux de l'Italie péninsulaire, jouant un rôle fondamental dans le tableau des relations entre les deux versants alpins pendant toute la préhistoireDuring the last thirty years the historic center of Fossano (Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy) has undergone numerous archaeological excavations and survey as a result of many construction works related to the development of the city. These operations have never been programmed, but always related to emergency situations or preventive archaeology. The study of each site imposed an early-depth analysis of the applied methods of intervention and excavation. In most cases, the stratigraphic analysis is linked to the archaeological material, which, in the absence of proper prehistorical levels or structures, is the only element that has allowed us to date the early moments of occupation of the site. The beginning of a permanent human presence on the Fossano plateau is Probably dated to the end of the 11th century BC (Ha B1 in the Swiss plateau), with its peak during the transition between the Italian Bronze age and Iron age. The ceramic group of Fossano is located in the final Italian Bronze age in the Northwest of Italy, intermediate between the culture of Protogolasecca of Lombardy and eastern Piedmont and the RSFO culture. In these territories, in the extreme north-west of Italy, the RSFO influences are very strong, especially from the western territories of Switzerland and the eastern regions of France. The specific characteristics of western Piedmont making it more similar to the northern Alpine complex as those of the Italian peninsula; playing a fundamental role in the relations between the two sides of the Alpes during the prehistory
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Zhang, Liangren. "Ancient society and metallurgy a comparative study of Bronze Age societies in Central Eurasia and North China /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1383469931&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Crow, Timothy M. "A history of Geshur in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age periods." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485871.
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The principal aim of this study is to explore the Late Bronze and Iron Age horizons of Geshur, and seek to defme the nature of Geshur as an historical entity based on limited textual and archaeological evidence. The thesis is structured around siX; chapters which provide the framework for understanding Geshur: Chapter 1 introduces the reader to Geshur, and sets forth the methodological issues of how the thesis views the use of historical sources and the archaeological record. The author proceeds on the premise that an independent use of both data sources followed by their convergences will enhance the understanding of Geshur. Chapter 2 studies the landscape of Geshur, the quality of the land and its impact on the flow ofhistoI)' in the region. The topography and environmental factors of Geshur reveal that the area to the east of the Sea of Galilee was an ideal locale for the emerging of a socially complex entity, with the necessary rain and natural resources to sustain life. Chapter 3 is an overview of the grander political landscape of the ancient Near East in the LB-Iron Age. A proper understanding of Geshur begins with placing it contextually in its geopolitical environment. The analysis, though brief, of sociopolitical structures over a broad range of spatial and temporal contexts helps to frame a perspective on any localized event. Chapter 4 in many ways was the 'point of origin' for this investigation. The only reason why this research project is called a 'HistoI)' of Geshur' is the biblical references which exist for Geshur. This chapter offers an analysis of all the direct citations of Geshur in the Bible, which are found in the Deuteronomistic HistoI)'. However, also explored are areas from the Bible where one might expect a citation of Geshur, but there is none. Even after all direct references mentioning Geshur end, there is ongoing activity recorded in the Bible in this area. Chapter 5 is an analysis of textual data which derives from non-biblical sources. Since Egypt and Assyria used Palestine as a travel corridor and their kings were known for campaigning in the southern Levant, one assumes that there may be references to either Geshur or the area around Geshur found in these sources. Chapter 6 moves the research from'the texfual data to the archaeological record. The archaeological data with which an analysis of LB-Iron Age Geshur is constructed derives from the empirical assessment of the stratigraphy and of the archaeological record of sites and surveys in its region. After this, the second half of the chapter utilizes a 'ground plan approach' to explore if there are indicators in the archaeological record that may point towards or reflect upon the social, political, and perhaps religious spheres of Geshur. All six chapters when combined reveal that Geshur was ideally situated in an environmental and political landscape by which it benefitted. By combining the textual and archaeological record it seems possible that Geshur may have started emerging in the Late Bronze Age, followed by an observable socially complex Iron Age polity, with its end possibly coming during the campaigns ofTiglath-pileser III in 733/32 B.C.
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Lima, Sarah. "Feasting in the Bronze Age and early Iron Age Aegean variability and meaning /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1182187762.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Oct. 8, 2007). Includes abstract. Keywords: Bronze Age, Iron Age, Euboea, Thebes, Pylos, Palace of Nestor, Nichoria, Lefkandi, Xeropolis, Toumba, Heröon, feasting, banqueting, dining, diacritical. Includes bibliographical references.
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Parker, Catherine Ruth. "Arkadia in transition : exploring late Bronze Age and early Iron Age human landscape." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2008. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/235/.
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This research explores the region of Arkadia in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age using an interpretative and phenomenologically inspired approach. It is region associated with many myths pointing to a continuing population throughout the period, yet beset with a problematic archaeological record. This has been the result of a number of factors ranging from the nature of the landscape to the history of research. However, the ability to locate sites of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age within the landscape, allows insight into a region we had little hope of enlightening using more conventional approaches to the archaeological record. This theoretical and methodological stance is illustrated through an exploration of different aspects of the human experience such as religion, death and burial and the everyday. The ways in which these aspects can and usually are interpreted are considered, followed by a number of case studies, which are employed to explore how human actions were embedded within and informed by the very physicality of the landscape, and the differences apparent throughout time.
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LIMA, SARAH WHITNEY. "FEASTING IN THE BRONZE AGE AND EARLY IRON AGE AEGEAN: VARIABILITY AND MEANING." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1182187762.
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Dikkaya, Fahri. "Settlement Patterns Of Altinova In The Early Bronze Age." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1254614/index.pdf.
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This study aims to investigate the settlement patterns of Altinova in the Early Bronze Age and its reflection to social and cultural phenomena. Altinova, which is the most arable plain in Eastern Anatolia, is situated in the borders of Elazig province. The region in the Early Bronze Age was the conjunction and interaction area for two main cultural complexes in the Near East, which were Syro-Mesopotamia and Transcaucasia, with a strong local character.
The effect of the foreign and local cultural interactions to the settlement patterns of Altinova in the Early Bronze Age and its reflection in the socio-economic structures have been discussed in the social perspective. In addition, the settlement distribution and its system were analyzed through the quantitative methods, that were gravity model, rank-size analysis, and nearest neighbor analysis. The results of these quantitative analyses with the archaeological data have been discussed in the social and theoretical context.
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Uncu, Hakki. "Carbon-14 Chronology Of Anatolia In Early Bronze Age." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612845/index.pdf.
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This study is a conclusion of radiocarbon datings which are depend on evaluations of archaeologists or scholars who publishes these datings. So it is very attached to observations of those scholars especially for determining sub-phases of samples which are dated. According to these datings, the radiocarbon story of Anatolian Early Bronze Age starts with a dating from Troia from 3760 cal. BC and ends with a dating from Çadirhö
yü
k in 1630 cal. BC. Of course these dates are the lower and higher borders of the 68% probability band. As a result of assessments of all datings it can be said that the beginning of Early Broze Age in Anatolia is started equally more or less in every region at the same time interval that corresponds 3700/3400 BC and continued 800 years approximately. Although error deviation bands overlap onto each other, it is possible to say that the EB2 period of Anatolia ruled between 2800-2400 BC roughly. In this work it can be observed that the ending of the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia generally not ocured simultaneously. Sos Hö
yü
k for example in the East Anatolia for example, drawing a very special profile with an ending date 2300 BC for the Early Bronze Age. Some other sites giving results as late as nearly in 18th. and 17th. century BC. For the timing of the end of Early Bronze Age in Anatolia, it can be said that, inequality among the sites are more likely other than regions.
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Andreou, Georgia-Marina. "Traversing space : landscape and identity in Bronze Age Cyprus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15927.
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The Cypriot Bronze Age (c.2300-1075 BCE) is a widely researched chronological period. However, with long-term material elaboration receiving most attention, detailed studies have revealed a remarkable, yet insufficiently integrated amount of data. Based on these, and since the 1960’s, researchers proposed settlement pattern models to describe increasingly complex politico-economic mechanisms. Despite continuous excavations and detailed material studies, these models have only been slightly modified over the past 50 years. This raises questions on how integrative and representative currently employed settlement pattern models are, and if new approaches may support different relationships. This study is a spatial attempt to answer these questions via a comparative research of diachronic local/regional trajectories in three valleys from the south central coast of Cyprus: the Kouris, the Vasilikos and the Maroni. It examines the association between the valleys’ surveyed and excavated data with current large-scale interpretations, focusing on human-landscape relations in open (landscape), constructed (architecture) and concealed (burials) spaces. Underscoring a pattern between natural and cognitive landscape with materially expressed identities, this study offers a novel conceptualisation of multiple scales of relations throughout the Bronze Age. Consequently, it underpins the significance of a deep understanding of local histories, prior to the formation and/or use of any generalised settlement pattern models to describe any chronological period. Finally, it supports integrative methodologies for material evidence associated with groups of people that are hardly visible in large-scale reconstructions of politico-economic relations.
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Alexandri, Alexandra. "Gender symbolism in Late Bronze Age Aegean glyptic art." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251901.
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muller, noemi suzanne. "Technology of bronze age cooking ware from akrotiri, thera." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.729813.
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Cain, Candace Dawn. "The question of narrative in Aegean Bronze Age art." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0016/NQ28273.pdf.
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Morgan, Jessica Anne. "Obsidian Source Selection in the Early Bronze Age Cyclades." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5746.
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From excavations of burial complexes of the Early Bronze Age Cyclades (c. 3000-2200 BC) we know that obsidian was just as important and as widely consumed in burial contexts as it was in contemporaneous household contexts; Early Bronze Age Cycladic tomb assemblages are dominated by beautiful obsidian blades produced through a unique knapping technique reserved for burial contexts (Carter 2007; Dickinson 1994). The lack of sourcing studies in the area is an unfortunate pitfall in Aegean archaeology, as understanding patterns of source selection provides us with precious insight into the complex social structures and behaviors that characterized these ancient communities.
The research detailed in this thesis set out to accomplish these goals for obsidian assemblages from 11 Early Cycladic cemeteries. Structurally, these assemblages are dominated by pressure-flaked blades manufactured specifically for funerary consumption, but also include a small number of blade cores and some pieces of flaking debris. Contextually, the composition of the assemblages reflects the social significance of body modification amongst these islanders, with the blades themselves likely used for depilation, scarification, and tattooing, and the cores reemployed as pestles in the grinding of pigments, as evidenced by pigment residues located on the artifacts (Carter 1998). Two additional assemblages from settlements on Crete were analyzed, one from a Late Neolithic cave site and another from a Late Minoan settlement. These assemblages served both to provide additional regional and temporal context for the Early Cycladic findings and to advance obsidian sourcing efforts in the Aegean as a whole.
In order to characterize the chemical profiles of these artifacts for sourcing purposes, this study employed portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, a non-destructive archaeometric method which allows for the time- and cost-effective mass-sampling of objects on-site. The results display clearly that the Early Cycladic artifacts are overwhelmingly made from Melian obsidian, and approximately 88% derive from the Sta Nychia source. How far-reaching this procurement bias is throughout the Early Bronze Age Aegean is currently difficult to say, though contemporary data from previous studies, as well as the results obtained from the two Cretan assemblages in this study, seem to show a similar pattern. Future research integrating regional traditions of obsidian source selection with previously defined regional distinctions in pressure-blade technology is necessary in order to begin to map communities of practice across the broader Aegean.
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Pendleton, Colin F. "Aspects of bronze age metalwork in northern East Anglia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10980/.
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The bronze age metalwork of northern East Anglia is well known, both for its quality and quantity. The main concentration occurs along the south-eastern fen edges which are recognised as one of the primary centres of metalwork in Britain. Due to the 'wet' nature of the fenland the metalwork from the area has formed one of the main supports for the belief, over the last 25 years, in a practice of bronze age wetland ritual or votive deposition. The main theme of this work examines this important issue. The fenland material has not been isolated but is put into a regional context by the examination of other finds from northern East Anglia. Although mainly using metalwork this study is principally concerned with the meaning of the metalwork assemblage rather than individual artefact analysis. Central to the work is the collation of important information on items reported earlier, together with a wealth of hitherto unrecorded material. Closely related is a detailed analysis of the locations of finds. An attempt is also made to resolve some of the problems that are basic to artifact research, such as the reasons for the distribution of finds and their interpretation. Several problems are highlighted by these studies, such as the need to research other contemporary material and analyse the effects of both depositional and post-depositional processes. In East Anglia the most important of these, which has probably caused enormous variation in the distribution of finds has been arable agriculture, some of the effects of which are examined and analysed. Whereas previous studies have been dependent on material not necessarily representative, accurately provenanced or numerically significant, this work provides, for the first time, a relatively sound basis, allowing some significant re-evaluations of the practices, organisation and settlement patterns of society in bronze age East Anglia.
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Papadopoulos, Angelos. "The iconography of warfare in the Bronze Age Aegean." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437334.
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Osgood, Richard. "Warfare in the late Bronze Age of North Europe /." Oxford : BAR, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36994668v.
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Jones, Andy M. "Cornish bronze age ceremonial landscapes c. 2500-1500 BC /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb400590418.
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Tanimoto, S. "Experimental study of Late Bronze Age glass-making practice." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446132/.
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There is very little known about ancient glass-making practice from the Late Bronze Age (LBA), despite numerous fragments of glass being discovered from LBA archaeological sites, both in Egypt and Mesopotamia. However, for more than 2000 years, two compositional groups of soda-lime-silica glass have dominated the large-scale production of glass in antiquity namely "LBA glass" of Egypt and Mesopotamia (high magnesium, plant ash based) and the "Hellenistic/Roman glass" (low magnesium, mineral natron based). These two glass groups show unique trends when their compositions are analysed using ternary diagrams, a method developed in petrology. That is, the compositions of most LBA glass can be plotted along different areas/troughs compared to Roman glasses. Their compositions are chemically too homogeneous to be made from the variable raw materials available across chronological periods, vast geographical regions, and colours. Without any solid archaeological evidence available, a scientific approach is necessary to figure out what is causing these trends. Two glass-making models were tested to identify possible factors that control the composition of finished glass. Once these technical constraints are identified, one can further explore this matter archaeologically (i.e. whether glass-making was centralised, social context of the glass). Moreover, this research paper may contribute fruitfully to the debate on many other unknowns of glass in antiquity, and may eventually give a sensible answer to the fundamental and controversial question whether glass was made independently from an early period in Egypt, or whether all early Egyptian glass was imported from either Mesopotamia or Asia. Therefore, my research aims to identify possible factors that control the composition of the finished glass (from variable raw materials) by reconstructing possible LBA glass-making technologies. Then by combining the scientific findings and the archaeological findings, it is hoped to contribute to a better understanding of ancient glass-making in the LBA.
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Hsu, Sheng-Chieh. "Bronze-Age Crete and Art Nouveau: A Diachronic Dialog." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/450833.
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Art HistoryPh.D.
This dissertation examines the relationship between Minoan art and Art Nouveau. The Minoan civilization was rediscovered at the turn of the twentieth century when the Art Nouveau movement reached its peak. Due to this coincidental timing, their artistic resemblance has raised questions about whether Minoan art had inspired Art Nouveau and whether Art Nouveau played a role in the restoration of Minoan art. The possibility of a Minoan influence on Art Nouveau is considered through a number of aspects, which include news reports on the excavations, Minoan collections acquired by museums, reference to the Minoans in various fields, application of Minoan motifs, and the attractiveness of the Minoans to Art Nouveau artists. As for the reversed influence, the research analyzes how archaeologists came to see the Minoans as a “modern” civilization, investigates the background of the restorers of Minoan objects, and provides examples of fresco restorations that illustrate an Art Nouveau preference of the early archaeologists and restorers. With the evidence and the discussion, I argue that the existing connection between Minoan art and Art Nouveau is beyond doubt.
Temple University--Theses
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Vandkilde, Helle Northover Peter. "From stone to bronze : the metalwork of the late Neolithic and earliest Bronze Age in Denmark /." Højbjerg : Jutland archaeological society, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37065950t.
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Boutwood, Yvonne. "Aspects of stone tool procurement and usage : a study of group XVIII implements." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320070.
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Kim, Sun Woo. "Life and death in the Korean Bronze Age (ca. 1500-400 BC) : an analysis of settlements and monuments in the mid-Korean peninsula." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6c15e449-fd5b-4cde-bdac-50aaf37eae94.
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This thesis focuses on the Bronze Age in selected areas of Korea; Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi province. Two forms of evidence - settlements and monuments - are taken into account to identify their relationship with landscape and the social changes occurring between ca. 1500 to 400 cal BC. Life and death in the Bronze Age in Korea has not been synthetically investigated before, due to the lack of evidence from settlements. However, since academic and rescue excavations have increased, it is now possible to examine the relationship between settlements and monuments on a broad scale and over a long-term sequence, although there are still limitations in the archaeological evidence. The results of GIS (Geographical Information Systems) analysis and Bayesian modelling of the radiocarbon dates from this region can be interpreted as suggesting that Bronze Age people in the mid-Korean peninsula had certain preferences for their habitation and mortuary places. The locations of two archaeological sites were identified and statistical significance was generated for their positioning on soil that was associated with agriculture. It was found that settlements tended to be located at a higher elevation with fine views and that monuments tended to be situated in the border zones between mountains and plains and also within the boundary of a 5km site catchment adjusted for energy expenditure, centring on each settlement. This configuration is reminiscent of the concept of the auspicious location, as set out in the traditional geomantic theory of Pungsu. It can be argued that Bronze Age people chose the place for the living and the dead with a holistic perspective and a metaphysical approach that placed human interaction with the natural world at the centre of their decision-making processes. These concepts were formed out of the process of a practical adaptation to the Bronze Age landscape and environment in order to practice agriculture as a subsistence economy, but they also exerted a profound influence upon later Korean peoples and their identities.
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Baboula, Evanthia. "Metalwork in late Minoan graves : the social dimensions of depositional practice in the funerary context." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270051.
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