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Academic literature on the topic 'Broken River'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Broken River"

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West. "The Broken River." Antipodes 31, no. 2 (2017): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.13110/antipodes.31.2.0429.

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Osborne, James D. "Scenes: Broken River Books." American Book Review 39, no. 5 (2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2018.0082.

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Ooi, Su Ki, Mathias Foo, and Erik Weyer. "Control of the Broken River." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 44, no. 1 (January 2011): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-it-1002.01734.

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Nobes, David C., and Arthur Tyndall. "Searching for avalanche victims: Lessons from Broken River." Leading Edge 14, no. 4 (April 1995): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1437126.

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Bassett, Judith. "The faithfull massacre at the broken river, 1838." Journal of Australian Studies 13, no. 24 (May 1989): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14443058909386991.

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Foo, Mathias, Su Ki Ooi, and Erik Weyer. "System Identification and Control of the Broken River." IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology 22, no. 2 (March 2014): 618–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcst.2013.2253103.

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Rideout, Natalie K., Bernhard Wegscheider, Matilda Kattilakoski, Katie M. McGee, Wendy A. Monk, and Donald J. Baird. "Rewilding watersheds: using nature's algorithms to fix our broken rivers." Marine and Freshwater Research 72, no. 8 (2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf20335.

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Rewilding is an ecological restoration concept that promotes the natural recovery of ecosystems, through (initial) active or passive removal of human influence. To support the application of rewilding approaches in rivers and their watersheds, we propose a framework to assess ‘rewilding potential’ based on measurement of basic river ecosystem functions (e.g. restoring flood and nutrient pulses), including examples of specific indicators for these processes. This includes a discussion of the challenges in implementing rewilding projects, such as lack of spatio-temporal data coverage for certain ecosystem functions or tackling ongoing problems once active management is removed. We aim to stimulate new thinking on the restoration of wild rivers, and also provide an annotated bibliography of rewilding studies to support this.
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Curtis, Allan, and Alistar Robertson. "Understanding landholder management of river frontages: The Goulburn Broken." Ecological Management & Restoration 4, no. 1 (April 2003): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-8903.2003.t01-1-00137.x.

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Moise, Liviu, Eugen Găvan, Daniela Ioana Tudose, and Costel Iulian Mocanu. "A new ice breaker module concept." Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi Fascicula XI Construcţii navale/ Annals of "Dunărea de Jos" of Galati Fascicle XI Shipbuilding 45 (December 3, 2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/annugalshipbuilding/2022.45.06.

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During the winters, the waters of the rivers freeze because of the low temperatures. In such situations, it is necessary to ensure the traffic of cargo and passenger ships that the formed ice patches be broken and cleared. Ice breakers are used for this purpose. These ships are of special construction that require significant investments. In this paper, a con-cept of an icebreaker module that can be attached to an existing tugboat in service is pro-posed. The paper presents a concept adapted to the Danube river and to an existing tug in service on the same river.
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Holloway, D. J. "Early Silurian trilobites from the Broken River area, north Queensland." Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 54, no. 2 (1994): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.1994.54.12.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Broken River"

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Price, Amina, and n/a. "Utilisation of Still-Water Patches by Fish and Shrimp in a Lowland River, With Particular Emphasis on Early-Life Stages." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081202.090600.

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In lowland river systems, in-channel, slow-flowing or still-water areas (still-water patches, SWPs) are considered to be important habitats for many organisms, particularly the early-life stages of fish and shrimp. However, the distribution of the early life-stages of fish and shrimp among these habitats appears to be very patchy and studies suggest that the quality and diversity of microhabitat conditions within SWPs and the accessibility of SWPs to spawning adults and dispersing young may be important determinants of their suitability as nursery habitat. The aims of this thesis were to examine the utilisation of still-water patches by fish and shrimp in a lowland river in relation to habitat suitability and accessibility, with particular emphasis on early-life stages. To determine the factors influencing habitat selection among SWPs, the environmental variability in SWP habitat, and both the distribution and the movement patterns of fish and shrimp, were examined in the Broken River, a lowland river in south-eastern Australia. SWP habitat was found to be highly spatially and temporally variable in the Broken River. SWPs differed in relation to permanence, accessibility and microhabitat variables, and all life-stages of fish and shrimp were found to be significantly spatially aggregated among SWPs. This suggests that individual SWPs may differ in their suitability as habitat, and/or in their accessibility to dispersing organisms and indicates either differential rates of retention, movement into SWPs, spawning effort or survival among SWPs for these organisms. Significant associations were found for all species and life-stages in relation to the microhabitat characteristics of SWPs. The two introduced species, carp and gambusia, were found to have fewer associations, which suggests that these species are habitat generalists. Cover and SWP morphology variables were shown to be important for all native species. Significant, positive associations were found for most species and life-stages with large, deep, SWPs containing instream cover, however, the extent of cover preferred was variable. It was hypothesised that large, deep SWPs that contain instream cover are more environmentally stable and provide better foraging efficiency and reduced competition for space, whilst also providing refuge from predators and, that they may be easier to locate than smaller patches. Specific associations with microhabitat variables differed among all species and life-stages, and this was attributed to differences in diet and predation rates. Consequently, generalised microhabitat relationships for particular life-stages or species could not be identified and the results from this thesis suggest that a diversity of microhabitat conditions are required to meet the differing requirements of various life-stages and species. Significant associations were also found for most groups in relation to the accessibility characteristics of SWPs, indicating that the ability of individuals to access SWPs is an important factor in determining their distribution among SWPs. This further suggests that movement is an important factor in the distribution pattern of fish and shrimp among SWPs. Significant associations were found for most groups in relation to patch isolation, adjacent hydraulic habitat and entrance conditions, indicating that landscape composition and configuration as well as boundary conditions may be important determinants of organisms being able to locate suitable patches. Associations with accessibility variables differed among species and life-stages, and may be attributable to differences in movement capabilities. Field manipulations of instream cover and entrance depth were conducted to further examine the habitat associations found. The results confirmed a positive relationship between instream cover and fish and shrimp abundances. No species, however, responded consistently to the manipulation of entrance depths, and this was attributed to water level rises throughout the experiment and/or the correlation of entrance depth with SWP depth. However, the results from the field manipulations suggested that deeper habitats are able to be exploited by small-bodied adults and larvae when significant levels of instream cover are also available as refuge from predation. In order to confirm the importance of movement in the selection of SWP habitat by fish and shrimp, the movement patterns of fish and shrimp into and out of SWPs were investigated. Whilst the results from this aspect of the study were inconclusive for fish, the results for shrimp confirmed that adults and larvae moved routinely into and out of SWPs. However, for all shrimp species, movement appeared to be limited to a certain period of larval development, indicating that SWP quality and stability may be more important at particular stages of development than others. The results of this thesis have demonstrated the importance of SWP quality and stability for fish and shrimp in the Broken River and have shown that habitat preferences vary among individual species and life-stages. Consequently, in order to manage for multiple species and life-stages, consideration must be given not only to the availability of SWPs, but also to their stability over time and to the availability of a diverse range of microhabitats. In addition, consideration must also be given to the accessibility of SWPs and this will require a greater knowledge of the specific spawning and dispersal requirements of the organisms which utilise these patches, in combination with a greater understanding of the impacts of flow modification on riverine landscape composition and configuration.
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Kapoutsos, David. "Provenance changes and glauconite formation in the Broken River to Iron Creek/Waipara Greensand Formations marks the late Cretaceous-Eocene transgression." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Geology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3181.

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Detailed provenance analysis and glauconite morphology of the Broken River and Iron CreeklWaipara Formations and other correlatives were conducted at 6 localities: the MandamusDove River area, Waipara River, Avoca-Iron Creek, Castle Hill Basin, Malvern and Mt Somers. The basal Broken River Formation is a fluvial boulder conglomerate interbedded with sandstones, mudstones and coal dated as Haumurian (Late Cretaceous) by pollen. The transgression is marked by a gradual drowning of the fluvial conglomerates with minor glauconite appearing in the beds immediately overlying the conglomerates in alllocali ties. The estuarine-marginal marine I lower shoreface succession of the Broken River Formation contains minor nascent micaceous glauconite. This increases in the overlying Iron Creek I Waipara Formations to 30-60% glauconite composed of nascent-micaceous to evolved/mature glauconity types characteristic oflower shoreface I foreshore to shallow shelf depositional setting. Up section, evolved mature glaucony dominates, in some beds formed in situ (autochthonous) and in other beds transported from nearby (parautochthonous) to line foresets. An extremely low sedimentation rate is necessary to form the evolved I mature type of glauconite. The age of the greensands is Teurian to Whaingaroan (Late Paleocene-Late Eocene). Overall the glauconite analysis indicates extremely low sedimentation rates with autochthonous I parautochthonous glaucony formation in nearshore marine settings, possibly even estuary environments. Clast counts from the basal conglomerates indicate derivation from local sources such as the underlying Torlesse greywackes (Pahau and Rakaia Terranes) and/or the Mandamus Igneous Complex. Sandstone composition indicates the addition of more distal sources. Quartzose sandstones plot in the interior craton province in QFL plots for both Broken River and Iron Creek/Waipara Greensand Formations. Sandstone lithics are probably derived from the underlying Torlesse greywacke. Alkali feldspar dominates over plagioclase indicating a probable plutonic felsic source. SEM-cathodoluminescence on quartz grains indicates a bimodal metamorphic to plutonic quartz grains with minor volcanic input. Plutonic grains are identified by healed microcracks, and are possibly derived from Western Province plutonic suites such as the Karamea and Separation Point Batholiths. Polycrystalline/dark CL quartz grains indicate a relatively high grade metamorphic source such as the OtagolHaast Schist while dark CL monocrystalline quartz grains indicate a low to medium metamorphic grade source such as the Alpine Schist. Volcanic quartz is zoned with straight extinction and was most likely derived from the Cretaceous Mount Somers Volcanics Group. Overall the provenance suggests local derivation of sediments when coarse fluvial deposition occurred followed by more distal derivation once transported in the nearshore marine setting.
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Cramb, Jonathan Andrew. "Taxonomy and palaeoecology of Quaternary faunas from caves in eastern tropical Queensland : a record of broad-scale environmental change." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/59971/1/Jonathan_Cramb_Thesis.pdf.

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Analysis of fossils from cave deposits at Mount Etna (eastern-central Queensland) has established that a species-rich rainforest palaeoenvironment existed in that area during the middle Pleistocene. This unexpected finding has implications for several fields (e.g., biogeography/phylogeography of rainforest-adapted taxa, and the impact of climate change on rainforest communities), but it was unknown whether the Mount Etna sites represented a small refugial patch of rainforest or was more widespread. In this study numerous bone deposits in caves in north-east Queensland are analysed to reconstruct the environmental history of the area during the late Quaternary. Study sites are in the Chillagoe/Mitchell Palmer and Broken River/Christmas Creek areas. The cave fossil records in these study areas are compared with dated (middle Pleistocene-Holocene) cave sites in the Mount Etna area. Substantial taxonomic work on the Mount Etna faunas (particularly dasyurid marsupials and murine rodents) is also presented as a prerequisite for meaningful comparison with the study sites further north. Middle Pleistocene sites at Mount Etna contain species indicative of a rainforest palaeoenvironment. Small mammal assemblages in the Mount Etna rainforest sites (>500-280 ka) are unexpectedly diverse and composed almost entirely of new species. Included in the rainforest assemblages are lineages with no extant representatives in rainforest (e.g., Leggadina), one genus previously known only from New Guinea (Abeomelomys), and forms that appear to bridge gaps between related but morphologically-divergent extant taxa ('B-rat' and 'Pseudomys C'). Curiously, some taxa (e.g., Melomys spp.) are notable for their absence from the Mount Etna rainforest sites. After 280 ka the rainforest faunas are replaced by species adapted to open, dry habitats. At that time the extinct ‘rainforest’ dasyurids and rodents are replaced by species that are either extant or recently extant. By the late Pleistocene all ‘rainforest’ and several ‘dry’ taxa are locally or completely extinct, and the small mammal fauna resembles that found in the area today. The faunal/environmental changes recorded in the Mount Etna sites were interpreted by previous workers as the result of shifts in climate during the Pleistocene. Many samples from caves in the Chillagoe/Mitchell-Palmer and Broken River/Christmas Creek areas are held in the Queensland Museum’s collection. These, supplemented with additional samples collected in the field as well as samples supplied by other workers, were systematically and palaeoecologically analysed for the first time. Palaeoecological interpretation of the faunal assemblages in the sites suggests that they encompass a similar array of palaeoenvironments as the Mount Etna sites. ‘Rainforest’ sites at the Broken River are here interpreted as being of similar age to those at Mount Etna, suggesting the possibility of extensive rainforest coverage in eastern tropical Queensland during part of the Pleistocene. Likewise, faunas suggesting open, dry palaeoenvironments are found at Chillagoe, the Broken River and Mount Etna, and may be of similar age. The 'dry' faunal assemblage at Mount Etna (Elephant hole Cave) dates to 205-170 ka. Dating of one of the Chillagoe sites (QML1067) produced a maximum age for the deposit of approximately 200 ka, and the site is interpreted as being close to that age, supporting the interpretation of roughly contemporaneous deposition at Mount Etna and Chillagoe. Finally, study sites interpreted as being of late Pleistocene-Holocene age show faunal similarities to sites of that age near Mount Etna. This study has several important implications for the biogeography and phylogeography of murine rodents, and represents a major advance in the study of the Australian murine fossil record. Likewise the survey of the northern study areas is the first systematic analysis of multiple sites in those areas, and is thus a major contribution to knowledge of tropical Australian faunas during the Quaternary. This analysis suggests that climatic changes during the Pleistocene affected a large area of eastern tropical Queensland in similar ways. Further fieldwork and dating is required to properly analyse the geographical extent and timing of faunal change in eastern tropical Queensland.
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O'Neal, Sarah Louise. "Lessons to learn from all out invasion life history of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a Patagonian river /." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05142008-142539/.

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Kristensen, Esben Astrup, and n/a. "Population dynamics, spawning and movement of brown trout in Taieri River tributary streams." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070314.091924.

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The aim of this study was to investigate population densities and dynamics of brown trout along multiple tributaries of the Taieri River, a large New Zealand river. Relationships between juvenile brown trout population dynamics and food availability, discharge and water temperature were examined in the same lowland stream. Downstream movements of juvenile brown trout were also examined. Trace element analyses of eggs aimed to identify the source of fish spawning in tributary streams. An experimental study of juvenile brown trout collected from downstream and upstream reaches compared patterns of agonistic behaviour amongst trout that were considered to be dominated by either migratory (downstream) or resident (upstream) fish. Longitudinal surveys of juvenile trout abundance were expanded across four additional streams to determine whether there were consistent patterns in population dynamics of brown trout. Large spatial and temporal variation in population dynamics of juvenile brown trout was found in Silverstream with an upstream site having significantly less temporal variation in densities than a downstream site. No effect of food availability on population dynamics was found. Discharge and temperature affected population densities of juvenile brown trout in some years, but could not solely explain the general pattern in spatial variation in population dynamics. Downstream movement was found to be a behavioural strategy used by juvenile brown trout and appeared to contribute to variation in juvenile density. Analysis of trace element signatures in brown trout eggs indicated that upstream spawning migration by anadromous females was restricted by the presence of a steep gorge along the middle reaches of the Taieri River. Patterns of spawning by migratory and resident fish along tributary streams appeared to vary. In Silverstream, spawning by anadromous fish dominated the lower reaches, whereas considerable overlap between anadromous and resident fish was observed in Big Stream. In Cap Burn distinct trace element signatures were observed for redds spawned along upstream and downstream reaches. However, it was not possible to confidently ascribe the source of the redds to main river migrants or Cap Burn resident fish. Behavioural observations of juvenile brown trout collected from upstream (resident) and downstream (migratory) reaches of Silverstream revealed differences in aggression level, with migratory fish being more aggressive. No difference in growth rates was found between fish from the two areas. Furthermore, the social organisation of resident fish was based on the formation of dominance hierarchies, whereas the competitive status of migratory fish was more even. Patterns in spatial and temporal variation in the longitudinal population dynamics and patterns of abundance of juvenile trout were repeated across the five tributaries. Populations in upstream reaches consisted of fish from multiple age classes and exhibited relatively limited variation in densities, whereas juvenile fish dominated populations along downstream reaches and densities varied greatly over an annual cycle. Taken together, these results suggest a general pattern of spatial and temporal variation in the population dynamics of brown trout sub-populations along tributaries of a large New Zealand river. Whilst various environmental factors may contribute to some of the variation, longitudinal separation into resident and migratory populations also appeared to be important. These finding are important for the management of brown trout in both main river channels and tributaries in New Zealand.
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Higgins, David Ian. "Catchment scale influences on brown trout fry populations in the Upper Ure catchment, North Yorkshire." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3571/.

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A multi-scale approach for restoration site selection is presented and applied to an upland catchment, the River Ure, North Yorkshire. Traditional survey methods, advances in remote sensing, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and risk-based fine sediment modelling using the SCIMAP module are combined to gather data at the catchment-scale through to the in-stream habitat-scale. The data gathered have been assessed against spatially distributed brown trout fry populations using Pearson’s correlation and multiple stepwise regressions. Fine sediment was shown to have a positive correlation with fry populations when upland drainage channels (grips) were added to the SCIMAP model. This suggests risk from peatland drainage is realised further down the catchment where eroded sediments are deposited. Farm-scale SCIMAP modelling was tested against farmers’ knowledge with variable results. It appears there is a cultural response to risk developed over generations. Management of meadows and pasture land through sub-surface drainage and stock rotation resulted in the risk being negated or re-routed across the holding. At other locations apparently low-risk zones become risky through less sensitive farming methods. This multi-scale approach reveals that the largest impacts on brown trout recruitment operate at the habitat-adjacent scale in tributaries with small upstream areas. The results show a hierarchy of impact, and risk-filters, arising from different intensity land management. This offers potential for targeted restoration site selection. In low-order streams it seems that restoration measures which exclude livestock, and provide bankside shading, can be effective. At such sites the catchment-scale shows a reduced signal on in-stream biota. Thus, brown trout stocks could be significantly enhanced by targeting restoration at riffle-habitat zones and adjacent land in order to disconnect the stream from farm-derived impacts and through adding structure to the stream channel.
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Louhi, P. (Pauliina). "Responses of brown trout and benthic invertebrates to catchment-scale disturbance and in-stream restoration measures in boreal river systems." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514263217.

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Abstract Maintaining connectivity in boreal streams by rehabilitation procedures is a challenging task that requires ecological understanding based on empirical research. In this thesis, I examined the effects of stream rehabilitation on densities and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.), as well as on benthic biodiversity. As streams are known to be closely connected to their watersheds, I also examined the effects of watershed drainage activities on stream organisms. The results of this thesis have implications for enhancing salmonid populations, as well for maintaining stream biodiversity. First, regional climatic variability was shown to override local impacts of watershed management on stream biota. This highlights the importance of placing results from local studies in a regional context. Second, increased sedimentation that typically follows anthropogenic actions in the watershed did not only cause direct mortality on the early life stages of brown trout, but also forced them to emerge earlier from gravel and constrained their development. Thus, sedimentation may have far-reaching fitness consequences on juvenile salmonids. Third, while instream rehabilitation did enhance habitat diversity for salmonid fish, there were only marginal effects on juvenile fish and benthic biodiversity. Therefore, the factors limiting stream biota, and obscuring positive effects of rehabilitation, are to be found elsewhere. For this purpose, my thesis offers at least three potential, not mutually exclusive explanations: (i) land use changes have altered watersheds and this can be seen as decreased stream biodiversity that cannot be corrected through local-scale restoration efforts; (ii) a habitat-forming organism group, stream bryophytes, is dispersal limited, slowing down any positive responses to restoration by fish or invertebrates that depend strongly on bryophytes; and (iii) changes to stream habitat heterogeneity caused by channelization for timber floating were rather modest to start with, and therefore any effects of stream habitat rehabilitation on stream biota are likely to be subtle. Based on these findings, I suggest that future restoration efforts should be prioritized according to a comprehensive watershed assessment. Also, monitoring of projects should be more rigorous and preferably multidisciplinary, documenting the ecological as well as hydrological and socioeconomic outcomes of rehabilitation projects.
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Judice, Taylor J. "Detecting Color-Producing Pigments in the Indian River Lagoon by Remote Sensing." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1566402904063089.

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Hansbarger, Jeff Lee. "Trout movement and habitat use in the upper Shavers Fork of the Cheat River, West Virginia." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4070.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 155 : ill., maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-91).
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Olson, Michael. "Downstream migration of brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts past hydropowerplants in the river Emån." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Environmental Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-21.

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The passage efficiency of downstream migrating brown trout (Salmo trutta) smolts past two hydropower plants in the River Emån, southeastern Sweden, was evaluated by telemetry. From 26 April to 17 May 2005, 40 wild brown trout smolts were radio-tagged, and their positions were recorded daily until 14 June. Approximately 45% of the individuals passed both power plants, and 15% made it to the sea, some 28 km downstream of the power plants. About 20% of the individuals ceased migrating, residing in a lotic habitat. Mortality due to predation was 33%, and the predation rate was higher in the power plant dams than it was downstream of the power plants. Turbine-induced mortality was greater in the upper power plant (40%) than in the lower one (13%). Fish that chose the alternative routes, through the gates, swam past the upper dam faster than fish that swam through the turbines. The results confirm previous work in the river, namely that measures need to be taken to improve passage efficiency past the power plants, particularly passage of the upper power plant. Such measures are of crucial importance if the nature-like bypass channels at the power plants in Finsjö are going to have any long-term effects on the brown trout population.


Passageeffektiviteten för nedströms vandrande havsöringssmolt (Salmo trutta) förbi två vattenkraftverk i Emån, i sydöstra Sverige, utvärderades med telemetri. Från 26 april till och med 17 maj 2005 märktes 40 vilda havsöringssmolt med radiosändare och de positionsbestämdes dagligen till och med 14 juni. Ungefär 45% av individerna passerade båda kraftverken, och 15% klarade sig till havet, cirka 28 km nedströms kraftverken. Omkring 20% av individerna avbröt vandringen och stannade i ett lotiskt habitat. Mortalitet på grund av predation uppgick till 33%, och predationshastigheten var högre i kraftverksdammarna än nedströms kraftverken. Den turbininducerade mortaliteten var högre i det övre kraftverket (40%) än i det nedre (13%). Det gick fortare att passera den övre kraftverksdammen för fisk som valde de alternativa rutterna, genom dammluckorna, jämfört med att passera genom turbinerna. Dessa resultat bekräftar tidigare studier i ån, nämligen att åtgärder krävs för att förbättra passageeffektiviteten förbi kraftverken, i synnerhet passagen av det övre kraftverket. Sådana åtgärder är av avgörande betydelse om de naturlika fiskvägarna vid kraftverken i Finsjö ska få några långsiktiga effekter på havsöringspopulationen.

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Books on the topic "Broken River"

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Noel, William. Broken river, shattered sky. Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Pub. Association, 2004.

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Butcher, Tim. Blood river: A journey to Africa's broken heart. London: Chatto & Windus, 2007.

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Butcher, Tim. Blood river: A journey to Africa's broken heart. Rearsby: Clipper Large Print, 2008.

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Blood river: A journey to Africa's broken heart. New York: Grove Press, 2008.

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Blood river: A journey to Africa's broken heart. London: Vintage, 2008.

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The Niger Delta: Nigeria's broken heart. Place of publication not identified]: [Dr. Paul Julius?], 2016.

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Munson, Timothy J. Llandovery rugose corals from the Quinton Formation, Broken River Province, northeast Queensland. Canberra: Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 1999.

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Broken: A love story : horses, humans and redemption on the Wind River Indian Reservation. New York: Scribner, 2009.

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Withnall, I. W. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, biostratigraphy and tectonics of the Ordovician to Carboniferous, Broken River Province, North Queensland. Sydney, Australia: Geological Society of Australia, 1988.

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Beller, Jane Turner. J.E. Turner & Co.: 125 years of shipping in the River Plate, 1878-2003. Buenos Aires: L.O.L.A. (Literature of Latin America), 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Broken River"

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Fewsmith, Joseph, and Nancy Hearst. "Our Position Should Be Based upon Negotiations Being Broken off and the Need to Fight Our Way across the River." In Mao's Road to Power, 642–43. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315719436-258.

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Maisse, G., and J. L. Baglinière. "Biology of the brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in French rivers." In Biology and Ecology of the Brown and Sea Trout, 15–35. London: Springer London, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0775-0_2.

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Gurusamy, B. T., S. P. Godbole, and A. D. Vasudeo. "Development of IBWT-Based Common Drainage Broker Canal Network Towards Integrated Floodplain Management Across East-Flowing Rivers Region of India." In Recent Advancements in Civil Engineering, 993–1006. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4396-5_83.

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"The Individual and the War: Re-remembering the Sino-Japanese War in the TV series A Spring River Flows East." In Broken Narratives, 57–84. BRILL, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004277236_005.

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Watson, Lee Bob. "A river, a bible, and a broken heart." In The Singer-Songwriter Handbook. Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501396595.ch-005.

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Fennell, Christopher C. "Overcoming Enslavement with Toil, Gunpowder, and Land." In Broken Chains and Subverted Plans. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062457.003.0008.

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The town of New Philadelphia was situated on the western edge of Illinois, in Hadley Township and Pike County. The community was just 25 miles east of the Mississippi River and Hannibal, Missouri. New Philadelphia was the first town planned in advance, platted, and legally registered by an African American in the United States. Frank McWorter founded the town in 1836. He was born into slavery in South Carolina in 1777, purchased his freedom in 1819, and established New Philadelphia decades later. The town grew from the 1840s through the late 1800s as a multiracial community. New Philadelphia was located in a region riven by racial ideologies and strife. Competing factions of proslavery elements and abolitionists clashed in western Illinois and the neighboring slave state of Missouri in the antebellum decades. No incidents of racial violence were reported to have occurred within the town. African-American residents of the community worked to obtain land and produce agricultural commodities. Others provided services as blacksmiths and carpenters. Through these enterprises they worked to defy the structural racism of the region that was meant to channel resources and economic value away from them.
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Fennell, Christopher C. "George Washington’s Great Emporium." In Broken Chains and Subverted Plans. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813062457.003.0003.

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In the 1790s, government officials and members of a socioeconomic elite in the United States implemented a strategy for rapidly increasing the economic development of the upper Potomac and northern Shenandoah region. Harpers Ferry, Virginia, was chosen as one of two locations for the construction and operation of federal armaments manufacturing for the United States. A government-sponsored manufacturing town was established there starting in 1794. This location on the upper Potomac River was chosen due to a variety of strategic concerns. George Washington participated in this decision, both as an economic investor and as a government representative influencing the deployment of public funds. “George Washington’s Great Emporium” opens a study of these impacts.
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Dickens, Charles. "Chapter Twenty A New Lodger." In Bleak House. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536313.003.0021.

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The long vacation saunters on towards term-time, like an idle river very leisurely strolling down a flat country to the sea. Mr Guppy saunters along with it congenially. He has blunted the blade of his penknife, and broken the point off, by sticking that...
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Colopy, Cheryl. "Dirty, Sacred Rivers." In Dirty, Sacred Rivers. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199845019.003.0008.

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I wanted to see the source of what we in the West call the Ganges. Here in South Asia people call it Mother Ganga, Gangaji, the Great Ganga. At the edge of the icy river that flows from the Gangotri glacier I scooped Gangajal—Ganges water—into plastic soft drink bottles. I planned to take some of this water to friends in Kathmandu, practicing Hindus for whom the drops of glacial melt would have spiritual meaning. Along with its tremendous religious and ritual value, the water of the Ganga has been shown to be both antimicrobial and richer in oxygen than that of other rivers. Revered beyond all others, this river is now abused in equal measure: harnessed for hydropower near its holy mountain source, polluted with every imaginable waste as it runs its course for more than 1,500 miles across the widest part of the Indian subcontinent. One of the Ganga’s main and equally sacred tributaries, the Yamuna, flows through Delhi. Delhi, a city of more than fifteen million, owes its existence to this river, which is now dead at its doorstep. Industrial effluents pour in upriver, then Delhi adds its sewage. During my first trip to Delhi in January 2007, I went down to the edge of the Yamuna. I wanted to see just how bad the river’s reputed pollution might be. First I saw the barren ground along the riverside, strewn with rubble from the construction of a nearby bridge. There was little to tell me that this area was also the site of regular religious practice where people come to do puja, take a little of the water to splash on their heads, throw some flowers into the river. Bunching up in the eddies under the bridge pylons were stray bits of colored plastic and plastic shopping bags bloated with garbage, floating like sagging baloons half filled with air. They mingled with broken yellow marigolds scattered in the water and bright red flowers set afloat in little cups by those who had come to worship by the river.
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LANG, SIMON C., and CHRISTOPHER R. FIELDING. "FACIES ARCHITECTURE OF A DEVONIAN SOFT-SEDIMENT-DEFORMED ALLUVIAL SEQUENCE, BROKEN RIVER PROVINCE, NORTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA." In The Three-Dimensional Facies Architecture of Terrigenous Clastic Sediments and Its Implications for Hydrocarbon Discovery and Recovery, 122–32. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/csp.91.03.0122.

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Conference papers on the topic "Broken River"

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Foo, Mathias, Su Ki Ooi, and Erik Weyer. "Centralised and decentralised control of the Broken River." In 2013 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2013.6669404.

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Jin, Junying, Weihua Zhang, and Yanjun Li. "Introduction of environment flows in Goulburn-Broken River, Australia." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6058123.

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Karnes, David B., James W. St. John, and Karl A. Stambaugh. "Results of Investigation of USCGC 175 WLM Class Buoy Tender Performance in Ice." In SNAME 10th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2012-160.

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The United States Coast Guard 175-ft WLM buoy tenders are designed to perform Aids to Navigation (AtoN) in the major rivers and coastal waters during the winter ice season. No dedicated ice performance measurement program had been conducted when these vessels entered service. Therefore, in January 2011, USCG SFLC ESD, Science and Technology Corporation, and the crew of the USCGC Katherine Walker conducted such ice trials on the Hudson River in various ice conditions including level, broken, and brash ice. These tests were used to document the performance for an icebreaking operations manual for the ships. This paper describes the results of icebreaking performance measurements.
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Giamello, Marco, Stefano Columbu, Fabio Gabbrielli, Sonia Mugnaini, and Andrea Scala. "Le tenaci malte della torre del castello di Cerreto Ciampoli (Siena, Italia)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11495.

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Strong mortars from the tower of the Cerreto Ciampoli castle (Siena, Italy)Known since the eleventh century, the castle of Cerreto Ciampoli was one of the main fortifications of the ancient Republic of Siena (Tuscany, Italy). The magnificent ruins, located on the top of a hill overlooking the Chianti Mountains, consist of two city walls, a door, a church, the remains of some rooms and a mighty tower lying on the ground broken up into five sections of several meters in length. The present study is focused on the analysis of the mineralogical-petrographic and chemical features of the sack and the bedding mortars of the tower, and it is aimed at understanding the exceptional qualities of these mortars that, during the collapse of the artifact, prevented the tower from shattering into smaller pieces. The tenacity of these mortars appears to be the result of the concurrence of more expedients, such as the choice of well-selected materials (hydraulic limes obtained from the local Alberese limestone, sandy aggregates from well-rinsed river sands with a high silicoclastic component) and the use of particular technical methods (i.e. hot lime technique).
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White, Paul F., Gerti Kola, Ash Siddiq, and Alan Ng. "OCS Rehabilitation and Kevlar Contact Wire Fall Prevention VTA San Jose, CA." In 2021 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2021-58229.

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Abstract Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA) required their original overhead contact system (OCS) along North 1st Street between interstate highway I-880 and West San Carlos Street at the Guadalupe River (opened in 1987) to be rehabilitated. HNTB was chosen to assist with the project and the first task included an overall inspection of the line to ascertain condition, operational deficiencies, and safety concerns. From this inspection, VTA prepared a scope of work for HNTB to perform and then prepare design documents for contractor bidding. During the inspection process, VTA further requested an evaluation of pole deflection in their Guadalupe Yard. Of interest is the line from Younger Street to the Guadalupe River at West San Carlos Street being joint pantograph and trolley pole compatible as VTA operates heritage streetcars during their Christmas holiday season. The inspection of the OCS revealed deficiencies and safety concerns due to the age and type of equipment in use, most of it being original. Trolley frogs, crossover pans, and section insulators had field constructed gliders that were non-standard or inconsistent between assemblies. Trolley wires were suspended by clamps with no insulation requiring span wire insulators which made the span wire between the insulators alive at 750 volts. An open faced disconnect switch was too close to an apartment balcony with the possibility of the live parts being touched by people on the balcony, and some OCS poles were too short to raise span wires for adjustment. During inspection, a trolley wire broke at a trolley frog anchor tip and fell to the street at the pedestrian mall in downtown San Jose. VTA systems engineering had the idea of supporting the single contact wire supported and clamped to a Kevlar messenger wire. This support system in theory was proven to prevent the broken contact wire to hang 3.047m [10 feet] above ground, a CPUC G.O. 95 requirement. Similar Kevlar restraining supports were used by VTA to prevent the contact and messenger wires from falling down as a result of in-span insulator failure. VTA directed HNTB to use VTA’s idea to design a system of wire constraint using Kevlar synthetic rope to prevent wires from falling. This paper describes the deficiencies and safety concerns discovered during inspection and how they were eliminated through creative OCS design. It further describes the process of inspection, direction, design, and operation of the rehabilitation project and how the use of Kevlar synthetic rope was used to keep trolley wire from falling during wire breaks both in theory and actuality. It also describes the issues encountered during construction, stagger issues from joint operation, pole extension implementation, and general improvements made to the OCS.
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Childs, Frederick R., and Radomir Bulayev. "PATH’s Downtown Restoration Program." In ASME/IEEE 2004 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtd2004-66039.

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On September 11, 2001, the terrorist attacks that destroyed the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan, New York City, also damaged the Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp.’s (PATH’s) busiest terminal serving the heart of the thriving downtown financial, commercial, and residential district. The aftermath of the attacks also forced the closure of PATH’s key station at Exchange Place that serves Jersey City, New Jersey’s expanding “Gold Coast” business and residential area. PATH’s more than 260,000 average weekday commuters between New Jersey and New York were affected in some way by these tragic events, and PATH ridership fell sharply during the following months. Among the PATH facilities that were damaged or destroyed at WTC, and in the two Hudson River tubes, and at Exchange Place Station were all of the electrical, power, signal, and communications systems. Recovery and restoration work began immediately, but was hampered by the extensive rescue, recovery, removal, and demolition work at the World Trade site. Broken water lines and fire fighting efforts flooded both river tubes, which were later sealed at Exchange Place to prevent additional potential damage to PATH’s New Jersey facilities. This paper describes PATH’s recovery program to replace the electrical, power, signal, and communications facilities from Exchange Place to the WTC Terminal. A temporary WTC terminal has been built to restore direct service to Lower Manhattan’s financial, business, and residential center as of November 23, 2003. As part of this program, new trackwork was installed to enhance operational flexibility and provide temporary interim service to Exchange Place Station, which reopened June 29, 2003. Capacity expansion provisions were included to allow for future 10-car train operations when a new rail car fleet is procured. Facilities replaced include a new traction power and auxiliary services substation, new cables, ductbanks, new signals and central control system, wayside phones, emergency power removal switches, tunnel lighting, radio antenna, and fiber optics. An accelerated design and construction schedule was followed, using a broad combination of in-house, consulting, and contractor forces.
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Meselhe, Ehab A., and James A. Stronach. "Brown Lake Hydrologic Restoration Study." In Wetlands Engineering and River Restoration Conference 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40581(2001)119.

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Dyer, Lawrence D. "Fracture Tracing and Analysis in Silicon and Glass Wafers." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1155.

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Abstract Silicon wafers and chips are subject to brittle fracture. Microscale devices have unique problems of fracture owing to the thinness of the wafers, small dimensions of active device elements and to chemical or mechanical processing on a small scale. The first step in analyzing fractures is to look through a microscope at the fracture surfaces of the broken pieces. The fracture is traced back to an origin by use of markings that appear on the fracture surfaces [Dyer, 1984; van Kessel & McGee, 1985; Perrin, 1989,1990; and Pote, 1990]. This step is more difficult for the microscale because more magnification is required and because tools to make the step as easy as for the macroscale have not been developed. The second step is to look at markings near the origin and at the other device surfaces near the origin for clues to what caused the material to exceed the critical stress. It is important to know what processes the wafer or device has undergone to assess the possibilities for identifying the stage that introduced the critical weakness. Markings that are convenient to trace the fracture back to an origin are: rib lines, hackle (tear) marks, river lines, lance marks, and Wallner lines. Clues to stresses involved can come from the size of the mirror region, from hesitation lines, faceted Wallner areas, and from the shape of the fracture surface near the origin. Clues from the front and back surfaces can be scratches, Hertzian partial cone cracks (horseshoe-shaped) [Dyer, 1987a, 1989], rubbing marks, or chips and other damage near the origin. Rib lines are essentially the instantaneous locations of the crack front. They are made visible because the crack sometimes does not proceed smoothly on a fixed plane, but oscillates back and forth around this plane as the crack front moves to relieve the applied stress. They are sometimes difficult to see in a particular area. Interference contrast or oblique lighting help. Hackle marks are essentially the places where the material tears because the advancing crack is taking two different levels and must tear the step between them for the crack to advance. They are generally normal to the advancing crack front Lance markings are hackle marks where the two levels have interpenetrated before separation occurs. River lines are hackle marks where smaller steps coalesce into taller ones. They are the most reliable indicator of the direction of crack travel. Wallner lines are fine, rib-like markings where the running crack front is intercepted by transverse shear waves that are produced by the crack snagging on obstacles, usually at the surface. Since they are bowed in a consistent manner, they may be used to locate the origin. Faceted Wallner areas [Dyer, 1987b] occur around the origin when the first fracture is near a {110} plane. They occur when some part of the crack meets an obstacle and creates a transverse shear wave which interferes with the crack front enough to make the Wallner lines form into large peaks and valleys with crystalline facets. Faceted Wallner areas make the job of finding the origin much simpler in complicated cases because they are so visible under bright or dark field. Their appearance also gives an indication of the stress level encountered. This marking does not appear in glass, but all the other markings do. Table I summarizes the various fracture markings and their uses. Several examples of fracture problems that have been solved by the foregoing approach will be given.
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Parrish, Ethan, Alan Carroll, and Michael Smith. "A TALE OF TWO RIVERS: FLUVIAL RECORDS OF COMPETING MOISTURE SOURCES IN A BROKEN EOCENE FORELAND." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369231.

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Chao, Liang, Liu Run, Wan Jun, Guan Pei, and Li Xiangyun. "Study on Vertical Bearing Capacity of the Riser Composite Pile in Clay." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78492.

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In order to meet the development need of small-scale marginal oilfield, it is proposed to use the riser and surface casing to bear the loads replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation. In this paper, the vertical bearing behavior of variable cross-section composite pile with the diameter of upper part larger than that of lower part (composed of riser and surface casing) is analyzed by finite element method. Then, the influences of different length combinations and diameter combinations of the composite pile on vertical bearing mechanism are studied, and the characteristics of stress concentration at the variable cross-section are revealed. The calculation results show that the increase in pile diameter, pile length and diameter ratio can effectively improve the bearing capacity of riser composite piles. The vertical ultimate bearing capacity of riser composite piles is greatly affected by upper part and less affected by lower part. The bearing capacity of lower part is gradually exerted, as the plastic zone appears at the end of the upper part, meanwhile, the Q-s curve shows as a broken line, which means that a larger pile top settlement is needed in order to effectively activate the bearing capacity of lower part.
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Reports on the topic "Broken River"

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Long, James M., Trevor A. Starks, Tyler Farling, and Robert Bastarache. Assessing the potential for rainbow trout reproduction in tributaries of the Mountain Fork River below Broken Bow Dam, southeastern Oklahoma. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-58.

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Long, James M., Trevor A. Starks, Tyler Farling, and Robert Bastarache. Assessing the potential for rainbow trout reproduction in tributaries of the Mountain Fork River below Broken Bow Dam, southeastern Oklahoma. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-58.

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Magnusson, A. K., K. E. LaGory, and J. W. Hayse. The effects of overwinter flowson the spring condition of rainbow and brown trout size classes in the Green River downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam, Utah. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/982695.

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Magnusson, A. K., K. E. LaGory, and J. W. Hayse. Statistical evaluation of the effects of fall and winter flows on the spring condition of rainbow and brown trout in the green river downstream of Flaming Gorge Dam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/946046.

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Weissinger, Rebecca, and Dana Witwicki. Riparian monitoring of wadeable streams at Courthouse Wash, Arches National Park: Summary report, 2010–2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287907.

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The goal of Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) riparian monitoring is to determine long-term trends in hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative properties of wadeable streams in the context of changes in other ecological drivers, stressors, and processes. This information is intended to provide early warning of resource degradation and determine natural variability of wadeable streams. This report summarizes NCPN monitoring of Courthouse Wash in Arches National Park (NP) from 2010 to 2019. The focus of this report is to (1) present geomorphology and vegetation data from five reaches monitored in Courthouse Wash from 2010 to 2015, and (2) examine patterns in water availability at one monitoring reach from November 2010 to December 2019. Vegetation sampling and geomorphology surveys were suspended in 2016 due to budget cuts; this report presents baseline data for future comparisons. The NCPN has five monitoring reaches located between the inflow of Sevenmile Canyon, a major tributary, and the terminus of Courthouse Wash, at the Colorado River. Two reaches (2, 5) are located in Upper Courthouse Wash, and three (1, 4, 7) in Lower Courthouse Wash. Hydrologic monitoring wells are installed only at Reach 1. During our monitoring period, which included drought years in 2012 and 2018 and a wetter-than-average period from fall 2013 to 2014, groundwater levels showed steep declines corresponding to the start of the growing season each year. Hot, dry summers and falls in 2012, 2018, and 2019 showed the deepest troughs in groundwater levels. Active monsoon years helped elevate summer and fall groundwater levels in 2013 and 2014. Continued monitoring will help us better understand the relationship of climate and water availability at this reach. A geomorphic survey was completed once for reaches 2, 4, and 7, and twice for reaches 5 and 1. Powerful floods during our monitoring period resulted in aggradation of the channel in reaches 5 and 1, which were first surveyed in March 2013. Flooding in September 2013 resulted in an average of 0.24 meters of deposition found in the channel thalweg at Reach 1 in March 2014. Storm events in May 2014 caused additional aggradation. In March 2015, an average of 0.41 meters of deposition was recorded in the channel thalweg at Reach 5, with 0.32 meters of deposition between the vegetation transect headpins compared to the 2013 data. The riparian vegetation recorded at our monitoring reaches is consistent with an open-canopy Fremont cottonwood woodland with a diverse understory. Canopy closure ranged from 29% to 52%. Measurements were sensitive enough to detect a 10% reduction in canopy closure at Reach 5 during a pest infestation in June 2013. Canopy closure subsequently rebounded at the reach by 2015. Total obligate and facultative wetland cover ranged from 7% to 26%. Fremont cottonwood seedlings, saplings, and overstory trees were present at all reaches, indicating good potential for future regeneration of the canopy structure. These data can serve as a baseline for comparison with future monitoring efforts. One area of management concern is that exotic-plant frequency and cover were relatively high in all monitoring reaches. Exotic cover ranged from 2% to 30%. High exotic cover was related to years with high cover of annual brome grasses. High cover of exotic grasses is associated with increased wildfire risk in southwestern riparian systems, which are not well-adapted to fire. Managers should be prepared for this increased risk following wet winters that promote annual brome grass cover. Beaver activity was noted throughout bedrock-constrained reaches in Courthouse Wash. Beaver activity can reduce adjacent woody riparian vegetation cover, but it also contributes to maintaining a higher water table and persistent surface water. Climate change is likely to be an increasingly significant stressor in Courthouse Wash, as hotter, drier conditions decrease water levels and increase drought stress...
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Ziesler, Pamela, and Claire Spalding. Statistical abstract: 2021. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrds-2293345.

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In 2021, recreation visits to National Park Service (NPS) sites rebounded from the COVID-19 pandemic-driven low visitation of 2020 and climbed to 297,115,406 recreation visits. This is an increase of 60 million recreation visits (+25.3%) from 2020 and a decrease of 30 million recreation visits (-9.3%) from 2019. Recreation visitor hours were 1,356,657,749 – a 28.6% increase from 2020 and a 5.1% decrease from 2019. Total overnight stays followed a similar pattern with 12,745,455 overnight stays – up 4.7 million (+58.5%) from 2020 and down 1.1 million (-8%) from 2019. Five parks were added to the reporting system in 2021: Alagnak Wild River in Alaska, Camp Nelson National Monument in Kentucky, Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument in Mississippi, Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument in Nevada, and World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. These parks were responsible for over 629,000 recreation visits in 2021. Factors influencing visits to National Park System units in 2021 include: continuing closures and limited capacities due to COVID-19 mitigation at some parks, temporary closures for wildland fires in 2021 (eleven parks), severe regional smoke/haze from ongoing wildland fires throughout the summer and early autumn affecting parks in the western half and northern tier of states in the continental U.S., two hurricanes in 2021 – both in August – impacted visitation: Hurricane Henri caused temporary closures of some parks in the northeast and Hurricane Ida caused temporary closures of parks along the Gulf Coast and generated some heavy flooding in the northeast, hurricanes and wildland fires in previous years resulting in lingering closures, most notably Hurricanes Irma and Maria in 2017, the Carr and Woolsey Fires in 2018, Hurricane Dorian in 2019, the Caldwell, Cameron Peak, East Troublesome, and Woodward Fires in 2020, and Hurricane Sally in 2020. Forty-four parks set a record for recreation visits in 2021 and 6 parks broke a record they set in 2020. See Appendix A for a list of record parks. The number of reporting units with over 10 million recreation visits was the same as in recent years (3 parks) and 73 parks had over 1 million recreation visits. Twenty-five percent of total recreation visits occurred in the top 8 parks and fifty percent of total visitation occurred in the top 25 parks. Several parks passed annual visitation milestones including Capulin Volcano NM which passed 100,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, Big Bend NP and Devils Tower NM which each passed 500,000 annual recreation visits for the first time, and Zion NP which passed 5 million visits for the first time. Other parks passed milestones for accumulated recreation visits including Hamilton Grange NMEM (1968-2021) and Palo Alto Battlefield NHP (2003-2021) each passing 1 million total recreation visits, Voyageurs NP (1976-2021) passing 10 million total recreation visits, and Hot Springs NP (1904-2021) passing 100 million total recreation visits. Population center designations were updated in 2021 to reflect overlap of park boundaries with statistical areas from the 2020 U.S. Census. Many population center changes reflect increases in local population as indicated by parks changing from rural to outlying or from outlying to suburban. Other changes reflect increasing complexity in population density as parks changed from a single designation, such as rural or suburban, to a mixed designation. See the Definitions section for population center definitions and Table B.1 for previous and updated population center designations by park. In the pages that follow, a series of tables and figures display visitor use data for calendar year 2021. By documenting these visits across the National Park System, the NPS Statistical Abstract offers a historical record of visitor use in parks and provides NPS staff and partners with a useful tool for effective management and planning. In 2021, 394 of 423 NPS units...
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